dcsimg

Comments ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Some of the specimens previously referred to Quercus endemica by C. H. Muller belong here instead.

Putative hybrids between Quercus arizonica and Q . grisea (= Q . × organensis Trelease) are problematic in local areas of contact from southeastern Arizona to western Texas. These intermediates tend to have narrower leaves than Q . arizonica , with moderately reticulate patterns of venation, and more densely hairy leaves. Quercus arizonica and Q . grisea are amply distinct elsewhere, including large areas in northern Mexico, and they appear to be more closely related to other species than to one another (e.g., Q . arizonica with Q . oblongifolia and Q . laeta Liebmann, and Q . grisea with Q . mohriana and Q . microphylla Née). Thus, Q . arizonica and Q . grisea are best treated as distinct species that hybridize, and not as conspecific populations.

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حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Trees , evergreen or subevergreen, small to moderate-sized trees, rarely to 18 m. Bark scaly. Twigs yellowish, 1.5-2.5 mm diam., persistently felty-tomentose, eventually dingy gray. Buds dull russet-brown, ovoid, distally subacute or rounded, 3 mm, sparsely pubescent or glabrate. Leaves: petiole to 3-10 mm. Leaf blade elliptic or oblong to narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, planar or moderately convex, to (30-)40-80(-90) × 15-30 mm, thick and leathery, usually stiff, base cordate or rounded and weakly cordate, margins entire or coarsely toothed especially near apex, cartilaginously revolute, teeth mucronate-tipped, obscure or prominent, secondary veins ca. 7-11 on each side, branching, passing into teeth when present, apex acute to usually obtuse or broadly rounded; surfaces abaxially dull, sparsely pubescent or subtomentose with curly branched hairs, reticulate from prominent, raised secondary veins, usually glaucous where exposed, adaxially dark or bluish green, moderately lustrous, sparsely and minutely stellate-pubescent, secondary veins slightly raised or prominent within depressions or impressed. Acorns solitary or paired, subsessile, occasionally on peduncle to 15 mm; cup hemispheric or cup-shaped, 5-10(-15) mm deep × 10-15 mm wide, enclosing ca. 1/2 nut, base rounded, margin rather coarse, scales cream to brown, broadly ovate, evenly and strongly tuberculate, tomentose, tips closely appressed; nut light brown, ovoid or oblong, 8-12 mm, nearly glabrous. Cotyledons connate.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, and Sonora).
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
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موقع الشريك
eFloras

Flowering/Fruiting ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Flowering spring.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Oak and pinyon woodlands, margins of chaparral, arroyos; 1300-2500(-3000)m.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
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موقع الشريك
eFloras

Synonym ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Quercus sacame Trelease
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Common Names ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Arizona white oak
Arizona oak
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Cover Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

White-tailed deer utilize mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.)-
pinyon-Arizona white oak habitats for cover [67].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: shrub, tree

Arizona white oak is a native shrub or medium-sized tree [21].  As a
tree, it reaches up to 60 feet (18 m) tall with a diameter up to 3.3
feet (1 m) and has an irregularly spreading crown with stout branches
[36,41,67].  The bark on older trees may be up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick
[21].  The thick leaves are evergreen or nearly evergreen and about 3.2
inches (8 cm) long [16,21,61].  Pistillate catkins have two to six
flowers.  The solitary or paired acorns are 0.3 to 0.8 inch (0.8-2 cm)
long [16,21,80].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Arizona white oak is distributed from central Arizona to southwestern
New Mexico [59,66,77].  Scattered populations occur in western Texas and
northern Mexico.  In Mexico, the range of Arizona white oak extends from
the state of Coahuila westward to Baja California Sur [16,27,39,42,61].
It occurs in fewer than 20 locations in Baja California Sur and is a
species of concern in Mexico [40].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Ecology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, fire frequency, fire regime, fire tolerant, forest, frequency, grassland, habitat type, root crown, woodland

Arizona white oak sprouts from the root crown or stump following fire
[13,35].

Madrean evergreen forests and woodlands are usually bordered by desert
grassland below and coniferous forest above [4].  Historically, fires
probably occurred every 10 to 20 years in oak woodlands adjacent to
semidesert grasslands [2,83].  Mean fire return intervals for pine
communities above oak woodlands have been estimated at every 7 years
[49].  Historical fires in oak-pine woodlands in the Chiricahua National
Monument in Arizona occurred every 1 to 38 years [71].  In Arizona, low-
intensity surface fires occurred very frequently in a ponderosa
pine/Arizona white oak habitat type; fire scars formed in 67 of the
years between 1770 and 1870 [19,84].  Burned ponderosa pine snags in
evergreen oak woodlands in Arizona suggest localized severe fires [55].

FIRE REGIMES have been estimated for different oak cover types.  Mexican
(Madrean) oak-pine woodland is probably a fire tolerant, fire-maintained
community. 

Arizona white oak is common at higher elevations than Emory oak in open
oak woodlands.  Fire frequency is important in determining the structure
of these communities.

Interior chaparral is scattered throughout the oak-pine woodlands [70].
Arizona white oak replaces Pringle manzanita (Arctostaphylos pringlei)
in interior chaparral stands that have not recently burned [57].
Arizona white oak and Emory oak dominate many communities that have not
burned at least since 1910 [13].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Management Considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fuel, fuel moisture, woodland

Arizona white oak foliage can be ignited by low-intensity fires with
flame lengths up to 2 feet (6.7 m).  It should be included in fuel
moisture sampling programs.  In the Chiricahua National Monument,
Arizona, where Arizona white oak can make up a significant portion of
the understory fuels, Arizona white oak sampled on 10 and 11 November
1987 had a mean moisture content of 121 percent.  Live fuel moisture
sampling methods are discussed in the literature [64].

Broadcast understory burning in southwestern ponderosa pine forests,
where shrubby Arizona white oak and silverleaf oak (Q. hypoleucoides)
occurred, reduced the threat of severe crown fires [29].

