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Much of the above variation may be explained by the severity of the fire and
moisture content of the forest floor at the time of the fire. Neiland [85] was
investigating the Tillamook Burn area, a region exposed to 3 severe fires within 12 years. The Sundance
Burn was also a severe wildfire [108], while queencup beadlily responses reported
by Halvorson [46] and Hamilton and Peterson [47] were after low-severity fires.
Hamilton and Peterson's [47] study design included logging followed by no burn,
spring burn, and fall burn treatments. Although both
were low-severity fires, drier conditions occurred on the spring burn. This fire
resulted in 24.9% duff reduction compared to 10.4% duff reduction in the fall
burn. The dry, spring burn had the largest effect on queencup beadlily.
Coverage dropped from 2.30% before treatment to 0.23% the year after treatment. After
11 years queencup beadlily coverage at the site (1.68%) had yet to the reach pretreatment level
(2.30%). It is important to note that the treatments in this study
were pseudoreplicated. Thus, results should not be extrapolated to other areas. Simmerman
and others [102] investigated the response of vegetation after a shelterwood cut and
3 burn treatments (dry burn, moist burn, and a no burn control) on a Priest River Experimental Forest site in northern Idaho.
Overstory was about 51% Douglas-fir, 33% ponderosa pine, and the
remainder a mixture of western larch, western redcedar, and western white pine. They
also found a larger effect from a dry burn. Queencup beadlily coverage
was reduced from 2.4% to 0.3% compared to a reduction from 3.0% to 1.4% on the moist
burn and a decrease from 3.6% to 2.7% on the site where only the shelterwood cut
was performed.
In addition to fire severity and moisture content at the time of the burn, the
substrate in which queencup beadlily is rooted can have a large effect. Queencup
beadlily can root in soil or in organic layers [100,110].
Plants rooted in organic layers are much more susceptible to fire [104,110]. The rhizomes and roots of plants growing within
the organic layer are consumed as a fire burns through, while
those in the soil are protected. Rooting depth in the soil is also an important factor, as
rhizomes and roots that are deeper are more protected from fire [52].
The Research Papers
(Hamilton 2006a, Hamilton 2006b) and Research Project Summary
of Hamilton's studies provide information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant
community species including queencup beadlily.
Queencup beadlily can be found in coniferous forests in a wide variety of
moderately dry to moist sites [64,69,77,80], although coverages may be higher in areas
with increased soil moisture [38]. It is most common between 3,000 to 5,000 feet
(914-1,525 m) [114], but has been reported from below 1,000 up to 6,000 feet
(305-1,829 m) elevation [74,100,114]. Topography varies from flat riparian zones [65] to
steep slopes [95].
Soils:
Queencup beadlily occurs on a wide variety of soil types and site productivity
levels. Habitat types that contain queencup beadlily in the subboreal white
spruce (Picea glauca) zone of British Columbia occurred on a wide range of soil textures, although some
types did not occur on sandy soils [119]. La Roi and Hnatiuk [69] reported queencup beadlily
on relatively fine-textured soils in Banff and Jasper National Parks, Alberta.
Morainal till [47] and
fine-grained metamorphic bedrock such as phyllite and hornfeld [97] have been
reported as parent materials. Queencup
beadlily also grows in a range of volcanic material including tephra [124], ash [86],
and pumice [80]. Queencup beadlily habitat types described by Pfister and
others
[89] occurred on sites with a wide range of soil textures, although occurrence on
clay loam was rare. Gravel content of these sites ranged from 5%
to 40%. Coarse content was typically metamorphic rock, including argillite and
gneiss/schist, and noncalcareous sedimentary rock. However, other types
including igneous and calcareous material occurred. The minimum and maximum
duff depths for these sites were 1 inch (2.6 cm) and 3.5 inches (9.0 cm), respectively.
The sites shared some characteristics. For instance, all sites had low percentages of bare
rock, no bare soil, and acidic soils, with pH ranging
from 4.9 to 5.6 [89]. Klinka and others [64] also noted queencup beadlily's
preference for acidic soils. Queencup beadlily tolerates a wide range of
calcium availability [119] and can occur in nitrogen poor soils [64]. Although
associated with sites with high productivity [44,48,66,114], queencup beadlily
occurs on sites with a wide range of productivity from poor to high
[97,114,115,119]. On more
productive sites queencup beadlily is likely to occur in hummocks or on
decaying wood [42,119]. Several authors have reported queencup beadlily growing
in organic matter [42,64,88,119].
