dcsimg

Comments ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
In the northern part of the range, Pinus strobiformis overlaps P . flexilis and reportedly hybridizes with it. On average P . strobiformis has longer, more slender leaves and thinner, more spreading-tipped apophyses than are found in P . flexilis , and stomatal bands are not evident on the abaxial surface of its leaves.
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حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Trees to 30m; trunk to 0.9m diam., slender, straight; crown conic, becoming rounded to irregular. Bark gray, aging red-brown, furrowed, with narrow, irregular, scaly ridges. Branches spreading-ascending; twigs slender, pale red-brown, puberulous or glabrous, sometimes glaucous, aging gray or gray-brown, smooth. Buds ellipsoid, red-brown, ca. 1cm, resinous. Leaves 5 per fascicle, spreading to ascending-upcurved, persisting 3--5 years, 4--9cm ´ 0.6--1mm, straight, slightly twisted, pliant, dark green to blue-green, abaxial surface without evident stomatal lines, adaxial surfaces conspicuously whitened by narrow stomatal lines, margins sharp, razorlike and entire to finely serrulate, apex narrowly acute to short-subulate; sheath 1.5--2cm, shed early. Pollen cones cylindric, ca. 6--10mm, pale yellow-brown. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds and falling soon thereafter, pendent, symmetric, lance-cylindric before opening, broadly lance-cylindric when open, 15--25cm, creamy brown to light yellow-brown, stalks to 6cm; apophyses somewhat thickened, strongly cross-keeled, tip reflexed; umbo terminal, low. Seeds ovoid; body 10--13mm, red-brown, essentially wingless. 2 n =24.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Habitat & Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Arid to moist summit elevations, montane forests; 1900--3000m; Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; n Mexico.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Synonym ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Pinus ayacahuite Ehrenberg var. brachyptera G.R. Shaw; P. ayacahuite var. reflexa (Engelmann) Voss; P. ayacahuite var. strobiformis (Engelmann) Lemmon; P. flexilis E.James var. reflexa Engelmann; P. reflexa (Engelmann) Engelmann
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Common Names ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
southwestern white pine
border white pine
pino enano
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: dehiscent

Southwestern white pine is a native, evergreen conifer with an open,
irregular crown. It can grow to 90 feet (27 m) tall with diameters to
3.2 feet (1 m) [15,53,64]. The bark is thin, rough, and furrowed
[15,54]. Branches are long and horizontal to pendant [53]. Needles
are 2.4 to 4 inches (6-10 cm) long in fascicles of five [53]. The cones
are 2.8 to 9.8 inches (7-25 cm) long with reflexed, thick scales; cones
are dehiscent when mature [15,46]. Seeds are essentially wingless and 0.4
to 0.5 inch (10-12 mm) long [15,53].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Southwestern white pine has a limited distribution.  It is found in the
mountains of western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southwestern
Colorado [15,16,50].  It extends south along the mountains to central
Mexico; most of its distribution is in Mexico [44,50,65].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Ecology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, frequency, seed

Southwestern white pine is not fire adapted; it does not have
fire-induced sprouting, seed germination, or biomass increases [12].
Southwestern white pine is fire sensitive in young age classes.  Older
trees with somewhat thicker bark are relatively more fire resistant
[20].  The thin bark and horizontal or drooping branches increase its
susceptibility to fire.

Lightning-ignited fires occur in the southwestern forests during spring
or early summer before the rains begin [2].  Arizona and New Mexico
mixed-conifer forests have the highest frequency of lightning fires in
the United States [77].

Fire-scarred cross sections of living and dead southwestern white pine
and other conifers were examined to determine the role of fire in
southwestern forests.  Over time spans of 288 and 426 years, the average
intervals between fires in western Texas and east-central Arizona were
4.7 to 9 or 22 years [2,8,20].  These chronologies have been used with
climatic data to develop fire hazard forecasting models [68].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fuel, natural, prescribed fire, series

Prediction of natural fuel loadings in southwestern mixed-conifer
forests is difficult; much variation exists within and between stands
[58].  Sackett [59] reported average square diameter and specific
gravity for southwestern white pine and other conifers in different size
classes, making the planar intersect method of fuel evaluation
applicable to southwestern forests.

Regeneration by prescribed fire of mixed-conifer series for wildlife has
been discussed in detail [63].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, mesic, shrubs, tree

Southwestern white pine is widespread in mesic sites on ridges, slopes,
and canyons of montane zones [15].  The best growth of this species
occurs on moist, cool sites with deep soil [14,53].  The climate is
semiarid, characterized by mild winters and warm summers.  There are two
wet seasons:  July to September and December to March [2,10].  Average
precipitation ranges from 19.2 to 45 inches (487-1,143 mm) per year
[25,27,57].

Southwestern white pine occurs in ravines or on mesic lower slopes at
5,000 feet (1,525 m) in southeastern Arizona and goes up to timberline
in southwestern Colorado [52,76].  It is typically found at elevations
from 6,000 to 10,000 feet (1,830-3,048 m) [17,52].  Southwestern white
pine often occurs on north- to east-facing slopes, but it has been
reported on all aspects [1,11,17,57,71].

Southwestern white pine is found on sites with loamy soil textures
ranging from shallow, gravelly loams to deep, sandy loams to stony
silty clay loams [23,30,32,40].