The open oak woodland can carry fire.  Oaks usually survive the quick,
low intensity fires of open oak woodlands.  However, modern fires in
closed-canopy oak woodlands are more likely to be high-intensity, stand
replacement fires [49].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Management Implications ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: grassland, prescribed fire, woodland

Fire is a part of the historic Madrean evergreen woodland [83].  This
prescribed fire did not have any lasting effects on woody vegetation in
the study area.  Burning had little detectable effect on the seedlings
of Arizona white oak.  This is probably due to short duration and low
heat released by the fires.  The authors noted that Arizona white oak
were killed by fire in nearby O'Donnell Canyon during 1974 on the
Appleton-Whittell Sanctuary.

This study was part of an extensive of body of research on fire effects in semidesert
grassland, oak savanna, and Madrean oak woodlands of southeastern Arizona. See the Research Project Summary of this work for more information on burning conditions,
fires, and fire effects on more than 100 species of plants, birds, small mammals,
and grasshoppers.
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

  
   Phanerophyte
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat characteristics ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, frequency

Arizona white oak is widespread and occurs in arroyos, canyons,
foothills, bajadas, and on rocky slopes [25,57,81].  It occurs on flat
benches and ridges or steep sideslopes with westerly to northerly
exposures [18,51,76].  Arizona white oak is found from 3,445 to 7,218
feet (1,050-2,200 m) in elevation [43,55,57,61,73].

Arizona white oak occurs in semiarid to arid climates with a bimodal
precipitation regime, mild winters, and hot summers [2,20,44].  Soils
may be shallow to deep and moderate to very fine textured, consisting of
old alluvium from mixed sedimentary, igneous, or granitic rocks
[12,55,76].  Rock cover may be more than 15 percent [18].  Soils also
may be cobbly loams that are deep and well-drained with low
water-holding capacity [56].

Arizona white oak sites are often low in productivity due to semiarid
climate and shallow, rocky, or poorly developed soils.  Arizona white
oak frequency varies within oak woodlands.  In oak woodlands of Arizona,
Arizona white oak increase from 10 percent frequency at about 5,000 feet
(1,524 m) elevation to 45 percent frequency at about 6,000 feet (1,829
m).  It decreases in frequency above 6,562 feet (2,000 m) [49].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Cover Types ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

    67  Mohrs (shin) oak
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   235  Cottonwood - willow
   237  Interior ponderosa pine
   239  Pinyon - juniper
   240  Arizona cypress
   241  Western live oak
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Ecosystem ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES28  Western hardwoods
   FRES31  Shinnery
   FRES32  Texas savanna
   FRES34  Chaparral - mountain shrub
   FRES35  Pinyon - juniper
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, woodland

   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K019  Arizona pine forest
   K023  Juniper - pinyon woodland
   K031  Oak - juniper woodlands
   K071  Shinnery
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: severity

Small (1 to 3 inches [2.5-7.5 cm]) Arizona white oak are top-killed by
fire.  Large-sized trees usually survive fires of low severity [7].
Arizona white oak foliage is highly flammable [64].  Surviving stumps
sprout vigorously [4,35].  The acorns probably are killed by fire.
Acorns covered by an insulating layer of soil may survive low-severity
fires.
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: woodland

Arizona white oak acorns are consumed by cattle and wildlife [32];
however, acorns of other species are used in preference to Arizona white
oak acorns [21].  Arizona white oak acorns comprised 2 percent of the
food volume in white-tailed deer stomach contents collected in late fall
in south-central Arizona [48].  Arizona white oak was one of the most
common trees browsed by white-tailed deer in oak-grasslands and mountain
foothills of Arizona [67].  In southeastern Arizona, Arizona white oak
is used extensively by neomigratory birds for foraging during the
breeding season [6].  Diverse amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have
been recorded in the woodland communities where Arizona white oak occurs
[17,45].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: association, codominant, forest, habitat type, series, woodland

Arizona white oak is found in diverse communities along elevation or
moisture gradients from savannas, semidesert grasslands, and interior
chaparral [10,57] to Madrean evergreen woodland and pine-oak (Pinus
spp.-Quercus spp.) communities [7].  Arizona white oak is codominant
with Emory oak (Q. emoryi) and gray oak in the encinal mixed woodland
series and Madrean evergreen woodland series [9,19,38,52].  Arizona
white oak habitat series occur in savannas of New Mexico [19].  Arizona
white oak is an indicator species in dry Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii), Chihuahua pine (Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana),
ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), and Apache pine (P. engelmannii) habitat
and community types [1,3,55,63].  Arizona white oak is dominant or
codominant in open and closed-canopy pinyon-juniper (Juniperus spp.)
woodlands [28,53].  Occasionally, Arizona white oak is an important
understory species in pinyon-juniper stands [58] and Mexican pinyon (P.
cembroides) forests [46].  Isolated Arizona white oak occur infrequently
in riparian woodland associations, such as Arizona walnut (Juglans
major) and Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii) community types with
permanent or semipermanent streams [43,44,69,73,75].  Arizona white oak
occurs on edges of interior chaparral of Arizona in communities such as
the Arizona white oak-yellowleaf silktassel (Garrya flavescens)-Emory
oak association [11,13,35,63].  Some of the publications in which
Arizona white oak is listed as a dominant or indicator species are:

(1)  Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of Arizona
       south of the Mogollon Rim and southwestern New Mexico [3]
(2)  Forest habitat types south of the Mogollon Rim, Arizona and New
       Mexico [18]
(3)  Classification of mixed broadleaf riparian forest in Tonto National
       Forest [37]
(4)  A series vegetation classification for Region 3 [52]
(5)  A forest habitat type classification of southern Arizona and its
       relationship to forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico [54]
(6)  Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona: a gradient
       analysis of the south slope [82].