Queencup beadlily occurs in many coniferous forests types [12,29,120]. It is an
indicator in moist or cool forests [19,45,113] such as western
redcedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla),
grand fir (Abies grandis), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and
Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) [12,23,59,75,113]. In
addition to these species, queencup beadlily is associated with
western white pine (Pinus monticola) [12], Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis) [51], and noble fir (Abies procera) [39]. It also inhabits riparian zones [65]. Queencup beadlily
occurs to a lesser extent in drier
forest types such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)
[12,120]. It has even been reported in mature
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands [77].
Understory species associates include threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella
trifoliata), twinflower (Linnaea borealis), and bunchberry dogwood (Cornus
canadensis) [26,73,89].
Classifications that use queencup beadlily as an understory dominant, associate,
or indicator species are listed below by state or province.
Queencup beadlily is a useful indicator for the health of certain stands. It
typically occurs on sites that have high conifer productivity [44,48,66,114]. Schenk
and others [98] determined that queencup
beadlily indicated low risk of grand fir mortality from fir
engraver beetles. Frederick and Partridge [40] found queencup beadlily was a good
indicator of sites with high incidence of decay due to the moist nature of
the areas in which fungus occurs.
Halverson's [45] summary of indicator plants
of western Oregon and southwestern Washington noted the traditional use of queencup beadlily juice for sore eyes
and bruised leaves to stop bleeding [45]. Queencup beadlily is
currently used as a garden ornamental [44,66].
Queencup beadlily typically declines in frequency and coverage due to fire
[47,82,85,102,118]. Declines can be small and short lived. For example, 1 year
after a fall experimental burn in a cold, wet area of the Engelmann spruce-subalpine
fir zone of south-central British Columbia, mean queencup beadlily
coverage dropped from 2.13% before fire to 0.61%. However, subsequent monitoring after
2, 3, 5, and 11 postfire years showed queencup beadlily coverage was equal to or greater
than prefire coverage [47]. On a western larch-Douglas-fir site in western
Montana, Halvorson [46] listed queencup beadlily as a common species 4 years
after a fire on damp fuels that did not affect 65% of the vegetation and only
charred the duff in affected areas. However, occurrence of queencup beadlily
before the fire was unknown.
Much larger and lasting effects of fire have also been reported for queencup
beadlily. For instance, 10 years after the Tillamook Fire in northwestern
Oregon, frequency of queencup beadlily was 6% in a burned area compared to 68%
within an island of unburned Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western redcedar
forest [85]. Miller and Miller [82] listed queencup beadlily as an herb typical
of unburned western hemlock-Douglas-fir-western redcedar stands, but reported it
as absent from burned areas during 3 years of postfire monitoring after
lightening started several wildfires in the North Cascades National Park of
north-central Washington. After the Sundance wildfire in northern Idaho, an area
containing Douglas-fir, western larch, western redcedar, and western hemlock
took 10 or more years for queencup beadlily to reach coverages of at least 1% on
many sites [111]. Again, coverages before the fire were unknown. It is possible
that light and moisture conditions after severe fires are unfavorable for
queencup beadlily persistence or establishment.
Queencup beadlily reproduces by production of ramets from spreading rhizomes and
germination from seed. Production of new ramets allows individual plants
to take advantage of resources available in multiple areas and at different
times [105]. It is possible that asexual reproduction occurs more often than
germination by seed [4,50,124].
Breeding system:
Queencup beadlily is monoecious [57].
Pollination:
No information is available on this topic.
Seed production:
The queencup beadlily berry contains several seeds. Piper
[91] found a mean of 6.76 seeds per fruit and a mean seed weight of 82.23 mg/fruit
(see the table above
for more detail) [91].
Fruit production of a given ramet may be infrequent. Antos [4] observed only 4 of 29 ramets
blooming in the Cascade Range of Oregon. Harmon and Franklin [50] found no
queencup beadlily seeds in a year's worth of seed rain samples or in 6 months
of "growing out" 2 soil samples from sites that had 2.9% and 1.5% coverage of
queencup beadlily, respectively. However, this result may reflect the length of time before germination
more than a lack of seeds [90].
