dcsimg

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Coarse annual. Culms stout, 1–3 m tall, 5–10 mm in diam., supported below by stilt roots, branched in upper part. Leaf sheaths tuberculate-hispid with stiff irritant hairs or sometimes glabrescent; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 20–50 × 0.5–2.5 cm, glabrous or adaxial surface hispidulous, very scabrid along margins, midrib broad, white, apex acuminate; ligule a ciliate membrane, ca. 1 mm. Racemes yellow and green, 6–15 × 0.25–0.4 cm, stiff, terminating in a green tail of reduced spikelets; rachis internodes 4–6 mm, rounded on back, slightly longer than adjacent pedicel. Sessile spikelet pale yellow, 5–6 mm; lower glume ovate, minutely scaberulous on back, keeled only toward entire or very minutely 2–3-toothed apex; lower lemma as long as upper lemma. Pedicelled spikelet green, variable, 3–5 mm, narrowly ovate, herbaceous. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of China Vol. 22: 645 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
محرر
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Fujian, Guangdong, Guang-xi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [throughout the Old World tropics; introduced to the Caribbean].
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of China Vol. 22: 645 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
محرر
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Sunny or moderately shady localities, roadsides, hill thickets, dry cultivated fields, grasslands; below 1900 m.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of China Vol. 22: 645 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
محرر
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Synonym ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Stegosia cochinchinensis Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 51. 1790; Rottboellia exaltata Linnaeus f. (1781), not (Linnaeus) Linnaeus f. (1779).
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of China Vol. 22: 645 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
محرر
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Derivation of specific name ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Flora of Zimbabwe
cochinchinensis: of Cochin, China where the type specimen was collected.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc
حقوق النشر
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=109200
مؤلف
Mark Hyde
مؤلف
Bart Wursten
مؤلف
Petra Ballings
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Flora of Zimbabwe

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Flora of Zimbabwe
Tall annual grass, up to 1-4 m, taller specimens often supported by stilt roots. Leaves linear, up to 45 × 2 cm, with harsh prickly hairs on the leaf sheaths Inflorescence 1-several spike-like racemes, cylindric, 3-15 cm long, hairless. Spikelets appear sunken into the main pedicel.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc
حقوق النشر
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=109200
مؤلف
Mark Hyde
مؤلف
Bart Wursten
مؤلف
Petra Ballings
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Flora of Zimbabwe

Worldwide distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Flora of Zimbabwe
Throughout the Old World Tropics. Introduced in the Caribbean.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc
حقوق النشر
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=109200
مؤلف
Mark Hyde
مؤلف
Bart Wursten
مؤلف
Petra Ballings
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Flora of Zimbabwe

Comprehensive Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من North American Flora
Stegosia exaltata (L.f.) Nash
Rotiboellia exaltata L,.f. Suppl. 114. 1781.
Stegosia cochinchinensis I<our. Fl. Cochinch. 51. 1790.
Rotiboellia setosa Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 : 329. 1830.
Roltboellia arundinacea Hochst.; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2 : 444. 1851.
Rotiboellia denudata Steud. Syn. Gram. 362. 1855.
Manisuris exaltata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 779. 1891.
Stems up to 3 m. tall, branched ; leaf -sheaths, at least the lower ones, papillose-hispid; blades linear-lanceolate, up to 6 dm. long and 3 cm. wide, the lower surface smooth, the upper rough and sometimes hairy ; spikes up to 1.5 dm. long and 5 mm. in diameter ; sessile spikelet 1or 2-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, including the basal callus, the first scale oblong-elliptic, obtusely acute ; pedicellate spikelet 1or 2-flowered, or sometimes reduced to a single scale.
Type locality : Indies.
Distribution : Introduced into lamaica, Haiti, and Grenada to Trinidad. Widely spread in the tropics of the Old World.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Percy Wilson, Per Axel Rydberg, Norman Taylor, Nathaniel Lord Britton, John Kunkel Small, George Valentine Nash. 1909. PANDANALES-POALES; TYPHACEAE, SPARGANACEAE, ELODEACEAE, HYDROCHARITACEAE, ZANNICHELLIACEAE, ZOSTERACEAE, CYMODOCEACEAE, NAIADACEAE, LILAEACEAE, SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, ALISMACEAE, BUTOMACEAE, POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
North American Flora

Physical Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من USDA PLANTS text
Annuals, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Prop roots present, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stems branchi ng above base or distally at nodes, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 1-2 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 2-6 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath hairy, hispid or prickly, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf sheath enlarged, inflated or distended, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 1-2 cm wide, Leaf blades 2 or more cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blades more or less hairy, Leaf blades scabrous, roughened, or wrinkled, Ligule present, Ligule a fringed, ciliate, or lobed membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence a dense slender spike-like panicle or raceme, branches contracted, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branc hes, Inflorescence single raceme, fascicle or spike, Inflorescence with 2-10 branches, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelets paired at rachis nodes, Spikelets in paired units, 1 sessile, 1 pedicellate, Pedicellate spikelet well developed, staminate, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, glumes persistent, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets disarticulating beneath or between the florets, Spikelets falling with parts of disarticulating rachis or pedicel, Spikelets closely appressed or embedded in concave portions of axis, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glumes keeled or winged, Glumes 3 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 3 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea longer than lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
المحول البرمجي
Dr. David Bogler
المصدر
Missouri Botanical Garden
المصدر
USDA NRCS NPDC
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
USDA PLANTS text

Mbaya (mmea) ( السواحلية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Mbaya (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) ni spishi ya nyasi katika nusufamilia Panicoideae. Kama jina lake linaashiria nyasi hili ni mmea msumbufu: ni gugu baya sana mashambani na pia nywele zake kama sindano zinavunjika zikidunga ngozi na zinasababisha maambukizo machungu. Spishi inatoka Vietnam kwa asili lakini sasa imewasilishwa au imesamba katika nchi zote za tropiki.

