Phidippus audax (Hentz 1845)

Phidippus audax és una espècie d'aranya saltadora comuna d'Amèrica del Nord. Al seu país d'origen la hi coneix com "Daring Jumping Spider" (de l'anglès "esgarrapa saltadora atrevida") o "Bold Jumping Spider" (de l'anglès "esgarrapa saltadora descarada"). La grandària mitjana dels adults varia entre 13 a 20 mm de longitud.

Aquestes aranyes són normalment negres amb un patró de taques i ratlles en el seu abdomen i les potes. Sovint, aquestes taques són de color taronja en els individus joves, tornant-se blanc en l'aranya madura.

Hàbitat

Com la majoria de les aranyes saltadores, P. audax prefereixen zones relativament obertes per caçar, ja que busquen activament preses, aguaitant, ja que no construeixen xarxes. Utilitzen la seva seda com un "salvavides" en saltar a la recerca de preses o eludir depredadors.

Són comuns en els camps i prats, encara que també s'observen amb freqüència en les voltes, parets exteriors, i en els jardins. Moltes aranyes saltadores semblen preferir les superfícies planes verticals, probablement a causa del fet que els permet detectar i perseguir als insectes amb facilitat.

Distribució

Aquesta espècie és comuna en el sud-est de Canadà, la major part dels Estats Units i parts del nord d'Amèrica Central, i ha estat introduïda a Hawaii i les Illes Nicobar.

Nom

P. audax és l'espècie tipus per al gènere Phidippus. El nom de l'espècie es deriva del llatí audax que significa "atrevit, audaç".

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Phidippus audax

Phidippus audax ist eine zur Familie der Springspinnen (Salticidae) gehörende Spinnenart.^[1] Sie kommt fast überall in Nordamerika vor und ist dort die häufigste Art ihrer in ganz Amerika verbreiteten Gattung; nach Hawaii wurde sie eingeschleppt.

Merkmale

Phidippus audax ist eine eher kompakt gebaute schwarze, bis 13 Millimeter große Spinne mit zwei seitlichen weißen ovalen Flecken und einem weißen Dreieck in der Mitte auf dem Abdomen. Ebenso sind vier Paare von schwarzen Flecken vorhanden. Die Art gleicht Phidippus otiosus und Phidippus regius. Phidippus otiosus hat aber hinten keine ovalen, sondern viereckige Flecken. Phidippus regius besitzt keine schwarzen Fleckenpaare auf dem Abdomen.^[2]

Das Männchen ist etwas kleiner als das Weibchen, das Dreieck auf dem Opisthosoma ist jedoch etwas größer. Bei jüngeren Spinnen sind die Flecken noch rot, orange oder gelb. Auf den Cheliceren (Kieferklauen) schillern sie meist grün.

Wie alle Springspinnen können sie mit ihren sehr großen vorderen, dunkelblau schimmernden Mittelaugen gut sehen. Nicht nur Bewegungen werden genau wahrgenommen und verfolgt, sie sind auch in der Lage, ihre Umwelt im Umkreis von 25 bis 30 Zentimeter in scharfen Formen wahrzunehmen und wahrscheinlich nicht nur ihre Beute und Angreifer, sondern auch ihre Geschlechtspartner zu erkennen.^[3] Sie bauen ein Nest aus Seidenfäden und entfernen sich nie sehr weit davon.

Ihr Temperament variiert von Individuum zu Individuum, so sind einige lebhafter als andere. Sie laufen viel und verstecken sich wieder, doch fühlen sie sich in die Enge getrieben, erheben sie ihre zwei Vorderbeine, um durch Größe den Angreifer zu beeindrucken. Wenn sich weiterhin genähert wird, setzen sie zur Verteidigung zum Sprung an und beißen. Jedoch sind sie sehr schnelle Spinnen, die immer nach einem Weg suchen, dem Angreifer kampflos auszuweichen.

• Gesicht von Phidippus audax (männliches Tier)

• Gesicht von Phidippus audax (weibliches Tier)

Ernährung

Phidippus audax kann seine Beute schon von weitem anvisieren und springt gezielt mehrere Zentimeter weit, um sie zu fangen. Beutetiere sind meist Insekten, beispielsweise Grillen, die größer sind als sie selbst. Oft dringen sie in Gebäude ein, um dort nach Insekten zu suchen. Bei Insekten wirkt das Gift sehr schnell und tödlich.