Two to nine conifer species occur in the southwestern mixed-conifer
forest type.  Their proportions vary depending on site characteristics
[37,48].  Some associated species not mentioned in Distribution and
Occurrence are listed below.  Associated tree species are New Mexico
locust (Robinia neomexicana), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), and
silverleaf oak (Quercus hypoleucoides) [14].  Associated shrubs are
mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), bush oceanspray
(Holodiscus dumosus), Arizona honeysuckle (Lonicera arizonica), and
Fendler ceanothus (Ceanothus fendleri) [8,14,23,57].  Other associated
plants are Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica), screwleaf muhly
(Muhlenbergia virescens), pine dropseed (Blepharoneuron tricholepsis),
Arizona wheatgrass (Elymus arizonicus), and western yarrow (Achillea
lanulosa) [8,23,51].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

   206  Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   211  White fir
   216  Blue spruce
   217  Aspen
   219  Limber pine
   237  Interior ponderosa pine
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES23  Fir - spruce
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K019  Arizona pine forest
   K020  Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K021  Southwestern spruce - fir forest
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fire damaged stems of young (less than 15 years) southwestern white pine
usually die; older trees (more than 50 years) are susceptible to
scarring [2].

No information was found in the literature about the fire susceptibility
of southwestern white pine seeds stored in caches.  It is possible that
soil may sufficiently insulate cached seeds from fire damage.
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, natural

Seeds of southwestern white pine are eaten by small mammals and birds.
It is not generally browsed by game animals or livestock [41].
Southwestern white pine was seldom used by birds in either logged or
unlogged forest areas [27].

Southwestern white pine is often found in mixed-conifer forests that are
valuable summer habitat for big and small game animals, rodents, and
game and nongame birds [19,25].  Since natural regeneration of clearcut
mixed-conifer forests on south-facing slopes requires 50 to 100 years,
these clearcut areas can be a valuable long-term forage resource for
deer and elk [71].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, habitat type, series, woodland

Southwestern white pine normally occurs in low densities in southwestern
pine, mixed-conifer, and spruce-fir forests [67].  It occurs as an
associate in habitat type series of the major conifers in these forests
[3,4,5,17,26,52].  Southwestern white pine infrequently forms small pure
stands; it is most likely to be dominant in high-elevation, cool
habitats [49,51,53].

Southwestern white pine may be present as a minor component in riparian
community types in south-central Arizona and in the montane riparian
woodland zone of southwestern Colorado [9,70].

Southwestern white pine is listed as an indicator species in the
following publications:

(1)  Classification of the forest vegetation on the National Forests of
       Arizona and New Mexico [5]
(2)  A classification of forest habitat types of northern New Mexico and
       southern Colorado [18]
(3)  Forest habitat types in the Apache, Gila, and part of the Cibola
       National Forests, Arizona and New Mexico [26]
(4)  Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of northern
       New Mexico and northern Arizona [49]
(5)  A classification of spruce-fir and mixed conifer habitat types of
       Arizona and New Mexico [51].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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Life Form ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Tree
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: basal area, density, forest, seed, seed tree, tree

Silviculture:  Various silviculture systems have been used in the
mixed-conifer forests where southwestern white pine occurs. 

The average annual growth of southwestern white pine was less than 0.1
inch (0.25 cm) per year in a virgin mixed-conifer stand in Arizona.  The
initial volume of southwestern white pine was 1,097 board feet per acre,
and after 5 years, the volume was 1,163 board feet per acre [30].

Small patch clearcutting has been used for regeneration of southwestern
white pine and associated conifers in old-growth mixed-conifer stands
[24,32].  Regeneration density of southwestern white pine per acre was
low after 10 years [24].

Gray [33] classified southwestern white pine as a suitable seed tree.
Southwestern white pine regeneration by seed trees was not successful,
however, in communities at 9,500 to 10,000 feet (2,896-3,048 m);
revegetation was very slow [49].

Spot seeding yielded a low number of surviving southwestern white pine
seedlings in east-central Arizona [39,43].  Rodents were controlled, but
frost heaving and unsuitable tree ecotypes could have factored into the
seedling mortality [39].  Heavy broadcast seeding of southwestern white
pine should be used instead of spot seeding [43].

Planting southwestern white pine seedlings at different elevations and
densities are discussed in detail [41].

Wildlife:  Patch clearcuts were evaluated for forage production and
utilization by ungulates.  Understory production significantly (p less than 0.05)
increased on clearcut areas; however, utilization by ungulates did not
differ significantly (p>0.05) [23].  Equations are available for
predicting forage production in mixed-conifer forests [22,48].  Patch
clearcuts removed about 30 percent of the total basal area in an uneven-
aged virgin Arizona mixed-conifer forest, which did not adversely affect
the nesting or feeding of birds [62].  This method reduced southwestern
white pine basal area by 47 percent on northern aspects and by 13
percent on southern aspects.

Some of the mixed-conifer forests that southwestern white pine is in
provide habitat for sensitive and threatened species such as Mexican
spotted owl, northern goshawk, and Sacramento Mountain salamander
[28,56,61].

Damaging agents:  Southwestern white pine is the principal host of
Apache dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium apachecum).  Infected trees have
reduced growth, increased susceptibity to other infections, insects,
and mortality [35,75].  Southwestern white pine is infected by red ring
rot and by root and butt rots [75].  Southwestern white pine seedlings
received an average overall ranking of 8.8 in trials for resistance to
white pine blister rust; a score of 11 was the lowest resistance [38].

Other factors:  Various methods of weed suppression made no significant
(p=0.10) difference in growth of southwestern white pine produced in
containers [7].

Southwestern white pine has good potential for Christmas tree production
in the eastern United States [36,78].