Viungo vya nje

Picha

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Waandishi wa Wikipedia na wahariri
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia emerging languages

Mbaya (mmea): Brief Summary ( السواحلية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Mbaya (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) ni spishi ya nyasi katika nusufamilia Panicoideae. Kama jina lake linaashiria nyasi hili ni mmea msumbufu: ni gugu baya sana mashambani na pia nywele zake kama sindano zinavunjika zikidunga ngozi na zinasababisha maambukizo machungu. Spishi inatoka Vietnam kwa asili lakini sasa imewasilishwa au imesamba katika nchi zote za tropiki.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Waandishi wa Wikipedia na wahariri
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia emerging languages

Rottboellia cochinchinensis ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Rottboellia cochinchinensis is a species of grass known by the common names Itchgrass,[1][2] Raoul grass,[3] corngrass,[4] Kokoma grass, Guinea-fowl grass, jointed grass, Shamwa grass[1] and Kelly grass.[5] It is a tall, tufted annual grass whose stems (culms) grow up to 3 metres (9 ft 10 in) in height with leaf-blades of up to 45 centimetres (1 ft 6 in) in length.[6] The species flowers at the apex of culms in the form of spike-like racemes composed of paired spikelets.[4] The common name Itchgrass comes from the bristly (hispid) leaf-sheath which can be irritating to the skin.[4]

Rottboellia cochinchinensis is native to tropical Asia and Africa and has also been introduced to the Americas where it is often considered to be an invasive species.[1][7][2] It is a major weed of a wide range of crops including maize, rice, sorghum and sugar cane.[1][8]

Description

Rottboellia cochinchinensis is an annual with prop roots supporting erect, laterally-branching culms which are usually between 30–300 cm in length,[6] although up to 400 cm high culms have been described.[9] Cauline leaves arise from hispid leaf-sheaths with irritating hairs, especially on the lower sheaths. The leaf-sheaths are as wide as the blade at the collar and have a truncated, membranous ligule of 1mm in length.[4] The leaf blades are slightly rough (scabridulous) and are generally linear to linear-lanceolate, terminating in an acuminate apex.[6][10] The leaves are usually between 15–45 cm long and 5-20mm wide,[6][9] although larger dimensions of 80 cm long and 45mm wide have been suggested as upper limits.[4]

The racemes of R. cochinensis are 3–15 cm long, cylindrical, hairless (glabrous), erect and are found on terminal and axillary culms. Each raceme is either embraced at the base by, or projects beyond, a leaf arising from an inflated leaf-sheath. The peduncle at the base of each raceme is rough and widens as it approaches its apex, where the raceme is divided by fragile nodes between each rachis. The rachides are strongly inflated at around 2–3.5mm wide and 5-7mm between each node and bear pairs of spikelets abaxially: one sterile and attached with a pedicel fused to the internode, the other fertile and attached directly (sessile).[11][6][10] The raceme tapers off with a number of reduced, sterile spikelets at the apex, which form a false panicle as they appear to be much-branched.[9]

The sterile, pedicelled spikelet in each pair is well developed at about 3-5mm long and is egg-shaped and dorsally flattened. The spikelet is enclosed by bracts called glumes which are hardened, smooth, obtuse, blunt, distinctly veined, glabrous and winged on the margins. The sterile spikelet is deciduous with the fertile spikelet, meaning they break off together with a central peg where the pair were attached transversely at each rachis node.[6] The fertile, sessile spikelets are very similar to the sterile spikelets, being around 3.5-5mm long, ovate and dorsally flattened, although they are attached differently to the rachis. The glumes of these spikelets are dissimilar as the lower one is wider than the upper and is not winged, whereas the upper is V-shaped. The lower glume has 13 veins and is 2-keeled, unlike the upper which is 11-veined and singularly keeled. Both reach the apex of the florets but the lower glume apex is notched (emarginate) whereas the upper is acute.[11][6]

As with most members of the Poaceae family, the fertile spikelets contain florets with two lodicules, fleshy scales which open the glumes during flowering. These lodicules are the same size as the 3 anthers present in the florets at 2mm long and within them are the female parts of the flower consisting of 2 stigmas. Also typically for the Poaceae, the fruit formed is a single seed fused to the pericarp called a caryopsis, although in R. cochinchinensis the pericarp becomes free with time. The caryopsis is 3.5mm in length with the embryo around half the total length. The hilum, the scar where the caryopsis attached to the placenta, is point-like (punctiform) and the endosperm is covered with a mealy powder (farinose).[6][10] The caryopsis is then disseminated with the rachis internode and a structure called the eliastome (callus knob) still attached.

