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Nesomyines probably sense their environment through vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, as do most mammals. Many have large eyes and ears and long vibrissae, suggesting keen visual, auditory, and tactile abilities. Some nesomyine species live in small family groups and give alarm calls to warn their offspring when predators approach.
Communication Channels: acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
The lifespan of nesomyines has not been reported.
Nesomyines live in a wide variety of habitats, including grasslands, wet meadows, sandy coastal forests, dry scrublands, and wet or dry inland forests. They range from sea level to 2,400 meters in elevation.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Aquatic Biomes: coastal
Nesomyine rodents are only found on Madagascar.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
These rodents are herbivores that feed on fruit, seeds, berries, roots, and stems. They are not known to cache their food.
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore , Granivore )
Nesomyines are primary consumers that provide food for upper level consumers such as carnivorous mammals and snakes. They are parasitized by nematodes and ticks.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
There are no known positive effects of nesomyines on humans.
There are no known negative effects of nesomyines on humans.
The subfamily Nesomyinae is a diverse group of muroid rodents endemic to Madagascar. There are 23 nesomyine species in nine genera.
This subfamily consists of endemic species with restricted ranges that are highly vulnerable to habitat loss. As a result, 8 of the 23 species in this group are on the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species. Two of these species are critically endangered (Eliurus penicillatus and Macrotarsomys ingens), two are endangered (Eliurus majori and Hypogeomys antimena), one is vulnerable (Gymnuromys roberti), and three are lower risk (Brachyuromys betsileoensis, Brachyuromys ramirohitra, and Eliurus webbi). One species, the endangered Malagasy giant rat (Hypogeomys antimena), is being bred and studied in captivity at the Jersey Zoo by the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust.
Nesomyines are characterized by their morphological and ecological diversity. Typically they are medium to large gerbil-like, vole-like, or rat-like rodents. They measure 80 to 350 mm in head and body length and their tails range from 60 to 250 mm. Nesomyines weigh 21 to 1,500 grams. In some species, females weigh less than males, in other species, there is no sexual dimorphism. Nesomyine tails are short to long, naked to moderately furred, and sometimes tufted. Some have prehensile tails. The hind feet range from wide and short to narrow and long, and most have no hair on the soles. The pelage is long and soft or thick and woolly. It is sandy brown, reddish, or gray on the dorsum and yellowish white, white, or gray on the venter. Most nesomyines have large eyes and prominent ears and whiskers.
The nesomyine dental formula is 1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3 = 16. The incisors are opisthodont. The molars are rooted, have a biserial cusp arrangement, and range from brachydont to hypsodont. In most species, the third molar is equal in size to the first two molars. Nesomyines have strong zygomatic arches with large jugals. Most species have ventrally constricted infraorbital foramina. There is a prominent interparietal bone. The bony palate is wide and smooth and bears one pair of posterior palatine foramina. The pterygoid fossae are flat and level with the bony palate. Most species have a large postglenoid foramen, and all species have an accessory tympanum and malleus of parallel construction. Nesomyines have 13 thoracic and 7 lumbar vertebrae. There are three circumvallate papillae on the tongue, and the stomach consists of a single chamber. The soft palate bears three premolar and five intermolar ridges.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger
Nesomyines are preyed upon by snakes, raptors, and mammalian carnivores. Some species give alarm calls and quickly retreat into underground burrows when danger threatens.
Known Predators:
The mating system has not been studied for all nesomyine species, but at least one species, the Malagasy giant rat (Hypogeomys antimena), is known to be monogamous and mate for life.