Haltung

Gern wird Phidippus audax auch in Terrarien gehalten. Obwohl sie kleine Tiere sind, bevorzugen sie doch ein etwas größeres Terrarium. Außerdem brauchen sie zum Springen etwas mehr Platz. Sie benötigen normale Luftfeuchtigkeit und Zimmertemperatur. Ihr Gift ist nicht stark genug, einem Menschen gefährlich zu werden (es sei denn, man reagiert allergisch darauf). Sie sind auch in keiner Weise beißfreudig oder aggressiv, wenn man sie nicht in die Enge treibt oder auf die Hand nimmt. Allerdings hat diese kleine Spinne es sehr schwer, mit ihren Cheliceren die menschliche Haut zu durchdringen.

Literatur

• G. B. Edwards: Revision of the jumping spider genus Phidippus (Araneae: Salticidae). in vol. 11 Occasional papers of the Florida State Collection of Arthropods. Gainesville 2004.

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ Norman I. Platnick: The World Spider Catalog, Version 7.5, 2007, American Museum of Natural History.
2. ↑ regal jumping spider, Phidippus regius C.L. Koch (Arachnida: Araneae: Salticidae). University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Abgerufen 21. Mai 2012
3. ↑ Willis John Gertsch: American Spiders. van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1979. ISBN 0-442-22649-7

Phidippus audax, the bold jumper or bold jumping spider, is a common species of spider belonging to the genus Phidippus, a group of jumping spiders easily identified by their large eyes and their iridescent chelicerae.^[1][2] Like all jumping spiders, they have excellent stereoscopic vision that aids them in stalking prey and facilitates visual communication with potential mates during courting.^[1] Bold jumping spiders are native to North America and have been introduced to Hawaii, Nicobar Islands, Azores, and the Netherlands.^[3][4][5] They are typically black with a distinct white triangle on their abdomen.^[3]

Bold jumping spiders are solitary carnivores that use their highly specialized eyesight to actively hunt and stalk prey.^[3] They prey on a variety of insects and non-insect terrestrial arthropods such as caterpillars, dragonflies, grasshoppers, and other spiders.^[3][6][2] They are one of the most common spiders found in agricultural areas and have been studied to determine their impact on crop pest populations.^[6] Unlike most spiders, bold jumpers do not build webs to catch prey.^[6]

These spiders can be found in temperate climates in a variety of terrestrial habitats including grasslands, chaparrals, open woodlands, and agricultural fields.^[3][4][2] The bold jumper is one of the most commonly occurring spider species within its range and is often found living in close proximity to humans.^[2][7] Bites from Phidippus audax are rare but may occur if they feel threatened or are mishandled.^[2][7]

Naming

Phiddipus audax are commonly referred to as "bold jumping spiders" or "bold jumpers".^[8] The species name, audax, is a Latin adjective meaning "audacious" or "bold".^[8] This name was first used to describe the species by French arachnologist Nicholas Marcellus Hentz, who described the spider as being, "very bold, often jumping on the hand which threatens it".^[9] Bold jumpers belongs to the jumping spider family, Salticidae, which is derived from the Latin word "saltare" meaning "to jump".^[10]

History

The bold jumping spider is believed to have first been described in 1833 by French entomologist, Pierre-Hippolyte Lucas, who named the spider Salticus variegatus.^[11] In 1845, Nicholas Marcellus Hentz published his work describing a species he called Attus audax.^[11] These types were believed to be the same species, but due to the loss of specimens there was much confusion about their identities.^[9][11] In 1846, Carl Ludwig Koch created the genus Phidippus in which Phidippus variegatus (Lucas) and Phidippus audax (Hentz) were considered separate species, with southern specimens regarded as Phidippus variegatus and northern specimens regarded as Phidippus audax.^[9][11] However, the use of Phidippus audax was favored and further research concluded that they were the same species.^[4] The name Salticus variegatus has since been declared "nomen oblitum".^[5]

Taxonomy

The bold jumper is a member of the genus Phidippus and belongs to the Salticidae family.^[5] This family is distinguished by their highly evolved stereoscopic vision and unique hunting behavior.^[1] In 2004, Glavis Bernard Edwards, a taxonomic entomologist specializing in spiders, published a study in which he analyzed specimens of the genus Phidippus and hypothesized their taxonomic placement.^[4] Phidippus audax was placed in a clade with Phidippus princeps, Phidippus pulcherrimus, Phidippus bidentatus, Phidippus felinus, and Phidippus workmani.^[4] These species were distinguished by the presence of partial vertical ridges in the central distal part of the palea.^[4] Phidippus bidentatus was hypothesized to be the closest relative of Phidippus audax because they share the synapomorphy of having the male endite concave laterally.^[4]: 18

