Pamianthe peruviana Stapf

Pamianthe peruviana, also known as the giant Peruvian daffodil,^[4][5] is a species of epiphytic plant native to seasonally dry areas of Peru and Bolivia.^[2]

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The perennial plants with bulbs^[6] produce 5-7 linear leaves^[7] with a prominent mid vein,^[8] which form a pseudo-stem of up to 30 cm in length. Each leaf may reach lengths of up to 50 cm and widths of 2-4 cm.^[6]

Generative characteristics

Papery thin seeds of Pamianthe peruviana

The bisexual, radially symmetrical flowers are intensely fragrant.^[9][10][6] They resemble the flowers of Pancratium.^[11][3] They are produced in groups of 2-4 flowers, which have a 12-25 cm long perianth tube with three nectariferous channels. These features could suggest moth pollination. The pedicel is 1.5-3 cm long. With 8 cm of length, the outer tepals are slightly longer than the 7 cm long staminal cup.^[8] The incurved stamens with dorsifixed anthers are inserted in deep notches of the staminal cup, or corona.^[6]

Reproduction

Generative reproduction

Pamianthe is presumed to be moth pollinated based on their floral morphology.^[12] Specifically sphingid moths come into question.^[8] The plant is self compatible. The fruit takes 12-15 months to mature.^[11][6][13] Rapid germination occurs under humid conditions at 16-21°C.^[14][6] Seedlings reach maturity within four to five years.^[11][15]

Vegetative reproduction

Pamianthe peruviana can also reprocuce asexually through stolons.^[16][17]

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count of Pamianthe is 2n = 46.^[18][19]

Etymology

The generic name Pamianthe refers to Major Albert Pam.^{[20][21][8][22]} The specific epithet peruviana references this species origin in Peru.

History

Pam discovered the species in 1926 on a bulb collecting expedition in Peru.^[21] Other sources state he received bulbs from Peru in 1928.^[17][8] Pam, who introduced the species to horticulture, was a friend of the horticulturalist Edward Augustus Bowles (1865 - 1954),^[22][20] to whom he gave a Pamianthe peruviana specimen in the 1930s.^[23] He also donated Pamianthe peruviana to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1937.^[24]

Habitat

It was found along streams in the warm to temperate northern region of Peru at elevations of 1800 m above sea level.^[25][26]

Taxonomy

Taxon authorship

There is conflicting information on the taxon authorship of this species. One source claims it to be anonymous,^[27] whereas most give Otto Stapf as the taxon author. The type specimen, which was cultivated by Albert Pam in the United Kingdom, is associated with Stapf as the taxon author.^[28]

Role as type species

Pamianthe peruviana is the type species of the genus Pamianthe.^[8]

Synonym status of Pamianthe cardenasii

Despite being the same taxon,^[2][8] it has been reported that Pamianthe cardenasii were a bulbous geophyte, and Pamianthe peruviana were an epiphyte.^[29]

Phylogeny

Some degree of possible hybridization was identified between Pamianthe peruviana and Pamianthe ecollis. According to a molecular clock analsis, both species shared a common ancestor 18.22 million years ago. This means Pamianthe peruviana diverged in the early Miocene.^[1]

Conservation

It is presumed to be extinct in the wild.^[30][31][32] It is not known when it was last recorded.^[33] According to the Cambridge Botanic Garden the conservation status has not been evaluated.^[34] Under its synonym Pamianthe cardenasii Traub it has also been classified as not evaluated by the national herbarium of Bolivia in 2005.^[35]

Ex-situ conservation is ensured in several living collections, such as the living collection of the Gothenburg Botanical Garden, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Living Plant Collections,^[36] the Oxford Botanic Garden,^[4] as well as private collections.

Horticulture

Despite it being very rare in cultivation,^[37] it can be easily cultivated as a houseplant if kept in a well aerated substrate,^[38] because it is intolerant of waterlogged conditions, which rapidly induce root rot.^[11] Ideally, it should be cultivated under moderately bright, humid conditions at temperatures of 18-30°C.^[37] Seeds can be sown all year round. The optimal time is March-August. The remaining months are less optimal. The germination temperature should not be below 20°C.^[39] Pamianthe makes a good greenhouse or container display.^[40] It is also suitable as a long-lasting cut flower.^[17]

References

Pamianthe peruviana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Amaryllidaceae. Loài này được Stapf mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1933.^[1]

Chú thích

Liên kết ngoài

• Phương tiện liên quan tới Pamianthe peruviana tại Wikimedia Commons
• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Pamianthe peruviana tại Wikispecies
• Vườn thực vật hoàng gia Kew; Đại học Harvard; Australian Plant Name Index (biên tập). “Pamianthe peruviana”. International Plant Names Index. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2013.