Southwestern white pine is planted along streets in urban areas.  Its
foliage has an intermediate susceptibility to salt spray; medium foliar
injury with moderate growth reduction occurred [73].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
     AZ  CO  NM  TX  MEXICO
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Southwestern white pine is grown as an ornamental [73,78].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Southwestern white pine seeds are palatable to small mammals and birds
[11,34].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

Southwestern white pine flowers in June.  Cones mature in September, and
seeds are dispersed from September to October [44].  Southwestern white
pine seeds germinate either in the spring or in the summer after the
rains begin [40].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Southwestern  white pine may establish after fire through bird-dispersed
seeds.

While southwestern white pine is known to be an important seral tree
following fire, such as in white fir-Douglas-fir (Abies concolor-
Pseudotsuga menziesii)/Gambel oak habitat types, no information was
found in the literature about southwestern white pine rates of recovery
after fire [51].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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Post-fire Regeneration ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: root crown, secondary colonizer, tree

   Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
   Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, seed, stratification, tree

Southwestern white pine reproduces sexually.  It begins to produce cones
when pole sized or about 15 years [39,44].  The interval between seed
crops for any one tree is 3 to 4 years [44].  Seed traps were placed in
clearcut mixed-conifer forest in Arizona to monitor regeneration over 3
years.  No southwestern white pine seeds were found in the traps [39].

Southwestern white pine seeds require 2 weeks to 4 months stratification
before germinating [43,44,78].  Germinability can vary between 52 and 95
percent [43,44].  Seed collection and germination methods are discussed
in detail [36,44].

Seeds of the southwestern white pine ripen synchronously throughout a
forest and overwhelm the harvesting efforts of predators [11,34].  Red
squirrels clip entire cones and cache them [34].  The wingless seeds are
dispersed by birds, primarily by the Steller's jay and Clark's
nutcracker
[11,47,72].  Animal caches result in clustered stands [72].

Southwestern white pine seedlings root deeply (to about 8 inches [20.3
cm]) the first year, which increases their survival under drought
conditions [40,43].  All of the southwestern white pine seedlings died
in a greenhouse experiment that assessed the drought resistance of
conifers along an elevational gradient.  Southwestern white pine died
after significantly (p less than 0.05) fewer days than other conifer species from
lower elevations [10].

With the initial deep root growth, southwestern white pine seedlings had
the slowest top growth rate of four conifer species measured.  At about
6 years of age, the average height of southwestern white pine seedlings
was 13.3 inches (33.8 cm) [40].  In another study, 2-year-old seedlings
were between 4 and 8 inches (10.2-20.3 cm) tall [36].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

    7  Lower Basin and Range
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
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Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, codominant, tree

Southwestern white pine is frequently a persistent, long-lived seral or
climax species in mixed-conifer forests [4,26,51].  It has been
classified as an early successional major tree [60].  Southwestern white
pine infrequently is a climax dominant or codominant in open stands
[4,51,69].

Southwestern white pine is relatively shade intolerant compared to other
associated conifers in the southwestern mixed-conifer forests.  It is
relatively resistant to damage from full sunlight [41].  In 8 out of 12
sites in New Mexico, southwestern white pine was in the overstory, but
in only 2 of those 12 sites was it in the understory.  Ahlstrand [1]
suggested that canopy closure prevented southwestern white pine
replacement at these sites.
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Synonyms ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pinus reflexa Engelm.
Pinus ayacahuite var. strobiformis Lemmon
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of southwestern white pine is
Pinus strobiformis Engelm. [6]. There are no recognized subspecies,
varieties, or forms. Southwestern white pine hybridizes with limber
pine (P. flexilis James) where their ranges overlap [6,17,53].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Wood Products Value ( الإنجليزية )

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Southwestern white pine wood is soft, not resinous, and white with a
slightly darker heartwood.  It is used locally for cabinetry, doors, and
window frames [53].  Crooked stems and coarse branches make it
undesirable for lumber [41].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Pinus strobiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Physical Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves blue-green, Leaves not blue-green, Leaves white-striped, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 5, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Twigs glabrous, Twigs pubescent, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds red, Seeds brown, Seeds wingless, Seed wings narrower than body.
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Pinus strobiformis ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ

Pinus strobiformis (lat. Pinus strobiformis) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana) at Bhandakthathaatch (8000 ft) I IMG 7363.jpg İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Pinus strobiformis: Brief Summary ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ

Pinus strobiformis (lat. Pinus strobiformis) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Pinus strobiformis ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Pinus strobiformis ist ein Nadelbaum aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) mit zu fünft wachsenden, meist 7 bis 11 Zentimeter langen Nadeln. Die Samenzapfen erreichen eine Länge von meist 12 bis 30 Zentimetern. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt im Süden der Vereinigten Staaten und in Mexiko. Die Art wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als nicht gefährdet eingestuft.

