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Kotrč ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ
Tento článek je o rodu hub z čeledi Sparassidaceae. Další významy jsou uvedeny na stránce Kotrč (rozcestník).

Kotrč (Sparassis) je rod chorošovitých hub keříčkovitého vzhledu, které žijí jako saproparazité na kořenech stromů. Na území České republiky jsou známé tři druhy: kotrč kadeřavý (Sparassis crispa), hojný druh parazitující na borovicích, kotrč Němcův (Sparassis nemecii), vzácný druh parazitující na jedlích a kotrč štěrbákový (Sparassis laminosa), vzácný druh parazitující na dubech.

Druhy

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Sparassis brevipes

Zdroj:[1]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Light W, Woehrel M. Clarification of the nomenclatural confusion of the genus Sparassis [Polyporales: Sparassidaceae] in North America. Fungi. 2009, s. 10–15. Dostupné online. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite journal}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  2. Desjardin DE, Wang Z, Binder M, Hibbett DS. Sparassis cystidiosa sp. nov. from Thailand is described using morphological and molecular data. Mycologia. 2004, s. 1010–4. Dostupné online. DOI:10.2307/3762085. PMID 21148922. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite journal}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  3. Dai YC, Wang Z, Binder M, Hibbett DS. Phylogeny and a new species of Sparassis (Polyporales, Basidiomycota): evidence from mitochondrial atp6, nuclear rDNA and rpb2 genes. Mycologia. 2006, s. 584–92. Dostupné online. DOI:10.3852/mycologia.98.4.584. PMID 17139851. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite journal}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  4. Blanco-Dios JB, Wang Z, Binder M, Hibbett DS. A new Sparassis species from Spain described using morphological and molecular data. Mycological Research. 2006, s. 1227–31. Dostupné online. DOI:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.07.012. PMID 17018255. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite journal}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.

Externí odkazy

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Kotrč: Brief Summary ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ
Tento článek je o rodu hub z čeledi Sparassidaceae. Další významy jsou uvedeny na stránce Kotrč (rozcestník).

Kotrč (Sparassis) je rod chorošovitých hub keříčkovitého vzhledu, které žijí jako saproparazité na kořenech stromů. Na území České republiky jsou známé tři druhy: kotrč kadeřavý (Sparassis crispa), hojný druh parazitující na borovicích, kotrč Němcův (Sparassis nemecii), vzácný druh parazitující na jedlích a kotrč štěrbákový (Sparassis laminosa), vzácný druh parazitující na dubech.

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Glucken (Pilze) ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Glucken (Sparassis) sind eine Pilzgattung aus der Familie der Gluckenverwandten (Sparassidaceae), die zum Verwandtschaftskreis der Stielporlingsartigen gehört.

Merkmale

Der Fruchtkörper der Glucken ist ein basaler, dicklicher Strunk, der flachgedrückte, blattartige Zweige trägt. Die Zweige sind beidseitig mit der Fruchtschicht (Hymenium) überzogen.

Ökologie

Glucken leben parasitisch und saprobiontisch von Moderholz, auch von alten Wurzelteilen.

Arten

Lange war angenommen worden, dass die Gattung der Glucken aus drei Arten besteht, dann wurden jedoch in kurzer Zeit viele neue tropische Arten der Gattung beschrieben, so dass heute neun Arten in der Gattung bekannt sind.[1][2][3] Die am nächsten verwandte Gattung ist die Gattung Sparassiella, eine Gattung australischer Gluckenpilze.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. Jaime B. Blanco-Dios, Zheng Wang, Manfred Binder, David S. Hibbett: A new Sparassis from Spain described using morphological and molecular data. In: Mycological Research. Band 110, Nr. 10, 2006, S. 1227–1231, doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.07.012 (clarku.edu [PDF; 603 kB]). PDF; 603 kB (Memento des Originals vom 3. März 2016 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.clarku.edu
  2. Yu-Cheng Dai, Zheng Wang, Manfred Binder, David S. Hibbett: Phylogeny and a new species of Sparassis (Polyporales, Basidiomycota): Evidence from mitochondrial atp6, nuclear rDNA and rpb2 genes. In: Mycologia. Band 98, Nr. 4, 2006, S. 584–592 (clarku.edu [PDF; 501 kB]). PDF; 501 kB (Memento des Originals vom 3. März 2016 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.clarku.edu
  3. Dennis E. Desjardin, Zheng Wang, Manfred Binder, David S. Hibbett: Sparassis cystidiosa sp. nov. from Thailand is described using morphological and molecular data. In: Mycologia. Band 96, Nr. 5, 2004, S. 1010–1014 (clarku.edu [PDF; 194 kB]). PDF; 194 kB (Memento des Originals vom 3. März 2016 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.clarku.edu