Mating System: monogamous
The reproductive behavior of some nesomyine species is entirely unknown. Therefore, the following may or may not apply to the entire group. Nesomyines reproduce during the wet season, and some species have just a single litter per year. Gestation lasts up to 138 days and there are one to four young per litter. Sexual maturity is not reached until the age of two years in some species.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Female nesomyines nurse their offspring for up to six weeks in a sheltered spot such as a tree cavity or underground nest chamber. In monogamous species, males may risk predation themselves by keeping watch for danger and protecting their offspring. Also, in those species that live in family groups, such as Hypogeomys antimena, young females remain with their parents for more than a year, not dispersing until after their parents have a new litter.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male); pre-independence (Protecting: Male); post-independence association with parents
Els nesomins (Nesomyinae) són una subfamília de rosegadors de la família dels nesòmids. Inclouen unes 25 espècies repartides en 9 gèneres, totes endèmiques de Madagascar, on són els únics muroïdeus no introduïts. Els nesomins ocupen una gran nombre d'hàbitats i han desenvolupat una enorme varietat de fesomies. Hypogeomys antimena, el representant més gros d'aquest grup, té un aspecte i un comportament similars als dels conills, però també n'hi ha espècies que recorden els jerbus petits, els arvicolins o les rates.
Els nesomins (Nesomyinae) són una subfamília de rosegadors de la família dels nesòmids. Inclouen unes 25 espècies repartides en 9 gèneres, totes endèmiques de Madagascar, on són els únics muroïdeus no introduïts. Els nesomins ocupen una gran nombre d'hàbitats i han desenvolupat una enorme varietat de fesomies. Hypogeomys antimena, el representant més gros d'aquest grup, té un aspecte i un comportament similars als dels conills, però també n'hi ha espècies que recorden els jerbus petits, els arvicolins o les rates.
Die Madagaskar-Ratten (Nesomyinae) sind eine Gruppe der Nagetiere, die als Unterfamilie der Nesomyidae gelten. Zu dieser Gruppe werden rund 25 Arten in neun Gattungen gezählt, die allesamt ausschließlich auf Madagaskar leben, wo sie natürlicherweise die einzigen Vertreter der Mäuseartigen (Muroidea) sind.
Madagaskar-Ratten haben verschiedene Habitate besiedelt und dementsprechend verschiedene Körperformen entwickelt. Die Votsotsa, der größte Vertreter dieser Gruppe, ähnelt im Körperbau und der Lebensweise einem Kaninchen, daneben gibt es rennmausähnliche Arten wie die Madagaskar-Großfußmäuse, wühlmausähnliche Arten wie die Madagaskar-Kurzschwanzratten und rattenähnliche Vertreter wie die Inselratten und die Voalavoanala. Die Zahnformel aller Arten lautet 1/1-0/0-0/0-3/3, insgesamt haben sie also 16 Zähne. Ihr Kopfrumpflänge schwankt zwischen 9 und 35 Zentimeter und ihr Gewicht zwischen 25 und 1500 Gramm.
So vielgestaltig wie die Körperformen sind auch die Lebensweisen der Madagaskar-Ratten. Es gibt boden- und baumbewohnende Arten, einige Tiere errichten auch unterirdische Baue, die ihnen als Schlafplätze und als Nahrungslager dienen. Die meisten Vertreter sind nachtaktiv.
Alle Madagaskar-Ratten sind ausschließlich Pflanzenfresser, die sich von Früchten, Samen, Beeren und Stängeln ernähren. Über die Fortpflanzung und das Sozialverhalten ist bei den meisten Arten kaum etwas bekannt. Sie spielen aber eine wichtige ökologische Rolle als Beutetiere für Schlangen, Greifvögel und Madagassische Raubtiere.
Viele Arten sind bedroht, vor allem durch die Einschleppung von echten Ratten und Mäusen nach Madagaskar, die den endemischen Nagern ihren Lebensraum streitig machen. Auch die Vernichtung ihres Lebensraums stellt für manche Arten eine Bedrohung dar.
Aufgrund ihrer morphologischen Unterschiede hielt man die Madagaskar-Ratten früher manchmal für nicht miteinander verwandt und ordnete sie verschiedenen Gruppen der Mäuseartigen zu. Heute ist die Monophylie dieser Gruppe durch molekulargenetische Studien eindeutig belegt. Auch über die Beziehung dieser Gruppe zu anderen Nagetiertaxa herrschte lange Unklarheit.