Seed dispersal:
Frugivorous birds are the only reported dispersers of queencup beadlily seeds. Observations led
Piper [91] to conclude that the varied thrush was the principal species eating
several fruits, including those of queencup beadlily, in his
study area in southeastern Washington. Hungerford [58] classified queencup
beadlily as an important ruffed grouse food, but actual use was not reported. Pojar and
MacKinnon [92] and Layser [72] also noted the use of queencup
beadlily berries as grouse food. Piper [91]
observed fruits taken by elk or deer during grazing. He assumed that queencup
beadlily seeds eaten by ungulates and by rodents were lost. However,
the germination rates of queencup beadlily seeds in ripe fruits eaten by any
species are unknown. Seeds eaten before they ripen are effectively predated
[90].
Seed banking:
Although little is known of the length of time soil-stored queencup beadlily seeds remain viable, findings
to date suggest it is at least a couple years. Piper [90] found an average
of 56.55% of seeds did not germinate 500 days after the first individual in a
collection germinated. Since percentages of nonviable seeds from ripe fruit were
very small, the percent that were dormant would be only slightly less. In
addition, queencup beadlily germinated in a greenhouse from soil salvaged from a
campground construction site. It was 1 of 6 species that also germinated at
the revegetation site within a year [103].
Germination:
All the reported queencup beadlily germination information comes from a single study, in which
seeds were placed in 0.8 inch (2 cm) of moist sand and kept in a refrigerator at
40 °F (5 °C).
Of seeds that were collected from ripe fruit, an average of
43.45% germinated between the time the first seed germinated and 500 days later.
On average it took 325.5 days for the first individual from a collection to
germinate. Germination rate increased with later collection dates, with fruit
collected on 13 September having a 49% germination rate. No seeds germinated from
unripe fruit, and only 8.57% germinated from ripening fruit [90].
Seedling establishment/growth:
Piper [90] reported diverse effects of increased light on queencup beadlily
seedlings grown in a greenhouse. Queencup beadlily seedlings grew larger and had a higher percentage
of root biomass when grown in full sunlight than when grown in 35% of full sun.
However, those grown in full sun experienced a 4%
lower survival rate than those grown in 35% of full sun. Root biomass of seedlings also increased
with day length [90].
Asexual regeneration:
Rhizomes of queencup beadlily are long and fast growing [124] and can connect a
number of aerial shoots, or ramets [4]. McCune [79] observed an increase in the
production of new ramets a year after the initiation of a trenching experiment
(roots of surrounding vegetation severed, giving plants in the plot access to
more resources).
Shade tolerance:
Queencup beadlily occurs on sites with a wide range of light
availability [35,119]. Its shade tolerance has been widely reported [4,64,70,105]. It has been
found on sites with as little as 1.5% to 3.5% full sunlight [35,119] and over 60%
full sunlight [35]. Queencup beadlily typically increases
as light availability increases from very low
levels. For example, Stewart [107] found that queencup beadlily frequency
and coverage increased in canopy openings which had an average direct radiation
of 9.6% (sx=0.6)
compared to closed stands of western hemlock, which
had average direct radiation values of 6.1% (sx=0.4).
In addition, Emmingham [35] reported an increase in maximum queencup beadlily coverage as light
increased from 3.5%-6% of full sunlight to 6%-10% of full sunlight. However, queencup beadlily
typically decreases as light availability increases further [38,119]. For instance, Forsythe
[38] found that queencup beadlily coverage
decreased as the total coverage of overstory species decreased from 18.2% to 1.8%.
Effects of full sunlight compared to 35% full sun on seedlings of queencup
beadlily can be found in Seedling establishment/growth.
Queencup beadlily occurs in all successional classes, but has higher frequency
and is more abundant in mature conifer stands [3,11,25,34,123]. Queencup beadlily's association with mature and old-growth
stands is shown by Ruggiero and others [96] and Spies [105] for the southern Washington
Cascade Range and by Ruggiero and others [96] for southern Oregon and northern California.
However, queencup beadlily also occurs in young stands [15,31,43,117].
Clarke and others [21] found queencup beadlily was
most common in the 0- to 50- and 151- to 200-year-old forest age classes.