Weblinks

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Glucken (Pilze): Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Glucken (Sparassis) sind eine Pilzgattung aus der Familie der Gluckenverwandten (Sparassidaceae), die zum Verwandtschaftskreis der Stielporlingsartigen gehört.

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Sparassis ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Sparassis (also known as cauliflower mushroom) is a genus of parasitic and saprobic mushroom characterised by its unique shape and appearance and is found around the globe. [1] Its appearance can be described as similar to a sea sponge, a brain or a head of cauliflower, hence its popular name.

It is increasingly cultivated and sold in Korea, Japan, the United States and Australia.

The generic name comes from the Greek sparassein, meaning to tear.[2]

Species

Sparassis brevipes

The following species are recognised in the genus Sparassis:[3]

The best-known and most widely collected species are S. crispa (found in Europe and eastern North America) and S. radicata (found in western North America). These species have a very similar appearance and some authorities treat them as conspecific. Their colour ranges from light brown-yellow to yellow-grey or a creamy-white cauliflower colour. They are normally 10 to 25 cm tall but can grow to be quite large, with reported cases of fruiting bodies more than 50cm tall and 14 kg in weight. Their unique look and size means they are unlikely to be mistaken for any poisonous/inedible mushrooms. They grow as parasites or saprobes on the roots or bases of various species of hardwoods, especially oak, and conifers, and hence are most commonly found growing close to fir, pine, oak or spruce trees.

Edibility

Sparassis crispa can be very tasty but should be thoroughly cleaned before use. The folds may contain dirt and other material because, as it grows, the basidiocarp envelops objects such as pine needles. Italian gastronome Antonio Carluccio said that European S. crispa should be picked when creamy white, because once yellow it is too indigestible to eat. It is suitable for drying and reconstituting because it retains its cartilaginous texture and hence is good for soups.[7]

S. radicata is also edible,[8] as is S. spathulata, a cauliflower mushroom which looks similar to Grifola frondosa.[9]

S. crispa is also widely used in traditional Chinese medicine because it contains active pharmacological ingredients. In order to study its medicinal value better, the genomic sequence of S. crispa was published in October 2018.[10] The dry weight of the basidiocarp was found to contain up to 43.6% Beta-glucan,[11] which was approved for the treatment of cancer [12] in Japan and most recently recommended for COVID-19 patients to overcome inflammation.[13]