Als Stammgruppe der Madagaskar-Ratten wurde häufig eine ausgestorbene Nagetierklade des Miozäns gesehen, die Afrocricetodontidae, die in Ostafrika beheimatet waren. Während sie auf dem Festland durch andere Nagetiergruppen verdrängt wurden und ausstarben, blieben sie auf der isolierten Insel Madagaskar unter sich. Neuerdings werden die Madagaskar-Ratten aufgrund molekulargenetischer Untersuchungen mit einigen rein afrikanischen Nagetiertaxa in der Familie der Nesomyidae vereint.
Die folgenden Gattungen werden unterschieden:
Die Madagaskar-Ratten (Nesomyinae) sind eine Gruppe der Nagetiere, die als Unterfamilie der Nesomyidae gelten. Zu dieser Gruppe werden rund 25 Arten in neun Gattungen gezählt, die allesamt ausschließlich auf Madagaskar leben, wo sie natürlicherweise die einzigen Vertreter der Mäuseartigen (Muroidea) sind.
The Malagasy rodents are the sole members of the subfamily Nesomyinae.[1] These animals are the only native rodents of Madagascar, come in many shapes and sizes, and occupy a wide variety of ecological niches. There are nesomyines that resemble gerbils, rats, mice, voles, and even rabbits. There are arboreal, terrestrial, and semi-fossorial varieties.
These rodents are clearly most closely related to some muroid rodents found on the African mainland. Some molecular phylogeneticists consider this clade of Malagasy and African rodents to represent a distinct family, the Nesomyidae. Other researchers place the Nesomyinae into a large family, Muridae, along with all members of the superfamily Muroidea.
It has been reported that the Nesomyinae is not monophyletic,[2] but this has not been supported in other analyses. Additionally, there were problems with this particular study, notably the use of Calomyscus as an outgroup while more distantly related muroids (rhyzomyines) were included in the ingroup. It seems likely that all rodents in Madagascar are descendants from a single invasion of the island.
If monophyletic, the nesomyines represent one of only four colonization events of terrestrial mammals from mainland Africa. The other groups are tenrecs, lemurs and Malagasy carnivorans. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the ancestor of the nesomyines colonized Madagascar about 20-25 million years ago.[3] This is at approximately the same time as the Malagasy carnivorans, but is considerably more recent than the estimated colonization times of tenrecs and lemurs.
Nesomyinae contains 9 genera and 27 species.
Subfamily Nesomyinae - Malagasy rodents
The Malagasy rodents are the sole members of the subfamily Nesomyinae. These animals are the only native rodents of Madagascar, come in many shapes and sizes, and occupy a wide variety of ecological niches. There are nesomyines that resemble gerbils, rats, mice, voles, and even rabbits. There are arboreal, terrestrial, and semi-fossorial varieties.
These rodents are clearly most closely related to some muroid rodents found on the African mainland. Some molecular phylogeneticists consider this clade of Malagasy and African rodents to represent a distinct family, the Nesomyidae. Other researchers place the Nesomyinae into a large family, Muridae, along with all members of the superfamily Muroidea.
It has been reported that the Nesomyinae is not monophyletic, but this has not been supported in other analyses. Additionally, there were problems with this particular study, notably the use of Calomyscus as an outgroup while more distantly related muroids (rhyzomyines) were included in the ingroup. It seems likely that all rodents in Madagascar are descendants from a single invasion of the island.
If monophyletic, the nesomyines represent one of only four colonization events of terrestrial mammals from mainland Africa. The other groups are tenrecs, lemurs and Malagasy carnivorans. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the ancestor of the nesomyines colonized Madagascar about 20-25 million years ago. This is at approximately the same time as the Malagasy carnivorans, but is considerably more recent than the estimated colonization times of tenrecs and lemurs.
Nesomyinae es una subfamilia de roedores pertenecientes a la familia Nesomyidae y superfamilia Muroidea. Son las ratas y ratones de Madagascar; hay 27 especies en 9 géneros.
Nesomyinae es una subfamilia de roedores pertenecientes a la familia Nesomyidae y superfamilia Muroidea. Son las ratas y ratones de Madagascar; hay 27 especies en 9 géneros.