Woody species associated with Arizona white oak but not previously
mentioned in Distribution and Occurrence information include Arizona
madrone (Arbutus arizonica), Arizona rosewood (Vaquelina californica),
and coral-bean (Erythrina flabeliformis) [45,55].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Life Form ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: shrub, tree

Tree, Shrub
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Management considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: codominant, forest, woodland

Arizona white oak stands have been managed under pinyon-juniper
silvicultural systems [28].  On a fuelwood management area in the
Huachuca Mountains of Arizona, three areas in oak woodland were cut at
different times and intensities to assess harvest effects.  Arizona
white oak was codominant with Emory oak.  Harvest at two intensities (50
and 80%) occurred 7, 15, and 20 years prior to assessment.  Structural
changes to the overstory, such as trees being shrublike due to prolific
stump sprouting, still persisted after 20 years [65].

Volume equations are available for estimating biomass of Arizona white
oak [14,15].  Volume, growth, and mortality estimates and simulation
models of the oak woodlands that include Arizona white oak are discussed
in the literature [24].  Multivariate equations are available for
predicting Arizona white oak regeneration after harvest [50].

Cattle graze on most of the Arizona encinal woodlands where Arizona
white oak occurs [47].  Preferential grazing may favor Arizona white oak
establishment [49].  However, poor oak recruitment during the late
1960's in Arizona was attributed to the effects of livestock grazing and
summer drought [56].  Current recruitment was not found in the
literature.  Burning and subsequent treatment with herbicides prevented
Arizona white oak from establishing in a game management area on the
Tonto National Forest in Arizona [72].

Szaro and King [74] developed sampling methods for classification
of the Arizona riparian plant communities in which Arizona white oak
occurs.

Arizona white oak is susceptible to the wood decay fungus, Inonotus
andersonii [23].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Young Arizona white oak twigs and leaves are rated as poor forage for
wildlife [31].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
     AZ  NM  TX  MEXICO
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
No direct reference to Arizona white oak acorn consumption by humans was
found in the literature.  Arizona white oak belongs to the white oak
subgenus (Lepidobalanus).  Edible acorns are a characteristic of the
group [34].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Arizona white oak is highly palatable to white-tailed and mule deer in
all seasons [79].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

Arizona white oak flowers as new leaves emerge.  Acorns mature during
the fall (September to November) of the same year [49,56,80].  Leaves
may drop in late winter or just before new leaves emerge in the spring
[21,80].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: prescribed fire, tree, woodland

Fires move quickly through oak woodlands that have a continuous grass
understory.  Arizona white oak root crowns are usually not damaged by
these fires [4].  In a Madrean evergreen woodland in Arizona with an
understory of grasses and herbs, a prescribed fire burned cool and was
of short duration.  Scattered mature Arizona white oak were unaffected
by the fire.  Arizona white oak and other oak seedling densities did not
differ between burned sites and controls during the first 2 postfire
seasons [7,8].  In Box Canyon of the Santa Rita Mountains in Arizona, a
person-caused fire in 1959 moved rapidly over dry grasses in a
drought-stressed oak-juniper woodland.  Drought stress may have
influenced tree response.  In diameter classes from 1 to 9 inches
(2.5-23 cm), 13 percent of Arizona white oak died on the burned sites,
while only 5 percent died on the controls [33].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: root crown, root sucker, secondary colonizer, shrub, tree

   Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
   Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
   Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: litter, tree

Mature Arizona white oak grows slowly, averaging about 0.1 inch per year
(0.24 cm/yr) in diameter; seedlings also grow slowly [21,49].  Once
topgrowth is removed, Arizona white oak stumps sprout.  In southeastern
Arizona following top removal by cutting, Arizona white oak regeneration
consisted primarily of stump sprouts with low seedling survival [65].
Following harvest of oak woodlands in southern Arizona, a higher
percentage of Arizona white oak stumps than Emory oak stumps failed to
sprout.  Arizona white oak sprouts also grew more slowly than Emory oak
sprouts [50].
 
Acorn production in Arizona white oak is highly variable.  Large acorn
crops, up to 32,600 acorns per tree, alternate with several years of low
acorn production [21,49].  Arizona white oak can lose 1 to 65 percent of
acorns produced to vertebrates and 1 to 50 percent to invertebrates
[49].  While postdispersal acorn loss from the soil surface can be high,
68 percent of the acorns escaped predation in a 1978 Arizona oak
woodlands study.  Arizona white oak acorns had 17 to 73 percent
germination during a study in Arizona.  The acorns have no dormancy.
Most Arizona white oak acorn germination occurs within 30 days of
dropping off of the tree; the acorns are viable for about 60 days.
Germination of Arizona white oak acorns is strongly positively
correlated with moisture during the rainy season [56].  During field
trials, germination of the acorns at 3 or 6 inches (7.5-15 cm) below the
soil surface (73%) exceeded germination rates on the litter or soil
surface (17%) [56].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

    7  Lower Basin and Range
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Season/Severity Classification ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
spring fire/low- to moderate-severity
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Site Description ( الإنجليزية )

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The study site was located in a steep-sided canyon at 4,922 feet (1,500
m) elevation.  Spring months are dry and warm in the semiarid climate.
The average annual precipitation is 16.9 inches (430 mm) and occurs
bimodally.  No information was given on specific topography, slope, or
soils.
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Successional Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, forb

Facultative Seral Species

Arizona white oak is a seral species or climax understory species in
pinyon-juniper woodlands and pine-oak forests [4,28,57,60].  Following
cabling or fire in pinyon-juniper woodlands, Arizona white oak and other
oaks begin to establish after about 4 years, during the grass and forb
stages [28,60].  Arizona white oak is a climax species in Madrean
evergreen oak and encinal woodlands.  It is a minor climax species in
Chihuahuan pine forests [38].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of Arizona white oak is Quercus
arizonica Sarg. It is a member of the oak family (Fagaceae) [34]. No
infrataxa are recognized. Where distributions overlap, Arizona white
oak hybridizes with gray oak (Q. grisea), Gambel oak (Q. gambelii), and
Mohr shin oak (Q. mohriana) [19,34,61,77,80].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Wood Products Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: fuel