Description

The adult female bold jumper ranges from 8-15 mm in body length.^[3] The males are smaller and adults range from 6-13 mm in body length.^[3] They are typically black with an ovoid abdomen and round cephalothorax.^[4] The presence of a distinct white triangle in the center of the back with two smaller spots below it is often used to distinguish this species.^[3][4] On the upper abdomen, there is a lateral white band.^[4] Bold jumpers are often recognized by their powerful legs that they use to jump.^[3] The legs and pedipalp have white banding with fringes that are more prominent in males.^[4] In females, the fourth pair of legs are typically the longest while in males the first pair of legs are the longest.^[4] The chelicerae are iridescent green.^[4] The adult males chelicerae and markings are much more striking than the females and they have tufts of hair over their eyes.^[3][4] In spiderlings, markings are usually orange and turn white as the spider matures.^[3] Bold jumpers may also vary in size and coloration amongst different populations.^[4]

Vision

Like all jumping spiders, bold jumpers have exceptional eyesight.^[1] Their unique visual system is widely regarded as the best amongst all spiders and plays an important role in courtship, hunting, and observational learning.^[1][12][13] Bold jumpers have four pairs of eyes arranged in a semi-circle around their head, allowing them to see nearly 360° around them.^[13] The forward-facing eyes are the largest and are known as the principal eyes or the anterior median (AM) eyes.^[1] The retina of these eyes are able to rotate, allowing them to follow a moving target.^[1][14] These eyes have the greatest resolution and are able to see color.^[1][14] The remaining three pairs of eyes are known as the secondary eyes.^[1] The first pair of secondary eyes are the anterior lateral (AL) eyes.^[1] They are responsible for detecting approaching or "looming" objects.^[14] Next is the posterior median (PM) eyes and the posterior lateral (PL) eyes.^[1] These eyes help detect motion from the sides and behind.^[1]

Behavior

Feeding

Bold jumpers are solitary carnivores.^[3] They rely on their highly specialized eyesight to actively hunt and capture live prey.^[6][15] Because they rely on their eyesight, they are diurnal.^[6] They are often found hunting on fence posts and plants' leaves, stems, and branches.^[15][2] Bold jumpers prey on a variety of insects and non-insect terrestrial arthropods such as caterpillars, dragonflies, grasshoppers, and other spiders.^[3][6][2] As one of the most common spiders found in agricultural areas, they consume many crop pests including bollworms, boll weevils, spotted cucumber beetles, sorghum midges, fall webworms, cotton leaf worms, cotton fleahopper, tarnished plant bugs, stink bugs, lotus bugs, three-cornered alfalfa hoppers, and leafhoppers.^[4][3][2] For many of these species, bold jumpers feeds on both the larval and adult forms.^[6] The size of the prey is correlated with the size of the spider.^[2][6] Spiderlings feed on smaller prey than adults.^[2] Feeding habits also differ by sex.^[15] Females tend to spend more time feeding and consume more and larger prey than males.^[3][15][16] Alternative feeding behaviors include araneophagy, herbivory, indirect vertebrate blood feeding, myrmecophagy, nectivory, and prey stealing.^[17]

When Phidippus audax finds its prey, it first orients itself so its anterior median (AM) eyes are facing the prey.^[1][6][15] It then stalks its prey, slowly approaching until it is within jumping distance.^[15] Once close enough, it crouches and releases a silk dragline that will tether the spider if it falls or misses its target.^[1][6][15] Next, it pounces with its legs raised.^[6][15] It grasps onto its prey with its forelegs while sinking its fangs into the prey, immobilizing it with its venom.^[3][15] Bold jumpers are able to distinguish between different types of prey and adjust their attack accordingly.^{[1][3][2][16]} They have been observed attacking loopers from the front and biting their head in order to avoid being stricken by them.^[2] Contrasting this, when attacking flies, they avoid attacking from the front in order to avoid alarming the fly and causing it to fly away.^[2] Although bold jumpers don't build webs of their own, they have been observed invading the webs of other spiders to steal freshly caught insects or attack the spiders themselves.^[1] Bold jumpers have extra-oral digestion and use their fangs to suck the liquid out their prey.^[15]

