Bartenq (lat. Bos javanicus) — Boşbuynuzlular fəsiləsinin Əsl öküzlər cinsinə aid növ. Sayına və yayılması sahəsinə görə böyükalınlı hind buğaları içərisində mühüm yer tutur. Bantenqin bir neçə irqi vardır. Başlıca irqləri bunlardır: 1) Yava irqi (Bos Sondaicus tupicus). Bu irq hündür boyu (cidov hündürlüyü 176 sm), uzun buynuzları (xaricdə əyriliyi 52,1-76,2 sm-ə çatır), buynuzlarının dibindən çox yoğun olması (25,7-43 sm), rənginin yaşlı buğalarda qara, cavan erkəklərində şabalıdı-sarımtıl, inəklərdə isə açıq qonur olması ilə fərqlənir. Bantenqin bu irqi Yava, Borneo və Sumatra adalarında yayılmışdır. 2) Birma irqi (Bos sondaicus Burmanicus Lyd). Boyca Yava irqindən xırdadır (cidov hündürlüyü 155-163 sm). Ağız ətrafı bozumtul, dodaqları ağımtıl rəngli tüklərlə örtülüdür. Bədəninin tükləri şabalıdı rənglidir, lakin bəzi yerlərində açıq, bəzi yerlərində isə bədənə nisbətən tünddür. Gövədəsinin aşağı açıq-qonur rəngli, budu isə ağdır. Bu irq Birmada, Peruda və Arakanda da yayılmışdır; 3) Makipur irqi (bos Sondaicus var.Lyd) daha xırdadır, cidov hündürlüyü 152 sm-ə çatır, sağrısında ağ ləkələr olmur. Bu irq Makipurda yayılmışdır. Son zamanlar bantenqin bir sıra başqa növlərinin təsviri verilmişdir. Bantenq əhliləşdirilmişdir. Yava adasında əhliləşmiş bantenqlərin, yəni bali malının böyük naxırları vardır. Bunlardan hərtərəfli-minik, ətlik və südlük mal kimi istifadə edilir. Əhli bali malının əsas etibari ilə Bali adasında, ona yaxın adalarda, həmçinin Malayya yarımadasının cənub sahilində yetişdirirlər.

Ar banteng (Bos javanicus) a zo ur bronneg daskirier hag a vev e gevred Azia.

El Banteng (Bos javanicus), és una espècie de boví silvestre que es troba al sud-est d'Àsia. El banteng ha estat domesticat en diversos llocs del sud-est asiàtic i n'hi ha un milió i mig d'animals domesticats. Es fan servir com animals de treball i per la seva carn.^[1] Aquest boví també ha estat introduï al Territori del Nord d'Austràlia, on alguns han passat a l'estat feral.^[2]

Distribució i subespècies

• Banteng de Java (B. j. javanicus): Java; Els mascles són negres i les femelles beix.
• Banteng de Borneo (B. j. lowi): Borneo; Més petit que el de Java i les banyes més grans, els mascles són de color marró xocolata.
• Banteng de Birmània (B. j. birmanicus): Myanmar, Tailàndia, Cambodja, Laos, Vietnam; Mascles i femelles normalment de color beix aquesta subespècie està classificada com en perill greu per la UICN.

Característiques

La mida del banteng és similar a la del toro domèstic: D'1,55 a 1,65 m d'alt a les espatlles i pesa de 600 a 800 kg.^[3] Té gran dimorfisme sexual i es pot distingir mascles i femelles per la mida i el color del pèl.

Comportament

Femella

Els bantengs viuen en boscos clars on s'limenten d'herba, bambú, fruits, fulles i branques joves. Són actius de dia i de nit però allà on hi ha humans a prop esdevé nocturn. Viuen en ramats de dos a trenta membres.

Clonatge

El banteng fou la segona espècie en perill que fou clonada amb èxit i la primera a sobreviure durant més d'una setmana, la primera fou un gaur que morí dos dies després de néixer.^[4][5]

Referències

Segell amb un banteng de la RDA

Enllaços externs

• Banteng bos javanicus d'Alton de wildcattleconservation.org
• ARKive - imatges i vídeos del Banteng (Bos javanicus)
• Banteng prosperant a la península de Cobourg de la Charles Darwin University
• Catalyst Article on Bantengs
• U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile

Banteng (Bos javanicus) je jedním ze čtyř druhů žijících divokých turů. Stejně jako u všech divokých forem turů je jeho domovinou Asie. Zoologové rozlišují tři poddruhy – banteng jávský, který dal název celému druhu, banteng bornejský a banteng barmský. Poddruhy jávský a barmský jsou přímo ohroženy, banteng bornejský je s největší pravděpodobností vyhynulý.

Domestikovanou formou bantenga je tur domácí baliský (Bos javanicus f. banteng).

Galerie

• Kráva s teletem

• Býk

Reference

1. ↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]

Externí odkazy

• Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Banteng ve Wikimedia Commons

• Taxon Bos javanicus ve Wikidruzích

Der Banteng (Bos javanicus), auch Sunda-Ochse genannt, ist ein Wildrind, das in Südostasien beheimatet ist. In Form des Balirinds ist er von Menschen domestiziert worden. Der wilde Banteng ist heute stark bedroht. Die größten reinrassigen Wildbestände leben auf Java im Ujung-Kulon-Nationalpark und in Thailand im Huai-Kha-Khaeng-Schutzgebiet.

Merkmale

Weiblicher Banteng (Bos javanicus)

Bantengs sehen den Hausrindern entfernt ähnlich. Der Bulle (Männchen) hat je nach Unterart ein schwarz- bis gelbbraunes, die Kuh (Weibchen) ein rotbraunes bis gelbbraunes Fell. Beide Geschlechter haben weiße Unterseiten, Gesäßflecken und Beine. Die Tiere sind 400 bis 900 Kilogramm schwer, haben eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 1,8 bis 2,25 m und eine Schulterhöhe von 120 bis 190 cm. Die Bullen haben kräftige, gebogene Hörner, die 70 cm lang werden können; die Hörner der Kühe sind mit ca. 30 cm bedeutend kürzer.

Verbreitung

Heutiges Verbreitungsgebiet des Banteng

Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet umfasste das Festland Südostasiens sowie die Inseln Java und Borneo. Domestizierte Bantengs wurden durch Menschen auf zahlreiche weitere Inseln Indonesiens sowie in weit geringerer Zahl in andere Regionen der Welt gebracht (siehe Domestikation).

Unterarten

Kopf eines männlichen Burma-Banteng (links) und eines männlichen Java-Banteng (rechts)

Männliche Burma-Bantengs in Huai Kha Khaeng

• Java-Banteng (B. j. javanicus): Java. Die Bullen sind schwarz, ihre Hörner haben eine Ausladung von 60–70 cm. Die Kühe sind gelbbraun gefärbt.
• Borneo-Banteng (B. j. lowi): Borneo. Kleiner als Java-Banteng. Die Bullen sind schokoladenbraun und ihre Hörner stehen steiler.
• Burma-Banteng (B. j. birmanicus): Burma, Thailand, Kambodscha, Vietnam. Sowohl Kühe als auch Bullen sind normalerweise gelbbraun, in Kambodscha sind allerdings 20 % der Bullen schwärzlich und auf der Malaiischen Halbinsel in Thailand waren sogar die meisten Bullen tiefschwarz. Von der IUCN wird diese Unterart als vom Aussterben bedroht eingestuft.

Lebensweise

Bantengs im Nationalpark Alas Purwo, Ost-Java

Bantengs leben in Gruppen von 2 bis 40 Kühen mit ihren Kälbern und einem Bullen. Daneben gibt es Herden männlicher Junggesellen und einzelgängerische Bullen, die zum Führen einer Herde zu alt oder zu schwach sind. Die Kühe haben je ein Jungtier, das neun Monate gesäugt wird und nach zwei Jahren geschlechtsreif wird. Die Lebensdauer eines Bantengs beträgt zwanzig, im Höchstfall über 25 Jahre. Das Habitat wilder Bantengs sind tropische Regenwälder und lichte Wälder, die mit Offengebieten durchsetzt sind. Sie bevorzugen insgesamt offenere und trockenere Lebensräume als ihre Verwandten, die Gaure. Vor allem zum Fressen kommen sie häufig auf offene Weiden und Lichtungen. In Gebieten, in denen sie häufigen Störungen durch Menschen ausgesetzt sind, leben die Tiere vorwiegend nachtaktiv und verstecken sich tagsüber im Unterholz der Wälder, um zu wiederkäuen. Sie sind dennoch nicht so scheu wie Gaure und dringen häufig in bestellte Felder ein.

Gefährdung

Der wilde Banteng wird von der IUCN als „stark gefährdet“ eingestuft. Als Gründe für seinen Bestandsrückgang werden die Zerstörung der Regenwälder, die Einkreuzung von Haus- und Balirindern sowie die Ansteckung mit Viehkrankheiten durch Hausrinder gesehen. Auf dem südostasiatischen Festland sind die Zahlen in den letzten Jahrzehnten dramatisch zurückgegangen. In Thailand wird ein Rückgang um 85 % zwischen den Jahren 1980 und 2000 vermutet. Aus China, Kambodscha, Vietnam und Laos ist der Banteng nahezu verschwunden. Auf der malaiischen Halbinsel sind Bantengs schon in den 1950ern ausgestorben. Dagegen gehen die Zahlen auf Java weniger zurück, während aus Myanmar keine verlässlichen Zahlen vorliegen. Die Gesamtpopulation wilder Bantengs wird auf 5.000 bis 8.000 Tiere geschätzt. Dabei gibt es keine Population, die deutlich mehr als 500 Tiere zählt und nur wenige mit über 50 Tieren. Diese befinden sich auf Java und in Thailand. Im Nordosten Borneos, im Küstengebiet Sabahs, gibt es möglicherweise ebenfalls noch einige hundert Tiere. Die Bestände auf Borneo dürften allerdings durch die Einkreuzung von Balirind-Hausrind-Mischlingen verunreinigt sein.^[1]

Die wichtigsten Bestände des wilden Bantengs leben heute auf Java, insbesondere im Ujung-Kulon-Nationalpark, wo etwa 300–800 Tiere (Stand 2003) leben, und im Baluran-Nationalpark, wo etwa 200 Tiere leben (Stand 2002). Die einzige Population außerhalb Javas, die sicher mehr als 50 Tiere zählt, lebt im Huai-Kha-Khaeng-Wildreservat in Thailand, wo in den letzten Jahren sogar eine Bestandszunahme zu verzeichnen war. Weitere wichtige Vorkommen finden sich im Kaeng-Krachan-Nationalpark in Thailand, wo vielleicht ebenfalls über 50 Tiere leben, sowie im Kulamba-Wildreservat in Nordost-Borneo, das groben Schätzungen zufolge mindestens 100 Tiere beherbergt.^[1]

Die größte Population freilebender Bantengs befindet sich heute außerhalb des ursprünglichen Verbreitungsgebiets in Nord-Australien. Die Population kommt im äußersten Norden des Kontinents, im Gebiet des Garig-Gunak-Barlu-Nationalparks, vor und wird auf über 8000 Tiere geschätzt.^[2] Bei dieser Population handelt es sich um echte Wildbantengs, nicht um verwilderte Balirinder.

Domestikation

Banteng als Zugtiere am Anfang des 20. Jhdt.

Balirinder in Osttimor, die domestizierte Form des Banteng

Bantengs gehören zu den fünf Rinderarten, die von Menschen domestiziert wurden. Die domestizierte Form des Banteng wird als Balirind bezeichnet. Der Zeitpunkt der Domestikation ist unbekannt, muss aber einige Jahrhunderte vor Christi Geburt gelegen haben. Als wahrscheinlichster Ort, an dem Menschen erstmals Bantengs zähmten, wird Java angesehen; auf dem Festland bestand wegen der bevorzugten Wasserbüffel kein Bedarf an einer weiteren domestizierten Rinderart. Da Bali über Jahrhunderte das Zentrum der Bantengzucht war, sind domestizierte Bantengs unter dem Namen Balirind bekannt.