Rottboellia cochinchinensis has been found to vary in chromosome number, with diploid cells having either 20, 36, 40 or 60 chromosomes, so either x=10 or sometimes x=9 are common basic numbers.[11][12][13]

Etymology

The genus Rottboellia was named in honour of the Danish botanist Christen Friis Rottbøll (1727–1797) by Carl Linnaeus the Younger in 1781 in the publication Supplementum Plantarum.[14] The species epithet cochinchinensis traces its etymology back to the basionym Stegosia cochinchinensis, which was used by João de Loureiro to denote the specimen he described being from Cochinchina, now part of Vietnam.[15][7][16]

Clayton[7] proposed the name Rottboellia cochinchinensis as a new combination for the species named Rottboellia exaltata, now as synonym of R. cochinchinensis. Due to a mistake by Linnaeus the Younger and the strict laws of nomenclature, the widely used R. exaltata combination had to be controversially discarded.[17]

Habitat and ecology

Rottboellia cochinchinensis uses C4 carbon fixation during photosynthesis and as such is mostly found in warm tropical climates with high sunlight, generally in the tropics and between the northern and southern 20 °C isotherms.[1][12][18][19] Carbon fixation by this pathway allows plants to avoid the wasteful process of photorespiration and as such confers a competitive advantage to species such as R. cochinchinensis in high light intensity, high heat and low humidity conditions over C3 plants.

The species can be found in a diverse array of habitats including grassland and marginal land, as well as being a major weed of perennial and rotation crops across the tropics.[1][4] Globally there are least 18 crop species where R. cochinchinensis is considered an important weed including sugarcane (Saccharum), maize (Zea), upland rice (Oryza), cotton (Gossypium), soy (Glycine), Sorghum and peanuts (Arachis).[1][3][12][8] Asian countries such as India do not seem to suffer from R. cochinchinensis as such a serious weed, suggesting that certain biotypes of the species are more vigorously competitive with crops than others.[12]

Rottboellia cochinchinensis is relatively shade tolerant, and also able to grow rapidly under high light exposure.[18] The species is usually found at altitudes up to 2300m, with low temperatures often being the limiting factor above this, and favours acidic soils.[1][8]

It flowers all year long in tropical climates, but during July and August in the US and is a prodigious seed producer, sometimes producing over 2000 seeds per plant (although not all would be viable) and over 650 kg per hectare.[1][8] Seed germination patterns are unclear and vary across the pantropical distribution of R. cochinchinensis,[18][8] and recent research is aiming to better understand seedling emergence patterns in order to inform control regimes.[20] They are dispersed by floodwater, birds, small mammals and latterly by humans and vehicles.[1][3][19] The eliastome (callus knob) which is disseminated with the caryopsis, contains oils which may attract ants and aid dispersal.[21]

Distribution

The natural distribution of R. cochinchinensis is somewhat unclear as the species seems to have been very successful at growing its range.[1][22] Most sources assume the species is native to South-East Asia, as it was first described from specimens found in this area,[15][7][12] although some sources cite India.[1] It is now pantropical in distribution, being found across the Old World tropics from southern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and Indonesia to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, and Australia as far as Queensland,[23] with one georeferenced record from New South Wales.[24][5] In addition, it has been widely introduced across the tropical Americas, possibly first to Cuba or Brazil but rapidly spreading across the Caribbean, southern United States and across tropical Central and South America.[1][23][5] Introductions are speculated to have originated from the transportation of crop products and agricultural and forestry machinery,[3][12][25] or even intentionally introduced for grazing in the Caribbean[1]

Taxonomy and systematics

The taxonomic classification of Rottboellia cochinchinensis is largely still based on the work of Clayton and Renvoize in 1986, who placed the genus within the Andropogoneae tribe of the Panicoideae, which is a subfamily within the Grasses (Family: Poaceae).[26] The tribe was defined morphologically by many characters including fragile racemes, subtended by a leaf-sheath, which bear pairs spikelets, one fertile and sessile and the other pedicelled and barren. Like many members of the tribe, the pairs of spikelets in R. cochinchinensis fall together with the internode at maturity. From this classification, the genus Rottboellia was thought to have evolved from a common ancestor with the Phacelurus and Coelorachis genera, with Rottboellia forming a sister clade to Zea. Clayton and Renvoize also recognised a subtribe Rottboelliinae which included the genera Coelorachis, Hackelochloa, Hemarthria and Elionurus, amongst others[26]

More recent evaluations of the Andropogoneae.[27][28][13][29][30] have found evolutionary relationships between the constituent genera more difficult to tease out. Phylogenetic methodologies have experienced difficulties in resolving evolutionary relationships within the tribe, and have pointed to rapid basal radiation [27] and/or frequent hybridisation[29] within the clade as possible causes. However, the merger of the genera Rottboellia and Coelorachis has been well supported.[27][13][30] Skendzic et al. (2007)[27] also has Hackelochloa, Hemarthria and Elionurus as sister genera within Rottboelliinea sensu Clayton and Renvoize (1986)[26]