Life cycle

About 10 days after oviposition, spiderlings hatch within the egg-sac.^[6] After hatching, they complete their first molt within the egg-sac and do not emerge for another 10-14 days.^[2][18] They emerge as second instars that are free-living and capable of hunting.^[4][18] After emerging, spiderlings often disperse through ballooning.^[2][1] Bold jumpers continue to mature through 6-7 more instars.^[6] Every instar, with the exception of the first, completes its molt within a molting web.^[6] They enclose themselves in this web to shed their exoskeleton.^[6] After each molt, they emerge larger.^[6] Females usually require one more instar than males and reach maturity a few weeks later.^[2][18] This is likely because they are larger and need more time to develop.^[2] On average, bold jumpers take about 9 months from oviposition to reach sexual maturity.^[6][3]

In the northern part of its range, bold jumpers overwinter as immatures.^[4][19] In preparation, these spiders envelop themselves in sac-like silk shelters hidden underneath rocks and bark.^[2][1][15] These shelters help conceal and protect the spider.^[2][1][15] As temperatures drop, spiders enter a state of dormancy called diapause, during which development is halted.^[4][18] Spiders emerge in the spring and complete their final molts.^[4][19] They are typically ready to mate by late spring or early summer.^[19] In a laboratory study, the lifespan of bold jumpers was a little over a year with females living a couple months longer than males.^[6]

Reproduction

After completing their final molts, bold jumpers are fully developed and ready to mate.^[6][19] A male prepares for mating by constructing a small silk mat upon which he releases his sperm from his testes and then draws it into each of his two emboli.^[6] The male then begins to search for a female.^[2] Females emit pheromones in their draglines that males can detect through contact with chemoreceptors in their pedipalps.^[1][18] This provides the male with information about the females reproductive status and aids in his search.^[20]

Because males mature before females, they often encounter an immature female's nest when searching for a mate.^[2][1] In an attempt to increases his chances of mating, he will build a nest next to the female and wait until the females matures for an opportunity to mate.^[2][1] Upon encountering a sexually mature female, he begins a courtship display.^[6][2][18] In this display, he raises his front legs, then flicks his forelegs, and shakes his pedipalps while moving laterally in a zigzag path.^[6][2][18] He occasionally pauses in a pose with his legs still raised.^[18] The male continues his dance while slowly approaching the female.^[18] The female often raises her front legs defensively, sometimes attacking or killing the male.^[6][2][18] If she receives him, she will lower her legs and remain still, allowing him to mount her back.^[6][18] Facing her posterior, he then uses his legs to repeatedly rotate her in order to insert his emboli into her two epigynum, releasing his sperm.^[6][18] The average copulation event takes about one hour and 18 minutes but ranges anywhere from 14 minutes to two hours and 48 minutes for both northern and southern forms.^[18] Males will continue to mate with multiple females but females typically only mate once per reproductive event, from which she can lay up to 6 clutches of eggs before needing to mate again.^[6][19] Reproductive periods are typically in late spring and early summer with the majority of eggs being laid in June and July.^[19] In warmer regions, reproduction is extended or continuous.^[3][19][2]

After mating, a female bold jumper prepares a nest to deposit her eggs.^[6][1] She builds these nest in hidden areas, usually under rocks, bark, and leaves.^[2] She starts by first weaving a thin sheet of silk.^[6] In the center of this sheet, she begins constructing the egg-sac by weaving a dense bed.^[6] Next, she deposits her eggs in the center, containing anywhere from 30-170 eggs over a period of 1.5-3 hours.^[3][6] After she finishes laying, she covers them creating a disk shaped egg-sac.^[6][18] She then weaves a cave like webbing over the sac where she will remain during incubation guarding the eggs and adding more silk periodically.^[6][2][18] She does not eat during this time period and will not leave the nest until the second instars emerge from the egg-sac a month later.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

Bold jumping spiders are native to North America.^[3][4][5] They are widespread throughout the United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico.^[3][4][5] It is believed they were introduced to the arid regions of the southwest United States, surviving in areas where irrigation is practiced.^[3] They were also introduced to Hawaii, Nicobar Islands, Azores, and the Netherlands.^[5]