Das typische Balirind unterscheidet sich vom wilden Banteng durch seine geringere Körpergröße und die längere Halswamme. Auch sind die Bullen nie ganz schwarz. Die domestizierten Bantengs auf Java unterscheiden sich weit weniger von der Wildform und sind von dieser äußerlich kaum zu unterscheiden. Heute existieren etwa 1,5 Millionen Balirinder.

Von Bali aus gelangten die domestizierten Tiere auf zahlreiche Inseln, auf denen wilde Bantengs ursprünglich nicht heimisch waren, zum Beispiel nach Sumatra, Sulawesi, Timor, Lombok und Sumbawa. Teilweise verwilderten die Tiere auf diesen Inseln. Bei den früher für Balirinder gehaltenen verwilderten Bantengs in Australien handelt es sich nach neueren genetischen Analysen um reinrassige Bantengs. Sie wurden 1849 in Australien eingeführt, wo sie heute eine Population von 8000–10000 Tieren stellen, die im Garig-Gunak-Barlu-Nationalpark im Northern Territory beheimatet ist.^[2]

Durch die Einführung von Hausrindern in Indonesien gibt es immer weniger reine Balirinder. Schon früh kam es zu Kreuzungen zwischen Zebus und Balirindern, wodurch neue Rinderrassen entstanden.

Siehe auch

• Jembrana-Disease-Virus

Literatur

• Ronald M. Nowak: Walker’s Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
• Helmut Lingen: Großes Lexikon der Tiere. Lingen Verlag, 1989

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ ^{a b} Bos javanicus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2012.1. Eingestellt von: Timmins, R.J., Duckworth, J.W., Hedges, S., Steinmetz, R. & Pattanavibool, A., 2008. Abgerufen am 5. Oktober 2012.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Corey J.A. BRADSHAW Brandshaw, Barry BARRY W. Brook (2007): Ecological-economic models of sustainable harvest for an endangered but exotic megaherbivore in northern Australia Natural Resource Modeling, Volume 20, Issue 1, pages 129–156

Le banteng (Bos javanicus) es un specie de Bos.

Banteng (Bibos javanicus), zond hoʻkizi — yovvoyi qoramol. Juft tuyoqlilar turkumining quvushshoxlilar oilasiga mansub. Gʻarbiy Hindiston, Hindixitoy, Yava, Bali, Sumatra orollarida, Malakka yarim orolida tarqalgan. Zebu hamda Osiyo qoramolining ajdodi hisoblanadi. Togʻ va tekisliklardagi oʻrmonlarda kichikroq poda boʻlib yashaydi, lekin qarisi yakka yashaydi. Tanasining uz. 2 m gacha, balandligi 1,5 m cha. Buqasi malla, sigiri toʻq qoʻngʻir tusda. Buqasining ogʻirligi 300 – 350 kg keladi. Oysimon qayrilgan shoxining uz. 40 —50 sm ga yetadi. Soni kamayib ketgan. Qoʻlga oʻrgatilgan (bali qoramoli), asosan goʻshti uchun boqiladi. Xalqaro tabiatni muhofaza qilish Kengashi Qizil kitobiga kiritilgan.

Adabiyotlar

• OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil

The banteng (Bos javanicus), an aa kent as tembadau, is a species o wild cattle foond in Sootheast Asie.

Banteng hae been domesticatit in several places in Sootheast Asie, an thare are aroond 1.5 million domestic banteng, which are cried Bali cattle. Thir ainimals are uised as wirking ainimals an for thair meat.^[3] Banteng hae an aa been introduced tae Northren Australie, whaur thay hae established stable feral populations.^[4]

References

Banthèng (Bos javanicus) inggih punika spésies sapi alas ingkang wonten ing Asia Kidul Wétan.^[1] Banthèng kalebet kéwan sampun dipundhomestikasi ingkang panyebaranipun ing wewengkon Asia Kidul Wétan, ingkang cacahipun kinten-kinten wonten 1,5 juta banthèng, saged dipunnamini sapi Bali.^[1] Banthèng saged dipunmupangatake minangka kéwan kerja, lan saged dipunmupangatakedagingipun.^[1]

Panyebaranipun lan subspesiesipun

Panyebaran lan subspesies banteng saged kapérang:^[2]

• Banthèng Jawa (B. j. javanicus): wonten ing Jawa, ingkang jaler gadhah warni cemeng lan ingkang èstri warninipun soklat.^[2]
• Banthèng Kalimantan (B. j. lowi): saking Kalimantan. Banteng Kalimantan nggadhi awak ingkang langkung alit tinimbang banteng Jawa.^[2]
• Banthèng Burma (B. j. birmanicus): ing Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos lan Vietnam.^[2]

Banthèng saged gadhah inggil ngantos 1,6 mèter ing sisih gegeripun lan panjang awakipun ngantos 2,3 mèter.^[2] Abotipun Banthèng jaler 680 – 810 kg, jaler ingkang ageng sanget saged ngantos satunggal ton.^[2] Ingkang èstri boten patia abot tinimbang jaleripun.^[2] Banthèng gadhah warni pethak ing sikil, punuk pethak, sarta warni pethak ing sisih mata lan moncongipun.^[2] Banthèng jaler gadhah kulit awarna biru-cemeng utawi soklat peteng.^[2] Sungu nglengkung manginggil, lan punuk ing gegeripun wonten punukipun.^[2] Nanging ing èstri gadhah warni soklat radi abrit lan sungu ingkang cendhak lan boten gadhah punuk.^[2]

Cathetan suku

Pranala njawi

Banténg (Bos javanicus) téh sapi liar nu aya di Myanmar, Tailan, Kamboja, Laos, Viétnam, Kalimantan, Jawa, jeung Bali. Dina mangsa kolonisasi Inggris (1849), Banténg aya nu dibawa ka Australia Kalér 1849 pikeun kalangenan moro^[1].

Dedegan

Banténg jangkungna bisa nepi ka 1,6 m lebah pundukna, sedengkeun panjangna 2,3 m. Nu jalu beuratna bisa nepi ka 680 – 810 kg, sedengkeun nu bikangna mah leuwih leutik, tapi nu badag pisan mah bisa nepi ka saton. Pakulitan banténg bodas lebah suku handap jeung bujurna. Nu jalu kelirna semu wulung nepi ka hideung, tandukna ngadangkak ka luhur, sedengkeun nu bikang kelirna coklat semu beureum jeung tandukna leutik.

Sebaran

Panalungtikan Pébruari 2005 nunjukkeun yén populasi banténg di Tanjung Cobourg aya 10.000 hulu, jadi gorombolan panglobana di sakuliah dunya, sabab di habitat aslina mah kurang ti 500 hulu.

Paripolah

Banténg hirup di leuweung anu rada carang, kadaharanana jukut, awi, bungbuahan, dangdaunnan, jeung dahan ngora. Liarna beurang-peuting, tapi mun di wewengkon nu deukeut jeung manusa mah biasana sok liar peuting (nyingkahan tepung jeung manusa). Gorombolan banténg biasana ukur ngawengku 20-30 hulu.

Di sababaraha wilayah di Asia Tenggara, banténg dipiara; jumlahna nepi ka 1,5 juta hulu. Banténg liar jeung nu diingu bisa dikawinkeun, sarta turunanana lolobana bisa anakan.

Subspésiés

Banténg jalu kelirna wulung

• Banténg Jawa (B. j. javanicus): Jawa; Jalu hideung, bikang coklat.
• Banténg Kalimantan (B. j. lowi): Kalimantan; Leuwih leutik batan Banténg Jawa, nu jalu kelirna coklat kolot.
• Banteng Birma (B. j. birmanicus): Birma, Tailan, Kamboja, Viétnam; Jalu jeung bikang sarua coklat, tapi di Kamboja kira 20% jaluna hideung, sedengkeun di Tanjung Malayu jeung Tailan lolobana hideung. Subspésiés ieu ku IUCN diasupkeun kana golongan kritis kaancam punah.

Kloning

Banténg geus bisa diklon, malah kaasup spésiés kaancam punah kadua anu bisa diklon[1],[2] sarta nu munggaran bisa hirup leuwih ti saminggu (nu kahijina Gaur nu paéh dina umur dua poé sanggeus borojol).

Média

Rujukan

Tumbu kaluar

• Banteng bos javanicus d'Alton ti wildcattleconservation.org
• ARKive - gambar jeung pilem ngeunaan Banténg
• Banteng thrive on Cobourg Peninsula ti Ramatloka CDU
• Artikel Catalyst ngeunaan Banténg
• U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile

Бантенг.

Бантенг (лат. Bos javanicus) — ача туяктуулар тукумундагы жапайы уй. Тулкусунун уз. 2 м, бийикт. 1 м, өңү күрөң, мүйүзү 40-50 см. Жаш Бантенгдин мүйүзү тайтагай, чоңунуку ич жагына ийрейип, кайкайыңкы келет. Анын жапайысы Малакка, Индикытай жаңы аймагында жана Малайя архипелагында кездешет. Ал түз жерлерде жана токойлуу тоолордо (деңиз деңгээлинен 2000 м бийиктикке чейинки) жашайт. Саны азаюуда, ТКЭСтин кызыл китебине катталган. Бакмасы бали малы деп аталып, эти үчүн гана багылат.

Колдонулган адабияттар

• «Кыргызстан». Улуттук энциклопедия: 2-том. /Башкы ред. Асанов Ү. А. К 97 Б.: Мамл. тил жана энциклопедия борбору, 2007. 808 бет, илл. ISBN 978 9967-14-055 -4

Бантеҥ (лат. Bos javanicus ) – Азийын Bovidae йамагатын гыч кугу янлык.

Ӱлылтӱрлык

• Bos javanicus javanicus : Ява.
• Bos javanicus lowi : Борнео.
• Bos javanicus birmanicus : Бурма, Таиланд, Камбоджа, Вьетнам.

The banteng (Bos javanicus; /ˈbæntɛŋ/), also known as tembadau,^[5] is a species of cattle found in Southeast Asia. The head-and-body length is between 1.9 and 3.68 m (6.2 and 12.1 ft).^[6] Wild banteng are typically larger and heavier than their domesticated counterparts, but are otherwise similar in appearance. The banteng shows extensive sexual dimorphism; adult bulls are generally dark brown to black, larger and more sturdily built than adult cows, which are thinner and usually pale brown or chestnut red. There is a big white patch on the rump. Horns are present on both sexes, and are typically 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in) long. Three subspecies are generally recognised.

Banteng are active during the day as well as at night, though activity at night is more in areas frequented by humans. Herds comprise two to forty individuals, and generally a single bull. Herbivores, banteng feed on vegetation such as grasses, sedges, shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits. Banteng can survive without water for long stretches during droughts, but drink regularly if possible, especially from standing water. Not much is known about the reproductive physiology of banteng, but it might be similar to that observed in taurine cattle. After a gestation of nearly 285 days (nine to ten months), a week longer than that typically observed in taurine cattle, a single calf is born. Banteng occur in a variety of habitats throughout their range, including open deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, lower montane forests, abandoned farms and grasslands.