Additional information

Archaeological evidence of a Rottboellia cochinchinensis caryopsis from an Early Iron Age site on the Lulonga River in the Democratic Republic of Congo was found in the early 2010s, possibly suggesting the species native distribution covers the Old World Tropics.[31] African communities have been known to use leaves and culms to produce mats.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Holm, L. G., Plucknett, D. L., Pancho, J. V., & Herberger, J. P. (1977). The world’s worst weeds. The World’s Worst Weeds.
  2. ^ a b Smith, M. C., Reeder, R. H., & Thomas, M. B. (1997). A Model to Determine the Potential for Biological Control of Rottboellia cochinchinensis with the Head Smut Sporisorium ophiuri. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 34(2), 388. https://doi.org/10.2307/2404884
  3. ^ a b c d Lencse, R. J., & Griffin, J. L. (1991). Itchgrass ( Rottboellia cochinchinensis ) Interference in Sugarcane ( Saccharum sp .) Weed Science. 5(2), 396–399.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Hafliger, E., & Scholz, H. (1980). Grass weeds I. Weeds of the subfamily Panicoideae. Grass Weeds I. Weeds of the Subfamily Panicoideae.
  5. ^ a b c GBIF Secretariat (2019) Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei https://www.gbif.org/species/2704075 [Accessed on 08 October 2019]
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Clayton, W.D., Vorontsova, M.S., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [Accessed 08 October 2019]
  7. ^ a b c d Clayton, W. D. (1980). Notes on the Tribe Andropogoneae ( Gramineae ) Kew Bulletin, 35(4), 813–818.
  8. ^ a b c d e Bolfrey-Arku, G. E.-K., Chauhan, B. S., & Johnson, D. E. (2011). Seed Germination Ecology of Itchgrass ( Rottboellia cochinchinensis ) . Weed Science, 59(2), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00095.1
  9. ^ a b c Cope, T. A. (2002). Rottboellia L.f. In G. V. Pope & E. S. Martins (Eds.), Flora Zambesiaca (pp. 174–176). London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  10. ^ a b c Beentje, H. (2016). Plant Glossary: an illustrated dictionary of plant terms. Kew Publishing
  11. ^ a b c Veldkamp, Koning, & Sosef. (1986). Generic Limitation of Rottboellia and Related Genera. 31, 281–307.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Millhollon, R. W., & Burner, D. M. (1993). Itchgrass ( Rottboellia cochinchinensis ) Biotypes in World Populations. Weed Science, 41(3), 379–387. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500052085
  13. ^ a b c Kellogg, E. A., & Kubitzki, K. (2015). Flowering plants. Monocots: Poaceae. In Flowering Plants. Monocots: Poaceae. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15332-2
  14. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1781). Supplementum Plantarum Part 2. Supplementum Plantarum, 126–127.
  15. ^ a b Loureiro, J. de (1790). Flora Cochinchinensis, v. 1. In Flora cochinchinensis (Vol. 1).
  16. ^ Clifford, H.T. & Bostock, P.B. (2007) Etymological Dictionary of Grasses. Springer, Germany.
  17. ^ Simon, B. K. 1982. (667) Proposal to conserve the species name Rottboellia exaltata L. f. (Poaceae). Taxon 31:564-565
  18. ^ a b c Strahan, R. E., Griffin, J. L., Reynolds, D. B., & Miller, D. K (2019). Interference between Rottboellia cochinchinensis and Zea mays. Weed Science Society of America. 48(2), 205–211.
  19. ^ a b Spaunhorst, D. J., & Orgeron, A. J. (2019). Dry Heat and Exposure Time Influence Divine Nightshade and Itchgrass Seed Emergence. Agronomy Journal, 111(5), 2226. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2019.02.0072
  20. ^ Leon, R. G., Izquierdo, J., & Gonzalez-Andujar, J. L. (2015). Characterization and Modeling of Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) Biphasic Seedling Emergence Patterns in the Tropics. Weed Science, 63(3), 623–630.
  21. ^ Veldkamp, Koning & Sosef. (1986). Generic Limitation of Rottboellia and Related Genera. 31, 281–307.
  22. ^ Alves, E. C. C., Silva, M. A. S., Moro, F. V. Luís, P., Bachega, M. F., Moro, J. R., F, M. V., (2019). Identification and Characterization of Different Accessions of Itchgrass ( Rottboellia America 51(2), 177–180.
  23. ^ a b Plants of the World Online | Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton | Kew Science. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:909653-1
  24. ^ BioNet Atlas of NSW Wildlife:SRXLI0013904 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/613cf229-2a51-44b0-8106-8c39c83fbe95
  25. ^ Veldman, J. W., & Putz, F. E. (2019). Long-distance Dispersal of Invasive Grasses by Logging Vehicles in a Tropical Dry Forest Author ( s ): Joseph W . Veldman and Francis E . Putz Published by : Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/40891. 42(6), 697–703.
  26. ^ a b c Clayton, W. D., & Renvoize, S. A. (1986). Genera graminum. Grasses of the World. Genera Graminum. Grasses of the World., 13.
  27. ^ a b c d Skendzic, E. M., Travis Columbus, J., & Cerros-Tlatilpa, R. (2007). Phylogenetics of Andropogoneae (Poaceae: Panicoideae) Based on Nuclear Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast trnL-F Sequences. In Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany (Vol. 23).
  28. ^ Teerawatananon, A., Jacobs, S. W. L., & Hodkinson, T. R. (2010). Phylogenetics of Panicoideae (Poaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Telopea, 13(1–2), 115–142.
  29. ^ a b Soreng, R. J., Peterson, P. M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Zuloaga, F. O., Judziewicz, E. J., … Morrone, O. (2015). A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae). Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 53(2), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150
  30. ^ a b Soreng, R. J., Peterson, P. M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J. K., Clark, L. G., … Zuloaga, F. O. (2017). A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 55(4), 259–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262
  31. ^ Kahlheber, S., & Eggert, M. K. H. (2014). Pearl Millet and Other Plant Remains from the Early Iron Age Site of Boso-Njafo (Inner Congo Basin , Democratic Republic of the Congo ) The African Archaeological Review 31(3), 479–512.
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Rottboellia cochinchinensis: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Rottboellia cochinchinensis is a species of grass known by the common names Itchgrass, Raoul grass, corngrass, Kokoma grass, Guinea-fowl grass, jointed grass, Shamwa grass and Kelly grass. It is a tall, tufted annual grass whose stems (culms) grow up to 3 metres (9 ft 10 in) in height with leaf-blades of up to 45 centimetres (1 ft 6 in) in length. The species flowers at the apex of culms in the form of spike-like racemes composed of paired spikelets. The common name Itchgrass comes from the bristly (hispid) leaf-sheath which can be irritating to the skin.

