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There are no known predators on M. pusillus. In general, predators on bats include owls, snakes, and occasionally other bats.
Micropteropus pusillus is one of the smaller members of the suborder Megachiroptera. On the bat's dorsal surface, the pelage is varying shades of brown and moderately long and thick. Hair on the ventral surface is more sparse, shorter, and of lighter tone. The pelage is soft, covering the upper arm and part of the forearm, and extends onto the wing. Small white to yellowish colored tufts of hair are present at the base of the ears.
In appearance, M. pusillus resembles pteropodids of the genus Epomophorus, except the lips are not as expansible, and the muzzle and ears are shorter. It has a round head and large eyes, and ears that are rounded at the tip. The tail is usually imperceptible in the uropatagium.
Micropteropus pusillus exhibits secondary sexual dimorphism. Adult males have epaulettes, which are tufts of white hairs that grow within shoulder pouches (circular pocket-like folds of skin). The hairs can be held erect to form a white rosette. Adult females lack epaulettes, but they have shallow pouches that resemble those of sub-adult males.
On average, females are slightly larger than males. The average weight of males is about 20 grams, while the average weight of females is 22 grams. The forearm length ranges from 49 to 53 mm in males, and 50 to 56 mm in females.
Range mass: 24 to 34 g.
Range length: 67 to 105 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger; sexes colored or patterned differently
The lifespan of M. pusillus is undocumented.
Micropteropus pusillus occurs in a variety of habitats. It is commonly found in savannah woodlands, vegetation that fringes forests, and coastal areas. It also inhabits swamp forests, grasslands, and bushlands.
Micropteropus pusillus prefers to roost in dense vegetation. Roosts are located 3 to 6 meters above the ground shrubs or in the lower parts of trees.
Range elevation: 50 to 800 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest
Wetlands: swamp
Micropteropus pusillus, the dwarf epauleted bat, has an Ethiopian distribution. It occurs in western, southwestern, and central Africa. The northern boundary of its range is set by the Sudanian and Ethiopian highlands, the eastern boundary is set by the Ethiopian highlands. The southern limit of the range is within the North Zambesian woodland. Micropteropus pusillus is found in Senegal, southern Sudan and Ethiopia, and south to Angola and southern Zaire.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian
Micropteropus pusillus is fruigivorous and nectarivorous. The fruits of Ficus capensis and F. vallischoudae comprise a large part of the diet. Also eaten are fruits from Anacardium occidentale, Annona chrysophila, and Psidium guajava. This bat also feeds on fallen fruit, and often visits mango groves and banana plantations.
Micropteropus pusillus also eats flowers, pollen, and nectar from Kigelia pinnata (the sausage tree), K. africana, Spathodea campanulata, Adansonia digitata, Maranthus polyandra, and Parinari polyandra.
Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; pollen; flowers
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore , Nectarivore )
Micropteropus pusillus is one of the species that pollinates the flowers of Kigelia pinnata, the sausage tree. The flowers open at dusk and emit an unpleasant odor that attracts the bat. Sausage tree flowers hang on thick stalks and have deep floral cups. The male and female parts of the flower are confined to the basal region. The bat lands on the lip of the flower and pushes its head into the floral cup to drink nectar, thereby covering its head and shoulders with pollen. The flowers close at about 11pm, when the bat is no longer present. Micropteropus pusillus may also pollinate flowers of other species of plants.
Ecosystem Impact: pollinates
Because M. pusillus is a pollinator of Kigelia pinnata, the sausage tree owes at least part of its continued existence to the bat. This is of importance for humans interested in preserving biodiversity.
Like most bats in the family Pteropodidae, M. pusillus does not rely on echolocation as a mode of perception. Instead, this bat relies mostly on sight and sound to percieve its environment and communicate. Males have enlarged vocal cords for emitting shrill calls. Males also open and vibrate their shoulder epaulettes to attract females.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Micropteropus pusillus is not listed on the CITES appendices or the United States Endangered Species Act list. On the IUCN Red List, M. pusillus is listed as Lower Risk/Least Concern (LR/lc).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Micropteropus pusillus, like other fruigivorous bats, can be a nuisance to humans. In some areas, fruit crops are damaged by bats during feeding.
Negative Impacts: crop pest
Little is known about the mating behavior and system of M. pusillus.