The largest populations of wild banteng occur in Cambodia, Java and possibly in Borneo (particularly Sabah) and Thailand. Domesticated banteng occur in Bali and many eastern Indonesian islands (such as Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Sumba), Australia, Malaysia and New Guinea. Feral populations are found in East Kalimantan and the Northern Territory (Australia). Domesticated populations are primarily used for their highly demanded meat, and are used as draught animals to a lesser extent. The wild banteng is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and populations have decreased by more than 50% in the past few decades. Rampant poaching (for food, game, traditional medicine and horns), habitat loss and fragmentation and susceptibility to disease are major threats throughout the range. Banteng are legally protected in all countries in their range, and are largely restricted to protected areas (possibly barring Cambodia). The banteng is the second endangered species to be successfully cloned, and the first clone to survive beyond infancy.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The banteng was first described by German naturalist Joseph Wilhelm Eduard d'Alton in 1823.^[7] "Banteng" derived from the Javanese/Sundanese name for the animal (banṭéng).^[8][9][10] D'Alton based his description on two skulls from Java (Indonesia), a male and a female; while he described the male as a banteng, he referred to the female simply as a wild ox from Java.^[7] In 1956, Dirk Albert Hooijer of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (Leiden), where the skulls were first brought to from Java, noted that d'Alton used the name Bibos javanicus, or Bos (Bibos) javanicus if Bibos is considered a subgenus (as it is by some authors), to describe the male.^[4][11]

Bos leucoprymnus was suggested as a synonym in 1830, but was pointed out to be a cross between a wild banteng and a domesticated individual; Hooijer wrote that he could not infer that this was the case from the original description, and, even if it were a cross, the name would not become invalid. Other names proposed for the banteng include Bos banteng and Bos bantinger. In a 1845 revision of d'Alton's description, the authors opined that both the specimens were wild oxen, referring to them as Bos sondaicus instead. They mistook the female for a young male, an error that continued in several publications by later authors.^[4]

Fossils of banteng known from the Middle Pleistocene of Thailand along with Stegodon, gaur, wild water buffalo and other living and extinct mammals.^[1]

Subspecies

A comparison between Indochinese (left) and Javan (right) banteng in facial features (Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1898)

Bulls of the Javan subspecies (Bos javanicus javanicus) are black.

Four subspecies are generally recognised based on phenotypic differences, though some authors do not accept these, citing extensive breeding between the small remaining banteng populations and other sympatric cattle. The details of these subspecies are given below:^[3][2][12]

• Javan banteng (B. j. javanicus) d'Alton, 1823: Occurs in Java and possibly Bali.
• Indochinese (or Burma) banteng (B. j. birmanicus) Lydekker, 1898: Occurs on the Southeast Asian mainland.
• Bali cattle (B. j. domesticus) Wilckens, 1905: Occurs in Bali, Australia, the Philippines^[13] and New Guinea
• Bornean banteng (B. j. lowi) Lydekker, 1912: Occurs only in Borneo.

A 2015 phylogenetic study obtained the complete mitochondrial genome of the Bornean banteng. It showed that the Bornean banteng is closer to the gaur (Bos gaurus) than it is to other banteng subspecies, having diverged from the gaur around 5.03 million years ago. Moreover, the Bornean banteng is genetically distant from taurine cattle and zebu, indicating that the wild Bornean banteng could not have hybridised with them, and therefore might form a purebreeding line. These researchers suggested that the Bornean banteng could be an independent species. The phylogenetic relationships of the banteng subspecies with other closely related bovids, as obtained from this study, are shown in the following cladogram:^[14][15]

Boselaphini (four-horned antelope and nilgai)

Bornean banteng (Bos javanicus lowi)

Gaur (Bos gaurus)

Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus)

Burma banteng (Bos javanicus birmanicus)

Yak (Bos grunniens)

American bison (Bison bison)

European bison (Bison bonasus)

Taurine cattle (Bos taurus)

Zebu (Bos indicus)

Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis)

Anoas and water buffaloes (Bubalus)

Characteristics

Banteng have a large white patch on the rump.

The head of a banteng bull.

The banteng is similar to taurine cattle, with head-and-body length between 1.9 and 2.25 m (6.2 and 7.4 ft). Wild banteng are typically larger and heavier than their domesticated counterparts, but are otherwise similar in appearance. The mean shoulder height of wild Javan and Indochinese banteng is 1.4 m (4.6 ft) for cows and 1.6 m (5.2 ft) for bulls; Bornean banteng, the smallest subspecies, are shorter. Domesticated banteng cows reach 1.2 m (3.9 ft) at the shoulder, while the bulls are 1.3–1.5 m (4.3–4.9 ft) tall.^[12][16] In the wild cows weigh around 590–670 kg (1,300–1,480 lb), while bulls weigh around 600–800 kg (1,300–1,800 lb). Weights of domesticated individuals range from 211 to 242 kg (465 to 534 lb) for females and from 335 to 363 kg (739 to 800 lb) for males.^[17] The largest bulls attain 3.3 and 3.7 m (11 and 12 ft) between pegs (nose to rump) with 0.9 and 0.95 m (3.0 and 3.1 ft) long tail, 1.76 and 1.91 m (5.8 and 6.3 ft) at the withers, and weigh 900 kg (2,000 lb) or more.^[6][18]

The banteng shows extensive sexual dimorphism; adult bulls are generally dark brown to black, larger and more sturdily built than adult cows, that are thinner and usually pale brown or chestnut red. Females and juveniles additionally have a dark line running along their back. Some bulls may retain their brown colour, sometimes with white spots similar to those seen in deer.^[12][16] The coat of young bulls is reddish brown, and progressively attains the adult colouration starting from the front to the rear parts. Aged bulls may turn grey. The underparts are white to light brown. The face is lighter relative to the rest of the body, whitish or tawny grey at the forehead and around the eyes but darker near the black snout. There is a big white patch on the rump, poorly developed in the Indochinese banteng; the patch may serve as a guide for herds to stay together in the dark. The legs are white below the knees.^[12][5] The back is particularly elevated in bulls due to the unusual lengths of the thoracic vertebrae, giving the impression of a hump.^[16] Horns are typically 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) long, and separated by thick skin at the base. Bulls have long, slender horns with sharp tips and a circular cross-section, and are smooth except for the wrinkled base. The horns of cows are short and tightly curved, pointing inward at the tips, while those of bulls arc upwards and slightly forward. The tail, measuring 65 to 70 cm (26 to 28 in), ends in a black tuft.^[12]

Ecology and behaviour

Banteng are active during the day as well as at night, though activity at night is more in areas frequented by humans. They typically form herds of two to forty individuals consisting of a single bull. Older males form groups of two or three. Banteng are timid and reclusive, and tend to be highly alert, making approach difficult. Domestic individuals get stressed easily, and need to be handled with care. They rest and seek shelter for safety in dense forests.^[12][16][5] Banteng, particularly cows and calves, walk fast and manoeuvre easily through dense cover.^[19] Predators of banteng include tigers and dholes (Asian wild dogs).^[12][20][21] Banteng use their strong sense of smell to detect predators and as a means of communication within a herd. Their hearing is also highly developed. Vocalisations such as roars and bellows might be common during the breeding season; calves within seven months may produce soft eng sounds. High-pitched cries are used to raise alarm.^[19]

Diet and foraging

Banteng feed on vegetation such as grasses.

Herbivores, banteng feed on vegetation such as grasses, sedges, shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits. They forage at night in open areas, taking breaks of two to three hours in between to ruminate and rest.^[16][5] They may move to forests at higher altitudes to forage during the rainy season.^[12] A study in Deramakot Forest Reserve (Sabah) showed the presence of several herbal seeds (such as Mimosa pudica and Paspalum conjugatum), bamboo (probably Dinochloa species) and tree bark in faecal samples.^[22] A study in West Java showed that banteng grazed mostly on the grasses Axonopus compressus, Cynodon dactylon, Ischaemum muticum and P. conjugatum, and the woody shrub Psychotria malayana.^[23] Banteng can survive without water for several days during droughts, but drink regularly if possible, especially from standing water. They frequent salt licks to satisfy their salt requirements; in the absence of licks they drink sea water instead. Banteng can drink highly saline water, and have been observed feeding on seaweed in northern Australia.^[16]

Reproduction and life cycle

A mother with her calf

Not much is known about the reproductive physiology of banteng, but it might be similar to that observed in taurine cattle. Domestic banteng can become sexually mature at as early as 13 months of age, and breed after another three months. They conceive easily, with a conception rate of 80–90% recorded in northern Australia.^[16] Breeding has been observed throughout the year in captivity and in wild banteng in Myanmar, though wild individuals on Cobourg Peninsula mate mainly in October and November, and in Thailand mating peaks in May and June.^[2][16][24] After a gestation of nearly 285 days (nine to ten months), a week longer than that typically observed in taurine cattle, a single calf is born. Males weigh 16–17 kg (35–37 lb) at birth, while females weigh 14–15 kg (31–33 lb). Young are suckled for as long as 16 months, though some cows may continue nursing till the birth of their next calf.^[12][5][16] A study of wild banteng on Cobourg Peninsula showed that males become sexually mature at three to four years and females at two to four years; males attain their full-grown size five to six years, while females grow completely by three to four years. Calf mortality is high in the first six months of life, and declines quickly thereafter with increasing body size.^[24] Banteng live for as long as 26 years.^[12][5]

Diseases and parasites

Banteng host several endoparasites such as liver flukes (that cause fasciolosis), intestinal worms (such as Strongyloides papillosus) and Paramphistomum species (that cause paramphistomiasis).^[16][19] Banteng are susceptible to bovine malignant catarrhal fever caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2).^[16][25] Bali ziekte, which is a skin disease seen exclusively in banteng, begins with a dry eczema, worsening to necrosis and lacerated mucous membranes in the affected area. Other diseases including blackleg and bovine viral diarrhoea, have caused several deaths in captivity.^[16]

Ectoparasites recorded in banteng include Amblyomma testudinarium, Haemaphysalis cornigera and Rhipicephalus species. Like water buffaloes, banteng have considerable immunity against ticks and tick-borne diseases.^[16][19] A study in northern Australia revealed a mutually symbiotic relationship between banteng and the Torresian crow, that fed off ectoparasites (possibly ixodid ticks) from exposed parts of the banteng's body, mainly between the hind legs. This is especially notable, as it is the first known symbiotic relationship between a native bird species and a non-native wild mammal, and it took only 150 years to develop.^[26]

Habitat and distribution

Banteng occur in a variety of habitats throughout their range, including open deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, lower montane forests, abandoned farms and grasslands. They occur up to an elevation of 2,100 m (6,900 ft) above the sea level.^[2][5] The largest populations of wild banteng occur in Cambodia, Java and possibly in Borneo (particularly Sabah) and Thailand. They are also known to occur in Kalimantan (Borneo) and Myanmar; their presence is uncertain in Bali, Sarawak, China, Laos and Vietnam, and they are feared to have gone extinct in (if at all they were present in) Bangladesh, Brunei and India. Domesticated banteng occur in Bali and many eastern Indonesian islands (such as Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Sumba), Australia, Malaysia and New Guinea. Feral populations are found in East Kalimantan, the Northern Territory in Australia, and possibly in Enggano and Sangihe in Indonesia.^[2][17]

In the past banteng were widespread in the Southeast Asian mainland, including Yunnan Province (China) and extending to Borneo and Java through Peninsular Malaysia; northeastern India and Bali were probably part of the range. Some researchers have excluded Bali from the historical range in the absence of fossil evidence, considering banteng to be an introduced species.^[2] However, in East Kalimantan cave art portraying a bovid, dating back to c. 10,000 BC, has been suggested by some to be a depiction of banteng and led to speculation that the species might have reached up to the Wallace Line by that time.^[27] Dutch naturalist Andries Hoogerwerf notes that banteng possibly occurred since prehistoric times in Java, as indicated by remains dating back to c. 1,000 BC discovered in the Sampung cave in Ponorogo Regency, Central Java.^[19]

Interaction with humans

Human association with banteng could date back several millennia, as suggested by animal remains and art discovered in caves.^[27][19] Hooijer opined that the earliest reference to the banteng was made by the Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant in his 1800 account Outlines of the Globe, where he mentions a record of "wild oxen, of a reddish brown colour, with vast horns, and of a great size" in Java.^[11] However, Hoogerwerf pointed out that the banteng may have been mentioned in literature as old as the Nagarakretagama (1365 AD), an eulogy to the Javanese king Hayam Wuruk, which includes a description of a royal hunt of several animals including banteng. Moreover, records from the 18th century show that banteng were used as beasts of burden to carry several items such as coffee plants.^[19]