Rottboellia cochinchinensis is native to tropical Asia and Africa and has also been introduced to the Americas where it is often considered to be an invasive species. It is a major weed of a wide range of crops including maize, rice, sorghum and sugar cane.

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Rottboellia cochinchinensis ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Rottboellia cochinchinensis, l'herbe fataque, est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Panicoideae, originaire des régions tropicales de l'Ancien Monde (Afrique, Asie, Australasie) et naturalisée dans les régions tropicales du Nouveau Monde et du Pacifique.

Ce sont des plantes herbacées annuelles aux chaumes dressés, robustes, pouvant atteindre 3 m de haut, s'enracinant souvent aux niveaux des nœuds inférieurs. L'inflorescence est composée de racèmes spiciformes, sub-cylindrique pouvant atteindre 15 cm de long. Les graines (caryopses) sont en forme de capsule.

Cette plante est une mauvaise herbe des cultures relativement agressive dans de nombreux pays tropicaux. Elle figure aux États-Unis dans la liste des mauvaises herbes nuisibles (noxious weeds) au niveau fédéral[2].

Étymologie
Le nom générique « Rottboellia » est un hommage au botaniste danois, Christen Friis Rottboell (1727-1797)[3]. L'épithète spécifique, cochinchinensis, est un adjectif en latin botanique rappelant que la plante est originaire de la Cochinchine (actuellement partie intégrante du Viêt Nam)[4].
Noms vernaculaires
herbe fataque, herbe duvet, herbe à canne, herbe à riz, herbe queue-de-rat[5],[6].

Description

 src=
Inflorescence.

Rottboellia cochinchinensis est une plante herbacée annuelle aux tiges (chaumes) dressés de 30 à 300 cm de long, présentant à la base des racines adventives aériennes formant « échasses ». Les feuilles caulinaires ont une gaine, hispide, avec des poils munis de tubercule à la base, aussi large que le limbe au niveau du collet. La ligule est une membrane ciliée, tronquée, de 1 mm de long. Le limbe foliaire, de 15 à 45 cm de long sur 5 à 20 mm de large, présente une surface scabéruleuse et un apex acuminé[7].

L'inflorescence est composée de racèmes, terminal et axillaires, sensiblement térètes, de 3 à 15 cm de long, qui sont sous-tendus par une gaine foliaire enflée. Les épillets, enfoncés, sont groupés par paires : un épillet fertile sessile accompagné d'un épillet stérile pédicellé. Les épillets stériles, bien développés, ovales, comprimés dorsalement, de 3 à 5 mm de long, contiennent des lemmes vides. Ils sont sous-tendus par des glumes durcies, ailées sur les bords, nettement nervurées, lisses, glabres, obtuses, mutiques (ne portant pas d'arêtes). Les lemmes des épillets stériles sont enfermées dans les glumes. Les épillets fertiles ovales, comprimés dorsalement, gibbeux, de 3,5 à 5 mm de long, comprennent un fleuron basal stérile et un fleuron fertile sans extension du rachillet. Ils se détachent entiers à maturité. Ils présentent un callus glabre, tronqué à la base[7].

Les glumes sont dissemblables : la glume inférieure, ovale, aussi longue que l'épillet, plus large que la glume supérieure et atteignant l'apex des fleurons, présente deux carènes ailées et 13 nervures. La glume supérieure, gibbeuse, ovale, cartacée, aussi longue que la lemme fertile adjacente, présente une carène ailée et 11 nervures, et un apex aigu. Les fleurons présentent 2 lodicules oblongs, charnus, de 2 mm de long, 3 anthères de 2 mm de long et 2 stigmates[7].

Le fruit est un caryopse pâle, ovoïde, de 3,5 mm de long, au péricarpe tardivement libre. L'embryon à une longueur égale à la moitié de celle du caryopse. Le hile est punctiforme. L'albumen est farineux. La diaspore comprend un entrenœud du rachis[7].