Queencup beadlily also occurred in the 51- to 100-
and 101- to 150-year-old age classes, but did not occur in stands older than 200 years. The wide
tolerance ranges for nutrients and light mentioned above, and queencup beadlily's ability to
persist after moderate disturbances [108], are likely factors influencing the occurrence of queencup beadlily in stands of
varying ages.
Clintonia uniflora ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Clintonia in der Familie der Liliengewächse (Liliaceae). Sie ist im Nordwesten und Westen Nordamerikas beheimatet.
Clintonia uniflora wächst als ausdauernde krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 15 bis 25 Zentimeter. Es werden Rhizome als Überdauerungsorgane gebildet. Am Stängel verteilt werden zwei bis drei Laubblätter gebildet. Die mit einer Länge von 8 bis 20 Zentimeter sowie einer Breite von 2,5 bis 6,5 Zentimeter verkehrt-lanzettliche bis verkehrt-eiförmige Blattspreite besitzt eine hell-grüne Blattoberseite.[1]
Die Blütezeit erstreckt sich von Mai bis Juli. Die aufrecht stehenden, endständigen Blütenstände enthalten nur ein schmal-lineales Hochblatt und ein bis zwei Blüten. Die zwittrigen Blüten sind dreizählig. Die sechs gleichgestaltigen, cremeweiß gefärbten Blütenhüllblätter sind mit einer Länge von 18 bis 25 Millimeter und einer Breite von 5 bis 7 Millimeter breit verkehrt-lanzettlich bis verkehrt-eiförmig geformt. Die sechs Staubblätter bestehen aus 11 bis 18 Millimeter langen, in der Basis der Blütenhüllblätter inserierten Staubfäden und mit einer Länge von 3,5 bis 5,5 Millimeter länglich-linealen Staubbeuteln.
Es werden bei Reife glänzend dunkelblau gefärbte Beeren gebildet, die bei einem Durchmesser von 6 bis 12 Millimeter eine fast kugelige bis birnenförmige Form besitzen und 10 bis 18 Samen enthalten. Die Samen sind 3 bis 4 Millimeter groß.[1]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 28.[1]
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Clintonia uniflora umfasst den Nordwesten und Westen Kanadas und der USA. In Kanada kommt diese Art in British Columbia und Alberta vor. In den USA findet man sie in Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Oregon sowie Kalifornien.[1]
Clintonia uniflora kommt vor allem in Berg-Nadelmischwäldern in Höhenlagen von 0 bis 2600 Metern vor.[1]
Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1829 durch Archibald Menzies als Varietät Smilacina borealis Ker Gawler var. uniflora Menzies ex Schultes in Joseph August Schultes & Julius Hermann Schultes: Systema Vegetabilium, 7 (1), S. 307.[2] William Jackson Hooker gab ihr 1839 den Rang einer Art Smilacina uniflora. In: Flora Boreali-Americana. 2, S. 175. Karl Sigismund Kunth stellte sie 1850 in Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum, 5, S. 159 unter dem Namen Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult. f.) Kunth in die Gattung Clintonia.[3]
Clintonia uniflora ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Clintonia in der Familie der Liliengewächse (Liliaceae). Sie ist im Nordwesten und Westen Nordamerikas beheimatet.
Clintonia uniflora, commonly known as bride's bonnet, queen's cup, or bead lily,[3][4][5] is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The specific epithet uniflora means "one-flowered",[6] a characteristic that distinguishes this species from others in the genus Clintonia. For this reason, it is also known as the single-flowered clintonia.[7]
Clintonia uniflora is a perennial herbaceous plant that spreads by means of underground rhizomes. It is the smallest plant in the genus, only 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) tall. It has two or three leaves located at the base of a hairy stem. Each leaf is 2.5 to 6.5 cm (1 to 3 in) wide and 8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 in) long. A plant typically bears a single flower but occasionally there will be an inflorescence of two flowers. The small flower has six white tepals, each approximately 2 cm (0.8 in) long, and six protruding white stamens with pollen-dusted anthers. After pollination, the flower is replaced by a round blue berry approximately 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter.[4]
Watercolor painting by Mary Vaux Walcott
The fruit is a single round blue berry up to a centimeter in diameter.