Domestication and uses

An Indonesian man feeding his Bali cattle

The banteng was domesticated in Indonesian islands of Java or Bali probably around 3,500 BC. The domesticated population consists of mainly the Bali cattle in Indonesia.^[17][28] As of 2016, Bali cattle comprise nearly 25% of the Indonesian cattle population (2.45 million out of the total 9.8 million).^[17] Domesticated banteng are docile and can tolerate hot, humid weather. Moreover, they can thrive and maintain their normal body weights even on poor quality fodder. They are primarily used for their highly demanded meat, that has been described as lean and soft.^[16][29] They are also used as draught animals to a limited extent; banteng are reportedly less efficient than zebu in dragging carts on roads, though they are suitable for agricultural work.^[30] However, banteng produce little milk; they lactate for only six to ten months, and the daily produce is just 0.9–2.8 kg (2.0–6.2 lb). They are also vulnerable to diseases such as bovine malignant catarrhal fever. In 1964, an outbreak of an unidentified disease, locally known as "jembrana", wiped out 10–60% of domesticated banteng populations in several areas in Bali; similar but less intense outbreaks have continued in the following years.^[16] The disease was later determined to be caused by a lentivirus.^[31]

In Australia

Domesticated banteng were first introduced to Australia in 1849 with the establishment of a British military outpost called Port Essington on Cobourg Peninsula. Twenty animals were taken to the western Arnhem Land, in present-day Northern Territory, as a source of meat. A year after the outpost's establishment, poor conditions including crop failure and tropical disease led to its abandonment. On the departure of British troops, the banteng were released from their grazing pastures and allowed to form a feral population.^[32] By the 1960s, researchers realised that a population of about 1,500 individuals had developed in the tropical forests of Cobourg Peninsula.^[33] As of 2007, around 8,000–10,000 feral banteng occur in Australia, mainly in Garig Gunak Barlu National Park (Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory).^[34][35] In a survey published in 1990, the population density in the forests was found to be around 70/km² (180/sq mi), close to that on their initial introduction 140 years ago.^[36]

Australian banteng are considered a non-native vermin species, as they reportedly trample and destroy vegetation cover by overgrazing, and sometimes harm and kill people who may closely approach them. Moreover, banteng can transmit lethal diseases such as brucellosis to humans as well as other cattle. As such banteng are occasionally shot to bring down their numbers in Australia, but some have expressed concern about their conservation given the decline in banteng populations outside the country.^[37][38] In a study in the monsoon forests of Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, banteng were found to cause little damage by overgrazing, especially when compared with feral pigs in the region.^[39] Instead, grazing by banteng possibly minimises potential dry grass build-up, thus limiting encroachment of seasonal fires (hence postfire grassland) into monsoonal forest areas, and this may help with the dispersal and germination of seeds.^[36]

A pair of Madura cattle

Hybrids

Domesticated banteng have been hybridised with other types of cattle. Madura cattle, found in Java, are fertile hybrids of banteng and zebu. A small breed, the bulls weigh between 250 and 300 kg (550 and 660 lb) and the cows weigh 150 kg (330 lb). They are used in local traditional events such as bull racing and cow beauty contests. Other hybrids include Donggala, Galekan and Java Brebes (Jabres) cattle.^[40][41] While all hybrids with zebu are fertile, the male hybrids resulting from a cross with taurine cattle are sterile.^[2] A program to cross-breed domestic and wild banteng began in June 2011, resulting in five pregnancies. This was intended to help improve the quality and productivity of the domesticated breed. The wild bulls were transported from the Baluran National Park in Situbondo.^[42]

As symbol

The shield of Indonesian national emblem, with the banteng's head in top-left

The banteng's head appears as one of the five emblems in the shield of Indonesia's coat-of-arms, "Garuda Pancasila". The emblem appears on the top-left of the shield, representing the fourth principle of the Indonesian five-point state philosophy (Pancasila), "Democracy that is Guided by the Inner Wisdom in the Unanimity Arising Out of Deliberations Amongst Representatives". A number of political parties in the country used the banteng's head as its symbol, including the Indonesian National Party (of President Sukarno), the Indonesian Democratic Party, and the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (of Presidents Megawati Sukarnoputri and Joko Widodo).^[43][44] Certain elements in the Indonesian independent movements proposed it to be part of the Indonesian flag before the 1939 decided in favour of the plain red-and-white flag.^[45]

Threats and conservation

The wild banteng is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and populations have decreased by more than 50% in the past few decades. In 2008, the IUCN estimated the global banteng population at 5,000–8,000 individuals. Rampant poaching (for food, game, traditional medicine and horns), habitat loss and fragmentation and susceptibility to disease are major threats throughout the range. Most populations throughout the range are small and isolated. Banteng are legally protected in all countries in their range, and are largely restricted to protected areas.^[2]

A herd in the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (Thailand)

Most other populations are small and fragmented, and many are on the decline. Surveys in eastern Cambodia between 2009 and 2011 estimated the total population in Sre Pok Wildlife Sanctuary and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary at 1,980–5,170 individuals.^[46] Surveys in the following years (up to 2016) in these sanctuaries and adjacent areas (such as the Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary) gave an approximate total of 4,600 individuals. Recent updates to these surveys suggest widespread collapse of these populations. The Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary population is estimated in have decline rapididly from 382 in 2010, with too few recorded in 2020 to produce a population estimate.^[47] Populations in Sre Pok Wildlife Sanctuary and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary have declined from around 1000 in each site in 2010 to only 370 and 485 respectively in 2020.^[48][49]

The only populations of more than 50 individuals in Thailand occur in the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary and possibly in the Kaeng Krachan National Park.^[2] A survey between 2000 and 2003 in Java identified four to five significant populations, with the highest numbers in the Ujung Kulon National Park (300–800 individuals), the Baluran National Park (206 individuals) and the Meru Betiri National Park (200 individuals).^[50] In East Java, a survey between 2011 and 2013 recorded rapid decline in populations in the Baluran National Park, though the numbers appeared to be stable in the Meru Betiri National Park; the researchers identified poaching, habitat disturbance, competition with other species, changes in vegetation cover and habitat loss as major threats.^[51] In Borneo numbers have fallen in areas like Kalimantan and Sabah, mainly due to poaching and human disturbance. The steepest decline (by more than 50%) took place between 1970 and 2000 due to deforestation and conversion of forests into plantations. Minor populations have been reported from areas such as Kulamba Wildlife Reserve, Deramakot Forest Reserve and Sipitang Forest Reserve during 2009–2015; individuals might still occur in the Belantikan Hulu region (Central Kalimantan), Kayan Mentarang National Park (North Kalimantan) and Kutai National Park (East Kalimantan).^[2]

Threats to domesticated banteng

Since a small founder event occurred in Australia with the introduction of only 20 previously domesticated banteng, a genetic bottleneck has inevitably occurred, causing all banteng presently in Australia to lack genetic diversity as a result of inbreeding. Genetic invariability can lead to inbreeding depression, resulting in harmful mutations and reduced immunity to diseases. This was proven by an analysis of 12 microsatellites, that recorded a high inbreeding coefficient of 0.58.^[34] Despite the limited genetic pool of this population, conservationists hope that populations at risk can be preserved. Some have proposed that a deliberate introduction of the endangered populations to the stable but non-native Australian variety would enable viable conservation, though how it would affect Northern Territory grazing ranges is unknown.^[35]

Another possible threat is introgression with other cattle and similar bovids throughout their range where they coexist in the wild or due to crossbreeding programs, that may compromise the genetic integrity or purity of banteng populations.^[30][2] This, coupled with possibly low genetic diversity in small, isolated populations, is a major concern in Sabah, where water buffaloes might crossbreed with wild banteng. However, little genetic research has been done in this area to conclusively establish the impact of such crossbreeding on banteng survival.^[2] In a bid to protect the genetic purity of Bali cattle, Bali has banned other cattle varieties on the island.^[30]

Cloning

The banteng is the second endangered species to be successfully cloned, and the first clone to survive beyond infancy (the first was a gaur that died two days after birth).^[52][53] Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Massachusetts extracted DNA from skin cells of a dead male banteng, that were preserved in the San Diego Zoo's cryobank Frozen Zoo facility, and transferred it into eggs from domestic banteng cows, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. Thirty embryos were created and sent to Trans Ova Genetics, where they were implanted in domestic banteng cows. Two were carried to term and delivered by Caesarian section. The first was born on 1 April 2003, and the second two days later. The second was euthanised, apparently suffering from large offspring syndrome (an overgrowth disorder), but the first survived and lived for seven years at the San Diego Zoo, where it died in April 2010 after it broke a leg and was euthanised.^[54][55]

References

La bantengo estas orientalisa specio el la genro Bos (bovoj). Ĝi estas sovaĝa bovo kaj vivas en la marĉaj areoj de Orient-Barato, Borneo, Javo, kaj Sumatro. Ĝi altas ĉeŝultre 1,5 m, la korpo estas malgranda kaj larĝa, la kornoj estas forte kurbiĝantaj. La koloro varias de la griza ĝis la malhelbruna; la koloro malhelas nur ĉirkaŭ la buŝo kaj subventre. Ĝi estas hejmigebla en junaĝo. Oni povas ĝin sukcese kruci per hejma bovo, la idoj iĝos idproduktemaj.

Vidu ankaŭ

• Centra-hindoĉinaj sekaj arbaroj
• Tenaserimaj-sudtajlandaj kvazaŭĉiamverdaj pluvarbaroj

El banteng (Bos javanicus) es una especie de bovino salvaje originaria de los bosques de montaña del sureste asiático.^[2]​ Por su aspecto recuerda bastante al gaur, pero se diferencia de este en que es más bajo y pequeño, con una joroba más pronunciada sobre los hombros.

El pelaje es marrón oscuro en los machos, pudiendo llegar a casi negro en algunos ejemplares, mientras que las hembras (de menor tamaño y cuernos más pequeños) tienen un pelaje pardo claro o rojizo. Como los gaures, viven en manadas y se alimentan de hierbas, hojas de árboles y arbustos y brotes de bambú.

En la actualidad se encuentran tanto en estado salvaje como doméstico, siendo conocido en este caso como toro de Bali (aunque no es exclusivo de esta isla). Sus depredadores principales son los cuones, tigres y leopardos.

La distribución del banteng se extiende por Indochina, Malaca, Sumatra, Java y Borneo. Se estima que el número de bantengs domésticos es de un millón y medio, mientras que solo deben quedar entre 5,000 y 11,000 en estado salvaje.

El banteng como animal doméstico

Se cree que el banteng fue domesticado en 3500 a. C. en Indonesia, y se cría tanto para arar la tierra, como para carne y cuero.

La variedad domesticada del banteng (Bos javanicus domesticus) ha sido introducida como ganado cárnico en lugares más allá del Sudeste asiático, como Australia, las Filipinas y Nueva Guinea. Se cree que la población del banteng en la Península de Coburg, en Australia, cuenta con más de 8,000 individuos, a pesar de que estos animales son ganado asilvestrado y considerados como una plaga.

Un banteng en el Santuario Huai Kha Khaeng, Tailandia.

Clonación

En 2003, ya en peligro de extinción, el vicepresidente del Medical Scientific Development de Worcester, Robert Lanza, anunció al mundo que habían clonado con éxito un banteng.^[3]​^[4]​

Véase también

• Especies de Artiodactyla

Referencias

Banteng (Bos javanicus) behiaren familiako ugaztun artiodaktiloa da. 3 m luze izaten da, eta 1,50 m altu; burua txikia baina zabala du; mutur arroa, belarri handiak eta adar motzak gorantz zabalduak. Ilea gris arre kolorekoa du, eta hankak goialdean arrasto gorriak izaten ditu. Javan, Borneon eta Sumatran mendietako basoetan bizi da, talde txikietan bildurik.