Arizona white oak is used for fuel and infrequently for furniture
[30,56].  The wood is close grained, heavy, hard, and strong [21,41,80].
Trees are seldom straight enough or large enough to be of commercial
value [21].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Quercus arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Quercus arizonica ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ


Quercus arizonica (lat. Quercus arizonica) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

Bu şablona bax Palıd cinsinə aid növlər Q. griseaQ. oblongifoliaQ. acerifoliaQ. acutaQ. acutissimaQ. afaresQ. agrifoliaQ. albaQ. albocintaQ. alienaQ. alnifoliaQ. arizonicaQ. arkansanaQ. aucheriQ. austrinaQ. basaseachicensisQ. benthamiiQ. berberidifoliaQ. bicolorQ. boyntoniiQ. brandegeeiQ. brenesiiQ. brevilobaQ. buckleyiQ. bumelioidesQ. calliprinosQ. canariensisQ. castaneifoliaQ. cedrosensisQ. cerrioidesQ. cerrisQ. chapmaniiQ. chrysolepisQ. coahuilensisQ. cocciferaQ. coccineaQ. convallataQ. conzattiiQ. copeyensisQ. cornelius-mulleriQ. corrugataQ. costaricensisQ. cubanaQ. deliquescensQ. dentataQ. depressaQ. depressipesQ. deviaQ. diversifoliaQ. douglasiiQ. dumosaQ. durataQ. ellipsoidalisQ. emoryiQ. engelmanniiQ. excelsaQ. fagineaQ. falcataQ. flagelliferaQ. frainettoQ. fulvaQ. fusiformisQ. galeanensisQ. gambeliiQ. garryanaQ. georgianaQ. germanaQ. glaucaQ. glaucoidesQ. graciliformisQ. gravesiiQ. gulielmitreleaseiQ. havardiiQ. hemisphaericaQ. hintoniiQ. hintoniorumQ. humboldtiiQ. hypoxanthaQ. ibericaQ. ilexQ. ilicifoliaQ. imbricariaQ. invaginataQ. john-tuckeriQ. kelloggiiQ. laceyiQ. laevisQ. lamellosaQ. laurifoliaQ. libaniQ. liebmanniiQ. lobataQ. lusitanicaQ. lyrataQ. macdonaldiiQ. macdougalliiQ. macrantheraQ. macrocarpaQ. macrolepisQ. marilandicaQ. martineziiQ. michauxiiQ. miquihuanensisQ. mohrianaQ. mongolicaQ. muehlenbergiiQ. myrsinifoliaQ. nigraQ. oglethorpensisQ. oleoidesQ. pacificaQ. pagodaQ. palmeriQ. palustrisQ. peninsularisQ. perpallidaQ. petraeaQ. phellosQ. planipoculaQ. polymorphaQ. ponticaQ. praecoQ. praineanaQ. prinoidesQ. prinusQ. pubescensQ. pungensQ. purulhanaQ. rapurahuensisQ. roburQ. robustaQ. rubraQ. rugosaQ. rysophyllaQ. sadlerianaQ. sebiferaQ. shumardiiQ. skinneriQ. skutchiiQ. stellataQ. suberQ. subspathulataQ. tardifoliaQ. texanaQ. tomentellaQ. tonduziiQ. toumeyiQ. trojanaQ. turbinellaQ. undataQ. uxorisQ. vacciniifoliaQ. variabilisQ. velutinaQ. vincentensisQ. wislizeniQ. xalapensisQ. zempoaltepecanaQ. × alvordiana Inula britannica.jpeg İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
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Quercus arizonica: Brief Summary ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ


Quercus arizonica (lat. Quercus arizonica) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Quercus arizonica ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA
Nuvola apps kcmsystem.svg
Aquest article (o secció) és manifestament incomplet.
Ajudeu a desenvolupar-lo de forma que l'exposició de conceptes o idees sigui coherent, o com a mínim sigui un esborrany amb una estructuració acceptable.

Quercus arizonica o Alzina blanca d'Arizona és un tipus de roure que pertany a la família de les fagàcies. Està dins de la secció dels roures blancs del gènere Quercus.

Distribució

L'alzina blanca d'Arizona es distribueix des del centre d'Arizona, el Mogollon Rim i White Mountains,[1] per a tot el sud-oest de Nou Mèxic, i la regió del nord-est de Sonora associats, l'àrea de l'Arxipèlag Madrense. Els arbres també es poden trobar al sud-oest de Texas, veïns Coahuila i Chihuahua. També les regions del nord de la Sierra Madre Occidental serralada del nord-oest de Sonora i Chihuahua, i de forma discontínua al sud de Durango.[2]

Descripció

És un arbre perennifoli i pot créixer fins als 18 metres amb un diàmetre d'un metre. Aquest tipus d'alzina generalment es presenta com un arbust nadiu o un arbre de grandària mitjana, i pot viure molts anys. L'escorça és de color gris clar. L'escorça és inicialment en forma de lenticel·les però més tard es converteix en una escorça molt gruixuda, amb fissures superficials i amb les crestes escamoses. Les branques són de grandària mitjana. Els colors poden ser marró clar, difús; marró vermellós. Les branques també tenen grups de punta i gemmes terminals greixoses. Les fulles són alternes, de fulla perenne, simples i rectangulars. Tenen un color verd groguenc, verd o blavós. Les fulles fan, en general entre 3,81 cm a 8,89 cm de llarg i generalment són amb marge sencer o dentat. La textura de les fulles són coriàcies i rígides. Les venes són les venes paral·leles que s'enfonsen per sobre i es va criar sota. Les fulles també tenen base en forma de ronda. Les fulles poden començar a caure a finals de l'hivern o quan les fulles noves comencen a emergir durant la primavera. Les flors són monoiques. Les flors femenines tenen un petit bec en les axil·les de les fulles. Les flors masculines es troben en aments penjants de llarg que són de color verd groguenc. Les glans són allargades, entre 1,27 cm a 2,54 cm. Les glans tenen una cúpula que n'ocupa 0,85 cm. de la gla. Les glans maduren generalment al voltant de la caiguda. La quantitat de glans produïdes varia segons els anys. La germinació de les glans està altament correlacionada amb la quantitat d'humitat durant l'estació plujosa.