Experiments suggest that S. crispa contains chemicals that may stimulate the immune system and has many biological properties including: anti-tumor,[14][15][16] antiviral activity (reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity),[17] neuroprotection,[18] cardioprotection,[19] anti-inflammation,[20] hyperlipidemia,[21] anti-diabetic medication,[22] antimicrobial compounds,[23][24][25] and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Pasailiuk, M.V. (2019-12-29). "Biological peculiarities of a rare mushroom Sparassis nemecii (Sparassidaceae, Polyporales) on plant substrates in pure culture". Ukrainian Botanical Journal. 76 (6): 493–498. doi:10.15407/ukrbotj76.06.493. ISSN 0372-4123. S2CID 213788431.
  2. ^ sparassis at dictionary.com
  3. ^ "Loading..." www.mycobank.org. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  4. ^ Desjardin DE, Wang Z, Binder M, Hibbett DS (2004). "Sparassis cystidiosa sp. nov. from Thailand is described using morphological and molecular data" (PDF). Mycologia. 96 (5): 1010–4. doi:10.2307/3762085. JSTOR 3762085. PMID 21148922.
  5. ^ Dai YC, Wang Z, Binder M, Hibbett DS (2006). "Phylogeny and a new species of Sparassis (Polyporales, Basidiomycota): evidence from mitochondrial atp6, nuclear rDNA and rpb2 genes" (PDF). Mycologia. 98 (4): 584–92. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.4.584. PMID 17139851.
  6. ^ Blanco-Dios JB, Wang Z, Binder M, Hibbett DS (2006). "A new Sparassis species from Spain described using morphological and molecular data" (PDF). Mycological Research. 110 (Pt 10): 1227–31. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.07.012. PMID 17018255.
  7. ^ Carluccio A. (2003). The Complete Mushroom Book. Quadrille. ISBN 978-1-84400-040-1.
  8. ^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
  9. ^ Meuninck, Jim (2017). Foraging Mushrooms Oregon: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Mushrooms. Falcon Guides. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4930-2669-2.
  10. ^ Kiyama (2018). "Genome sequence of the cauliflower mushroom Sparassis crispa (Hanabiratake) and its association with beneficial usage". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 16053. Bibcode:2018NatSR...816053K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34415-6. PMC 6207663. PMID 30375506.
  11. ^ Ohno (2000). "Antitumor 1,3-β-glucan from cultured fruit body of Sparassis crispa". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 23 (7): 866–72. doi:10.1248/bpb.23.866. PMID 10919368.
  12. ^ Kimura (2013). "Natural products and biological activity of the pharmacologically active cauliflower mushroom Sparassis crispa". BioMed Research International. 2013: 982317. doi:10.1155/2013/982317. PMC 3613060. PMID 23586068.
  13. ^ Rao (2020). "Role of Immune Dysregulation in Increased Mortality Among a Specific Subset of COVID-19 Patients and Immune-Enhancement Strategies for Combatting Through Nutritional Supplements". Frontiers in Immunology. 11: 1548. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01548. PMC 7363949. PMID 32733487. S2CID 220405084.
  14. ^ Harada T, Ohno N (2008). "Contribution of dectin-1 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to immunomodulating actions of beta-glucan". International Immunopharmacology. 8 (4): 556–66. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2007.12.011. PMID 18328447.
  15. ^ Yoshikawa (2010). "Novel phthalide compounds from Sparassis crispa (Hanabiratake), Hanabiratakelide A-C, exhibiting anti-cancer related activity". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 33 (8): 1355–9. doi:10.1248/bpb.33.1355. PMID 20686231.
  16. ^ Yamamoto (2007). "Antitumor activities of low molecular weight fraction derived from the cultured fruit body of Sparassis crispa in tumor-bearing mice". Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi. 54 (9): 419–423. doi:10.3136/nskkk.54.419.
  17. ^ Wang (2007). "Apeptide with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity from the medicinal mushroom Russula paludosa". Peptides. 28 (3): 560–5. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2006.10.004. PMID 17113195. S2CID 7912537.
  18. ^ Hu (2016). "Mitochondria Related Pathway Is Essential for Polysaccharides Purified from Sparassis crispa Mediated Neuro-Protection against Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in Differentiated PC12 Cells". Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17 (2): 133. doi:10.3390/ijms17020133. PMC 4783876. PMID 26821016.
  19. ^ Hong (2015). "Hypocholesterolemic Effects of the Cauliflower Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Sparassis crispa (Higher Basidiomycetes), in Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemic Rats". Int. J. Med. Mushrooms. 17 (10): 965–75. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i10.60. PMID 26756188.
  20. ^ Kim (2012). "Sparassis crispa suppresses mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation: Role of calcium, mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB". Int. J. Mol. Med. 30 (2): 344–50. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2012.1000. PMID 22614038.
  21. ^ Bang (2017). "New Aromatic Compounds from the Fruiting Body of Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) and Their Inhibitory Activities on Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 mRNA Expression". J. Agric. Food Chem. 65 (30): 6152–6157. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02657. PMID 28689410.
  22. ^ Yamamoto (2013). "Orally and topically administered Sparassis crispa (Hanabiratake) improves healing of skin wounds in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 77 (6): 1303–5. doi:10.1271/bbb.121016. PMID 23748764. S2CID 45728199.
  23. ^ Woodward (1993). "Two new antifungal metabolites produced by Sparassis crispa in culture and in decayed trees". Journal of General Microbiology. 139 (1): 153–159. doi:10.1099/00221287-139-1-153.
  24. ^ a b Kawagishi (2007). "Novel bioactive compound from the Sparassis crispa mushroom". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71 (7): 1804–6. doi:10.1271/bbb.70192. PMID 17617705. S2CID 6521442.
  25. ^ Kodani (2008). "Occurrence and identification of chalcones from the culinary-medicinal cauliflower mushroom Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 10 (4): 331–336. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.50.
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Sparassis: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Sparassis (also known as cauliflower mushroom) is a genus of parasitic and saprobic mushroom characterised by its unique shape and appearance and is found around the globe. Its appearance can be described as similar to a sea sponge, a brain or a head of cauliflower, hence its popular name.