Nesomyinae est une sous-famille de rongeurs. Ces espèces sont endémiques de Madagascar.
Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (31 mai 2016)[1] et ITIS (31 mai 2016)[2] :
Nesomyinae est une sous-famille de rongeurs. Ces espèces sont endémiques de Madagascar.
I Nesomiini o topi del Madagascar (Nesomyinae Major, 1897) sono una sottofamiglia di roditori della famiglia dei Nesomiidi, endemici del Madagascar.
Questa sottofamiglia comprende roditori con la lunghezza del corpo tra 80 e 350 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 60 e 250 mm e un peso fino a 1,5 kg.
Il cranio presenta delle arcate zigomatiche robuste, con un grande osso giugale, un palato ampio e liscio provvisto di due lunghi fori palatali. Gli incisivi sono opistodonti, ovvero con le punte rivolte verso l'interno, i molari hanno le radici e le cuspidi disposte a coppie spesso fuse in lamine trasversali, con una corona di altezza variabile. Il terzo molare ha principalmente le stesse dimensioni degli altri due.
I Nesomiini sono caratterizzati da una diversità morfologica e biologica notevole. Infatti comprendono forme con l'aspetto che varia da quello di un gerbillo, di un ratto oppure di un'arvicola fino addirittura a quello di un coniglio. La pelliccia può essere corta e densa oppure lunga e soffice, con il colore delle parti dorsali che varia dal bruno-sabbia al grigio scuro, mentre quelle ventrali sono solitamente più chiare, e vanno dal grigio al bianco. Le orecchie possono essere talvolta notevolmente allungate oppure corte ed arrotondate. La coda in alcune forme arboricole è prensile oppure termina con un vistoso ciuffo di lunghi peli, mentre in altre è più corta della testa e del corpo. I piedi sono adattati alla particolare vita delle varie specie, e solitamente sono più larghi e corti in quelle arboricole e lunghi e sottili in quelle terricole. Solitamente non è presente dimorfismo sessuale accentuato, tuttavia in alcune specie i maschi sono più pesanti delle femmine. Sono presenti 13 vertebre toraciche e 7 lombari, mentre lo stomaco ha un unico compartimento.
La sottofamiglia è endemica del Madagascar, dove si è stabilita dopo una radiazione avvenuta in Africa a partire dal tardo Oligocene.
La sottofamiglia comprende 9 generi:
I Nesomiini o topi del Madagascar (Nesomyinae Major, 1897) sono una sottofamiglia di roditori della famiglia dei Nesomiidi, endemici del Madagascar.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Malgaszomyszy[2] (Nesomyinae) – podrodzina gryzonia z rodziny malgaszomyszowatych[3].
Takson grupuje następujące rodzaje[2]:
Malgaszomyszy (Nesomyinae) – podrodzina gryzonia z rodziny malgaszomyszowatych.
Takson grupuje następujące rodzaje:
szerokostopek (Brachytarsomys) krótkogon (Brachyuromys) kitkowiec (Eliurus) gołogon (Gymnuromys) z jedynym gatunkiem gołogon malgaski malgaszoszczur (Hypogeomys) z jedynym gatunkiem malgaszoszczur wielki wielkostopek (Macrotarsomys) stokowczyk (Monticolomys z jedynym gatunkiem stokowczyk malgaski malgaszomysz (Nesomys) woalawo (Voalavo)Madagaskarråttor (Nesomyinae) är en underfamilj i familjen Nesomyidae som i sin tur tillhör ordningen råttartade gnagare (Myomorpha). I djurgruppen finns ungefär 25 arter fördelade på nio släkten som lever endemiska på Madagaskar. Bredvid Nesomyinae fanns ursprungligen inga andra råttartade gnagare på ön.