Distribution et habitat

L'aire de répartition originelle de Rotboellia cochinchinensis s'étend dans les régions tropicales de l'Ancien Monde. Son origine se situe probablement en Indochine, dans l'actuel Viêt Nam. L'espèce a été introduite dans le Nouveau Monde où elle s'est naturalisée notamment en Amérique centrale et dans les Caraïbes. Elle s'est également largement diffusée dans les régions tropicales d'Asie, des îles du Pacifique, d'Afrique et d'Australie[5].

Rottboellia cochinchinensis se rencontre dans divers habitats, généralement dans des sites ouverts et bien drainés comme les bords de routes, mais aussi dans les champs cultivés. On la trouve également dans des terrains humides, voire dans des eaux peu profondes. Elle supporte aussi bien le plein soleil qu'une ombre modérée, par exemple dans les forêts et les fourrés. La plante préfère les sites situés entre 800 et 1300 m d'altitude, le facteur limitant principal étant les précipitations en-dessous de 1300 m et la température au-dessus de cette altitude[5].

Synonymes

Selon Catalogue of Life (9 novembre 2017)[8] :

  • Aegilops fluviatilis Blanco
  • Manisuris exaltata Kuntze
  • Manisuris exaltata var. appendiculata (Steud.) Honda, nom. superfl.
  • Ophiuros appendiculatus Steud.
  • Rottboellia arundinacea Hochst. ex A.Rich.
  • Rottboellia denudata Steud.
  • Rottboellia exaltata L.f., nom. illeg.
  • Rottboellia exaltata var. appendiculata (Steud.) Hack.
  • Rottboellia exaltata f. arundinacea (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Hack.
  • Rottboellia exaltata f. glaberrima Chiov.
  • Rottboellia exaltata var. robusta Hook.f.
  • Rottboellia hispida Roxb. ex Hook.f.
  • Rottboellia setosa J.Presl
  • Stegosia cochinchinensis Lour.
  • Stegosia exaltata (Kuntze) Nash

Plante fourragère

Rottboellia cochinchinensis est une plante fourragère dont la valeur économique est relativement faible. L'espèce aurait cependant été introduite aux États-Unis au début du XXe siècle pour tester sa valeur fourragère[5]. C'est une plante fourragère utile quand elle est jeune et adaptée à l'ensilage. A l'état adulte, ses poils raides sont irritants et réduisent fortement l'appétence. En Tanzanie, les agriculteurs classent cette plante au troisième rang derrière Pennisetum purpureum et Megathyrsus maximus pour la croissance, la production laitière et la santé générale des animaux. La plante peut être cultivée en mélange avec d'autres graminées pour nourrir les bovins, ce qui entraîne un apport plus élevé de matière sèche Au Pakistan, la plante n'a pas été jugée assez nutritive pour répondre aux besoins des animaux et une supplémentation a été recommandée. Aux îles Samoa, on a obtenu une consommation volontaire de matière sèche plus élevée par des chèvres en leur donnant comme fourrage de saison sèche des plants de 'Rottboellia cochinchinensis flétris[6].

Mauvaise herbe

Rottboellia cochinchinensis est une mauvaise herbe dans de nombreux pays tropicaux, en particulier dans le Nouveau Monde où ses infestations sont les plus graves notamment du fait de pratiques agronomiques favorables et de l'absence d'ennemis naturels qui auraient co-évolué avec la plante. Celle-ci prospère particulièrement entre les latitudes 23 ° N et 23 ° S, à l'intérieur de l'isotherme des 20 °C. Elle infeste diverses cultures, en particulier le maïs, la canne à sucre, le riz pluvial, les haricots, le sorgho et certaines cultures pérennes, comme les agrumes et le palmier à huile au début de leur croissance. L'espèce est cependant capable de s'adapter dans certaines régions de climat tempéré, en particulier aux États-Unis où elle peut atteindre 75 à 100 % de son potentiel de croissance[9].

Impact économique

On estime que rien qu'en Amérique centrale et dans les Caraïbes, Rottboellia cochinchinensis affectait plus de 3,5 millions d'hectares en 1992. Les infestations par cette mauvaise herbe peuvent entraîner des pertes de rendements allant jusqu'à 80 %, et même entraîner l'abandon de terres agricoles. Les agriculteurs pauvres des régions tropicales consacrent des montants substantiels en temps et en intrants pour maîtriser l'herbe dans leurs cultures vivrières[9].

Résistance aux herbicides

Des cas de résistance à des herbicides de populations de Rottboellia cochinchinensis ont été signalés, d'une part aux États-Unis depuis 1997 : résistance dans des cultures de soja au fluazifop-P-butyle, substance active classée dans le groupe 1 (inhibiteurs de l'ACCase) de la classification HRAC des herbicides, d'autre part au Venezuela depuis 2007 : résistance dans des cultures de maïs à plusieurs herbicides inhibiteurs de l'ALS (groupe 2 de ladite classification) : foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-méthyle-sodium et nicosulfuron[10]. Il s'agit dans ce cas d'une résistance croisée pouvant éventuellement concerner d'autres herbicides du groupe 2[11].