It is increasingly cultivated and sold in Korea, Japan, the United States and Australia.

The generic name comes from the Greek sparassein, meaning to tear.

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Sparassis ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Les Sparassis sont un genre de champignons basidiomycètes, l'un des deux de la famille des sparassidacées.

Leur nom a été construit sur le grec sparassein, "déchirer", "mettre en lambeaux", en référence à leur aspect découpé. La même racine a été reprise pour la famille, les Sparassidacées, et pour son autre genre, les Sparassiella. Elle est également utilisée pour une importante famille d'araignées, les Sparassidae.

Liste des espèces

Les Sparassis comptent 9 espèces selon Catalogue of life et selon la 10e édition de Dictionary of the Fungi[1] (2007) :

L'espèce-type est Sparassis crispa.

Sources et liens externes

Notes et références

  1. P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, D.W. Minter, J.A. Stalpers, Dictionary of the Fungi, 10e édition (2007), Wallingford: CABI. (ISBN 0-85199-826-7).
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Sparassis: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Les Sparassis sont un genre de champignons basidiomycètes, l'un des deux de la famille des sparassidacées.

Leur nom a été construit sur le grec sparassein, "déchirer", "mettre en lambeaux", en référence à leur aspect découpé. La même racine a été reprise pour la famille, les Sparassidacées, et pour son autre genre, les Sparassiella. Elle est également utilisée pour une importante famille d'araignées, les Sparassidae.

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Sparassis ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Sparassis Fr., (1819) è un genere di funghi basidiomiceti della famiglia Sparassidaceae.

Specie di Sparassis

La specie tipo è Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. (1821), altre specie incluse sono:

Etimologia

Dal greco spáraxis (σπάραξις) = dilacerazione, per la forma del carpoforo.

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Sparassis: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Sparassis Fr., (1819) è un genere di funghi basidiomiceti della famiglia Sparassidaceae.

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Sparassis ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL

Sparassis Fr. (siedzuń) – rodzaj grzybów z rodziny siedzuniowatych (Sparassidaceae)[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Sparassidaceae, Polyporales, Incertae sedis, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi[1].

Synonim naukowy Masseeola Kuntze[2]:

Nazwę polską podał Henryk Orłoś w 1949 r. W polskim piśmiennictwie mykologicznym należące do tego rodzaju gatunki opisywane były także jako płaskosz, sorokop, siedź, szmaciak, strzępiak[3].

Cechy charakterystyczne

Pasożyty korzeni i Saprotrofy powodujące brunatną zgniliznę drewna. Owocniki gąbczaste, ze zrośniętymi elementami kędzierzawymi, falisto-tasiemkowatymi (po obu stronach pokrytymi warstwą rodzajną), wyrastającymi ze wspólnego trzonu. Wysyp zarodników żółtawokremowy, nieamyloidalny. Zarodniki eliptyczne, gładkie, bez pory rostkowej[4].