Erreferentziak

• • 'Bos javanicus'ri buruzko informazioa Mammals of The World datubasean

  Ikus, gainera

  • Bovidae

Bantengi (Bos javanicus) on erittäin uhanalainen aasialainen nautaeläin. Nykyisin alkuperäinen villi kanta Aasiassa on supistunut muutamiin tuhansiin. Australian pohjoisosissa, jonne laji siirrettiin brittien siirtomaakaudella vuonna 1849, niitä elää arviolta kymmenentuhatta. Bantengista kesytetty balinnauta on vanha aasialainen kotieläin,^[2] ja niitä arvioidaan olevan eri puolilla Etelä-Aasiaa 1,5 miljoonaa yksilöä.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Bantengi kasvaa noin 1,6 metriä korkeaksi ja 2,3 metriä pitkäksi. Bantengisonni painaa 680–800 kiloa, lehmä on pienempi. Turkki on ruskea valkeita sukkia lukuun ottamatta.

Elinympäristö

Bantengit elävät harvassa metsässä.

Levinneisyys

Bantengia elää Myanmarissa, Thaimaassa, Laosissa, Vietnamissa, Borneolla, Javalla ja Balilla.

Lähteet

Bos javanicus

Le banteng ou tembadau (Bos javanicus^[1]) est un bœuf sauvage relativement petit qui vit en Asie du Sud-Est. Sous la forme du bœuf de Bali, il a été domestiqué par l'homme et a été introduit en Australie où il forme une population marronne importante. Ce taureau sauvage est le symbole du Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan ou Parti démocratique indonésien de lutte^[2].

Caractéristiques

Femelle

Les bantengs ressemblent aux bœufs domestiques. Ils présentent un dimorphisme sexuel notable. La robe des mâles va du brun noir au brun rouge foncé, tandis que celles des femelles sont plus blondes. Mâles et femelles ont le ventre blanc, avec des taches sur l'arrière-train et des « bas » sur les pattes^[3]. Les femelles atteignent leur taille adulte en 3 à 4 ans contre 5 à 6 pour les mâles. Les animaux qui pèsent de 400 à 900 kg, ont une longueur d'environ deux mètres et une hauteur au garrot de 150 cm (femelles) à 180 cm (mâles). Les cornes des taureaux sont dures et courbées vers le haut ; elles peuvent atteindre 75 cm de long et sont séparées sur le haut de la tête par une sorte de casque qui se distingue nettement du pelage ; celles des vaches sont beaucoup plus courtes.

Répartition

La région primitive de diffusion comprenait le Sud-Est asiatique continental ainsi que les îles de Java et de Bornéo. Les bantengs domestiqués ont été introduits par l'homme sur de nombreuses autres îles d'Indonésie ainsi que, en nombre beaucoup plus réduit, dans d'autres régions du monde (v. Domestication). L'habitat des bantengs sauvages est principalement constitué par les forêts tropicales. Ils viennent également paître de temps en temps dans les prairies ouvertes.

Mode de vie

Troupeau de bantengs, au sanctuaire de faune de Huay Kha Khaeng, Thaïlande

Les bantengs vivent en groupes de 2 à 40 vaches avec leurs veaux conduits par un taureau. Pendant la mousson, ils vont vers les collines ; et ils redescendent dans les plaines à la saison sèche^[4]. On trouve en outre des troupeaux de mâles et des taureaux solitaires, trop vieux ou trop faibles pour diriger un troupeau. Après une gestation de 285 jours, les vaches donnent naissance une fois par an à un petit qu'elles allaitent pendant neuf mois. Il atteint sa maturité sexuelle au bout de deux à quatre ans. L'espérance de vie des bantengs est de 14 à 17 ans, jusqu'à 26 ans en captivité.

Les hommes et les bantengs

Banteng dans le parc national d'Alas Purwo, île de Java, Indonésie

Danger pour l'espèce

Le banteng sauvage est classé par l'UICN au nombre des espèces menacées. Parmi les raisons de la baisse de son nombre on cite la destruction des forêts tropicales, le croisement avec les bœufs domestiques et les bœufs de Bali ainsi que la contamination par des maladies répandues chez les bœufs domestiques. Dans le Sud-Est du continent asiatique les chiffres ont dramatiquement baissé au cours des dernières décennies. En Thaïlande on estime la baisse à près de 85 % entre 1980 et 2000. Dans la péninsule malaise, les bantengs ont déjà disparu dans les années 1950. Au contraire les chiffres sur Java sont stables alors qu'il n'y a aucun chiffre sûr pour Bornéo. La population totale de bantengs sauvages est évaluée à 5 000.

Domestication

Les bantengs font partie des cinq espèces de bovinés domestiquées par l'homme. La date de leur domestication est inconnue, elle doit avoir eu lieu cependant plusieurs siècles avant Jésus-Christ. On pense que c'est vraisemblablement à Java que la chose s'est passée ; sur le continent on disposait déjà des buffles d'eau et on n'éprouvait aucun besoin d'une nouvelle espèce de bœufs domestiqués. De Java ils sont passés sur de nombreuses îles, où à l'origine il n'y avait pas de bantengs sauvages, par exemple à Bali, à Sumatra, à Sulawesi, au Timor, à Lombok et à Sumbawa. Comme Bali a été pendant des siècles le centre d'élevage des bantengs, les bantengs domestiques sont connus sous le nom de « bœufs de Bali ». Aujourd'hui il en existe environ 1,5 million.

Du fait de l'introduction d'autres bœufs domestiques en Indonésie, il y a de moins en moins de bœufs de Bali de pure race. Très tôt il y a eu des croisements entre zébus et bœufs de Bali avec pour conséquence la naissance de nouvelles races de bœufs

Des bœufs de Bali ont été introduits en 1849 en Australie où ils sont devenus sauvages et constituent aujourd'hui une population de 1 000 animaux qui vivent dans le Garig Gunak Barlu National Park dans le Territoire du Nord.

Liste des sous-espèces

• Bos javanicus javanicus
• Bos javanicus lowi

Notes et références

• (de) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en allemand intitulé .

Voir aussi

Banteng (lat. Bos javanicus) je vrsta divljega goveda, koja obitava u jugoistočnoj Aziji.

Bantenzi su pripitomljeni na nekoliko mjesta u jugoistočnoj Aziji, te ima oko 1,5 milijuna domaćih bantenga, koji se nazivaju stoka s Balija. Koriste se kao radne životinje i za meso.^[1] Unesen je u sjevernu Australiju, gdje ima stabilnu populaciju.^[2]

Po veličini sliči domaćem govedu, visok je 1,55 do 1,65 m u ramenima te ima 2,45 do 3,5 m u ukupnoj dužini, uključujući i 60 cm repa. Tjelesna težina može biti u rasponu 400 do 900 kg.^[3] Ima spolni dimorfizam, tj. spolovi se razlikuju po boji i veličini. Građa je slična onoj od domaćih goveda, ali s relativno tankim vratom i malom glavom. Rogovi ženke su kratki i čvrsto zakrivljeni, s vrhovima prema unutra, dok su rogovi mužjaka u luku prema gore dužine 60 do 75 cm.

Grupa bantenga

Ova vrsta se smatra ugroženom. Skupine bantenga nalaze se u zoološkim vrtovima te u Australiji, a križani su sa stokom (lat. Bos taurus), te su takvi hibridi.

Areal bantenga obuhvaća veći broj država. Vrsta je prisutna u sljedećim državama: Tajland, Mianmar, Malezija, Indonezija, Vijetnam, Laos i Kambodža. Izumrla je u Bruneju, Indiji i Bangladešu.^[4]

Staništa vrste su: šume, bambusove šume, močvarna područja, travna vegetacija, ekosustavi niskih trava, šumski ekosustavi i riječni ekosustavi. Vrsta je rasprostranjena do 2100 metara nadmorske visine.

Izvori

Sapi bali pejantan.

Tengkorang Banteng di Taman Nasional Baluran

Banteng atau tembadau (dari bahasa Jawa, banṭhèng), Bos javanicus, adalah hewan yang sekerabat dengan sapi dan ditemukan di Myanmar, Thailand, Kamboja, Laos, Vietnam, Kalimantan, Jawa, dan Bali. Banteng dibawa ke Australia Utara pada masa kolonisasi Britania Raya pada tahun 1849 dan sampai sekarang masih lestari.

Terdapat tiga anak jenis banteng liar: B. javanicus javanicus (di Jawa, Madura, dan Bali), B. javanicus lowi (di Kalimantan, jantannya berwarna coklat bukan hitam), dan B. javanicus birmanicus (di Indocina). Anak jenis yang terakhir digolongkan sebagai Terancam oleh IUCN.

Banteng dapat mencapai tinggi sekitar 1,6m di bagian pundaknya dan panjang badan 2,3 m. Berat banteng jantan biasanya sekitar 680 – 810 kg — jantan yang sangat besar bisa mencapai berat satu ton — sedangkan betinanya lebih ringan. Banteng memiliki bagian putih pada kaki bagian bawah dan pantat,punuk putih, serta warna putih disekitar mata dan moncongnya, walaupun terdapat sedikit dimorfisme seksual pada ciri-ciri tersebut. Banteng jantan memiliki kulit berwarna biru-hitam atau atau coklat gelap, tanduk panjang melengkung ke atas, dan punuk di bagian pundak. Sementara, betinanya memiliki kulit coklat kemerahan, tanduk pendek yang mengarah ke dalam dan tidak berpunuk.

Banteng memakan rumput, bambu, buah-buahan, dedaunan, dan ranting muda. Banteng umumnya aktif baik malam maupun siang hari, tetapi pada daerah permukiman manusia, mereka beradaptasi sebagai hewan nokturnal. Banteng memiliki kecenderungan untuk berkelompok pada kawanan berjumlah dua sampai tiga puluh ekor. Di Jawa, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Taman Nasional Meru Betiri, Taman Nasional Bali Barat, Taman Nasional Alas Purwo dan Taman Nasional Baluran menjadi pertahanan terakhir hewan asli Asia Tenggara ini.

Sapi bali

Banteng telah didomestikasi di beberapa daerah di Asia Tenggara dan Australia dan dikenal sebagai sapi bali. Hingga tahun 2009 diperkirakan jumlahnya di Indonesia mencapai sekitar 4,5 juta ekor. Banteng ternak dan liar dapat saling kawin dan keturunan yang dihasilkannya sering kali subur (fertil). Ada 11 provinsi utama yang memiliki populasi sapi Bali terbanyak. Populasi terbanyak di Sulawesi Selatan, Bali, NTT, NTB, Sumsel, Sultra, Gorontalo, Kalsel, Sulteng, Sulbar, dan Lampung. Sapi Bali merupakan sumberdaya genetik hewan asli Indonesia, karena kerabat liarnya ada di Indonesia. Sapi Bali merupakan sapi asli Indonesia yang ciri - cirinya khas dan berbeda dari bangsa sapi lainnya.

Warna sapi betina merah bata, jantan warna merah bata yang akan berubah menjadi kehitaman dengan makin bertambahnya umur. Perubahan warna tersebut tidak muncul pada sapi bali jantan yang dikastrasi. Kaki berwarna putih pada bagian bawah, mulai dari tarsus/carpus ke bawah. Pantat berwarna putih dengan batas yang jelas (bentuk oval).

Keunggulan sapi Bali: memiliki efisiensi reproduksi yang tinggi, daging dan karkasnya berkualitas baik dan persentase karkasnya tinggi (karkasnya bahkan bisa mencapai 57%), Selanjutnya yang juga sangat menarik adalah daya adaptasinya terhadap lingkungan yang sangat baik,dan yang tidak kalah penting adalah kemampuannnya menggunakan sumber pakan yang terbatas.

Pranala luar

• (Indonesia) Sapi bali, kekayaan Indonesia yang terabaikan
• (Inggris) Pemerian banteng di situs web Ultimate Ungulate
• (Inggris) ARKive - gambar dan film mengenai banteng (Bos javanicus)
• (Inggris) Banteng thrive on Cobourg Peninsula from CDU University
• (Inggris) Catalyst Article on Bantengs
• (Inggris) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile

Il banteng (Bos javanicus d'Alton, 1823), chiamato anche bovino della Sonda, è un bovino selvatico originario del Sud-est asiatico. È il diretto antenato del bovino di Bali addomesticato dall'uomo, ma oggi gli esemplari selvatici sono gravemente minacciati. Le popolazioni più consistenti vivono a Giava nel parco nazionale di Ujung Kulon e in Thailandia nel santuario faunistico di Huai Kha Khaeng.