Cultiu

L'alzina blanca d'Arizona es pot trobar en una gran varietat d'hàbitats, com ara sabanes, prats i garrigues. Normalment es troben en zones de muntanya per sobre dels 1675 metres d'altitud. L'ús de l'aigua és baixa i requereix sol o ombra parcial. La humitat del sòl ha de ser sec i amb sòls rocosos o sorrencs. Els sòls poden ser argilosos, llimosos o rocallosos. L'alzina blanca d'Arizona és resistent alhora, a la calor i al fred.

Resposta als incendis

 src=
Part inferior de les fulles

Quan l'alzina blanca d'Arizona és de mida petita , en general, pot morir en un incendi. Les glans també es perden generalment en cas d'incendi. El fullatge és extraordinàriament inflamable però, els arbres més grans solen sobreviure en els incendis de poca importància; i si un tronc sobreviu a un foc, poc després tornaran a sortir nous brots amb força.

Amenaces

La fusta en descomposició afecta negativament a l'alzina blanca d'Arizona, pel fong Inonotus andersoni. El tractament amb herbicida també ha afectat el creixement de l'Alzina blanca d'Arizona, així que estan portant a terme sistemes de silvicultura herboses.

Usos

La fusta es fa servir normalment per a combustible. La fusta de l'alzina blanca d'Arizona és dura, pesada i forta, poques vegades se n'utilitza per a raons comercials, com a producció de mobles. L'alzina blanca d'Arizona és molt important per al bestiar i per la vida silvestre perquè les glans que produeix proporcionen aliments per al bestiar. També proporciona aixopluc per a animals tal com: cérvols, galls, javelinas, ovelles del desert, canors i guatlla. El cérvol cues blanca és també conegut per utilitzar-lo per a la coberta. Per a la cua blanca i Cérvol mul el roure de blanc d'Arizona és molt acceptable. L'alzina blanca d'Arizona també es pot utilitzar com a ornament, perquè és atractiu.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Quercus arizonica

Vegeu també

  • Linden Oak, possiblement l'alzina blanca d'Arizona més gran que existeix als Estats Units

Sinonímia

  • arizonica Wooton & Standl. 1924
  • arizonica var. wootonii Trel. 1924
  • endemica C.H.Muller 1942
  • sacame Trel.

Referències

  1. Little. Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 3, Minor Western Hardwoods, Little, Elbert L, 1976, US Government Printing Office. Library of Congress No. 79-653298. Map 131, Quercus arizonica.
  2. Little. Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 3, Minor Western Hardwoods, Map 131, Quercus arizonica.
  • Little. Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 3, Minor Western Hardwoods, Little, Elbert L, 1976, US Government Printing Office. Library of Congress No. 79-653298. Map 131, Quercus arizonica.

Enllaços externs

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Quercus arizonica: Brief Summary ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

Quercus arizonica o Alzina blanca d'Arizona és un tipus de roure que pertany a la família de les fagàcies. Està dins de la secció dels roures blancs del gènere Quercus.

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Arizona-Eiche ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Arizona-Eiche (Quercus arizonica), auch Arizona-Weißeiche genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) innerhalb der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae).[1] Sie ist in den südlichen USA und im nördlichen Mexiko verbreitet.[2]

Beschreibung

 src=
In diesem Artikel oder Abschnitt fehlen noch folgende wichtige Informationen:
viele Merkmale sind nur marginal, aber viele gar nicht beschrieben
Hilf der Wikipedia, indem du sie recherchierst und

Vegetative Merkmale

Die Arizona-Eichen wächst als immergrüner oder halbimmergrüner, kleiner bis mittelgroßer Baum, der Wuchshöhen von bis zu 18 Metern erreichen kann.[1] Die Rinde ist schuppig und die Zweige sind gelblich, haben einen Durchmesser von 1,5 bis 2,5 Millimetern und sind zuerst filzig behaart, nach der Zeit werden sie aber trüb grau. Die Knospen sind rotbraun, eiförmig und etwa 3 Millimeter groß.

Die wechselständig angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Der Blattstiel ist 3 bis 10 Millimeter lang. Die Blattspreite ist elliptisch oder länglich bis schmal verkehrt-eiförmig und mit gerundetem oberen Ende. Die Blattspreite ist flach bis leicht konvex, dick und ledrig, meistens steif und herzförmig oder gerundet und schwach herzförmig.

 src=
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Generative Merkmale

Die Blütezeit liegt im Frühjahr zwischen April und Mai. Die Blüten sind gelb oder grün.

Die Eicheln hängen einzeln oder paarweise und sind tassen- oder becherförmig.

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet

Vorkommen

Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Quercus arizonica liegt im westlichen Nordamerika in den südlichen US-Bundesstaaten Arizona, New Mexico und Texas und in den mexikanischen Bundesstaaten Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango und Sonora. Sie kommt in den USA vom zentralen Arizona bis südwestlichen New Mexico vor. Vereinzelte Populationen gibt es im westlichen Texas und nördlichen Mexiko. In Mexiko reichen die Areale von Coahuila westwärts bis Baja California Sur. In Baja California Sur gibt es weniger als 20 Fundorte.[2]

Die Arizona-Eiche kommt in Höhenlagen von 1520 bis 2130 Metern vor. Sie gedeiht am besten auf trockenen, steinigen sowie sandigen Böden und sonnige bis halbschattige Standorten.