Micropteropus pusillus is bimodally polyestrous. It has two birth periods per year, from March to May and from September to November. These periods are adjusted so that lactation coincides with the rainy season and availability of fruit. Each parturition period is followed by a post-partum estrus and then by immediate embryonic development.
Breeding occurs throughout much of the year but mostly in March, April, May, and November. The gestation period is five or six months. Weaning takes from 7 to 13 weeks.
Females are able to mate at six months, and give birth when they are eleven to twelve months old. Sub-adult males have testes less than 3 mm in length and underdeveloped epaulettes. Males reach puberty at 7 months and are fully mature by 9 months.
Growth rates for juvenile bats are the same for both sexes, although females achieve greater adult size than males. The mean growth rate for juvenile bats is about 116 milligrams per day. This slow rate is accounted for by the low protien content of their diet.
Males have enlarged vocal cords and emit a shrill ringing call. The opening and vibrating of the shoulder epaulettes in males serve to attract females. Male displays like those in the genus Epomophorous are also present.
Breeding interval: Micropteropus pusillus breeds twice a year.
Breeding season: March-May, November
Range gestation period: 5 to 6 months.
Range weaning age: 7 to 13 weeks.
Average time to independence: 9 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 to 12 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 7 to 9 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; post-partum estrous
Parental investment in M. pusillus is undocumented. However, young are known to roost with their mothers, implying that parental care is skewed towards the females of the species.
El ratpenat de xarretera nan (Micropteropus pusillus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids que viu a Àfrica.
El ratpenat de xarretera nan (Micropteropus pusillus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids que viu a Àfrica.
Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (Micropteropus pusillus) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and moist savanna.
Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat is one of the two species contained within the genus Micropteropus. In contrast to the other species in this genus, Micropteropus intermedius, both sexes contain white tuffs at the proximal end of their ears.[2] However, when adults are compared side by side, M. pusillus can be identified as the smaller of the two. M. pusillus display variance between their dorsal and ventral pelage. Fur is often described as thicker and a darker shade of brown on the dorsal surface, but the variance in color can be attributed to a lower concentration of fur along the ventral surface [3]
Secondary sexual dimorphic traits allow for sex determination without analysis of the sex organs. In males, the ornamentation at the base of the ear has the capability to erect itself with the assistance from the arrector pili muscle.[4] On average females are slightly larger than males by approximately of ten percent when comparing body mass. This variation is also present in the many body proportions including wingspan, head length, ear length, and many other anatomical variations. Despite the larger size observed in the females, M. pusillus is still one of the smaller mammals in the Megachiroptera suborder.[5]
The geographic range of M. pusillus is limited to Africa and has only been observed in all regions of Africa except northern Africa.[6] M. pusillus is a nonmigratory bat as expected by its low aspect ratio wings. As would be anticipated by these wing dimensions, M. pusillus inhabits tropical forests in this region along with woodlands. Life in this tropical region permits M. pusillus to avoid hibernation and forage year-round.[7] This year round foraging is ecologically advantageous for the tropical forests M. pusillus inhabits. Year round activity allows for the plants to be pollinated during all seasons of the year.
M. pusillus feeds on nectar as well as fruits and insects. The consumption of nectar requires the bat to come into direct contact with the pollen produced by the plants, allowing for pollination of the plants in its tropical environment and a mutual relationship between the plants and the bats.[8] Its pollination is viewed as a positive ecological advantage, but the frugivorous diet has had negative agricultural impact on farms in the surrounding areas of their inhabitance.[9] Like nearly all the other bats within the suborder Megachiroptera, M. pusillus does not rely on echolocation to hunt down insects. it was originally hypothesized that M. pusillus primarily fed on nectar and fruits, but there is now images of M. pusillus feeding on moths.[10]
M. pusillus females are sexually receptive year round, however, mating and lactation have been most frequently been observed during the periods when fruit is most accessible. This is during the two rainy seasons during the year. The rainy season during the spring is from March to May and in the fall from September to November.[11][12] The selection of this time frame for gestation and lactation allows the female the best opportunity for satisfying her nutritional needs during a time of increased metabolic rate. Morphological differences in the males allow them to emit high pitched sounds to attract a mate.[13]
Bats are transporters of many viruses that do not affect them due to their unusually high immune system efficiency. M. pusillus have been known to carry antibodies specific to Ebola.[14] Mitochondrial analysis was conducted on multiple fruit bats following the Ebola viruses outbreak in 2014 and one of the bat species testing positive for the virus was M. pusillus.[15] With M. pusillus being highly frugivorous, human contact in greatly increased in agricultural regions of Africa, increasing the risk for virus transmission.
Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (Micropteropus pusillus) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and moist savanna.
Micropteropus pusillus es una especie de murciélago de la familia Pteropodidae. Vive en los bosques y en la sabana
Se encuentra en Angola, Benín, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Camerún, República Centroafricana, Chad, República del Congo, República Democrática del Congo, Costa de Marfil, Guinea Ecuatorial, Etiopía, Gabón, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenia, Liberia, Malí, Nigeria, Nigeria, Ruanda, Senegal, Sierra Leona, Sudán, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, y Zambia.
Micropteropus pusillus es una especie de murciélago de la familia Pteropodidae. Vive en los bosques y en la sabana
Micropteropus pusillus Micropteropus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Micropteropus pusillus Micropteropus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Micropteropus pusillus, le Microptère de Peters ou encore la Chauve-souris frugivore à épaulettes de Peters, est une espèce de chauves-souris de la famille des Pteropodidae et du genre Micropteropus.
A priori la seule espèce du genre en Afrique de l’Ouest, car M. intermedius est limitée à l’Angola et la RDC. En moyenne, les femelles sont légèrement plus grandes[1]. Le poids moyen des mâles est d'environ 20 g, tandis que celui des femelles est de 22 g. La longueur de l'avant-bras varie autour de 5 cm chez les mâles et de 5,5 cm chez les femelles[1]. Autre dimorphisme sexuel : chez les mâles, les poils qui recouvrent la base de l'oreille ont la capacité de s'ériger, de se dresser avec l'aide de muscles érecteurs pilifères[2]. Des touffes blanches sont présentes à la base des oreilles[3]. Le museau, assez court, porte des narines proéminentes. Les mâles adultes possèdent des épaulettes blanches un peu proéminentes[1],[3]. Ces mêmes mâles émettent un cri perçant et tintant, parfois répété[3]. M. pusillus a une tête ronde, de grands yeux, et des oreilles arrondies à leur extrémité. La queue est généralement régressée et la membrane du patagium ne rejoint donc pas directement les deux pattes arrière. L’alimentation est basée sur des fruits, du nectar et du pollen. Les individus gîtent en solitaire ou en petits groupes dans la végétation ombragée[3].
L’espèce se retrouve depuis le Sénégal à l'Ouest, au sud du Soudan et en Éthiopie au Nord-Est, et au Sud jusqu'en Angola et au sud de la RDC[3],[1]. Elle habite les forêts claires, savanes et mosaïques de forêts de basses altitudes. On la voit également dans les zones côtières, marécageuses, et d’autres zones de transition forestières.
L'espèce est considérée (2021) par l'UICN comme de préoccupation mineure[4].
Micropteropus pusillus, le Microptère de Peters ou encore la Chauve-souris frugivore à épaulettes de Peters, est une espèce de chauves-souris de la famille des Pteropodidae et du genre Micropteropus.
Il pipistrello della frutta dalle spalline nano di Peters (Micropteropus pusillus Peters, 1867) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, diffuso nell'Africa subsahariana[1][2]
Pipistrello di medie dimensioni con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 67 e 103 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 46 e 56 mm, la lunghezza della coda fino a 4 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 13 e 19 mm e un peso fino a 43 g.[3]
La pelliccia è corta, soffice e densa, più sparsa sul ventre. Le parti dorsali possono essere marroni, bruno-rossastre o bruno-grigiastre, con la base dei peli più chiara, mentre le parti ventrali sono biancastre. Sono presenti nei maschi delle spalline formate da lunghi ciuffi di peli bianchi. La testa è arrotondata, il muso è corto e largo, gli occhi sono grandi. Il labbro superiore e le guance sono moderatamente estensibili. Le orecchie sono marroni e con delle macchie bianche alla base posteriore. Le ali sono marroni scure ed attaccate posteriormente alla base del secondo dito. La coda è rudimentale od assente, l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori. Il calcar è corto. Sono presenti 6 creste palatali, con la prima ben sviluppata e a forma di V mentre le altre sono largamente separate. Il cariotipo è 2n=35 FNa=64.