Beschreibung

Erscheinungsbild

Pinus strobiformis wächst als immergrüner, 25 bis 30 Meter hoher Baum. Der Stamm wächst monopodial, gerade und aufrecht und erreicht Brusthöhendurchmesser von bis zu 1 Meter. Die Stammborke ist dunkelbraun und unter Witterungseinfluss grau, dick, rau und schuppig und zerbricht in kleine, unregelmäßig geformte Platten. Die Äste wachsen horizontal, nach unten gebogen oder aufsteigend. Die Baumkrone junger Bäume ist konisch, ältere Bäume haben eine gerundete oder unregelmäßig geformte Krone. Junge Triebe sind schwach flaumhaarig oder unbehaart, blass rötlich braun und tragen 5 bis 10 Millimeter lange, bald abfallende Schuppenblätter.[1]

Knospen und Nadeln

Die vegetativen Knospen sind eiförmig bis eiförmig-länglich und nicht oder nur leicht harzig. Endständige Knospen sind 10 bis 15 Millimeter lang mit Durchmessern von 5 bis 8 Millimetern, die seitständigen Knospen sind kleiner. Die Nadeln wachsen zu fünft oder sehr selten zu sechst in einer 20 bis 25 Millimeter langen, sich bald auflösenden und zum Ende der Wuchsperiode abfallenden Nadelscheide. Die Nadeln sind dunkelgrün bis bläulich grün, weich, gerade oder nahe der Basis leicht gebogen, leicht verdreht, manchmal ab 5 meist 7 bis 11 und selten bis 12 Zentimeter lang und ab 0,6 meist 0,8 bis 1,1 und selten bis 1,2 Millimeter dick. Der Nadelrand ist fein gesägt bis ganzrandig, das Ende spitz. Alle Seiten oder häufiger nur die adaxialen Seiten zeigen Spaltöffnungslinien. Je Nadel werden meist zwei, seltener bis vier Harzkanäle gebildet. Die Nadeln bleiben drei bis fünf Jahre am Baum.[1][2]

Zapfen und Samen

 src=
Zapfen, Madera, Chihuahua, Mexiko

Die Pollenzapfen sind gelb, eiförmig-länglich bis kurz zylindrisch und 6 bis 10 Millimeter lang.[1]

Die Samenzapfen wachsen einzeln oder in Paaren, manchmal auch in Wirteln von drei bis vier an 15 bis 25 Millimeter langen Stielen. Ausgewachsene Zapfen haben unterschiedliche Formen, sie sind geöffnet meist zylindrisch oder breit zylindrisch bis eiförmig-länglich, 12 bis 30 und selten bis 60 Zentimeter lang bei Durchmessern von 7 bis 11 Zentimetern. Die etwa 100 Samenschuppen sind dick holzig, anfangs grünlich und rötlich getönt und bei Reife hellbraun. An der Zapfenbasis sind sie eingerollt oder zurückgebogen, die übrigen haben meist einen eingerollten Rand. Jede Schuppe hat adaxial eine oder zwei Vertiefungen, in welchen die Samen wachsen. Die Apophyse ist hell gelblich braun bis dunkel ockerfarben, mehr oder weniger keilförmig bis länglich, zur Basis hin dick und zur Spitze dünner werdend und zurückgebogen. Die Oberfläche ist glatt oder längs gerillt und sehr harzig. Der Umbo liegt am Schuppenende, er ist breit dreieckig und stumpf.[1][2]

Die Samen sind verkehrt eiförmig, 12 bis 18 Millimeter lang und 8 bis 11 Millimeter breit, rötlich braun oder braun. Der Samenflügel ist meist nur rudimentär ausgebildet, sehr klein oder erreicht in manchen Zapfen die halbe Länge des Samens.[1]

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[3]

Verbreitung und Ökologie

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet von Pinus strobiformis

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Pinus strobiformis liegt in den Vereinigten Staaten in Arizona, New Mexico und in Trans-Pecos im Westen von Texas; in Mexiko im Osten[4] des Bundesstaats Sonora, in Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, im Osten[4] von Sinaloa, in Durango, Jalisco und lokal in Zacatecas und San Luís Potosí.[1]

Pinus strobiformis wächst in Höhen von 1900 bis 3500 Metern auf tiefen, humusreichen aber auch steinigen Böden häufig in Nordhängen und entlang von Gebirgsbächen. Das Klima in der Sierra Madre Occidental wird von gewitterartigen Sommerregen und auch Niederschlägen im Winter bestimmt, in größeren Höhen fallen diese als Schnee.[1] Das Verbreitungsgebiet wird der Winterhärtezone 7 zugerechnet mit mittleren jährlichen Minimaltemperaturen zwischen −17,7 und −12,3 °C (0 bis 10 °F).[2]

Man findet die Art manchmal in kleinen Reinbeständen innerhalb von Kiefern- oder Kiefern-Eichen-Wäldern oder häufiger vermischt mit Pinus arizonica, Pinus engelmannii, Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana, Pinus durangensis, Pinus lumholtzii, verschiedenen Eichenarten (Quercus spp.) und Erdbeerbäumen (Arbutus spp.). In feuchteren Gebieten wächst Pinus strobiformis zusammen mit Douglasien (Pseudotsuga) und Tannen (Abies), und in großen Höhen mit Pinus hartwegii.[1] Pinus strobiformis ist die wichtigste Wirtspflanze der Zwergmistel Arceuthobium blumeri.[5]

Gefährdung und Schutz

In der Roten Liste der IUCN wird Pinus strobiformis als nicht gefährdet („Least Concern“) geführt. Das Verbreitungsgebiet ist sehr ausgedehnt und die Art ist in den Kiefernwäldern der Sierra Madre Occidental aber auch anderswo häufig. In manchen Gebieten kommt es aufgrund der Holznutzung zu Rückgängen der Bestände, jedoch ist der Gesamtbestand stabil. Ein Gefährdung der Bestände könnte jedoch von weitergehenden, nicht auf Nachhaltigkeit ausgerichteten Rodungen ausgehen. Eine weitere Gefahr stellt möglicherweise der Strobenrost (Cronartium ribicola) dar, doch gibt es noch keine Anzeichen eines Befalls (Stand 2011). Sowohl in Mexiko als auch in den Vereinigten Staaten gibt es Bestände in geschützten Gebieten.[6]