Bold jumpers prefer temperate climates and can be found in a variety of terrestrial habitats including grasslands, chaparrals, open woodlands, and agricultural fields^[3][4][2] The bold jumper is one of the most commonly occurring spider species within its range and can be found living in close proximity to humans.^[2][7] They are frequently seen in gardens, and insides homes, barns, and garages.^[2] Jumping spiders require daylight to see and are thus more likely to be observed during the day.^[21] At night, bold jumpers can be found sheltering in sac-like silk retreats near their hunting grounds.^[15][1] They spin these retreats in concealed areas, frequently on vegetation and under stones and bark.^[1][15][2] These retreats help protect the spider and are often used repeatedly.^[15][2] Similar retreats are utilized in overwintering individuals.^[2] Bold jumpers are one of the most abundant spiders in agricultural crops and hunt many crop pests.^[4][6] In parts of it southern range, they can be found in grassy areas near water.^[4]

Predators

Species of spider wasps and thread-waisted wasps have been observed feeding bold jumpers to their young.^[2] Additionally, lizards, dragonflies, birds, and other spider species are known predators of the bold jumping spider.^[3][2] At night, they hide from predators in silk retreats.^[15] During the day, they will hide from predators by hiding in crevices.^[3] Their secondary eyes are specialized in detecting "looming" objects and provide them a near 360° view, allowing them to quickly detect an approaching predator.^[14]

Bites to humans

Bites from bold jumping spiders are rare but may occur if they feel threatened or are mishandled.^[2][7][22] Bites are often described as mildly painful and are not considered dangerous.^[2][7][22] Medical attention is only advised if symptoms worsen or abnormal symptoms arise.^[22] Symptoms often include localised redness, itching, and swelling for one to two days or no symptoms at all.^[7][21][22] It is recommended that if bitten, victims wash the area with water and a mild soap.^[22] A cold compress may be used to treat swelling and aspirin and acetaminophen may be used for pain management.^[22]

Cultural significance

On June 11 2021, New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu signed the HB 318 bill designating Phidippus audax as the state spider.^[23][24] The designation came after a campaign by a class in Hollis, New Hampshire.^[24][23] Bold jumpers are currently very abundant and one of the most common spiders in the United States.^[3] As a major predator of crop pests, they have been studied to determine their impact on pest insect populations.^[6] In addition to eating pests, they also eat beneficial insects such as pollinators.^[3]

Gallery

• 

  Male

• 

  Iridescent chelicerae on an adult male P. audax

• 

  P. audax Bryantae variation - North Eastern US

References

Phidippus audax es una araña saltadora común de América del Norte. En su país de origen se conoce como "Daring Jumping Spider" (del inglés "araña saltadora atrevida") o "Bold Jumping Spider" (del inglés "araña saltadora descarada") . El tamaño promedio de los adultos varía entre 13 a 20 mm de longitud.

Estas arañas son normalmente negras con un patrón de manchas y rayas en su abdomen y las patas. A menudo, estas manchas son de color naranja en los individuos jóvenes, tornándose blanco en la araña madura.

Pertenece al género Phidippus, un grupo de arañas saltadoras, perfectamente identificables tanto por su tamaño relativamente grande y sus quelíceros iridiscente. En el caso de P. audax, estos quelíceros son de un verde o azul metálico brillante.

Estas arañas se las conoce por saltar hasta 50 veces la longitud de su propio cuerpo, y el macho puede dar grandes saltos durante el cortejo si la hembra se aproxima muy rápido.^[1]​

Al igual que otras arañas saltadoras, debido a sus grandes ojos orientados hacia adelante, tienen una visión estereoscópica muy buena. Esto las ayuda cuando están acechando la presa y, además, les permite algún tipo de comunicación visual con otros miembros de su especie.

Hábitat

Como la mayoría de las arañas saltadoras, las P. audax prefieren zonas relativamente abiertas para cazar, ya que buscan activamente presas, acechando, ya que no construyen redes. Utilizan su seda como un "salvavidas" al saltar en busca de presas o eludir depredadores.

Son comunes en los campos y prados, aunque también se observan con frecuencia en las cercas, paredes exteriores, y en los jardines. Muchas arañas saltadoras parecen preferir las superficies planas verticales, probablemente debido al hecho de que les permite detectar y perseguir a los insectos con facilidad.

Distribución

Esta especie es común en el sureste de Canadá, la mayor parte de los Estados Unidos, México y partes de América Central, ha sido introducida a Hawái y la Islas Nicobar, también ha sido vista en Puerto Rico y en el área metropolitana en santo domingo República Dominicana.

Nombre

P. audax es el especie tipo para el género Phidippus. El nombre de la especie se deriva del latín audax que significa "atrevido, audaz".

