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Nothofagus cunninghamii, commonly known as myrtle beech or Tasmanian myrtle, is the dominant species of cool temperate rainforests in Tasmania and Southern Victoria. It has low fire resistance and grows best in partial shade conditions.
It has rough bark covered in mosses and epiphytic growth. Its leaves are triangular-shaped, small, and dark green with differentiated margins. It has white unisexual flowers.
N. cunninghamii range from trees of up to 50 meters in protected rainforest valleys to low-growing alpine shrubs less than 1 m tall in exposed conditions. Maximum height is about 55 m.[2]
The leaves are simple and alternate,[3] growing 0.5–1.5 cm long, and in Victoria up to 2 cm (0.8 in) long. The leaves are dark green, with new growth brilliant red, pink or orange in spring. They are triangular with irregular minute teeth with craspedodromous veins with all secondary veins terminate at leaf margins and spread from a central primary midrib vein. The tertiary veins are poorly defined.[4]
The plants have separate unisexual male and female flowers on the same tree. Male flowers have hanging stamens and grow solitarily while female flowers lack stamens and cluster by leaves near the tips of branches. They flower in November and December.[5] The fruit is small (about 6 mm) and woody. They contain three small-winged nuts with fertile seeds from December to February. Seeds germinate in 6–8 weeks.
N. cunninghamii is a fairly robust species, requiring around 900 mm of rain spread throughout the year. It is also frost tolerant to –7 °C.
It can grow in full shade, albeit slowly, through to full sun, given enough water, but grows best in partial sun conditions. It grows best in moist and well-draining soil.[5]
N. cunninghamii is the dominant species in cool temperate rainforest across Tasmania and southern Victoria.[2]
It is most common in Tasmania, where it occurs in most regions except the drier Midlands and east coast. The largest remaining tract of N. cunninghamii-dominated rainforest is takayna/Tarkine in the Northwest of Tasmania. It is the largest remaining tract of cool temperate rainforest in Australia. In Victoria, N. cunninghamii grows best in the deep red mountain soils or in highly organic soils in the Central Highlands, Strzelecki Ranges, Otway Ranges, and Wilsons Promontory.[6]
The beech or Fagaceae family includes nine genre: Fagus, Nothofagus, Lithocarpus, Castanopsis, Colombobalanus, Castanea, Chrysolepis, Quercus, and Trigonobalanus.[7]
Nothofagus means “false beech” although there is some suggestion that this is due to a misspelling of the intent NOTOfagus, meaning “Southern beech.” There is a suggestion that the genus was changed due to a spelling error.[7] There are about 40 species of Nothofagus, with only three occurring in Australia: N cunninghamii, gunnii, and moorei. Nothofagus gunnii is a deciduous beach endemic to Tasmania that grows in low-fire, alpine regions. Nothofagus moorei, or Antarctic beech, is another cool temperate rainforest evergreen found in patches in New South Wales and Southern Queensland.
Nothofagus cunninghamii is named for the 19th century botanist and ‘explorer’, Allan Cunningham, who is best known for his plant collection career throughout Australia.
In 2013, N. cunninghamii was proposed to be renamed Lophozonia cunninghamii. This is due to the other species in the family Nothofagaceae with significant differences in morphology and genetics throughout South America, New Zealand, Australia, and other relict Gondwanan rainforests.[8] There has been controversy over the change in name from Nothofagus to Lophozonia with the argument that the phylogenetic history suits retaining the genus Nothofagus.[9]
Occasionally one may see round, orange-like fruiting bodies of a fungus protruding from the trunk; this is Cyttaria gunnii. Cyttaria are obligate biotrophic associates of myrtle beech and have co-evolved with Nothofagus.[10]
It grows in temperate rainforest with other rainforest species including southern sassafras (Atherosperma moschatum), leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida), horizontal(Anodopetalum biglandulosum) and celery-top pine (Phyllocladus aspleniifolius).[2] They also form important habitat for birds who use the tree for nesting and safety.