Des cas de résistance au fluazifop-P-butyle ont également été signalés au Costa Rica, en Bolivie et en Équateur, pays où l'emploi de cet herbicide est recommandé pour lutter contre Rottboellia cochinchinensis. Une étude menée au Costa Rica en 2016 a montré que cette résistance était liée à la mutation (Trp-2027-Cys) d'un site-cible du gène de l'ACCase. Cette mutation est connue pour conférer aux plantes qui en sont porteuses une résistance à tous les herbicides de la classe APP (ou aryloxyphénoxypropionates), l'une des trois classes d'herbicides du groupe 2 (inhibiteurs de l'ACCcase) (par exemple fenoxaprop, haloxyfop et clodinafop), mais son effet est faible sur les substances des deux autres classes, CHD (ou cyclohexanédiones) et PPZ (ou phénylpyrazolines)[12].

Notes et références

  1. The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/, consulté le 9 novembre 2017
  2. (en) « Federal Noxious Weeds », sur Introduced, Invasive, and Noxious Plants, USDA Natural Ressources Conservation Service (consulté le 10 novembre 2017)
  3. (en) H. Trevor Clifford et Peter D. Bostock, Etymological Dictionary of Grasses, Berlin, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007, 320 p. (ISBN 978-3-540-38432-8), p. 253.
  4. (en) H. Trevor Clifford et Peter D. Bostock, Etymological Dictionary of Grasses, Berlin, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007, 320 p. (ISBN 978-3-540-38432-8), p. 74.
  5. a b c et d (en) Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Charlie Riches, « Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) », sur Invasive Species Compendium, CABI (consulté le 10 novembre 2017).
  6. a et b (en) Heuzé V., Tran G., « Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) », sur Feedipedia, INRA, CIRAD, AFZ et FAO, 2015 (consulté le 10 novembre 2017).
  7. a b c et d (en) W.D. Clayton, M. Vorontsova, K.T. Harman & H. Williamson, « Rottboellia cochinchinensis », sur GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora (consulté le 10 novembre 2017).
  8. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 9 novembre 2017
  9. a et b (en) Bernal E. Valverde, « Progress on Rottboellia cochinchinensis management », sur Weed Management for Developing Countries, Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO), 2003 (consulté le 10 novembre 2017).
  10. (en) Ian Heap, « Herbicide Resistant Itchgrass Globally (Rottboellia cochinchinensis (=R. exaltata)) », sur International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (consulté le 10 novembre 2017).
  11. (en) Ian Heap, « Group B/2 Resistant Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis (=R. exaltata)) ALS inhibitors (B/2) », sur International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (consulté le 10 novembre 2017).
  12. (en) R. Castillo-Matamoros, A. Brenes-Angulo, F. Herrera-Murillo, L. Gómez Alpízar, « Molecular Basis for Resistance to Fluazifop-P-Butyl in Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) from Costa Rica », Planta daninha, vol. 34, no 1 Viçosa,‎ janvier/mars 2016 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne).

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Rottboellia cochinchinensis: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Rottboellia cochinchinensis, l'herbe fataque, est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Panicoideae, originaire des régions tropicales de l'Ancien Monde (Afrique, Asie, Australasie) et naturalisée dans les régions tropicales du Nouveau Monde et du Pacifique.

Ce sont des plantes herbacées annuelles aux chaumes dressés, robustes, pouvant atteindre 3 m de haut, s'enracinant souvent aux niveaux des nœuds inférieurs. L'inflorescence est composée de racèmes spiciformes, sub-cylindrique pouvant atteindre 15 cm de long. Les graines (caryopses) sont en forme de capsule.

Cette plante est une mauvaise herbe des cultures relativement agressive dans de nombreux pays tropicaux. Elle figure aux États-Unis dans la liste des mauvaises herbes nuisibles (noxious weeds) au niveau fédéral.

Étymologie Le nom générique « Rottboellia » est un hommage au botaniste danois, Christen Friis Rottboell (1727-1797). L'épithète spécifique, cochinchinensis, est un adjectif en latin botanique rappelant que la plante est originaire de la Cochinchine (actuellement partie intégrante du Viêt Nam). Noms vernaculaires herbe fataque, herbe duvet, herbe à canne, herbe à riz, herbe queue-de-rat,.
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Cỏ mía ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Cỏ mía hay cỏ lắt léo, cỏ dầy xanh, cây cô hong (danh pháp: Rottboellia cochinchinensis) là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được (Lour.) Clayton mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1981.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Rottboellia cochinchinensis. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết chủ đề tông thực vật Andropogoneae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cỏ mía: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Cỏ mía hay cỏ lắt léo, cỏ dầy xanh, cây cô hong (danh pháp: Rottboellia cochinchinensis) là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được (Lour.) Clayton mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1981.

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ツノアイアシ ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語
ツノアイアシ Rottbellia cochinchinensis 1.jpg
ツノアイアシ
分類 : 植物 Plantae : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta : 単子葉植物綱 Liliopsida : イネ目 Poales : イネ科 Poaceae : ツノアイアシ属 Rottboellia : ツノアイアシ R. cochinchinensis 学名 Rottboellia cochinchinensis
(Lour.) Clayton, 1981 和名 ツノアイアシ 英名 Itchgrass

ツノアイアシRottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton [1])は、大型になるイネ科植物の1種である。小穂が軸に埋もれた棒状の花穂をつける。亜熱帯熱帯域の有力な雑草であり、また他感作用を持つことが知られている。

概説[編集]

ツノアイアシは大柄なイネ科の雑草である。花穂が太い棒状で、小穂はその穂の軸の窪みに収まってしまい、外に突き出ない。果実が熟した際にはこの軸そのものが小穂を含んだ形で折れる。小穂は対をなして生じるが、その二形が著しい。