Referencias

Bibliografía

• Entomology Department at the University of Arkansas
• Daring Jumping Spider - Phidippus audax
• Platnick, Norman I. (2009): The world spider catalog, version 9.5. American Museum of Natural History.

Phidippus audax est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Salticidae^[1]. Elle est commune en Amérique du Nord.

Distribution

Cette espèce se rencontre au Canada en Ontario et dans le Sud de la Saskatchewan, aux États-Unis et dans l'est du Mexique au Tamaulipas, au Nuevo León, au San Luis Potosí et au Veracruz^[1],[2].

Elle a été introduite à Hawaï, aux Nicobar, aux Pays-Bas et aux Açores^[1].

Description

Il s'agit d'une espèce relativement grande parmi les araignées sauteuses : les mâles mesurent de 4,36 à 15,24 mm et les femelles de 4,48 à 18,10 mm^[2]. Leur teinte est variable, le plus souvent noire, avec des taches de couleur sur les pattes et l'abdomen (allant du rouge au blanc, le plus souvent orange).

• Phidippus audax ♀.

• Phidippus audax ♂.

Comme chez les autres espèces du genre Phidippus, leurs chélicères présentent des reflets métalliques verts ou bleus.

Publication originale

• Hentz, 1845 : « Descriptions and figures of the araneides of the United States. » Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. 5, p. 189-202 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

Phidippus audax adalah spesies laba-laba yang tergolong famili Salticidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Phidippus dan ordo Araneae. Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1845 oleh Hentz.

Laba-laba ini biasanya banyak ditemui di Amerika Utara, introduced in Hawaii, Kepulauan Nikobar.

Referensi

• Platnick, Norman I. (2010): The world spider catalog, version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History.

Phidippus audax, Hentz, 1845, comunemente chiamato ragno saltatore, è un ragno della famiglia Salticidae che può infliggere morsi dolorosi se intrappolato nel palmo della mano o se seriamente infastidito.

Descrizione

Questo piccolo araneide misura da 13 a 20 mm di lunghezza. Possiede otto occhi, quattro sulla faccia (due occhi mediani anteriori grandi e due più piccoli laterali) e gli altri quattro posti in cima al carapace (due occhi di medie dimensioni verso la parte posteriore e due occhi molto piccoli davanti a loro).

Distribuzione e habitat

La specie è diffusa dall'America del Nord (Canada meridionale, Stati Uniti) alla parte settentrionale dell'America centrale, Australia.

Biologia

Si ciba di acari ed afidi. Preda con la tecnica dell'inseguimento. I ragni saltatori (Salticidae) sono così chiamati per la loro abilità nel salto, possono saltare infatti molte volte la propria lunghezza. Sono dei cacciatori attivi durante il giorno, vivono all'aperto ed amano il sole ed hanno una vista eccellente che gli permette di individuare la preda, di inseguirla e catturarla saltandole addosso o alle spalle per utilizzare l'effetto sorpresa, per questo motivo conducono una vita errante e non costruiscono la tela. Per scappare da possibili predatori i ragni saltatori saltano insinuandosi in cunicoli e fessure. Quando saltano producono dei fili di seta (dalle filiere) che servono per ancorarsi e proteggersi.

Note

Phidippus audax is een spinnensoort die gerekend wort tot de familie van de springspinnen (Salticidae).^[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1845 door Nicholas Marcellus Hentz.

Beschrijving

De gemiddelde grootte van deze soort is 13-20 mm. Ze zijn overwegend zwart met een patroon van vlekken en strepen op hun buik en poten. Vaak zijn deze vlekken oranje bij jonge dieren, maar ze worden bruinig of wit bij de volwassen spinnen. P. audax heeft metallic groen of blauw iriserende gifkaken (of chelicerae). De spin is bezet met lange zwarte haren, witte haren op de vlekken, twee plukken zwarte haren op de kop en afwisselend zwarte en bruine stroken op de poten.^[2]

Deze spinnen kunnen 10 tot 50 keer hun eigen lichaamslengte springen door het plotseling verhogen van de bloeddruk in het derde of vierde paar poten. De mannetjes springen soms weg tijdens paring als het vrouwtje te snel nadert.^[3][4]

Net als andere springspinnen heeft deze soort een goede stereoscopisch zicht, vanwege hun grote, naar voren gerichte ogen. Dit helpt hen bij het besluipen van prooi, en maakt uitgebreide visuele communicatie met soortgenoten mogelijk, zoals 'paringsdansen'.