Systematik

Die Erstbeschreibung von Quercus arizonica erfolgte 1895 durch Charles Sprague Sargent in Garden and Forest; a Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry, Volume 8, Seite 89. Ein Synonym von Quercus arizonica Sarg. ist Quercus sacame Trelease.[1]

Die Art Quercus arizonica gehört zur Sektion der Weißeichen (Quercus) innerhalb der Gattung Quercus.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Kevin C. Nixon: Fagaceae.: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 3 – Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae, Oxford University Press, New York und Oxford, 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6: Quercus arizonica – textgleich online wie gedrucktes Werk.
  2. a b Diane S. Pavek: Quercus arizonica. 1994 In: Fire Effects Information System. = FEIS des U.S. Department of Agriculture. online, abgerufen am 10. Oktober 2019

Weblinks

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Arizona-Eiche: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Arizona-Eiche (Quercus arizonica), auch Arizona-Weißeiche genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) innerhalb der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Sie ist in den südlichen USA und im nördlichen Mexiko verbreitet.

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Quercus arizonica ( الكورنية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging_languages

Quercus arizonica, an Glastan Gwynn Arisona, yw ehen a wydhen vythlas, yn genas Quercus, ow triga yn Statys Unys soth-west ha Meksiko north-west.

Kathik yw aga bleujyow ha Mes yw aga froeth. Pur gales yw Prenn an quercus arizonica; y tevnydhyr rag keunys.

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Quercus arizonica ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Quercus arizonica, the Arizona white oak, is a North American tree species in the beech family. It is found in Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sinaloa, and Durango.[4][5][6]

Description

The Arizona white oak is one of the largest southwestern oaks. This tree may grow to 60 feet (18 meters), with a trunk diameter of 1 m (3 ft 3 in). It has stout branches and a spreading crown. The leaves are about 8 centimetres (3+14 inches) long, thick, and evergreen. It grows very slowly once it has become mature, adding approximately 0.25 cm (332 in) of diameter per year.[7]

  • Bark: color is light grayish. The bark is initially thin and lenticelled, but later becomes quite thick, with shallow fissures and scaly ridges.[7]
  • Twig: medium-sized, fuzzy. The color can be light brown or reddish brown. Twigs have pointy and fat clusters of terminal buds.[7]
  • Leaves: alternate, evergreen, simple, and oblong. The color is yellowish green or bluish green. Leaves are usually 112 to 312 in long. The margins are usually entire or toothed, and are rounded at the base. The texture of the leaves is leathery and stiff. The veins are parallel, and are sunken on the upperside and raised underneath. Leaves may begin to shed in late winter, or when new leaves emerge in spring.[7]
  • Fruit: oblong acorn that is 12 to 1 in long. Acorns have bowl-shaped caps that cover one third of the nut. Acorns usually mature in autumn. The quantity of acorns produced can vary year to year, producing about 32,000 acorns one year and very few the next. Germination of acorns is highly correlated with the amount of moisture during the rainy season.[7]
  • Flowers: monoecious, meaning that male and female organs occur in different flowers on the same tree. Female flowers occur as small spikes in the leaf axils. Male flowers are long, drooping, yellowish green catkins.[7][8]

Distribution and habitat

The Arizona white oak can be found in a vast array of habitats such as savannas, grasslands, and chaparrals. They are usually found in mountain-like areas that are above about 5,495 ft (1,675 m) in elevation. Water use is low and it requires sun or part shade. Soil moisture must be dry and it must be rocky or sandy soils. Soils may be clay loam, clay, medium loam, or rocky. The Arizona white oak is both heat and cold tolerant.

Ecology

Fire

When Arizona white oaks are small they usually die by fire. The acorns are usually killed by fires as well. The foliage is extremely flammable but larger trees usually survive fires that are not as severe and if a stump survives a fire it will sprout rapidly afterwards.

Threats

The wood decaying fungus Inonotus andersoni affects the Arizona white oak negatively. Burning and herbicide treatment has also affected the growth of the Arizona white oak, so they are being managed by pinyon-juniper silvicultural systems.

Uses

The wood is usually used for fuel. Since the wood of the Arizona white oak is hard, heavy, and strong, it is rarely used for commercial reasons such as furniture production.

The Arizona white oak provides cover for such animals like deer, turkeys, javelinas, desert sheep, songbirds, and quail. The white tailed deer is also known to utilize it for cover. For white-tailed and mule deer, the Arizona white oak is highly palatable as well. The only species known to consume the acorns in quantity is the thick-billed parrot.[9]

The Arizona white oak can also be used as an ornamental plant.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quercus arizonica.

See also

  • Linden Oak, possibly the largest living white oak in the United States

References

  1. ^ Kenny, L.; Wenzell, K. (2015). "Quercus arizonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  2. ^ "Quercus arizonica", NatureServe Explorer, NatureServe, retrieved 2007-07-06
  3. ^ "Quercus arizonica Sarg.", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  4. ^ "Quercus arizonica", County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA), Biota of North America Program (BONAP), 2014
  5. ^ SEINet, Southwestern Biodiversity, Arizona chapter
  6. ^ Little Jr., Elbert L. (1976). "Map 131, Quercus arizonica". Atlas of United States Trees. Vol. 3 (Minor Western Hardwoods). US Government Printing Office. LCCN 79-653298. OCLC 4053799.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Nixon, Kevin C. (1997), "Quercus arizonica", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.), Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), vol. 3, New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA
  8. ^ Sargent, Charles Sprague 1895. Garden & Forest 8: 92-93
  9. ^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 439.

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Quercus arizonica: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Quercus arizonica, the Arizona white oak, is a North American tree species in the beech family. It is found in Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sinaloa, and Durango.

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Quercus arizonica ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Quercus arizonica, la encina Arizona es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de las fagáceas. Se encuentra predominantemente en Arizona, sudoeste de Nuevo México, nordeste de Sonora y Chihuahua, y en todo el Archipiélago Madrense. Es un árbol longevo. Uno de los Quercus más grandes del sudoeste. Está clasificada en la Sección Quercus, que son los robles blancos de Europa, Asia y América del Norte. Tienen los estilos cortos; las bellotas maduran en 6 meses y tienen un sabor dulce y ligeramente amargo, el interior de la bellota tiene pelo. Las hojas carecen de una mayoría de cerdas en sus lóbulos, que suelen ser redondeados.

 src=
Detalle de las hojas

Descripción

La encina arizona es un árbol perenne. Normalmente aparece como un arbusto o árbol pequeño. Tiene ramas gruesas y una copa que se dispersa junto con gruesas hojas. Las hojas son alternas, siempreverdes, simples y oblongas. El color es verde amarillento o verde azulado. La textura de las hojas es coriácea y rígida. Crece muy lentamente una vez que ha madurado.