Systematik und Etymologie

Pinus strobiformis ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus), in der sie der Untergattung Strobus, Sektion Quinquefoliae, Untersektion Strobus zugeordnet ist.[7] Sie wurde 1848 von George Engelmann erstbeschrieben.[8][9] Die Art liegt sowohl in den morphologischen Merkmalen als auch im Verbreitungsgebiet zwischen Pinus flexilis und Pinus ayacahuite. Sie ist sehr variabel, daher ist die Zuordnung mancher Bestände fraglich. Hybridisierung zwischen den Arten erschwert zusätzlich die klare Abgrenzung.[2] Daher gibt es auch eine Vielzahl an Synonymen wie Pinus ayacahuite var. brachyptera G.R.Shaw, Pinus ayacahuite var. novogaliciana Carvajal, Pinus ayacahuite subsp. strobiformis (Engelm.) A.E.Murray, Pinus ayacahuite var. strobiformis (Engelm.) Lemmon, Pinus bonapartea Roezl[2][9] Pinus ayacahuite var. reflexa (Engelmann) Voss, Pinus flexilis var. reflexa Engelmann und Pinus reflexa (Engelmann) Engelmann[10].

Hybride zwischen Pinus strobiformis und Pinus flexilis und Pinus monticola sind belegt, ob es auch Kreuzungen mit Pinus ayacahuite gibt ist nicht bekannt.[2]

Der Gattungsname Pinus wurde schon von den Römern für mehrere Kiefernarten verwendet.[11] Das Artepitheton strobiformis verweist auf die Ähnlichkeit der Art mit der Weymouth-Kiefer (Pinus strobus).[1]

Verwendung

Das Holz von Pinus strobiformis ist hochwertig und wird als Bauholz und für Schreinerarbeiten verwendet. Es wird auch zur Herstellung von Violinen eingesetzt.[12] Doch aufgrund der geringen Größe der Bäume und der Abgelegenheit der Bestände ist die Art wirtschaftlich weniger wichtig als beispielsweise die Weymouth-Kiefer.[13] Das Harz wird medizinisch eingesetzt. Die Art wird selten kultiviert, man findet sie außerhalb des Verbreitungsgebiets nur in Arboreten.[12]

Quellen

Literatur

  • Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Band 2. Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 978-90-04-17718-5, S. 609, 761–762.
  • James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference. Timber Press, Portland, OR/London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4, S. 478–479.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 (englisch).
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7, S. 487 (Nachdruck von 1996).

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Band 2, S. 761
  2. a b c d e f James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World, S. 478
  3. Tropicos. [1]
  4. a b Pinus strobiformis im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  5. Christopher J. Earle: Pinus strobiformis. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 23. November 2012, abgerufen am 7. Dezember 2013 (englisch).
  6. Pinus strobiformis in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2013. Eingestellt von: A. Farjon, 2011. Abgerufen am 7. Dezember 2013.
  7. Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Band 2, S. 609
  8. Pinus strobiformis. In: The International Plant Name Index. Abgerufen am 7. Dezember 2013 (englisch).
  9. a b Pinus strobiformis. In: The Plant List. Abgerufen am 7. Dezember 2013.
  10. Robert Kral: Pinus strobiformis, in Flora of North America. Band 2
  11. Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. S. 487
  12. a b Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Band 2, S. 762
  13. James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World, S. 479

Weblinks

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– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
  • Pinus strobiformis bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 7. Dezember 2013.
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Pinus strobiformis: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Pinus strobiformis ist ein Nadelbaum aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) mit zu fünft wachsenden, meist 7 bis 11 Zentimeter langen Nadeln. Die Samenzapfen erreichen eine Länge von meist 12 bis 30 Zentimetern. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt im Süden der Vereinigten Staaten und in Mexiko. Die Art wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als nicht gefährdet eingestuft.

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Pinus strobiformis ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Pinus strobiformis, commonly known as southwestern white pine, Mexican white pine or Chihuahua white pine, is a medium-sized white pine tree whose native habitat is in southwestern United States and Mexico. It is typically a high-elevation pine growing mixed with other conifers (a montane forest).

Description

Pinus strobiformis, a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, is a straight, slender tree growing to 100 ft (30 m) tall and 3 ft (1 m) in diameter. The bark is smooth and silvery-gray on young trees, aging to furrowed and red-brown or dark gray-brown. The branches are spreading and ascending. Twigs are slender, pale red-brown, aging to smooth gray or gray-brown. Buds are ellipsoid, red-brown, and resinous. Leaves (needles) are five per bundle (fascicle), sometimes four, spreading to ascending-upcurved, 1.5 to 3.5 in (4–9 cm) long (rarely up to 4 in), 0.6-1.0 mm in diameter, straight, slightly twisted, pliant, dark green to blue-green, and persist 3–5 years. The upper surface ('adaxial' - facing toward the stem of the plant) is conspicuously whitened by narrow stomatal lines. The lower surfaces ('abaxial' - facing away from the stem of the plant) are without evident stomatal lines. The margins are sharp, razorlike and entire to finely serrulate, apex narrowly acute to short-subulate. Each fascicle has a deciduous sheath 0.5 to 0.75 in (1.5-2.0 cm) long which is shed early.