Descrizione

Femmina di banteng.

Il banteng è notevolmente più piccolo e leggero del gaur: ha una lunghezza testa-tronco di 180-200 cm, raggiunge un'altezza al garrese di 130-170 cm e pesa 500-900 kg. Rispetto a tale specie, il banteng ha una struttura corporea più snella, le zampe più lunghe e sottili, il rilievo dorsale più schiacciato e allungato longitudinalmente. I maschi sono di circa un quarto più grandi e pesanti delle femmine, e si differenziano moltissimo da queste anche per la colorazione del mantello e la forma delle corna. Il pelo è corto, folto, schiacciato, bianchiccio nella parte terminale delle zampe e con uno «specchio» veramente caratteristico nella parte posteriore delle cosce. Le corna sono lisce, a sezione rotonda, terminanti a punta, molto grosse e appiattite alla base; nei maschi si ripiegano dapprima leggermente verso il basso, e si rivolgono quindi in alto, diritte o a forma di semicerchio, in modo che le punte sono rivolte all'interno; nei maschi più anziani la pelle che ricopre la fronte è priva di peli e indurita, e ricorda l'elmo del bufalo cafro.

Il banteng viene giustamente considerato il più bello di tutti i bovini selvatici. I singoli animali possono essere diversamente colorati; i maschi adulti hanno per lo più il mantello di colore bruno, con sfumature tendenti al nero, talvolta addirittura al nero-azzurro, mentre le femmine hanno di solito una colorazione rosso-bruna. Nel 1952 Appelmann incontrò tuttavia nella parte orientale dell'isola di Giava delle femmine dal mantello nero-azzurro e dei maschi di colore rosso-bruno. Nel 1955, in Birmania, lo svedese Bengt Berg abbatté alcuni banteng maschi, il cui mantello aveva un colore bruno pallido, simile a quello del capriolo. In Thailandia vivono dei banteng le cui parti scure sono cosparse di piccole macchie bianche; qualche volta la parte terminale delle zampe e lo «specchio» delle cosce non sono chiari, ma hanno una tinta uguale a quella del resto del corpo; in taluni territori infine, tra maschi e femmine non vi è diversità di colore.

Tassonomia

Differenze tra maschi di banteng della Birmania (a sinistra) e di Giava (a destra).

Femmine di banteng della Birmania a Huai Kha Khaeng.

Vi sono tre sottospecie:

• B. j. javanicus d'Alton, 1823, il banteng di Giava, presente sulle isole di Giava e Bali. I maschi sono neri, con corna lunghe 60-70 cm. Le femmine sono bruno-giallastre;
• B. j. lowi (Lydekker, 1912), il banteng del Borneo, endemico del Borneo e di dimensioni più piccole del banteng di Giava. I maschi hanno un manto marrone cioccolato e corna più diritte e sviluppate verso l'alto;
• B. j. birmanicus (Lydekker, 1898), il banteng della Birmania, diffuso in Birmania, Thailandia, Cambogia e Vietnam. Sia i maschi che le femmine sono generalmente di colore bruno, ma in Cambogia il 20% dei maschi è nerastro e sulla penisola malese in Thailandia la maggior parte dei maschi era di colore nero intenso.

Distribuzione e habitat

Il banteng era diffuso, con le sue tre sottospecie, dal Manipur, attraverso Birmania, Thailandia e penisola malese, all'Indocina centro-meridionale, e anche su Borneo, Giava e Bali. Oggi è ridotto a poche migliaia di esemplari. Il B. j. birmanicus è estinto nel Manipur e in Malesia e altrove sopravvive solo in parchi e riserve. Il B. j. lowi è estinto in Sarawak e Brunei e sopravvive solo nel Sabah, mentre il B. j. javanicus è ancora abbastanza diffuso su Giava e presente su Bali. I banteng addomesticati sono stati introdotti dall'uomo in numerose altre isole dell'Indonesia e, in numero molto minore, in altre parti del mondo (vedi Addomesticamento).

Il banteng non è riuscito ad adattarsi al nuovo ambiente creato dall'uomo, e pertanto evita il più possibile la vicinanza delle zone agricole e delle piantagioni; abita l'inviolato territorio boscoso lungo le coste, ma si spinge fino a un'altitudine di circa 2000 metri. Predilige soprattutto le foreste paludose ricche di sottobosco e la giungla di bambù, ma anche i boschi luminosi formati da alberi ad alto fusto aperti e le pianure sparse di cespugli.

Biologia

Banteng nel parco nazionale di Alas Purwo (Giava Orientale).

Come il gaur, il banteng mangia in prevalenza erbe e tuberi giovani e succosi, foglie, fiori e germogli di alberi e cespugli, nonché i teneri germogli di bambù.

I branchi sono formati generalmente da due a tre maschi giovani, da un numero di femmine variabile da due a trenta, da piccoli e adolescenti; i maschi adulti si allontanano frequentemente dalla compagnia e vi fanno ritorno soltanto all'epoca degli amori, per cercare la vicinanza delle femmine. Anche nella suddivisione dell'attività giornaliera il banteng ricorda molto da vicino il gaur: nelle prime ore del mattino, fin verso le nove, gli animali vanno alla ricerca del cibo sui pascoli aperti, facendo poi ritorno nell'ombra e nella protezione del bosco per ruminare con tranquillità; nel tardo pomeriggio si mettono nuovamente in moto, ma talvolta sono attivi anche durante il mezzogiorno o la notte. A Ujung Kulon, la più grande riserva giavanese, le nascite avvengono prevalentemente nei mesi di luglio e agosto e anche in altri territori esse si verificano all'inizio della stagione secca, dopo una gestazione di 270-280 giorni. I cuccioli hanno il mantello vistosamente colorato di giallo-bruno, solcato sul dorso da una striscia nera; il loro allattamento viene prolungato fino al nono mese, e verso i due-tre anni essi raggiungono la maturità sessuale.

Conservazione

Il banteng selvatico è classificato dalla IUCN come «specie in pericolo». Le cause della diminuzione delle popolazioni sono da attribuire alla distruzione delle foreste pluviali, all'incrocio con i buoi domestici o con i buoi di Bali e alle malattie trasmesse dai buoi domestici. Nella penisola indocinese il numero di esemplari è diminuito drasticamente negli ultimi decenni. In Thailandia si ritiene che la popolazione abbia subito un calo dell'85% tra il 1980 e il 2000, mentre in Cina, Cambogia, Vietnam e Laos la specie è quasi scomparsa. Nella penisola malese il banteng è scomparso completamente negli anni '50. La popolazione è invece ancora relativamente numerosa a Giava, mentre per quanto riguarda la Birmania non abbiamo numeri attendibili. La popolazione totale di banteng selvatici è stimata tra i 5000 e gli 8000 capi. Nessuna popolazione è costituita da più di 500 esemplari e sono poche quelle formate da più di 50 capi. Queste si trovano solamente a Giava e in Thailandia. Nel Borneo nord-orientale, nella regione costiera del Sabah, potrebbero essere rimaste alcune centinaia di animali. La popolazione del Borneo, comunque, potrebbe essere stata contaminata dall'incrocio con i buoi di Bali o con i buoi domestici^[1].

Le popolazioni più consistenti di banteng selvatici vivono attualmente a Giava, in particolare nel parco nazionale di Ujung Kulon, dove vivono circa 300-800 animali (dati del 2003), e nel parco nazionale di Baluran, che ospita circa 200 capi (dati del 2002). L'unica popolazione al di fuori di Giava che conta con certezza più di 50 animali vive nel santuario faunistico di Huai Kha Khaeng in Thailandia, dove negli ultimi anni è stato registrato persino un aumento della popolazione. Altre popolazioni numerose si possono trovare nel parco nazionale di Kaeng Krachan in Thailandia, dove forse vivono anche più di 50 esemplari, e nella riserva naturale di Kulamba nel Borneo nord-orientale, che ospita circa 100 animali^[1].

La popolazione più numerosa di banteng selvatici vive ora al di fuori dell'areale originario, nell'estremità settentrionale dell'Australia, nell'area del parco nazionale Garig Gunak Barlu, ed è stimata in oltre 8000 capi^[2]. Gli esemplari in questione sono veri banteng selvatici, non buoi di Bali tornati allo stato brado.

Addomesticamento

Buoi di Bali, forma domestica del banteng, a Timor Est.

Il banteng è una delle cinque specie di bovini che sono state addomesticate dall'uomo. La data esatta dell'addomesticamento è sconosciuta, ma deve risalire almeno ad alcuni secoli prima della nascita di Cristo. Giava è considerato il luogo più probabile in cui l'uomo domò il banteng per la prima volta; nel continente non c'era bisogno di addomesticare questo animale, in quanto era già diffuso il bufalo domestico. Dal momento che Bali è stato il centro dell'allevamento del banteng per secoli, il banteng domestico è divenuto noto come bue di Bali.

La forma domestica è notevolmente più piccola del banteng selvatico, le corna dei maschi non sono ripiegate all'interno, il cranio è più piccolo, e in certo modo è rimasto allo stadio infantile, la regione del garrese è più appiattita; le differenze esteriori esistenti tra i sessi sono inoltre meno marcate. Il bue di Bali presente a Giava non si discosta tuttavia troppo dal banteng selvatico ed è difficilmente distinguibile da quest'ultimo. Oggi vi sono in tutto circa 1,5 milioni di buoi di Bali.

Da Bali gli esemplari domestici vennero introdotti in numerose isole dove il banteng selvatico non era mai stato presente, ad esempio a Sumatra, Sulawesi, Timor, Lombok e Sumbawa. Alcuni di questi esemplari sono tornati allo stato selvatico. I banteng presenti in Australia, che in passato si riteneva fossero buoi di Bali, sono risultati essere banteng di razza pura secondo recenti analisi genetiche. Furono introdotti in Australia nel 1849, e ora sono presenti con una popolazione di 8000-10.000 capi nel parco nazionale Garig Gunak Barlu nel Territorio del Nord^[2].

A Bali il banteng domestico viveva completamente isolato, mentre nelle isole limitrofe venne sovente incrociato con altri bovini. Attualmente gli ibridi nati dal connubio banteng-zebù sono diffusi in tutta l'Indonesia e in vaste zone dell'India. Lo sfruttamento economico dei buoi di Bali di razza pura e delle razze miste da essa derivate è rilevante: in prevalenza questi bovini vengono usati come animali da tiro e da lavoro, spesso anche come cavalcature; forniscono notevoli quantità di latte, e sono inoltre impiegati su grande scala come animali da macello. Gli esemplari fuggiti o lasciati liberi dagli allevatori inselvatichiscono rapidamente; molti di essi si sono rifugiati nelle vaste savane meridionali di Sulawesi.

Note

Bantengas (lot. Bos javanicus) – dykaraginių šeimos laukinis porakanopis žinduolis. Paplitęs Mianmare, Indokinijoje, Indonezijoje.

Ilgis (be uodegos) apie 2 m, nugaros aukštis 1,5 m. Patelės ir jaunikliai raudonai rudi, beveik juodi, kojos ir pasturgalis balti. Ragai 40–50 cm. ilgio, lenkti į viršų.

Gyvena tropiniuose miškuose mažomis bandomis, seni patinai laikosi atskirai. Nykstantis. Prijaukinta bantengo forma vadinama Balio galvijais (kilę iš Balio salos).^[1]

Bantengas turi 3 porūšius:

• Javos bantengas (B. j. javanicus) – patinai juodi, patelės rusvos spalvos.
• Borneo bantengas (B. j. lowi) – mažesnis už Javos bantengą, ragai statesni, patinai šokoladinės-rudos spalvos.
• Birmos bantengas (B. j. birmanicus) – paplitęs Indokinijoje. Įprastai patinai ir patelės yra rusvi, bet Kambodžoje 20 % patinų yra beveik juodi, o Tailande dauguma juodi.

