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Nothofagus moorei (lat. Nothofagus moorei) - nothofagaceae fəsiləsinin notofaqus cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Nothofagus moorei (lat. Nothofagus moorei) - nothofagaceae fəsiləsinin notofaqus cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Nothofagus moorei, commonly known as Antarctic beech, is an important Gondwana relict of the rainforests of the southern hemisphere. It occurs in wet, fire-free areas at high altitude in eastern Australia.
The Antarctic beech group (Nothofagaceae) is an ancient type of tree, of significance to southern hemisphere botanical distribution. Plants in the Nothofagaceae are currently found in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and Australasia (east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and New Caledonia).[1]
Ferdinand von Mueller described the Antarctic beech in 1866, from material collected near the Bellinger River by Charles Moore.[2]
Once referred to as 'negrohead beech', but now as 'Antarctic beech' (not to be confused with its South American relative, Nothofagus antarctica) is an evergreen tree native to the eastern highlands of Australia. N. moorei proposed to be renamed Lophozonia moorei in 2013.[3] The change in name from Nothofagus to Lophozonia is controversial.[4]
Within the genus, it is part of a lineage of three evergreen species, the other two being silver beech (N. menziesii) of New Zealand and myrtle beech (N. cunninghamii) of Tasmania and Victoria.[3]
These trees typically grow to 25 m (80 ft) tall and have large trunks to 1 m in diameter with scaly, dark brown bark. Maximum height is about 50 m. The leaves are simple and alternate, growing six centimeters long.[5] The leaf color is dark green, with new growth brilliant red, or orange in spring. The tree is deciduous in its native environment, but only partially deciduous in warmer areas, dropping half its leaves in autumn. The leaves are triangular to oblong with fine teeth along the crenate edges. The plants have separate male and female flowers that occur on the same tree. The flowers are small and form inconspicuous clusters near the leaves towards the end of the branches. The fruit, produced from December to February, is a small woody structure of four prickly valves. Each fruit contains three small winged nuts.
Complicated root structures are frequently exhibited. These roots would once have been soil-covered, but have been exposed over the ages by erosion, and covered in moss and lichen. Many of the trees have multiple trunks emanating from a crown, formed by this root structure. Fires are detrimental to the survival of the Antarctic Beech which, unlike many other Australian plants, is slow to recover from fire.
The Antarctic beech grows in cool temperate rainforests from the Barrington Tops plateau in New South Wales, north to the Lamington Plateau and Springbrook Plateau, in southern Queensland, between altitudes of 480 m and 1550 m.[6][7][8] It occurs in temperate to cool temperatures and with occasional snowfalls. Antarctic beech achieves its finest development at Werrikimbe National Park and Mount Banda Banda.[9]
There are four known populations of the Antarctic Beech in the Comboyne area of New South Wales.[10] In 1925, the botanist E.C. Chisholm wrote that the Antarctic Beech at Comboyne was "extremely rare, although many trees were undoubtedly destroyed during clearing." The Comboyne Plateau was mostly cleared between 1900 and 1925.[11][12]
The Comboyne plateau is a scarp-bounded paleoplain located between the Mid North Coast of New South Wales and the Great Dividing Range. Miocene basalts overlie much of the plateau, creating relatively fertile red/brown soils.[13]
In the southern third of the plateau are underlying Triassic sediments of the Lorne basin.[10] The plateau has a wet, sub tropical climate,[14] though subject to frost and occasional snow.
The population at Comboyne was considered likely to be extinct by the scientific community, until published in 1994 by the botanists Bale and Williams. This community of trees regenerates well from seed and is notably vagile, with many young plants.[10]
It is the only other lowland (as low as 570 metres) population known, with those found near Dorrigo, to the north. The rainforest botanist Alexander Floyd considers the Comboyne examples of the Antarctic Beech, as part of the cool temperate sub type 49, of the rainforests of New South Wales.[15]
At one time it was believed that the Eastern Australian populations could not reproduce in present-day conditions, except by suckering (asexual reproduction), being remnant forest from a cooler time. It has since been shown that sexual reproduction may occur, but distribution in cool, isolated high-altitude environments at temperate and tropical latitudes is consistent with the theory that the species was more prolific in a cooler age.[16] The pattern of distribution around the southern Pacific Ocean rim has fed speculation that the dissemination of the genus dates to the time when Antarctica, Australia and South America were connected, the theoretical common land-mass referred to as Gondwana.[17]
It is an ornamental tree and cultivated specimens tolerate −7 °C (19 °F), though wild plants growing on Barrington Tops have withstood record low temperatures of −17 °C (1 °F), no source provenance have been selected from there and other mountains, highlands or plateaus for cultivation.[18]
Nothofagus moorei, commonly known as Antarctic beech, is an important Gondwana relict of the rainforests of the southern hemisphere. It occurs in wet, fire-free areas at high altitude in eastern Australia.