The cones are very large, 6 to 20 in (16–50 cm) long and 3.5 to 4.5 in (9–11 cm) broad, and have scales with a very characteristic prolonged and often recurved or S-shaped apex. The seeds are large, and with a very short wing; they are dispersed mainly by birds, particularly the Mexican jay. It is a very drought tolerant tree but greater populations grow on moist and cool places living in association with Pinus hartwegii.[2]

Distribution

The tree can natively be found in mountainous areas in Arizona, southwest Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas. Most of the native pines are in Mexico, in the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains of northern Mexico, from a short distance south of the US–Mexico border south through Chihuahua and Durango to Jalisco.[3] The pine rarely appears in pure strands, but grows along with other native conifers, such as limber pine, ponderosa pine, blue spruce, aspen, white fir, Douglas fir, and Engelmann spruce.

Uses

The southwestern white pine can be grown as a Christmas tree, windbreak tree, or an ornamental tree. It is popular as a replacement in drier areas for the eastern white pine. It can be used in cabinet making, but it is poor as a lumber tree.[3] The seeds were used as a food by Native Americans in the present day southwestern United States.[4]

References

  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus strobiformis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42416A2978637. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42416A2978637.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Southwestern White Pine (Pinus strobiformis)". Colorado State/Denver County Extension Master Gardener. 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  3. ^ a b "Pinus strobiformis". Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  4. ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 356. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinus strobiformis.

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Pinus strobiformis: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Pinus strobiformis, commonly known as southwestern white pine, Mexican white pine or Chihuahua white pine, is a medium-sized white pine tree whose native habitat is in southwestern United States and Mexico. It is typically a high-elevation pine growing mixed with other conifers (a montane forest).

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Pinus strobiformis ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

El pino blanco de Chihuahua (Pinus strobiformis)[1]​ es un árbol de la familia Pinaceae de hasta 30 m de alto, corteza gruesa grisácea, copa cónica y abierta con ramas esparcidas en los adultos. Es originario desde las montañas del suroeste de Estados Unidos hasta el norte de México, hasta Durango y Tamaulipas, Jalisco y el sur de San Luis Potosí entre los 1900 y 3500 metros de altitud.

Descripción

 src=
Cono; Madera, Chihuahua, México

Tiene hojas en grupos de 5, muy raramente 6, de 5 a 12 cm, delgadas y flexibles. La base de las hojas jóvenes envuelta en una vaina de hasta 2.5 cm desprendible. Sus conos maduros varían mucho pero son principalmente cilíndricos a ovoides usualmente muy largos, de 12 a 60 cm por 7 a 11. Están cubiertos por 70 a 120 escamas curvas. Las escamas desarrollan una saliente (apófisis) más o menos larga y curva, amarilla a ocre oscuro, usualmente muy resinosa.

Referencias

  1. «Pinus strobiformis». Consultado el 8 de abril de 2020.
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Pinus strobiformis: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

El pino blanco de Chihuahua (Pinus strobiformis)​ es un árbol de la familia Pinaceae de hasta 30 m de alto, corteza gruesa grisácea, copa cónica y abierta con ramas esparcidas en los adultos. Es originario desde las montañas del suroeste de Estados Unidos hasta el norte de México, hasta Durango y Tamaulipas, Jalisco y el sur de San Luis Potosí entre los 1900 y 3500 metros de altitud.

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Pin blanc du Sud-Ouest ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Pinus strobiformis

Le Pin blanc du Sud-Ouest ou Pin nayar (Pinus strobiformis) est une espèce d'arbres appartenant au genre Pinus et à la famille des Pinacées. On le trouve dans le sud-ouest de l'Amérique du Nord aussi bien aux États-Unis et dans le nord du Mexique.

Habitat

 src=
Cône, Chihuahua

L’arbre est présent au sud-ouest des États-Unis dans les États de l’Arizona, du Colorado, du Nouveau-Mexique et du Texas[2]. On le trouve par exemple dans le parc national de Saguaro. Au Mexique, il est présent dans le massif montagneux de Sierra Madre Occidentale. L’arbre apprécie en effet les zones élevées où le climat est moins aride que dans les plaines désertiques voisines. Il est toutefois très résistant à la sécheresse

Description

Le conifère peut atteindre une taille de 30 mètres, rarement 40 mètres. Ses aiguilles sont regroupées par cinq et ont une longueur de 8 à 14 centimètres. Les cônes ont une longueur comprise entre 16 et 50 centimètres pour une largeur de 9 à 11 centimètres. Ils contiennent de grosses graines appréciées par les écureuils. Les graines sont par ailleurs dispersées par le Geai des volcans (Aphelocoma ultramarina) ou le Casse-noix d'Amérique (Nucifraga columbiana).

L’arbre est régulièrement confondu avec une variété du Pin flexible (Pinus flexilis var. reflexa ou Pinus reflexa) avec lequel il peut d’ailleurs s’hybrider[3]. Ce dernier diffère par de plus petites aiguilles (6-11 cm), de plus petits cônes (10-20 cm de long pour 6-8 cm de large) et de plus petites graines.

Utilisation

Les graines des arbres étaient consommées par les Amérindiens de la région. Son bois est aussi utilisé au Mexique dans la menuiserie notamment pour la fabrication de portes.

Voir aussi

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Pin blanc du Sud-Ouest: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Pinus strobiformis

Le Pin blanc du Sud-Ouest ou Pin nayar (Pinus strobiformis) est une espèce d'arbres appartenant au genre Pinus et à la famille des Pinacées. On le trouve dans le sud-ouest de l'Amérique du Nord aussi bien aux États-Unis et dans le nord du Mexique.

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Pinus strobiformis ( الآيسلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IS

Pinus strobiformis er meðalstór fura sem er ættuð frá suðvestur Bandaríkjunum og Mexíkó. Hún er vanalega hálendisfura sem vex með öðrum barrtrjám (í hálendisskógi).