Underfamiljens arter lever i olika habitat och därför förekommer flera olika kroppsformer som bara i några fall liknar de egentliga råttorna (Rattus).[1] Arter som liknar råttor finns bland annat i släktena Nesomys och Gymnuromys. Däremot liknar Hypogeomys antimena mer en hare och släktet Macrotarsomys kan jämföras med ökenråttor. Arter av släktet Brachyuromys ser ut som sorkar.[1] Tandformeln för alla arter är I 1/1 C 0/0 P 0/0 M 3/3, alltså 16 tänder.[2] Längden för huvudet plus bålen varierar från 8 till 35 cm och vikten från 21 till 1 500 gram.[2] Påfallande är de långa morrhåren hos vissa arter.[2]
Liksom arternas utseende varierar deras habitat och levnadssätt. De hittas beroende på art i regnskogar eller torra skogar samt i busk- eller gräsmarker. Utbredningsområdet kan ligga nära havet eller i upp till 2 400 meter höga bergstrakter. Madagaskaråttor bygger bon i marken eller använder håligheter i träd. Honor har i naturen vanligen upp till fyra ungar per kull och med människans vård upp till sex ungar. Födan utgörs nästan uteslutande av växtdelar som frukter, frön, nötter, rötter och stjälkar. Madagaskaråttor är vanliga bytesdjur för rovdjur av familjen Eupleridae samt för rovfåglar och ormar.[1][2]
Släktenas klassifikation som underfamilj var länge omstridd. På grund av de varierande morfologiska egenskaperna antogs tidvis (t.ex. av Ellerman 1941) att gruppen är parafyletisk. Överensstämmelser finns i skallens, tändernas och tungans konstruktion men de kan delvis vara ursprungliga egenskaper av forntida musliknande gnagare. Flera molekylärgenetiska undersökningar bekräftar teorin att Madagaskaråttor utgör ett monofyletiskt taxon. Fossil eller subfossil är bara kända från senare pleistocen och början av holocen.[3] Undersökningar av den molekylära klockan tyder på att underfamiljen koloniserade Madagaskar för 20 till 25 miljoner år.[4]
Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan följande släkten:[3]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Madagaskarråttor.
Madagaskarråttor (Nesomyinae) är en underfamilj i familjen Nesomyidae som i sin tur tillhör ordningen råttartade gnagare (Myomorpha). I djurgruppen finns ungefär 25 arter fördelade på nio släkten som lever endemiska på Madagaskar. Bredvid Nesomyinae fanns ursprungligen inga andra råttartade gnagare på ön.
Довжина тіла коливається в межах 9-35 сантиметрів, вага 25-1500 гр.
Є деревні, наземні й напів-риючі види. Більшість представників таксона ведуть нічний спосіб життя. Всі — виключно травоїдні, які харчуються фруктами, насінням, ягодами і стеблами. Про відтворення і соціальну поведінку більшості видів мало що відомо. Тим не менш, вони відіграють важливу екологічну роль, будучи здобиччю для змій, хижих птахів і родини фаланукові.
Багато видів знаходяться під загрозою, особливо з введенням пацюка і миші на Мадагаскар. Руйнування середовища проживання є загрозою для деяких видів.
Chuột Malagasy (Danh pháp khoa học: Nesomyinae) là một phân họ của họ chuột Nesomyinae. Những con chuột trong họ này là loài bản địa của hệ động vật Madagascar. CHúng có mối quan hệ gần gũi với các loài chuột ơ châu Phi đại lục[1] Nesomyinae chứa 9 chi với 27 loài.
Phân họ Nesomyinae - Chuột Malagasy
Bài viết về một loài thuộc bộ Gặm nhấm này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Chuột Malagasy (Danh pháp khoa học: Nesomyinae) là một phân họ của họ chuột Nesomyinae. Những con chuột trong họ này là loài bản địa của hệ động vật Madagascar. CHúng có mối quan hệ gần gũi với các loài chuột ơ châu Phi đại lục Nesomyinae chứa 9 chi với 27 loài.
붉은숲쥐아과 또는 네소미스아과(Nesomyinae)는 쥐아목 붉은숲쥐과에 속하는 설치류 분류군이다. 9개 속에 27종으로 이루어져 있다. 마다가스카르 섬에서만 서식하며, 여러 형태와 크기가 존재하고 다양한 생태적 지위를 차지하고 있다.[1][2][3][4][5]