Vive singolarmente, in coppie o piccoli gruppi nella densa vegetazione. Il suo volo è agile e manovrato.
Si nutre di fiori di Anacardium occidentale, Kigelia pinnata, Spathodea campanulata, Adansonia digitata, Kapok, Maranthes polyandra, Parinari polyandra, Parkia clappertoniana, Parkia roxburghii e frutti di varie specie della foresta, incluse vari specie di Ficus. Percorre durante la notte molte miglia per raggiungere le zone dove cibarsi. È considerato un importante impollinatore.
Sono presenti due stagioni riproduttive, con le nascite coincidenti con i mesi più piovosi. La gestazione dura 5-6 mesi. Le femmine diventano mature sessualmente dopo 6 mesi di vita, mentre i maschi dopo 9 mesi.
Questa specie è diffusa nel Senegal meridionale, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Costa d'Avorio, Mali e Burkina Faso meridionali, Ghana Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Camerun, Repubblica Centrafricana, Sudan del Sud, Etiopia e Kenya occidentali, Guinea Equatoriale, Gabon, Congo meridionale, Angola settentrionale, Repubblica Democratica del Congo meridionale e nord-orientale, Uganda, Ruanda, Burundi e Tanzania nord-occidentale.
Vive principalmente nelle Savane alberate, ma anche in foreste tropicali umide, foreste di palude, boscaglie ed habitat misti.
La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale, la popolazione numerosa e la presenza in diverse aree protette, classifica M.pusillus come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
Il pipistrello della frutta dalle spalline nano di Peters (Micropteropus pusillus Peters, 1867) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, diffuso nell'Africa subsahariana
De kleine epaulettenvleerhond (Micropteropus pusillus) is een vleerhond uit het geslacht Micropteropus die voorkomt in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Kongogebied, Ivoorkust, Ethiopië, Gambia, Ghana, Guinee, Guinee-Bissau, Kenia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Soedan, Tanzania, Togo, Oeganda en Zambia. Het leefgebied bestaat uit laaglandbos en vochtige savanne.[1]
De kleine epaulettenvleerhond lijkt sterk op andere kleine vleerhonden uit het geslacht Epomophorus. Het zijn kleine vleerhonden met een lengte tussen de 7 en 10 cm en een gewicht rond de 20 gram, vrouwtjes iets zwaarder dan mannetjes. De kleur van boven is bruin, in verscheidene tinten. De vacht van boven is dik en dicht behaard, op de buik is de beharing minder dicht, met kortere haren en lichter van kleur. Mannetjes hebben bij de schouder plukjes met witte haren, de zogenaamde epauletten die vaak verborgen zitten in een huidplooi, maar tevoorschijn komen tijdens de balts en dienen om de aandacht van vrouwtjes te trekken. Er zitten ook witgele plukjes haar aan de basis van de oren.[2]
De kleine epaulettenvleerhond komt voor in verschillende typen landschap zoals boomrijke savanne, randen van tropisch bos, kustgebieden, graslanden, moerasbossen en gebieden met struikgewas. De vleerhonden hangen overdag in dicht struikgewas, vaak alleen of in paren en soms in groepen van minder dan 10 exemplaren. Ze vliegen in de avondschemering uit, op zoek naar fruitbomen en keren rond middernacht alweer terug op de roestplaats.[2]
Het voedsel bestaat uit vruchten, nectar maar ook bloembladeren. Ze spelen een belangrijke rol bij de verspreiding van stuifmeel van de bloesems van de boom Kigelia pinnata. Vooral allerlei soorten wilde vijgen worden gegeten, maar ook cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Guave (Psidium guajava) en fruit uit plantages van mango en banaan. Daardoor kunnen ze schade veroorzaken.[2]
De kleine epaulettenvleerhond behoort tot de meest algemene vleerhonden van Afrika en de soort is daarom veilig.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe kleine epaulettenvleerhond (Micropteropus pusillus) is een vleerhond uit het geslacht Micropteropus die voorkomt in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Kongogebied, Ivoorkust, Ethiopië, Gambia, Ghana, Guinee, Guinee-Bissau, Kenia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Soedan, Tanzania, Togo, Oeganda en Zambia. Het leefgebied bestaat uit laaglandbos en vochtige savanne.