The Antarctic beech group (Nothofagaceae) is an ancient type of tree, of significance to southern hemisphere botanical distribution. Plants in the Nothofagaceae are currently found in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and Australasia (east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and New Caledonia).
Nothofagus moorei, una vez llamado 'haya de cabeza de negro' ('negrohead beech'), pero ahora como haya antárctica (no confundirlo con su pariente sudamericano, Nothofagus antarctica) es un árbol perennifolio nativo de las tierras altas del este de Australia.
Crece en los bosques templados húmedos desde la meseta de Barrington Tops en Nueva Gales del Sur, en el norte hasta la meseta de Lamington Plateau en el sur de Queensland, a altitudes de entre 500 m y 1500 m.[1] Crece en temperaturas de templadas a frescas y con nevadas ocasionales.
Estos árboles crecen típicamente a una altura de 25 m de alto y tienen grandes troncos de hasta 1 m de diámetro con corteza café oscura y escamosa. La máxima altura es de 50 m. Las hojas son simples y alternadas, creciendo seis centímetros de largo.[2] El color de la hoja es verde oscuro, con nuevo crecimiento rojo brillante, o naranja en primavera. El árbol es parcialmente deciduo, dejando caer la mitad de sus hojas en otoño. Son triangulares con dientes finos. Las flores son inconspicuas, verde-amarillentos amentos. El fruto, producido de diciembre a febrero, una cápsula de cuatro valvas conteniendo tres pequeñas nueces aladas.
Las complicadas estructuras de las raíces con frecuencia salen a la superficie, como en el ejemplo mostrado a la derecha. Esas raíces pudieron haber estado cubiertas de suelo, pero han sido expuestas a muchos años de erosión, y están cubiertas de musgos y líquenes. Muchos de esos árboles tienen troncos múltiples emanando de la copa, formados por la estructura de sus raíces.[1]
Se regenera fácilmente después de los incendios.
Muchos individuos son extremadamente longevos, y una vez se creyó que las poblaciones de la costa este de Australia no se podrían reproducir en las condiciones de hoy en día, excepto por brote basal (Reproducción asexual), siendo remanentes de un tiempo más frío. Se ha demostrado que la reproducción sexual puede ocurrir [2], pero su distribución en medio ambientes aislados frescos y de alta altitud en distribución en latitudes templadas y tropicales es consistente con la teoría que la especie fue más en una época más fría.[3] La distribución de especies alrededor del austral anillo del pacífico ha alimentado la especulación de que la diseminación del género de un tiempo cuando la Antártida, Australia y Sudamérica estaban conectados, la hipotética masa de tierra denominada como Gondwana.[4]
Es un árbol muy ornamental y especímenes cultivados toleran −7 °C, sin embargo plantas silvestres que crecen en la meseta de Barrington Tops han resistido temperaturas récord tan bajas como −17 °C, ninguna fuente de procedencia se ha seleccionado de ahí u otras montañas, tierras altas o altilplanos para cultivo.[3]
Nothofagus moorei fue descrita por (F.Muell.) Krasser y publicado en Annalen des Kaiserlich-Königlichen Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 11: 161. 1896.[4]
Nothofagus: nombre genérico compuesto de notho = "falso" y Fagus = "haya", nombrándolo como "falsa haya".[5]
moorei: epíteto
Nothofagus moorei, una vez llamado 'haya de cabeza de negro' ('negrohead beech'), pero ahora como haya antárctica (no confundirlo con su pariente sudamericano, Nothofagus antarctica) es un árbol perennifolio nativo de las tierras altas del este de Australia.
Nothofagus moorei est une espèce d'arbre reliquat des forêts tropicales humides du Gondwana. On le rencontre dans les zones humides, à haute altitude, dans l'est de l'Australie.
Connue en Australie sous les noms usuels de 'Negrohead beech' ou plus fréquemment maintenant 'Antarctic beech' (à ne pas confondre avec Nothofagus antarctica, que l'on rencontre en Amérique du Sud), c'est un arbre au feuillage permanent originaire des hautes terres de l'est de l'Australie.
Nothofagus moorei est une espèce d'arbre reliquat des forêts tropicales humides du Gondwana. On le rencontre dans les zones humides, à haute altitude, dans l'est de l'Australie.
Connue en Australie sous les noms usuels de 'Negrohead beech' ou plus fréquemment maintenant 'Antarctic beech' (à ne pas confondre avec Nothofagus antarctica, que l'on rencontre en Amérique du Sud), c'est un arbre au feuillage permanent originaire des hautes terres de l'est de l'Australie.
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