熱帯域から亜熱帯域では強壮な雑草であり、サトウキビなどには深刻な影響を与える場合がある。他方で、この植物体を用いて他の雑草の成長を抑制しようとする利用もある。

英名はItchgrassである。和名はアイアシに基づくものと思われるが、アイアシがヨシに似て、地下茎が横に走り、地上茎が細い竹状に伸びる姿になるのとはかけ離れており、放射状に太い花穂を出す姿とも似てはいない。むしろ、全体としてはウシノシッペイを太く大きくしたような姿の植物である。なお、ウシノシッペイはこの属に含められたことがある。

特徴[編集]

大柄な一年生草本。草丈は1mから2.5mにも達することがある[2]は基部近くで分枝しながら立ち上がり、茎の内部は海綿質になっている。節ごとに葉を出し、葉の基部は鞘となる。鞘には多少の粗い毛を生じ、特に株元のものはちくちくと肌に刺さる。は扁平で線形、長さは20-60cm、幅は1-3cm。先端は尖り、上面はざらつく。

茎の上方の葉腋から花序を出す。穂状花序は基部と先端が細まった円筒形で、長さ8-15cm、幅は約3mm、ふつうは単独に生じ、ほぼ直立する。外見的には突き出した部分はほぼない。花序全体は長さ6-7mmの節に分かれ、それぞれの節の基部から一対の小穂がでる。これは有柄小穂と無柄小穂が隣り合った組になっており、そのどちらもが主軸に出来たくぼみに収まり、外見的には突出しない。結実するのは無柄の方だけである。成熟時には主軸の節ごとに折れ、主軸とともに落ちる。折れ口では中央が下に突き出してレゴブロックのようになっている。なお、穂の先端近くの節では退化した小穂のみをつけて折れやすい。ちなみに、押し葉標本とした際にも穂が折れやすく、うっかりするとすべてバラバラになってしまう。

 src=
花序

分布と生育環境[編集]

世界的には熱帯アフリカから熱帯アジアオーストラリアに産し、南北アメリカの熱帯域にも帰化している。沖縄本島には第二次世界大戦後に帰化し、1970年代には先島諸島にまで定着した[3]2000年代には沖縄宮古八重山大東諸島にも広がった[4]。日本本土での記録もあるが、極めて少なく、定着していない模様。荒れ地草原や道ばたにも見られるが、サトウキビ畑などにも出現する。

利害[編集]

亜熱帯から熱帯域においては畑地の強壮な雑草として広く知られている。サトウキビ畑にもよく繁茂し、沖縄のサトウキビ畑におけるもっとも害の大きい雑草4種の一つとして上げられている[5]。対処法としては遮光すること、それから初期に除草することが有効で、逆にそれを怠るとサトウキビの生育が悪くなる[6]

タイにおいても強雑草として知られるが、この地域ではこの植物の茎葉部をカリフラワーなど野菜栽培の圃場で地表を覆うマルチング用の資材として活用している。これは土壌からの水分蒸発を押さえる意味とともに、雑草の発育を抑制する効果がある。実験的にもこの植物の抽出液によって他の植物の生育を阻害する効果があること、根の部分より茎葉の部分に効果が高いこと、これが実際の土壌中でも効果を上げることが確認され、おそらく他感作用の存在を示すものと考えられている[7]

出典[編集]

  1. ^ Ylistによる。ただし、下記それ以外の文献は R. exaltata を使っている。
  2. ^ 以下、主として初島()p.712-713
  3. ^ 初島・天野(1977)p.169
  4. ^ 沖縄生物教育研究会(2004)p.74
  5. ^ 石嶺(1991)p.97、ちなみにあとの3種はテリミノイヌホウズキナス科)・タチスズメノヒエ(イネ科)・タチアワユキセンダングサキク科)。
  6. ^ Ishimine et al.(1988)
  7. ^ 小林他

参考文献[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ツノアイアシに関連するカテゴリがあります。
  • 初島住彦『琉球植物誌(追加・訂正版)』,(1975),沖縄生物教育研究会
  • 初島住彦・天野鉄夫、『琉球植物目録』、(1977)、でいご出版
  • 沖縄生物教育研究会編、『フィールドガイド 沖縄の生き物たち』、(2004)、沖縄生物教育会
  • Yukio Ishimine, Seiich Murayama, & Sigeo Matsumoto. 1988. Physiological and Ecological Characteristics of Sugarcane Field Weeds in RyukyuIslands. Weed Research Vol.33(2) pp.122-128
  • 石嶺行男、(1991)「琉球列島におけるサトウキビ畑の雑草植生の実態と強害草の生態・生理学的研究」、雑草研究 Vol.36(2).pp.97-108
  • 小林勝一郎・山崎敦子・沈利星・石塚皓造.「土壌に存在する化学物質の殺草作用発現機構 (4)ツノアイアシ(Rotbellia exalata)の他感作用の検索」
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ツノアイアシ: Brief Summary ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語

ツノアイアシ(Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton )は、大型になるイネ科植物の1種である。小穂が軸に埋もれた棒状の花穂をつける。亜熱帯熱帯域の有力な雑草であり、また他感作用を持つことが知られている。

ترخيص
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wikipedia 日本語