La corteza es de color grisáceo claro. La corteza es inicialmente delgada y lenticulada, pero luego se hace bastante gruesa con fisuras poco profundas y bordes escamosos.

Hábitat

El roble blanco de Arizona se puede encontrar en una gran variedad de hábitats, tales como sabanas, pastizales y chaparrales. Normalmente se encuentran en la montaña, en áreas que están por encima de unos 1675 metros de altitud. El uso del agua es bajo y requiere sol o sombra parcial. La humedad del suelo debe estar seco y debe ser suelos rocosos o arenosos. Los suelos pueden ser franco arcillosos, de arcilla, limo mediano o rocoso. El roble blanco de Arizona es resistente al calor y al frío.

Respuesta a incendios

Cuando los robles blancos de Arizona son pequeños, por lo general, mueren por el fuego. Las bellotas son usualmente destruidas también por los incendios. El follaje es muy inflamable pero los árboles más grandes suelen sobrevivir a los incendios que no son tan graves y si un tocón subsiste por un fuego, este brotará rápidamente después de su supervivencia.

Amenazas

El hongo en descomposición madera Inonotus andersoni afecta al roble blanco de Arizona negativamente. Ardor y tratamiento herbicida también afectan el crecimiento del roble blanco de Arizona, por lo que están siendo gestionados por los sistemas de silvicultura piñonero-enebro.

Usos

La madera se utiliza generalmente para el combustible. Dado que la madera es dura, pesada y fuerte, rara vez se utiliza, por razones comerciales, tales como la producción de muebles.

El roble blanco de Arizona es muy importante para el ganado y la vida silvestre porque las bellotas que producen proporcionan alimentos para el ganado y otros animales salvajes. También proporciona la cobertura de dichos animales como ciervos, pavos, jabalíes, ovejas desierto, aves canoras y codornices. El venado cola blanca es también conocido por utilizarlo para la cubierta. Para el venado cola blanca y bura, el roble blanco de Arizona es muy apetecible.

El roble blanco de Arizona también se puede utilizar como una planta ornamental.

Taxonomía

Quercus arizonica fue descrita por Charles Sprague Sargent y publicado en Garden & Forest 8: 89. 1895.[2]

Etimología

Quercus: nombre genérico del latín que designaba igualmente al roble y a la encina.

arizonica: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en Arizona.

Sinonimia
  • Quercus arizonica var. wootonii Trel.
  • Quercus endemica C.H.Mull.
  • Quercus sacame Trel.[3][4]

Referencias

  1. «Quercus arizonica», NatureServe Explorer (NatureServe), consultado el 6 de julio de 2007.
  2. «Quercus arizonica». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 17 de diciembre de 2013.
  3. Quercus arizonica en PlantList
  4. «Quercus arizonica». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 17 de diciembre de 2013.

Bibliografía

  1. Little. Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 3, Minor Western Hardwoods, Little, Elbert L, 1976, US Government Printing Office. Library of Congress No. 79-653298. Map 131, Quercus arizonica.
  2. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  3. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  4. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
  5. Shreve, F. & I. L. Wiggins. 1964. Veg. Fl. Sonoran Des. 2 vols. Stanford University Press, Stanford.

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Quercus arizonica: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Quercus arizonica, la encina Arizona es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de las fagáceas. Se encuentra predominantemente en Arizona, sudoeste de Nuevo México, nordeste de Sonora y Chihuahua, y en todo el Archipiélago Madrense. Es un árbol longevo. Uno de los Quercus más grandes del sudoeste. Está clasificada en la Sección Quercus, que son los robles blancos de Europa, Asia y América del Norte. Tienen los estilos cortos; las bellotas maduran en 6 meses y tienen un sabor dulce y ligeramente amargo, el interior de la bellota tiene pelo. Las hojas carecen de una mayoría de cerdas en sus lóbulos, que suelen ser redondeados.

 src= Detalle de las hojas
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Quercus arizonica ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Quercus arizonica est une espèce de plante nord-américaine de la famille des Fagaceae.

Description

Quercus arizonica pousse comme un arbre à feuillage persistant ou semi-persistant, de petite à moyenne taille pouvant atteindre une hauteur de 18 mètres[1] pour un diamètre à hauteur de poitrine de 1 mm ; il est l'un des plus grands chênes du sud-ouest des États-Unis. Il a de grosses branches et une couronne étalée. Il grandit très lentement une fois arrivé à maturité, poussant environ de 25 mm de diamètre par an. L'écorce est initialement mince et lenticulée, mais devient ensuite assez épaisse, avec des fissures peu profondes et des crêtes écailleuses. Les bourgeons sont brun rougeâtre, ovoïdes et mesurent environ 3 mm.

Les feuilles alternes sont divisées en pétiole et limbe. Le pétiole mesure 3 à 10 mm de long. Le limbe des feuilles est elliptique ou oblong à étroitement obovale et avec une extrémité supérieure arrondie. Le limbe des feuilles est plat à légèrement convexe, épais et coriace, généralement rigide et en forme de cœur ou arrondi et légèrement en forme de cœur. Les veines sont parallèles, enfoncées sur le dessus et surélevées en dessous. Les feuilles peuvent commencer à tomber à la fin de l'hiver ou lorsque de nouvelles feuilles émergent au printemps.

Les fleurs sont monoïques. Les fleurs femelles se présentent sous forme de petites grappes à l'aisselle des feuilles. Les fleurs mâles sont longues, tombantes, avec des chatons vert jaunâtre. La période de floraison se situe au printemps, entre avril et mai. Les fleurs sont jaunes ou vertes.