In 1829, Josef August Schultes described the plant variety Smilacina borealis var. uniflora,[8] which was later segregated into species Smilacina uniflora. The latter was to become a synonym for Clintonia uniflora, first described by Carl Sigismund Kunth in 1850.[9]
Clintonia uniflora is native to western North America, from southern Alaska to central California, extending eastward into southwestern Alberta and northwestern Montana.[2][4][10] It prefers cool montane coniferous forests, typically at elevations from 3,000 to 5,000 ft (914 to 1,524 m).[11]
C. uniflora occurs in many forest types but it prefers a cool moist coniferous forest consisting of western red cedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), grand fir (Abies grandis), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis). It is also associated with western white pine (Pinus monticola), Alaska cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), and noble fir (Abies procera). Companion species in the understory include threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata), twinflower (Linnaea borealis), and Canadian bunchberry (Cornus canadensis).[11]
The range of C. uniflora overlaps with that of C. andrewsiana in Humboldt County and Del Norte County in northwestern California and Curry County in southwestern Oregon,[12][13] but the two species are readily distinguished by their overall size and their flowers. C. uniflora has a single flower with white tepals while C. andrewsiana has multiple flowers arranged in one or more umbels.[14] The tepals of the latter are a deep claret red.
Clintonia uniflora is a perennial geophyte that can live up to 30 years (or more). The plant flowers between late May and July, and thereafter the fruit matures from late July to September.[4][11] Citizen scientists observe flowering plants uniformly throughout June and July.[15]
The plant is not considered palatable but it is of at least minor importance as food for some wildlife species including birds, elk, and deer. Frugivorous birds are the only reported dispersers of the seeds, which remain viable in the ground for at least a couple of years.[11]
The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, including the Nuxalk, the Cowlitz, and the Haisla peoples, used the plant as a dermatological aid and eye medicine. The Nlaka'pamux (also known as the Thompson people) mashed the ripe blue fruit and used it as a dye or stain. Today Clintonia uniflora is used as a garden ornamental.[11][16]
Clintonia uniflora, commonly known as bride's bonnet, queen's cup, or bead lily, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The specific epithet uniflora means "one-flowered", a characteristic that distinguishes this species from others in the genus Clintonia. For this reason, it is also known as the single-flowered clintonia.
Clintonia uniflora es una especie de planta perteneciente a la familia de las liliáceas.
Es rizomatosa y perenne, nativa de las montañas del oeste de América del Norte desde California hasta Alberta. Crece en el sotobosque de los bosques de coníferas. Esta planta tiene sólo dos o tres hojas ubicadas en la base de su tallo, son de varios centímetros de ancho y puede ser mucho más largas. Lleva flores sueltas o en inflorescencias de dos o tres. La flor es pequeña y simple con seis tépalos blancos y seis estambres blancos que sobresalen. La flor se sustituye en la cima del tallo por una baya redonda de color azul de hasta un centímetro de ancho.
Clintonia uniflora fue descrita por (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult. f.) Kunth y publicado en Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 5: 159. 1850.[1]
Clintonia: nombre genérico que fue nombrado en honor de De Witt Clinton, un botánico y político estadounidense del Siglo XVIII.
uniflora: epíteto latino que significa "con una flor".[2]
Clintonia uniflora es una especie de planta perteneciente a la familia de las liliáceas.
Clintonie à une fleur
Clintonia uniflora, parfois dénommée Clintonie uniflore ou Clintonie à une fleur, est une espèce de plantes vivaces de la famille des Lys, présente dans les régions montagneuses de l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord.
La Clintonie uniflore est présente en montagne de la Californie jusque dans la province canadienne de la Colombie-Britannique et même en Alaska[1].
La plante pousse au départ d'un rhizome. Elle apprécie les sous-bois des forêts de conifères sous climat tempéré. Elle se caractérise par seulement deux ou trois feuilles de plusieurs centimètres à la base de sa tige. La fleur unique, qui possède six tépales blancs, est située au bout d'une tige. La fleur est ensuite remplacée par une baie bleue d'un centimètre de diamètre environ.
Clintonie à une fleur
Clintonia uniflora, parfois dénommée Clintonie uniflore ou Clintonie à une fleur, est une espèce de plantes vivaces de la famille des Lys, présente dans les régions montagneuses de l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord.
Clintonia uniflora là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Măng tây. Loài này được (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1850.[2]
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Măng tây này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Clintonia uniflora là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Măng tây. Loài này được (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1850.