Lýsing

Pinus strobiformis er beinvaxið, grannt tré, að 30 m hátt og 1m í þvermál. Börkurinn er sléttur og silfurgrár á ungum trjám, sprunginn og rauðbrúnn eða dökk grábrúnn. Greinarnar eru víðar og uppsveigðar. Smágreinarnar eru grannar, föl-rauðbrúnar, verða svo gráar eða grábrúnar. Brumin eru sporbaugótt, rauðbrún og klístruð. Barrnálarnar eru fimm saman í búnti, stundum fjögur, útsveigð til uppsveigð, 4–9 sm löng (sjaldan 10), 0.6-1.0 mm í þvermál, bein, lítið eitt undin, sveigjanleg, dökkgræn til blágræn, ög haldast í 3 til 5 ár. Efra borðið (snýr að stofni) er áberandi ljósara vegna áberandi hvítrar loftaugarákar. Neðra borðið (snýr frá stofni) er án áberandi ráka. Jaðrarnir eru hvassir og fínsagtenntir. Hvert nálabúnt er með skammæju blaðslíðri, 1.5-2.0 sm langt.

Könglarnir eru mjög stórir, 16–50 sm langir og 9–11 sm breiðir, og eru með skeljar sem eru með einkennandi útstæða eða aftursveigða totu. Fræin eru stór, með mjög stuttum væng; þeim er dreift aðallega af fuglum, sérstaklega Aphelocoma wollweberi. Þetta er mjög þurrkþolið tré en fleiri tré vaxa á rakari og svalari stöðum með Pinus hartwegii og Pinus rudis.[2]

Útbreiðsla

Pinus strobiformis finns á fjallendum svæðum í Arizona, suðvestur Colorado, New Mexico, og vestur Texas. Flestar fururnar eru í Mexíkó, í Sierra Madre Occidental fjöllumí norður Mexíkó, frá stutt sunnan við landamæri Bandaríkjanna og Mexíkó suður í gegn um Chihuahua og Durango til Jalisco.[3] Hún vex sjaldan í hreinum skógum, en yfirleitt með öðrum innfæddum tegundum, svo sem sveigfuru (Pinus flexilis), gulfuru (P. ponderosa), broddgreni (Picea pungens), nöturösp (Populus tremuloides), hvítþin (Abies concolor), degli (Pseudotsuga menziesii), og blágreni (Picea engelmannii).

Nytjar

Pinus strobiformis hefur verið ræktuð sem jólatré, skjólbelti, eða til skrauts. Hún er notuð í stað sandfuru á þurrari svæðum. Hægt er að nota hana í húsgögn, en lítið annað.[3] Fræin hafa verið notuð af indíánum frá upphafi vega til nú í suðvestur Bandaríkjunum.

Tilvísanir

  1. Farjon, A. (2013). Pinus strobiformis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2013: e.T42416A2978637. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42416A2978637.en. Sótt 15. desember 2017.
  2. „Southwestern White Pine (Pinus strobiformis)“. Colorado State/Denver County Extension Master Gardener. 2010. Sótt 17. júlí 2013.
  3. 3,0 3,1 „Pinus strobiformis“. Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service. Sótt 25. júlí 2013.

Ytri tenglar

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Pinus strobiformis: Brief Summary ( الآيسلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IS

Pinus strobiformis er meðalstór fura sem er ættuð frá suðvestur Bandaríkjunum og Mexíkó. Hún er vanalega hálendisfura sem vex með öðrum barrtrjám (í hálendisskógi).

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Pinus strobiformis ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL

Pinus strobiformis Engelm. – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje w Meksyku (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango) oraz USA (Arizona, Nowy Meksyk, Teksas).

Morfologia

Pokrój
Korona drzewa stożkowata, z czasem zaokrąglona, do nieregularnej.
Pień
Prosty, dorasta do 15–24(30) m wysokości i 50–90 cm średnicy. Kora gładka i srebrzysto-szara u młodych drzew, z wiekiem staje się chropawa, szaro-brązowa, spękana, podzielona na prostokątne płaty.
Liście
Szpilki zebrane po 5 na krótkopędach, długości 4–10 cm i szerokości 0,6–1 mm1, proste, lekko skręcone, giętkie, ciemnozielone do niebiesko-zielonych.
Szyszki
Szyszki męskie cylindryczne, blado żółto-brązowe, o długości ok. 6–10 mm. Szyszki żeńskie zwisające, symetryczne, dojrzałe o długości 15–25 cm, kremowobrązowe do jasnożółto-brązowych. Nasiona czerwono-brązowe o długości 10–13 mm, bez skrzydełek.

Biologia i ekologia

Kanały żywiczne 2–4 w liściu. Igły pozostają na drzewie 3–5 lat. Szyszki nasienne dojrzewają w ciągu 2 lat, uwalniają nasiona i opadają wkrótce potem.

Liczba chromosomów: 2n=24.

Występuje na wysokościach 1900–3000 m n.p.m. Rośnie na suchych, kamienistych zboczach wysokich gór lub w mieszanych lasach iglastych. Towarzyszą jej m.in. P. hartwegii i P. culminicola.

Nasiona rozsiewane są przez ptaki, głównie przez modrosójkę czarnogłową (Cyanocitta stelleri) i orzechówkę popielatą (Nucifraga columbiana).