Gatunki

Wykaz gatunków (nazwy naukowe) na podstawie Index Fungorum. Obejmuje on wszystkie gatunki występujące w Polsce i niektóre inne. Uwzględniono tylko gatunki zweryfikowane o potwierdzonym statusie[6]. Nazwy polskie według checklist Władysława Wojewody[3].

W Polsce występują 4 gatunki: S. brevipes, S. crispa, S. laminosa i S. nemecii[3].

Przypisy

  1. a b Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-11-12].
  2. Species Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-11-12].
  3. a b c Władysław Wojewoda: Checklist of Polish Larger Basidiomycetes. Krytyczna lista wielkoowocnikowych grzybów podstawkowych Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2003. ISBN 83-89648-09-1.
  4. Ewald Gerhardt: Grzyby – wielki ilustrowany przewodnik. KDC, s. 592. ISBN 83-7404-513-2.
  5. Przez W. Wojewodę potraktowany jako synonim Sparassis brevipes, jednak według Index Fungorum jest to odrębny gatunek. Nazwę polską podają niektóre atlasy grzybów
  6. Index Fungorum (gatunki) (ang.). [dostęp 2013-10-20].
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 src= Siedzuń dębowy

Sparassis Fr. (siedzuń) – rodzaj grzybów z rodziny siedzuniowatych (Sparassidaceae).

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Sparassis ( الرومانية، المولدوفية )

المقدمة من wikipedia RO


Sparassis Elias Magnus Fries, 1819) este un gen mic de ciuperci cu 9-14 specii (depinde de sursă, în Europa mai puține) comestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota, în ordinul Polyporales și singurul în familia Sparassidaceae,[1] de găsit atât în zonele temperate, boreale, cât și în cele tropicale ale lumii. Aproape toate speciile sunt fitoparaziți, ciuperci parazite care atacă rădăcinile arborilor (provoacă putregaiul rosu respectiv maroniu), dar unele pot fi respectiv devin și saprofite. Depinde de specie, ciupercile apar din primăvară până toamna târziu în păduri de conifere mai ales sub pini sau în cele de foioase, preferat sub stejari. Tip de gen este Sparassis crispa.[2][3][4]

Istoric

Renumitul micolog suedez Elias Magnus Fries a descris genul sub numele binomial valabil până în prezent (2018) în volumul 5 al lucrării sale Novitiæ floræ svecicae din 1819.[5] Încercarea redenumirii în Masseeola din 1891 prin micologul german Otto Kuntze[6] este acceptată sinonim, dar, nefiind folosită, poate fi neglijată.

Descriere

  • Corpul fructifer: este mare, aceste fructificații pot atinge 20-60 cm în diametru și în înălțime, fiind formate dintr-o mulțime de ramuri turtite, foliacee, ondulate, răsucite și amestecate care cresc dintr-un trunchi comun, având aspectul unei căpățâni uriașe a Salatei de Batavia, de conopidă sau de Papardelle. Ele sunt acoperite pe partea inferioară cu stratul himenal, partea cea fertilă. Coloritul variază de la albui, peste gălbui până la roșiatic.
  • Sporii: sunt mici, ovoidali, hialini (translucizi), netezi, albi și apar mereu în mase, având o mărime de 5-7 x 4-5 microni.
  • Piciorul: are două părți. Cea vizibilă, este scurtă, groasă, cilindrică sau boantă/globuloasă și de consistență ușor fibros-elastică care se ramifică spre vârf (vezi mai sus). Trunchiul se înfige însă adânc în pământ, ramificându-se puternic și terminând în încrucișări cărnoase, turtite și îndoite, dense precum zburlite și sinuoase. Ele penetrează rădăcinile de arbor, exploatând sucul acelora, producând astfel un putregai roșiatic respectiv maroniu al lemnului de pin sau stejar.
  • Carnea: este moale și ceva elastică, cea a piciorului mai fibroasă, asemănătoare cauciucului și numai greu comestibilă. Bureții au un miros amintind de zbârciogi și gust de aluni. Bătrâni miros adesea rășinos.[2][3][4]