N. cunninghamii grow throughout a variety of ecosystems but establish best in partial sun in wet sclerophyll understory. In mixed forests, the tree species will be made up of primarily N. cunninghamii and sassafras with a tall eucalyptus overstory. Once these remaining eucalypts die, the myrtle beech will become the dominant species forming a pure rainforest. This process takes several hundred years. This ecosystem is retained by rare fires in wet conditions that prevent eucalypt seeds from germinating. In the event of a big fire, the pure rainforest will be replaced by eucalypts and the process of reestablishing a rainforest will restart. Myrtle beech rarely survives intense fire, and must re-establish from neighbouring areas. They can, however, survive light fires by regenerating from seed or vegetatively from basal epicormic shoots.
Both N. cunninghamii and the closely related N. moorei are excellent hosts for epiphytes.
Nothofagus is an ancient relict that was present in Gondwanan rainforests and today grows across the Southern Hemisphere.[2]
N. cunninghamii is most closely related to N. moorei, the other species of evergreen Nothofagus endemic to Australia. The two likely evolved from a Tertiary ancestor. Due to cooling since the Tertiary period, leaves may have been pressured to evolve to smaller sizes in colder environments. This may explain the evolution toward smaller leaves than their ancestor as well as the northern boundary for N. cunnninghamii where it is replaced by the larger-leafed N. moorei in warmer Northern environments.[4]
Myrtle wilt, a parasitic fungus, (Chalara australis) attacks myrtle beech when the air or water-borne spores settle on open wounds. Myrtle wilt only infects N. cunninghamii and is a deadly pathogen that infects roots and trunks. It causes tree crown wilting and foliage to turn brown and yellow. C. australis can spread to neighbouring trees through roots, creating large patches of dead trees. Due to higher rates of root graphing, the fungus is more prolific in pure rainforest than mixed forest. Dead stands of this dominant species can completely change the ecosystem in cool temperate rainforests.[11] Infection of myrtle wilt can also increase the impact of other threats such as the ambrosia beetle (Platypus subgranosus). Ambrosia beetles bore holes into myrtles producing a dust called frass. Frass can contribute to the spread of the C. australis and increase available wounds susceptible to the fungus.[11]
Myrtle wilt is a natural disease of N. cunninghamii; research points to a low rate of mortality due to the fungus in undisturbed forest (0.61%) but drastic increase in mortality in areas with human disturbance. In recent years, myrtle wilt has become a serious problem due to poor logging practices. Rates of myrtle wilt are increased along roads, walking tracks, and logging areas likely due to decreased protection against elements, increasing the potential for injury and infection.
Temperate myrtle beech rainforests are not protected in many areas of Tasmania and are threatened by mining and logging.[12] Due to a lack of protection, these rainforest species continue to be threatened by extractive activities.
Due to their low fire resistance, myrtle beech are also threatened by wildfires of increasing intensity and frequency due to climate change.[12] Climate change also increases the threat of myrtle wilt as the fungus is more fit in warmer environments.[11]
It is an excellent cabinetry timber which is hard with strong, tough, close grain. It is a soft pink to reddish brown, often figured and can be polished to a fine sheen. It is used for flooring, joinery, cogs of wheels, and furniture, and is good for steam bending, turnery and carving. It is harvested from old growth forest but the vast majority of the timber is left on the ground as it grows with the heavily harvested mountain ash. Dry Density 700 kg/m3.[13]
It is easily grown from fresh seed, germinating in a few weeks.
Cuttings can be struck, although they tend to perform less well than seed grown plants. Cultivated specimens survive temperatures of 45 °C (113 °F) down to −7 °C (19 °F); though it is known that trees growing in the mountains can withstand lower temperatures at least to −15 °C (5 °F), and no source provenance selection has been made for cultivation from there. Trees cultivated in western Scotland are stout and hardy.[14] Examples of the species can be viewed at The Tasmanian Arboretum.