Le fruit est un gland oblong de 8 à 12 mm de long. Les glands ont des bouchons en forme de bol qui couvrent un tiers du gland. Les glands pendent individuellement ou par paires. Les glands mûrissent généralement en automne. La quantité de glands produits peut varier d'une année à l'autre, produisant environ 32 000 glands une année et très peu la suivante. La germination des glands est fortement corrélée à la quantité d'humidité pendant la saison des pluies.

Il peut former des hybrides avec Quercus turbinella.

Répartition

 src=
Aire de répartition de Quercus arizonica

Quercus arizonica est présent dans l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord dans le sud des États-Unis, en Arizona, au Nouveau-Mexique et au Texas, et dans les États du Mexique de Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango et Sonora. Il est principalement aux États-Unis, au centre de l'Arizona jusqu'au sud-ouest du Nouveau-Mexique. Il existe des populations isolées dans l'ouest du Texas et le nord du Mexique. Au Mexique, les zones vont de Coahuila ouest à la Basse-Californie du Sud. La Basse-Californie du Sud a moins de 20 localités.

Quercus arizonica se rencontre à des altitudes de 1 520 à 2 130 mètres. Il se trouve dans une vaste gamme d'habitats tels que les savanes, les prairies et les chaparrals. La consommation d'eau est faible et il a besoin du soleil ou une ombre partielle. Le sol doit être rocheux ou sablonneux et sec. Les sols peuvent être argileux ou rocheux. Le chêne est à la fois tolérant à la chaleur et au froid.

Écologie

Lorsque les Quercus arizonica sont petits, ils meurent généralement par le feu. Les glands sont aussi brûlés. Le feuillage est extrêmement inflammable, mais les arbres plus gros survivent généralement à des incendies pas très importants et si une souche survit à un incendie, elle germera rapidement par la suite.

Quercus arizonica pousse souvent dans des forêts de genévriers et de pins à pignons, en compagnie de Lycium pallidum, Quercus grisea, Quercus hypoleucoides, Quercus oblongifolia

Quercus arizonica est une plante hôte des chenilles de Carmenta querci, Chionodes optio, Chionodes pastor, Coptotriche arizonica, Himmacia huachucella, Pyrrhopyge araxes.

Quercus arizonica fournit une couverture pour des animaux comme les cerfs, les dindes, les pécaris, les mouflons du désert, les Passeri et les cailles. Le cerf de Virginie s'en sert aussi comme abri. Il est aussi un abri pour les mammifères Dasypterus xanthinus et Peromyscus schmidlyi.

Pour le cerf de Virginie et le cerf mulet, le chêne est également très agréable au goût. La seule espèce connue pour consommer les glands en quantité est le Conure à gros bec[2].

Le champignon Inonotus andersoni affecte Quercus arizonica. Le traitement aux herbicides affecte également la croissance du chêne.

Usage

Le bois est généralement utilisé comme combustible. Étant donné que Quercus arizonica est dur, lourd et solide, il est rarement utilisé pour des raisons commerciales telles que la production de meubles.

Il peut servir de plante ornementale.

Références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. Jean-Louis Heraldot, « Quercus arizonica », sur jeanlouis.helardot.free.fr (consulté le 24 avril 2020)
  2. (en) Donald Culross Peattie, A Natural History of Western Trees, Bonanza Books, 1953, p. 439

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Quercus arizonica: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Quercus arizonica est une espèce de plante nord-américaine de la famille des Fagaceae.

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Quercus arizonica ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Quercus arizonica Sarg. – gatunek roślin z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w północnym Meksyku (w stanach Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango i Sonora) oraz południowych Stanach Zjednoczonych (w Arizonie, Nowym Meksyku i Teksasie)[3][4][5][6].

Morfologia

Pokrój
Całkowicie lub częściowo zimozielone drzewo dorastające do 10–18 m wysokości. Kora jest łuszczącca się[5].
Liście
Blaszka liściowa jest skórzasta i ma odwrotnie jajowaty, podługowaty, eliptyczny lub lancetowaty kształt. Mierzy 4–8 cm długości oraz 1,5–3 cm szerokości, jest całobrzega lub delikatnie ząbkowana na brzegu, ma sercowatą nasadę i ostry lub tępy wierzchołek. Ogonek liściowy jest nagi i ma 3–10 mm długości[5].
Owoce
Orzechy zwane żołędziami o kształcie od jajowatego do podługowatego, dorastają do 8–12 mm długości. Osadzone są pojedynczo w miseczkach o półkulistym kształcie, które mierzą 5–10 mm długości i 10–15 mm średnicy. Orzechy otulone są w miseczkach do połowy ich długości[5].

Biologia i ekologia

Rośnie w widnych lasach oraz chaparralu. Występuje na wysokości od 1300 do 3000 m n.p.m.[5]

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2017-03-13].
  2. a b Quercus arizonica Sarg. (ang.). The Plant List. [dostęp 13 marca 2017].
  3. Discover Life: Point Map of Quercus arizonica (ang.). Encyclopedia of Life. [dostęp 13 marca 2017].
  4. Comprehensive Report Species - Quercus arizonica (ang.). NatureServe. [dostęp 13 marca 2017].
  5. a b c d e Quercus arizonica (fr.). Plantes & botanique. [dostęp 13 marca 2017].
  6. Quercus arizonica (ang.). Neotropical Flora - Google Map. [dostęp 4 kwietnia 2017].
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Quercus arizonica: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL

Quercus arizonica Sarg. – gatunek roślin z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w północnym Meksyku (w stanach Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango i Sonora) oraz południowych Stanach Zjednoczonych (w Arizonie, Nowym Meksyku i Teksasie).

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Quercus arizonica ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Quercus arizonica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Sarg. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1895.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ “Quercus arizonica”, NatureServe Explorer (NatureServe), truy cập ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2007
  2. ^ The Plant List (2010). Quercus arizonica. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


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Quercus arizonica: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Quercus arizonica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Sarg. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1895.

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