Habitat

Net als de meeste springspinnen, heeft P. audax een voorkeur om in relatief open terrein te jagen, omdat ze actief op zoek gaat naar prooi en die vervolgens besluipt. Ze bouwen geen web om voedsel te vangen. Ze gebruiken wel spinsel om hun ei-pakketjes in te pakken. Ook gebruiken ze een spindraad als 'reddingslijn' bij het springen naar een prooi of het ontwijken van roofdieren.

Ze komen vaak voor in akkers en graslanden, maar ook op schuttingen, buitenmuren en in tuinen. Vele springspinnen hebben een voorkeur voor vlakke verticale oppervlakken, waarschijnlijk omdat ze daar gemakkelijker kunnen jagen.

Verspreiding

Deze soort komt van nature voor in het zuidoosten van Canada, het oosten, midden en zuiden van de Verenigde Staten, en de oostkust van Mexico. De soort heeft zich gevestigd op Hawaï en op de Nicobaren, een eilandengroep tussen Sumatra en Myanmar. Hij wordt de laatste tijd veel aangetroffen in het zuiden van Californië en is bekend van de Willamette Valley en Rogue Valley in Oregon. De soort is drie maal in Europa aangetroffen, waarvan één keer een onvolwassen mannetje bij Elst in Nederland. Uitzonderlijk is dat deze spin niet alleen levende prooi accepteert, zoals bijna alle andere spinnen, maar ook dode insecten. Dit maakt de kans dat P. audax langdurig transport overleeft en zich daardoor elders kan vestigen groter.^[2]

Naamgeving

De geslachtsnaam is waarschijnlijk afgeleid van Cicero's toespraak van Pro Rege Deiotaro (Ter verdediging van koning Deiotarus). Phidippus was een slaaf die arts was van Koning Deiotaros was. De letterlijke betekenis is "iemand die paarden spaart" (Oudgrieks). De soortnaam audax is afkomstig uit het Latijn en betekent "gedurfd".

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Phidippus audax é uma aranha saltadora comum na América do Norte, pertencente à família Salticidae. Em seu país de origem é conhecida como "Daring Jumping Spider" (do inglês "ousada aranha saltadora") ou "Bold Jumping Spider" (do inglês "atrevida aranha saltadora"). O tamanho médio dos adultos varia entre 13 a 20 mm de comprimento.^[1]

Referências

Phidippus audax este un păianjen săritor din America de Nord. Numele comun a speciei este Păianjen săritor curajos sau Păianjen curajos grăsuț. Mărimea medie a adultului vriază între 13 - 20 mm. Corpul lui este negru cu pete și dungi pe opistosomă și picioare. La juvenil petele sunt portocalii, iar la adult - albe. Chelicere au o nuanță de verde metalizat sau albăstrui. Numele speciei provine de la cuvântul latin audax - "îndrăzneț", "curajos".

Modul de viață

Phidippus audax poate să efectueze sărituri la o distanță de 50 de ori mai mare decât lungimea corpului^[1]. Ca și alți păianjeni săritori, el are ochi mediani mari care-i asigură o vedere foarte dezvoltată. Ea este importantă la urmărirea prăzii și la comunicare între semenii săi. De exemplu, datorită vederei femela poate să privească fără difilcutăți dansul executat de mascul în timpul împerecherii.
Această specii nu contruiește pânze, pentru vânătoare caută locurile cele mai deschise și luminoase. El poate fi găsit în pășuni, grădini, pe garduri, pereți. Se pare că preferă suprafețe verticale, deoarece îi este mai ușor să atace prada.

Răspândire

Această specie este comun în sud-estul Canadei, Statele Unite în unele regiunile din nordul Americii Centrale, a fost introdus pe insulele Hawaii și Nicobar.

Referințe

• Entomology Department at the University of Arkansas
• Daring Jumping Spider - Phidippus audax
• Platnick, Norman I. (2009): The world spider catalog, version 9.5. American Museum of Natural History.

Binominal adı Phidippus audax
(Hentz, 1845)
Dış bağlantılar Wikimedia Commons'ta Phidippus audax ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies'te Phidippus audax ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.

Phidippus audax, Salticidae familyasından Kuzey Amerika'da yaygın ufak zararsız bir örümcek türü.

Aniden üçüncü ya da dördüncü bacak çiftini kullanarak kendi vücut uzunluğunun 50 katı bir uzaklığa sıçrayabilirler^[1][2] ve çiftleşme hazırlığındayken eğer dişi çok hızlı üzerine gelirse erkek yemek olmamak için sıçrayıp kaçabilir^[3]

Mavi (erkek) ya da yeşil (dişi) renkli keliserlerinden dolayı nemli normal oda sıcaklığındaki teraryumlarda da beslenirler.