Confuzii

Bureții acestui gen sunt adesea confundați cu cei ai genului Ramaria. Organismul speciei Ramariaeste în majoritate destul de masiv cu aspect de corali. El se împarte dintr-un cocean deseori compact în numeroase ramificații verticale, cilindrice, ușor îndoite și nu rar bifurcate. Ramificațiile sunt mult mai subțiri.[7]

Genuri

La Mycobank sunt asociate 14 specii din Asia de Est = AE, SUA = SUA și Europa= E:[8]

  • Sparassis laminosa, E, Fr. 1836, astăzi adesea văzut identic cu Sparassis brevipes
  • Sparassis latifolia, AE, Y.C. Dai & Z. Wang, 2006
  • Sparassis miniensis sin. minoensis, E, Blanco-Dios & Zheng Wang, 2006
  • Sparassis nemeci, E, AE, Pilát & Veselý, 1932, văzută de câțiva micologi formă a lui S. brevipes
  • Sparassis spathulata, E, SUA, (Schwein.) ex Fr., 1828
  • Sparassis subalpina, AE, Q. Zhao, Zhu L. Yang & Y.C. Dai, 2012
  • Sparassis tremelloides, E, Berk., 1873) = Tremella tremelloides Berk. & Massee, 1889

Specii ale genului în imagini

Valorificare

Toate speciile genului sunt foatre gustoase și pot fi pregătite în moduri diferite, dar numai în stadiu tânăr.[9][10]

Speciile pot fi cultivate.[11]

Note

  1. ^ Index Fungorum
  2. ^ a b Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 1, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1976, p. 51, 552-553, ISBN 3-405-11774-7
  3. ^ a b Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 2, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1980, p. 620-621, ISBN 3-405-12081-0
  4. ^ a b Hans E. Laux: „Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, p. 470-471, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
  5. ^ Elias Fries: „Novitiæ floræ svecicae”, vol. 5, Lundae 1819, p. 90
  6. ^ Otto Kuntze: „Revisio generum plantarum:vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum”, vol. 2, Editura Arthur Felix, Leipzig 1891, p. 859
  7. ^ Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: „Der große Pilzatlas“, Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, p. 198-199, 206, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
  8. ^ Mycobank
  9. ^ Luce Höllthaler: „Pilzdelikatessen”, Editura Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, München 1982, p. 121-124 ISDN 3-453-40334-7
  10. ^ Joachim Richter: „Dr. Oetker Pilz-Kochbuch”, Editura Ceres, Bielefeld 1983, p. 120-121
  11. ^ Pilzforum

Bibliografie

  • Marcel Bon: „Pareys Buch der Pilze”, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
  • Rose Marie Dähncke: „1200 Pilze in Farbfotos”, Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
  • Ewald Gerhard: „Der große BLV Pilzführer“ (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
  • Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: „Der große Pilzatlas“, Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
  • J. E. și M. Lange: „BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze”, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
  • Meinhard Michael Moser: „ Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas”, ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983
  • Linus Zeitlmayr: „Knaurs Pilzbuch”, Editura Droemer Knaur, München-Zürich 1976, ISBN 3-426-00312-0

Legături externe

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Sparassis: Brief Summary ( الرومانية، المولدوفية )

المقدمة من wikipedia RO


Sparassis Elias Magnus Fries, 1819) este un gen mic de ciuperci cu 9-14 specii (depinde de sursă, în Europa mai puține) comestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota, în ordinul Polyporales și singurul în familia Sparassidaceae, de găsit atât în zonele temperate, boreale, cât și în cele tropicale ale lumii. Aproape toate speciile sunt fitoparaziți, ciuperci parazite care atacă rădăcinile arborilor (provoacă putregaiul rosu respectiv maroniu), dar unele pot fi respectiv devin și saprofite. Depinde de specie, ciupercile apar din primăvară până toamna târziu în păduri de conifere mai ales sub pini sau în cele de foioase, preferat sub stejari. Tip de gen este Sparassis crispa.

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