Šaltiniai

Banteng (bahasa Inggeris: banteng) ialah sejenis lembu yang didapati di Myanmar, Thailand, Kemboja, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo, Java, dan Bali. Nama sainsnya Bos banteng. Beberapa ekor Banteng telah dibawa masuk ke Australia utara semasa penjajahan British pada tahun 1849.

Sifat fizikal

Banteng membesar sehingga ketinggian 1.6 meter pada bahunya dan panjangnya ialah 2.3 meter. Berat banteng jantan adalah antara 680 - 810 kilogram, tetapi berat banteng betina adalah lebih ringan. Bagaimanapun, berat sesetengah banteng yang amat besar mencapai hampir satu tan.

Banteng berwarna putih pada bahagian bawah kaki, dan bahagian pinggulnya, serta tompok-tompok putih di sekeliling mata dan muncungnya. Bagaimanapun, terdapat dimorfisme jantina yang amat besar. Banteng jantan mempunyai kulit yang hitam-biru atau perang berangan, tanduk panjang yang melengkung ke atas, serta ponok pada dahunya. Sebaliknya, banteng betina mempunyai kulit yang perang kemerah-merahan, tanduk kecil yang melengkung ke dalam, dan tidak berponok.

Banteng hidup di dalam hutan jarang dan makan rumput, buluh, daun, dan dahan muda. Secara amnya, banteng adalah aktif pada kedua-dua siang dan malam, tetapi di tempat yang terdapat manusia, binatang ini mengamalkan hidup nokturnal. Banteng cendurung berkumpul dalam kawanan sebanyak dua hingga tiga puluh ekor.

Banteng telah diternakan di beberapa tempat di Asia Tenggara, dan terdapat di sekitar 1.5 juta ekor banteng ternakan. Banteng liar dan banteng ternakan boleh membiak, dan anak-anaknya biasanya subur.

Pada Februari 2005, bilangan banteng di Semenanjung Cobourg ialah 10,000 ekor dan oleh itu, menyebabkan bilangan banteng di Wilayah Utara, Australia merupakan kelompok banteng yang terbesar di dunia. Bagaimanapun, dalam habitat aslinya, bilangan kawanan banteng yang terbesar adalah kurang daripada 500 ekor.

Pautan luar

• ARKive – imej dan filem mengenai banteng (Bos javanicus)
• Banteng hidup biak di Semenanjung Cobourg daripada Laman web Universiti Charles Darwin
• Makalah mangkin mengenai Banteng
• Profil Spesies daripada Perkhidmatan Ikan & Binatang Liar Amerika Syarikat

De banteng (Bos javanicus) is een wild rund uit de bossen van Zuidoost-Azië. Het Balirund is een gedomesticeerde vorm van deze soort. Verwilderde Balirunderen leven in het Noordelijk Territorium in Australië. Alhoewel voorheen werd gedacht dat bantengs nauw verwant zijn aan de gaur, wordt er tegenwoordig gedacht dat ze nauwer verwant zijn aan het huisrund. Ze kunnen makkelijk kruisen met huisrunderen, en krijgen vruchtbare nakomelingen.

Kenmerken

De banteng wordt 180 tot 225 centimeter lang en 160 centimeter hoog. De staart wordt 65 tot 70 centimeter lang. Bantengs worden 400 tot 900 kilogram zwaar. De eilandvormen zijn lichter van kleur. De banteng kent seksueel dimorfisme: volwassen stieren zijn veel donkerder van kleur dan de vrouwtjes. Een volwassen stier heeft een kastanjebruine (vastelandvorm) tot bruinzwarte (eilandvormen) vacht, terwijl jonge stieren en koeien een roodbruine vacht hebben. Alle bantengs hebben witte poten, een witte snuit, witte plekken op de romp en witte vlekken boven de ogen. De stier heeft een bult op de rug, een halskwab en een kale plek tussen de hoorns. De hoorns van de stier kunnen tot 75 centimeter lang worden. Deze hoorns zijn zijwaarts omhoog gebogen. Koeien hebben kleinere, naar achter lopende hoorns.

Bantengs leven in kuddes van twee tot veertig dieren, bestaande uit één volwassen stier en één of meerdere koeien met hun kalveren. Vrijgezelle stieren leven solitair of in zogenaamde vrijgezellenkuddes.

Voortplanting

De kalveren worden geboren na een draagtijd van 285 tot 300 dagen.

Leefwijze

De banteng is voornamelijk een nachtdier, die overdag verblijft in dichte begroeiing om daar te herkauwen en er 's nachts op uit trekt om gras, bladeren en scheuten te eten.

Bedreiging

De banteng wordt met uitsterven bedreigd door de trofeejacht, bastaardering met huisrunderen en vernietiging van de habitat.

Verspreiding

De banteng komt enkel voor in geïsoleerde populaties in Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, en op Borneo, Java en Bali. Hij komt het liefst voor in licht beboste gebieden, bamboebossen en open bladverliezende wouden, maar door de toename van het aantal mensen en het oprukken van de landbouw zijn bantengs ook dichtere wouden, met hier en daar een open plek, gaan betrekken. In de regentijd trekken ze van het laagland naar de heuvels, waar ze blijven tot het begin van het droge seizoen. Op meerdere plaatsen is de soort gedomesticeerd, voornamelijk op Bali, waar het Balirund vandaan komt.

Bantengokse fra Java

Bantengfe, også kalt sundaokse, (Bos javanicus) er et sørøstasiatisk dyr i oksefamilien. En voksen hann er ca. 170 cm høy, har bøyde horn og hvite bein. Bantengfe regnes som en truet art.^[1]

Referanser

Denne zoologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .

Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

Ël banteng (Bos javanicus) a l'é 'n beu sërvaj daj pluch sombr e ij pé bianch. A l'é spantià ant ël sud-est ëd l'Asia e ant l'Indonesia. A viv ant le foreste ch'a l'han dij baciass e un rich sot-bòsch e ant le giungle s-ciasse ëd bambù. A mangia erba e arbut.

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Banteng azjatycki^[3], dawniej: banteng^[4] (Bos javanicus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wołowatych^[5] z wyglądu przypominający bydło udomowione. W stanie dzikim występuje na Półwyspie Indochińskim, na Borneo, Jawie, Sumatrze oraz Bali^[4].

Systematyka

Gatunek banteng azjatycki obejmuje trzy podgatunki^[3]:

• banteng jawajski (Bos javanicus javanicus) d'Alton, 1823
• banteng borneański (Bos javanicus lowi) Lydekker, 1912
• banteng birmański (Bos birmanicus) Lydekker, 1898

Budowa ciała

Banteng azjatycki przypomina z wyglądu bydło domowe. Ciało silnie zbudowane. Masa ciała osiąga 500–900 kg przy wysokości w kłębie ok. 1,3–1,7 m. Tułów wraz z głową ma długość około 1,8–2 m, zaś ogon do 85 cm. Sierść zwierzęcia jest wybarwiona na niemal czarny kolor. Dolna część kończyn jest biała. Stożkowate rogi bantenga azjatyckiego są szeroko rozstawione i ostro zakończone^[4].

Samica

Tryb życia

Banteng azjatycki wiedzie życie w stadach liczących 10–30 zwierząt. Stare samce wiodą samotny tryb życia. Zwierzęta te są aktywne nocą. W porze suchej banteng azjatycki zamieszkuje doliny, zaś porę monsunów spędza wysoko w górach. Banteng azjatycki jest zwierzęciem łownym. W stanie dzikim jest bardzo płochliwy^[4].

Ekologia

Banteng azjatycki jest roślinożercą – odżywia się trawami, liśćmi krzewów i drzew, roślinami zielnymi, a także pączkami i liśćmi bambusów. Siedlisko stanowią górskie lasy o gęstym poszyciu. Występuje do wysokości 2000 m. n.p.m^[4].

Rozmieszczenie geograficzne

W stanie dzikim występuje na Półwyspie Indochińskim, na Borneo, Jawie, Sumatrze oraz Bali^[4].

Przypisy

O bantengue (nome científico: Bos javanicus), também conhecido como tembadau, é uma espécie de gado selvagem nativo do sudeste da Ásia.^[1] É também conhecido como scrub bull na Austrália.

Bantengues foram domesticados em vários lugares do sudeste da Ásia, e há cerca de 1,5 milhão bantengue domésticos, que são chamados de gado de Bali. Estes animais são usados ​​como animais de trabalho e por sua carne.^[2] Espécimes de Bos javanicus também foram introduzidos no norte da Austrália, onde eles estabeleceram estáveis ​​populações assilvestradas.^[3]

Possivelmente, o bantengue entrou na formação do zebu, sendo uma espécie próxima do gauro, do Bos frontalis e do Bos sauveli.

Algumas linhagens de bantengue encontradas em zoológicos e na Austrália, apresentam cruzamento com gado bovino (Bos taurus), e por isto não poderiam ser considerados na preservação do tipo selvagem por serem híbridos.

Referências

Banteng (Bos javanicus) är en sydostasiatisk art i däggdjursfamiljen slidhornsdjur som tillhör underfamiljen oxdjur. Tre underarter finns beskrivna, Bos javanicus javanicus på Java, Bos javanicus lowi på Borneo och Bos javanicus birmanicus på det asiatiska fastlandet. Statusen för B. javanicus lowi är dock att betrakta som något osäker och en del biologer anser att den hör samman med B. javanicus javanicus.

Kännetecken

Bantengen är ett kraftigt och robust byggt djur med tydlig könsdimorfism, där hanarna som kallas tjurar är betydligt större än honorna, som kallas kor. Beroende på främst på kön, men också på underart, varierar därför vilda bantenger i storlek från 155 till 165 centimeter i mankhöjd, från 190 till 225 centimeter i kroppslängd och från 600 till 800 kilogram i kroppsvikt, med en svanslängd på 65 till 70 centimeter. Pälsfärgen varierar också beroende på underart och kön, från mörkt rödbrun till gråblå hos tjurar och ljust brun till rödbrun hos kor. Båda har dock vita ben, från hovarna till knäna och en större vit fläck finns på bakdelen under svansen, samt två mindre vita fläckar vid ögonen. Både tjurar och kor har också horn, som kan bli upp till 70 respektive 30 centimeter långa.

Utbredning

Bantengen finns i Kambodja, Laos, Malaysia, Burma, Thailand och Vietnam, samt på de indonesiska öarna Bali, Java och Borneo.

Status

Bantengen klassades 1986 som sårbar och 1996 som starkt hotad av IUCN. Totalt uppgår det vilda beståndet troligtvis inte till fler än 8 000 djur och det kan vara så låg som 5 000 djur. Bara 6 till 8 populationer på fler än 50 djur är kända och ingen population innehåller över 500 djur.

Hot mot den vilda bantengen

Det största hotet mot den vilda bantengen är habitatförlust, beroende på att de områden där den lever allt mer fragmentiseras av mänskliga bosättningar och omvandlas till jordbruksmarker, men också jakt och hybridisering med tamboskap, samt från tamboskapen överförda sjukdomar och parasiter.

Skydd av den vilda bantengen

Den vilda bantengen är skyddad enligt lag och handel med dess skinn och horn är förbjudet. Förbudet efterlevs dock inte helt. Bevarandeprogram har startats inom flera skyddade områden där bantengen förekommer, som nationalparker och naturreservat, ofta som ett samarbete mellan olika naturvårdsorganisationer och ländernas regering.