Tarihçe

İlk kez 1845 yılında Fransız Amerikan araknolog Nicholas Marcellus Hentz (1797–1856) tarafından Attus audax adıyla tanımlanan tür 1886 yılında Peckham & Peckham tarafından Phidippus audax adıyla revize edilmiştir.

Morfoloji

Erginlerinin boyu 13–20 mm arasında değişir. Parlak metalik yeşil(dişi) ya da mavi (erkek) keliserleriyle dikkati çekerler

Habitat

Tarla ve çayırlarda yaygın olsa da, sık sık çitlerde, dış duvarlarda ve bahçelerde görülürler.

Yayılımı

Kuzey Amerika'da yaşar^[4]. Kanada'nın güneydoğusunda, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin tamamına yakınında ve Orta Amerika'nın kuzeyinde yaygındır. Sonradan Hawaii ile Nikobar adalarında da yayılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Phidippus audax là một loài nhện trong họ Salticidae.^[1]

Loài này thuộc chi Phidippus. Phidippus audax được Nicholas Marcellus Hentz miêu tả năm 1845. Con trưởng thành dài từ 13–20 mm. Loài nhện này có thể nhảy cao gấp 50 lần kích thước của nó bằng cách tăng đột ngột huyết áp ở cặp chân thứ 3 và thứ 4.

Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Phidippus audax

Hình ảnh

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Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Phidippus audax tại Wikispecies

Научная классификация Царство: Животные Тип: Членистоногие Класс: Паукообразные Отряд: Пауки Семейство: Пауки-скакуны Род: Phidippus Вид: Phidippus audax Латинское название Phidippus audax Clerck, 1757 Ареал

Систематика
на Викивидах

Изображения
на Викискладе

ITIS 886506 NCBI 304576

Phidippus audax (лат.) — вид пауков-скакунчиков, обитающий в Северной Америке.

Описание

Длина тела составляет 13 мм. Окраска тела чёрного цвета с двумя белыми овальными пятнами и одним белым треугольным пятном в центре брюшка. Также на брюшке имеются четыре пары чёрных пятен. Вид похож на Phidippus otiosus и Phidippus regius. Только у Phidippus otiosus не овальные, а четырёхугольные белые пятна, а у Phidippus regius отсутствуют чёрные пары пятен на брюхе^[1].

Самец немного меньше чем самка, треугольник на опистосоме, тем не менее немного больше. У более молодых пауков пятна ещё красные, оранжевые или желтые. На хелицерах они переливаются чаще зелёным цветом.

Как все пауки-скакуны они могут хорошо видеть своими очень большими передними, тёмно-синими центральными глазами. Они способны воспринимать точно не только движения, но и окружающую среду на расстоянии от 25 до 30 см, и узнать не только свою добычу и хищника, но и своих, вероятно, партнеров^[2]. Пауки строят своё гнездо из шёлковых нитей и никогда не отходят от него очень далеко.

Темперамент пауков варьируется от особи к особи, некоторые более оживлены чем другие. Они много бегают и заново прячутся, а когда чувствуют себя в опасности то поднимают две свои передние лапы, чтобы своим размером произвести впечатление на хищника. Если хищник продолжает приближаться, они готовятся для защиты к прыжку и кусают. Но чаще эти быстрые пауки находят способ избежать встречи с хищником.

Питание

Phidippus audax берёт свою добычу на мушку издалека и целенаправленно прыгает на расстояние нескольких сантиметров, чтобы поймать её. Большей частью они охотятся на насекомых, таких как сверчки, которые больше размером, чем они сами. Часто они проникают в здания, чтобы найти там насекомых. Яд пауков действует на насекомых очень быстро и является смертельным.

Содержание

Phidippus audax охотно содержат в террариумах. Хотя это маленькие животные, они предпочитают большие террариумы. Кроме того, для прыжков им необходимо больше пространства. Им необходима нормальная влажность воздуха и комнатная температура. Яд пауков недостаточно сильный, чтобы представлять опасность для человека (возможна, разве только, аллергическая реакция на него). Пауки не кусаются и не агрессивны, если только их не загнать в угол или не взять на руку. В любом случае, этому маленькому пауку очень сложно своими хелицерами повредить кожу человека.

Примечания