Micropteropus pusillus é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrada na África Ocidental e Central.
Micropteropus pusillus é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrada na África Ocidental e Central.
Micropteropus pusillus[2][3][4] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Peters 1867. Micropteropus pusillus ingår i släktet Micropteropus och familjen flyghundar.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade.[5] Artepitet pusillus i det vetenskapliga namnet är latin för mycket liten.[7]
Arten når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 67 till 85 mm och en vikt av 20 till 35 g. De flesta exemplar saknar svans men ibland är svansen upp till 4 mm lång. Underarmarnas längd är 46,5 till 56 mm, öronens längd 13,5 till 18,7 mm och bakfötternas längd 13 till 15 mm. På ovansidan förekommer mjuk och tjock päls som har en brun till rödbrun färg. Hos vissa populationer är honor ljusare. Även undersidan ser ljusare ut på grund av att den har kortare päls och strupen är ofta naken. Framför och bakom öronen finns små gulvita tofsar. Den del av flygmembranen som ligger mellan bakbenen är delvis täckt av päls. Hannar har hudflikar på axlarna som liknar en påse och där växer större ljusa tofsar. Hela konstruktionen påminner om epåletter. Även honor har små påsar men inga tofsar. Angående storleken finns inga större skillnader mellan båda kön.[7]
Denna flyghund förekommer i Afrika söder om Sahelzonen och söderut till Angola. Den saknas i regnskogarna vid Kongoflodens slättland. Habitatet utgörs av öppna skogar och ansamlingar av träd eller buskar i öppna landskap.[1]
Micropteropus pusillus äter frukter och slickar trädens vätskor. Ungar föds oftast vid början av regntiden. Dräktigheten varar cirka 5 till 6 månader. Sju till tretton veckor efter födelsen slutar honan med digivning. Könsmognaden infaller efter 6 månader för honor och efter cirka 11 månader för hanar.[8]
Arten är aktiv på kvällen och fram till midnatt. Individerna vilar ensam, i par eller i mindre flockar som kan ha 10 medlemmar.[9] Micropteropus pusillus hänger på en gren som kan ligga i solljuset eller mera gömd i växtligheten. När den äter blommor eller pollen hjälper den vid växternas pollinering.[7] Arten äter bara mjuka delar från frukter och resten kastas till marken.[9]
Vanligen förekommer två parningstider, en mellan mars och maj och den andra mellan september och november. Hannar har läten som påminner om grodornas ljud. De visar dessutom sina epåletter för att imponera.[9]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Micropteropus pusillus.
Wikispecies har information om Micropteropus pusillus.
Micropteropus pusillus är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Peters 1867. Micropteropus pusillus ingår i släktet Micropteropus och familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade. Artepitet pusillus i det vetenskapliga namnet är latin för mycket liten.
Micropteropus pusillus — вид рукокрилих, родини Криланових.
Цей вид поширений у Західній Африці, Центральній Африці та Східній Африці. Мешкає в широкому спектрі первинних і вторинних місць проживання, як правило це саванові ліси, але можна зустріти в тропічних вологих лісах, болотяних лісах, чагарникових заростях, луках і мозаїках з цих середовищ існування. Тварини зазвичай спочивають у невеликих кількостях серед густої рослинності. Цей вид є опортуністичним збирачем плодів і квітів, подорожуючи широко щоночі.
Micropteropus pusillus — вид рукокрилих, родини Криланових.
Micropteropus pusillus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Peters mô tả năm 1867.[2]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Micropteropus pusillus tại Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết họ Dơi quạ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Micropteropus pusillus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Peters mô tả năm 1867.
페테르스난쟁이견장과일박쥐(Micropteropus pusillus)는 큰박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 앙골라와 베넹, 부르키나 파소, 부룬디, 카메룬, 중앙아프리카공화국, 차드, 콩고 공화국, 콩고 민주 공화국, 코트디부아르, 적도 기니, 에티오피아, 가봉, 감비아, 가나, 기니, 기니비사우, 케냐, 라이베리아, 말리, 니제르, 르완다, 세네갈, 시에라리온, 수단, 탄자니아, 토고, 우간다 그리고 잠비아에서 발견된다. 자연 서식지는 아열대 또는 열대 기후 지역의 습윤 저지대 숲과 습윤 사바나 지역이다.