Levnadssätt

Bantengens habitat är öppna skogar eller områden med en blandning av skog och gräsmarker, i låglänta områden och upp till 2 100 meters höjd. Skillnader mellan olika populationer finns, till exempel lever de vilda bantenger som finns på de indonesiska öarna Bali, Java och Borneo till större del i skogsmarker än de som finns på fastlandet. Bantengen är som de flesta andra oxdjur social och kor och kalvar lever i flockar på mellan 2 och 40 djur, som leds av en äldre ko och i perioder åtföljs av en dominerande tjur. Flockarna är oftast större i öppnare områden än i mer skogiga områden, där grupper på omkring 8 djur är mer vanligt. Unga tjurar lever i ungkarlsflockar och äldre hanar i mindre, tillfälliga grupper som splittras under parningstiden då de istället slår följe med och försvarar en flock med kor, eller ensamma.

Föda

Bantengen undviker vanligen de allra tätaste skogarna och betar gärna i gläntor som har bildats efter bränder. Födan består främst av gräs, men också av löv, frukt, knoppar och späda grenar på buskar. Bantengen kan klara sig flera dagar utan vatten vid torka, men föredrar områden där det finns regelbunden tillgång. Den vill också gärna ha tillgång till mineralkällor. I ostörda områden är den främst dagaktiv och betar som intensivast på morgonen och under sen eftermiddag, men i områden med stor mänsklig påverkan har den anpassat sig till en mer nattaktiv livsstil och tillbringar dagen i skydd av vegetationen.

Fortplantning

Bantengen kan fortplanta sig året om, men vissa skillnader finns mellan de olika vilda populationerna. I Thailand är parningstiden till exempel som mest intensiv mellan maj och juni, medan den på Java är som mest intensiv mellan oktober och december. Hanarna konkurrerar om honorna och bara dominerande hanar parar sig. En unge, som kallas kalv, föds efter en dräktighetstid på omkring 285 dagar. Den följer sedan sin mor och diar henne tills den är avvand vid 6 till 9 månaders ålder. Könsmognaden inträffar vid 2 till 3 år, något tidigare för honorna än för hanarna. Om bantengen inte faller offer för rovdjur eller jakt kan den i det vilda leva upp till 20 års ålder. Dess fiender är tigrar, leoparder och asiatisk vildhund, som särskilt jagar de unga djuren. Vuxna djur, särskilt tjurar, kan försvara sig bättre så länge de bara är friska och en fullvuxen bantengtjur har få fiender förutom människan.

Förhållande till människor

Bantengen är ett djur som genom historien delvis har domesticerats av människan och många raser av inhemsk tamboskap i Sydöstasien har den vilda bantengen som stamform. Dessa tama varianter som härstammar från den vilda bantengen brukar ofta kallas för baliboskap. Vilda bantenger jagas fortfarande till viss del för sitt kött och skinn, men framförallt för sina horn, vilka är eftersökta som troféer. Banteng har också av människan införts till flera öar i Indonesien där den inte ursprungligen förekom, samt till Australien.

Noter

1. ^ Bos javanicus på IUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Timmins, R.J., Duckworth, J.W., Hedges, S., Steinmetz, R. & Pattanavibool, A. 2008, besökt 24 februari 2009.

Källor

• Denna artikel är delvis baserad på en översättning från tyska Wikipedia
• Ronald M. Nowak: Walker’s Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999
• Helmut Lingen: Großes Lexikon der Tiere. Lingen Verlag, 1989

Банте́нг (Bos javanicus) — дикий представник роду справжніх биків, поширений в Індокитаї, на півострові Малакка, на островах Калімантан, Суматра, Ява, Балі.

Довжина тіла (без хвоста) 2 м, висота в холці 1,5 м. Живе в лісах, живиться переважно пагонами дерев і чагарників. Свійські форми, що походять від бантенга, відомі під назвою балійської худоби.

Джерела

• Українська радянська енциклопедія : у 12 т. / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — К. : Головна редакція УРЕ, 1974–1985.

Bò thuần hóa trên đảo Bali

Bò banteng hay bò rừng (danh pháp hai phần: Bos javanicus) là một loài bò tìm thấy ở Myanma, Thái Lan, Cam pu chia, Lào, Việt Nam, Borneo, Java và Bali. Một số bò banteng đã được đem vào Bắc Úc trong thời kỳ đô hộ của người Anh năm 1849.

Bò banteng có vết lang trắng trên cẳng chân, mông trắng và các đường viền trắng xung quanh mắt và mõm, tuy nhiên đặc điểm hình thái của bò banteng phụ thuộc giới tính rõ rệt. Con đực có lông màu hạt dẻ sẫm hay lam-đen, sừng dài cong về hướng trên và có bướu trên lưng gần vai. Trong khi đó, con cái có lông màu nâu ánh đỏ, sừng nhỏ, cong vào phía trong ở chóp sừng và không có bướu.

Bò banteng sống trong những cánh rừng thưa, ở đó chúng ăn cỏ, lá tre, quả cây, lá và cành non. Bò banteng nói chung hoạt động cả ngày lẫn đêm nhưng ở những nơi con người sinh sống đông đúc chúng quen với hoạt động ăn đêm.

Bò banteng đã được thuần hóa ở một vài nơi trong khu vực Đông Nam Á, và ở đó có khoảng 1,5 triệu bò banteng được chăn nuôi. Bò banteng nuôi và bò banteng hoang có thể giao phối và con cái của chúng là có khả năng sinh sản.

Vào tháng 2 năm 2005, quần thể bò banteng ở bán đảo Cobourg là 10.000 con, làm cho quần thể ở Bắc Úc là bầy lớn nhất trên thế giới. Trước khi có sự nghiên cứu của trường Đại học Charles Darwin người ta cho rằng chỉ có 5.000 con bò banteng thuần chủng trên toàn thế giới. Trong khu vực nguyên quán của chúng, bầy lớn nhất chỉ có ít hơn 500 con.

Đặc điểm

Bò rừng có hình dáng, tầm vóc gần giống với bò nhà nhưng lớn hơn. Bò đực lưng gồ hơn. Bò rừng có lông màu nâu, 4 vó trắng và mông trắng đặc trưng. Thân dài 1,9-2,25 m, vai cao 1,55-1,65 m. Trọng lượng cơ thể khi trưởng thành 600–800 kg. Thường sống ở các khu vực rừng thưa, thoáng có trảng cỏ; rừng khộp. Bò rừng có tập tính sống theo bày đàn, mỗi đàn thường có từ 5 đến 25 con gồm 1 bò đực, còn lại là bò cái và bê; đầu đàn là một bò cái già. Con cái chửa 9,5-10 tháng, đẻ 1-2 con. Thành thục ở 2 tuổi (bò cái) và hơn 3 tuổi (bò đực). Ở điều kiện thuận lợi có thể sinh sản năm một. Tuổi thọ 20-25 năm.

Phân bố

Các nước Đông Dương như Myanma, Indonesia, Thái Lan...

Ở Việt Nam, trước đây bò rừng rất phổ biến ở Tây Nguyên, hiện tại do tình trạng săn bắn trái phép nên số lượng đàn và cá thể đã suy giảm đến mức báo động. Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Ea Sô Đắk Lắk là một trong những nơi được xem là còn nhiều bò rừng nhưng cũng chỉ có vài đàn với số lượng khoảng trên dưới 10 con/đàn.

Liên kết ngoài

• (tiếng Anh) Phát triển mạnh của bò banteng trên bán đảo Cobourg từ Trang chủ của CDU

Tham khảo

Бантенг

Бантенги относятся к пяти видам быков, которые были одомашнены человеком. Дата одомашнивания бантенга неизвестна, однако по всей вероятности это произошло за несколько столетий до нашей эры. Наиболее вероятным регионом, где могло произойти одомашнивание бантенга, является остров Ява. На материке из-за наличия приручённого азиатского буйвола в одомашнивании бантенга не было особой нужды. На протяжении веков центром разведения бантенгов был Бали. Одомашненный бантенг отличается от диких сородичей меньшими размерами и более длинной шейной складкой. Не встречаются одомашненные самцы, полностью окрашенные в чёрный цвет. Бантенги с Явы отличаются от дикой формы в меньшей степени и отличить их от неё трудно. В целом, сегодня существует 1,5 миллиона балийских бантенгов. С Бали эти одомашненные животные попали на многочисленные другие острова, на которых никогда не бывало диких бантенгов, к примеру на Суматру, Сулавеси, Тимор, Ломбок и Сумбаву. На некоторых из этих островов бантенги отчасти образовали вновь одичавшие популяции. В 1849 году балийские бантенги были завезены в Австралию, где они одичали и образовали популяцию, которая сегодня состоит из 1000 особей, обитающих в Северной территории.

Из-за ввоза коров в Индонезии остаётся все меньше чистокровных бантенгов. Скрещивания между обоими видами, в частности с зебу, начались довольно рано и выдали как результат новые породы.

Примечания

爪哇野牛（学名：Bos javanicus），别名白臀野牛，牛的一种，生活在南亚和东南亚。

特征

体形似黄牛，肩高160厘米，体长230厘米，体重500－810公斤，尾长65－70厘米。臀部有一独特的、圆盘状白斑。和印度野牛一样，爪哇野牛的四肢膝盖以下的毛也是白色。

习性

一般独居或2-3头同栖，有时会组成有20-30只的大群。以草、竹子、野果、树叶和树枝为食。

繁殖

孕期7-8个月。每年春末夏初产崽，每胎1崽；哺乳期6-9个月；2-3岁性成熟。寿命20年。

分布

爪哇野牛分部在缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝、越南、婆罗洲、爪哇岛和巴厘岛、中国西双版纳勐腊县。1849年被引入北澳大利亚。

栖息地

栖息于南亚和东南亚的热带雨林中。

馴化

この項目では、ウシの一種について説明しています。インドネシアの町については「バンテン (インドネシア)」を、インドネシアの州については「バンテン州」を、かつてインドネシアにあった国家については「バンテン王国」をご覧ください。

バンテン（Bos javanicus）は、ウシ科ウシ属に分類される偶蹄類。インドネシアをはじめとする東南アジアに広く分布する野牛である。

分布[編集]

インドネシア（ジャワ島、ボルネオ島）、カンボジア、タイ、マレーシア、ミャンマー、ラオス^[1][2][3][4]に分布している。

オーストラリア北部にも移入され定着した^[2][3]。

形態[編集]

体長180-225cm。^[2][3][4]尾長65-70cm。^[2][3]肩高130-190cm。^[3][4]体重400-900kg。^[3][4]臀部や四肢下部は白い。^[3][4]

頭部には上方外側へ向かったあと、先端が後方内側へ向かう細い角が生える。^[3]

オスは全身が黒褐色、メスや幼獣は全身が赤褐色の体毛で被われる。^[1][2][3][4]

生態[編集]

開けた乾燥林に生息する。^[4]以前は薄明薄暮時に活動していたとされるが、現在は夜行性^[1]。^[3]オス1頭とメス複数頭からなる2-40頭の群れを形成し生活する。^[3]群れを形成できなかったオスは単独もしくはオスのみで群れを形成する。^[3]

食性は植物食で、草や木の葉、タケノコなどを食べる。^[1][3]

繁殖形態は胎生。妊娠期間は約285日。^[2]1回に1-2頭の幼獣を産む。^[3]授乳期間は9か月。^[3]生後2年で性成熟する。^[3]寿命は20-25年。^[3]

人間との関係[編集]

バリ島などでは家畜化（バリ牛）されている。^[2]

一方で、家畜牛との交雑による遺伝子汚染が懸念されている。^[3]

関連項目[編集]

• ウシ亜科
  • ウシ属

参考文献[編集]

外部リンク[編集]

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
  • Timmins, R.J., Duckworth, J.W., Hedges, S., Steinmetz, R. & Pattanavibool, A. 2008. Bos javanicus. IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1.

반탱(Bos javanicus)은 동남아시아에서 서식하는 들소의 일종이다. 천적은 호랑이나 들개, 악어, 인간이다. 현재 멸종위기에 처해 있으며, 지역마다 각기 다른 아종이 서식한다.

아종

• Bos javanicus birmanicus
• Bos javanicus javanicus
• Bos javanicus lowi