Nothofagus cunninghamii, commonly known as myrtle beech or Tasmanian myrtle, is the dominant species of cool temperate rainforests in Tasmania and Southern Victoria. It has low fire resistance and grows best in partial shade conditions.
It has rough bark covered in mosses and epiphytic growth. Its leaves are triangular-shaped, small, and dark green with differentiated margins. It has white unisexual flowers.
El haya mirto (Nothofagus cunninghamii), es un árbol siempreverde/perenne nativo de Victoria y Tasmania, Australia. Crece principalmente en los decrecientes templados bosques templados húmedos. No está relacionado con la familia de los mirtos.
Esos árboles crecen típicamente en 30–40 m de alto y tienen grandes troncos con corteza escamosa y café oscuro. La altura máxima es de 55 m. Las hojas son simples y alternadas creciendo 1-1,5 cm de largo, en Victoria hasta 2 cm de largo. El color de la hoja es verde oscuro, con nuevos crecimientos de tonos rojos brillantes, rosa o naranja en primavera. Son triangulares con dientes irregulares diminutos. Las flores son inconspicuas con verde amarillentos amentos. El fruto es de 6 mm, cápsula conteniendo tres pequeñas nueces aladas.
Ocasionalmente se ven grandes protuberancias parecidas a naranjas que realmente son hongos sobresaliendo del tronco.
Es una excelente madera de ebanistería la cual es dura con grano fuerte, resistente y cerrado. Es de color rosa claro, con frecuencia con grabados bastante notables y puede ser pulida hasta obtener una muy fino brillo. Usada para pisos, mueblería, dientes de ruedas, y mueblería. La densidad de la madera es 750-880 kg/m³ .
N. cunninghamii es una especie robusta en realidad, requiriendo alrededor de 900 mm de lluvias todo el año. Crece mejor en los suelos rojos profundos de Victoria. Puede crecer en sombra total, sin embargo lentamente, también a pleno sol si se le proporciona suficiente agua. Es fácil de hacer crecer desde la semilla, germinando en pocas semanas. Las estacas pueden pegar, aunque tienden a desarrollarse de menor forma que las plantas cultivadas por semilla. Especímenes cultivados sobreviven temperaturas de 45 °C hasta −7 °C; sin embargo se sabe que árboles que crecen en las montañas pueden resistir temperaturas más bajas de por lo menos −15 °C y ninguna fuente de procedencia se ha hecho de ahí para su cultivo. Los árboles plantados al oeste de Escocia son robustos y resistentes al frío.[1]
Tanto N. cunninghamii y el muy cercano N. moorei son excelentes huéspedes de epífitas.
La marchitez del mirto (Myrtle wilt), un hongo parasitario, ataca al haya mirto cuando las esporas transportadas por al viento se asientan en las heridas abiertas. Esta es una causa de muerte natural de N. cunninghamii, pero en años recientes se ha convertido en un problema serio debido a las deficientes prácticas de explotación forestal.
Los bosques de hayas mirtos no pueden sobrevivir fuertes incendios, y deben restablecerse de áreas vecinas. Pueden, sin embargo, sobrevivir ligeros incendios, regenerándose por semilla o a veces vegetativamente de basales brotes epicórmicos. Generalmente los bosques de haya mirto solo forman un bosque esclerófilo una vez que este ha alcanzado su madurez, tomando algunos siglos en lograrlo.
Nothofagus cunninghamii fue descrita por (Hook.) Oerst. y publicado en Skrifter Udgivne af Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiana. Mathematisk-naturvidenskabelig Klass 5(9): 355. 1873.[2]
Nothofagus: nombre genérico compuesto de notho = "falso" y Fagus = "haya", nombrándolo como "falsa haya".[3]
cunninghamii: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico Allan Cunningham.
El haya mirto (Nothofagus cunninghamii), es un árbol siempreverde/perenne nativo de Victoria y Tasmania, Australia. Crece principalmente en los decrecientes templados bosques templados húmedos. No está relacionado con la familia de los mirtos.
Nothofagus cunninghamii, en français Hêtre austral de Tasmanie ou Myrte arborescent[2], est une espèce d'arbre originaire du Sud-Est de l'Australie et de Tasmanie. L'espèce pousse principalement en forêt tempérée et en forêt tropicale humide. Malgré son nom de « Myrte arborescent », l'espèce n'a rien à voir avec la famille des Myrtaceae, mais elle est toutefois apparentée au hêtre, bien qu'assez éloigné (même ordre, celui des Fagales).
Le Nothofagus cunninghamii peut mesurer jusqu'à 55 mètres de haut et former un tronc épais à écorce brun sombre tacheté.
Les feuilles persistantes, dentées et triangulaires sont simples, alternes et ne dépassent pas 1 cm de long, ce qui en fait un excellent candidat pour une formation en bonsaï. La couleur des feuilles est vert sombre mais les nouvelles pousses de printemps sont rouge brillant, voire rose ou orange.
Les fleurs jaune-vert sont insignifiantes. Le fruit mesure environ 6 mm, c'est une capsule contenant trois petites akènes ailées.
Nothofagus cunninghamii est une excellente espèce pour l'ébénisterie. C'est un bois dur à grain fin (densité 750-880 kg/m²) de couleur rosé brillant après polissage utilisé pour faire du parquet, des charpentes ou des meubles. Il est récolté en forêt mais la majorité des Nothofagus est abandonnée car elle est décimée en même temps que l'Eucalyptus regnans.
N. cunninghamii est une espèce assez robuste, nécessitant environ 900 mm de pluie par an. Ses terres de prédilection sont les montagnes rouges de Victoria, ou les sols acides à forte teneur organique. Il peut pousser à l'ombre mais poussera plus lentement qu'en plein soleil avec beaucoup d'eau. On peut facilement le produire à partir de graines fraîches qui germent en quelques semaines. Les boutures sont possibles mais se développent moins bien que les semis. L'espèce peut survivre à des températures allant de 45 °C jusqu'à -7 °C.[réf. obsolète]
N. cunninghamii et N. moorei sont d'excellents hôtes pour les plantes épiphytes.
Un champignon parasite, Chalara australis, attaque l'arbre quand des spores amenées par le vent tombent sur des blessures ouvertes. Depuis quelques années, ce problème a pris de l'ampleur devant le peu de moyens disponibles pour arrêter la maladie. Les forêts ne peuvent pas survivre aux grands feux de forêts et doivent se régénérer à partir du voisinage. Elles peuvent cependant survivre aux petits feux soit par leurs graines, soit par leurs bourgeons épicormiques. Généralement les forêts de Nothofagus se forment en une seule fois dans les sclérophylles humides et nécessitent des centaines d'années pour arriver à maturité.
Nothofagus cunninghamii, en français Hêtre austral de Tasmanie ou Myrte arborescent, est une espèce d'arbre originaire du Sud-Est de l'Australie et de Tasmanie. L'espèce pousse principalement en forêt tempérée et en forêt tropicale humide. Malgré son nom de « Myrte arborescent », l'espèce n'a rien à voir avec la famille des Myrtaceae, mais elle est toutefois apparentée au hêtre, bien qu'assez éloigné (même ordre, celui des Fagales).
Raukšlėtasis notofagas (lot. Nothofagus cunninghamii) – notofaginių (Nothofagaceae) šeimos visžalis lapuotis medis, kilęs iš Australijos (Viktorijos ir Tasmanijos).
Aukštis 30-40 m, žievė suskeldėjusi, tamsiai ruda. Lapai paprastieji, 1-2 cm ilgio. Jauni lapai būna rausvi, oranžiniai, suaugę – tamsiai rudi. Žiedai susitelkę gelsvuose žirginiuose. Vaisius – 6 mm ilgio kapsulė su sėklomis, turinčiomis skrisitukus.
Mediena kieta, tvirta, rausvo atspalvio. Tankis – 750–880 kg/m³. Naudojama baldų, grindų, atramų gamybai.
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