Systematyka i zmienność

Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[3]:

  • podrodzaj Strobus
    • sekcja Quinquefoliae
      • podsekcja Strobus
        • gatunek P. strobiformis

Gatunek traktowany był jako odmiana sosny meksykańskiej (Pinus ayacahuite): P. ayacahuite Ehrenberg var. brachyptera G.R. Shaw, P. ayacahuite var. reflexa (Engelm.) Voss, P. ayacahuite var. strobiformis (Engelm.) Lemmon.

Pinus strobiformis jest blisko spokrewniona z sosną giętką (P. flexilis) i tworzy z nią naturalne mieszańce, m.in. P. flexilis var. reflexa. Odmiana ta zawiera więcej genów P. strobiformis niż P. flexilis i dalsze krzyżowanie się z P. strobiformis wzmocni tylko powiązania genetyczne między tymi taksonami. W 2008 r. Michael Frankis opisał nowy gatunek sosny Pinus stylesii Frankis ex Businský, rosnący w górach Meksyku (Cerro Potosí i okoliczne tereny górzyste). Gatunek ten jest prawdopodobnie także mieszańcem P. strobiformis i P. flexilis i jako taki traktowany jest jako synonim odmiany P. flexilis var. reflexa[4].

Zagrożenia

Międzynarodowa organizacja IUCN przyznała temu gatunkowi kategorię zagrożenia LC (least concern), czyli jest gatunkiem najmniejszej troski, spośród gatunków niższego ryzyka[2].

Zastosowanie

Nasiona stanowiły źródło pożywienia dla rdzennych Amerykanów.

Surowiec drzewny wykorzystywany jest w Meksyku do produkcji mebli, drzwi i ram okiennych.

Choroby i szkodniki

Przypisy

  1. P. F. Stevens: PINACEAE. W: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website [on-line]. 2001–.
  2. a b Conifer Specialist Group (1998): Pinus strobiformis (ang.). W: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-08-05].
  3. Christopher J. Earle: Pinus (ang.). W: Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-08-05].
  4. Christopher J. Earle: Pinus strobiformis (ang.). W: Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-08-05].
  5. F.G. Hawksworth, D. Wiens. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology and systematics. „Agriculture Handbook”. 709, 1996. Washington, DC: U.S.D.A. Forest Service. [dostęp 2009-08-05].
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Pinus strobiformis: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL

Pinus strobiformis Engelm. – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje w Meksyku (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango) oraz USA (Arizona, Nowy Meksyk, Teksas).

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Pinus strobiformis ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Pinus strobiformis é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição na América Central, Caraíbas, México, sul do Arizona e Novo México.

Ver também

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Pinus strobiformis: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Pinus strobiformis é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição na América Central, Caraíbas, México, sul do Arizona e Novo México.

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Pinus strobiformis ( الأوكرانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia UK

Поширення

Поширення: Мексика (Чіуауа, Коауїла, Дуранго, Халіско, Нуево-Леон, Сан-Луїс-Потосі, Сіналоа, Сонора, Сакатекас); США (Аризона, Нью-Мексико, Техас). Це гірський вид з діапазоном висот 1,900—3,500 м над рівнем моря. Зростає на відносно глибоких, багатих гумусом хоча часто кам'янистих ґрунтах, особливо на північних схилах або уздовж гірських струмків.

Опис

Це від 25 до 30 метрів заввишки дерево, 50-90 см в діаметрі, струнке, пряме; крона конічна. Кора гладка і сріблясто-сіра на молодих дерев, старіючи стає темного сірувато-коричневого кольору, борозенчастою, розділеною на грубі прямокутні пластини. Гілки ростуть горизонтально. Шишки жовті, довгасто-яйцеподібні, 6-10 мм завдовжки.

найбільше дерево діаметром 150 см, висота 34 м, крона поширювалася на 19 м.; найстаріше — 599 років.

Використання

Зазвичай використовується в лісонасадженнях, а також комерційно, як цінна порода дерев.

Загрози та охорона

Потенційними загрозами є вирубка, і, можливо, сприйнятливість до блістерної іржі, хоча в даний час немає ніяких доказів цього. Відомий з кількох охоронних територій у своєму діапазоні зростання.

Посилання


Соснові Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
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Thông trắng Chihuahua ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Thông trắng Chihuahua (danh pháp hai phần: Pinus strobiformis); họ Pinaceae) là một loài thông có trong khu vực dãy núi Sierra Madre Occidental ở miền tây México, từ khoảng cách ngắn ở phía nam biên giới với Hoa Kỳ kéo dài về phía nam qua các bang ChihuahuaDurango tới bang Jalisco. Nó thông thường là cây thân gỗ của các vùng cao, mọc hỗn hợp với các loài thông khác. Trong các điều kiện thích hợp, nó cao tới 30 m, đôi khi tới 40 m.

Thông trắng Chihuahua là thành viên của nhóm thông trắng (phân chi Strobus) của chi Pinus, nên giống như các thành viên khác của nhóm này, các lá kim của nó mọc thành chùm 5 lá, với vỏ bao sớm rụng. Các lá kim này có khía răng cưa mịn, dài 8–14 cm. Các nón rất lớn, dài 16–50 cm và rộng 9–11 cm, với các vảy thuôn dài rất đặc trưng và thường có phần chóp uốn ngược lại hay hình chữ S. Các hạt lớn, có cánh rất ngắn, được phát tán chủ yếu nhờ chim, cụ thể là giẻ cùi Mexico (Aphelocoma ultramarina). Là loài thông chịu khô hạn tốt nhưng phần lớn các quần thể sinh sống tại các nơi ẩm ướt và lạnh trong hỗn hợp với thông Hartweg (Pinus hartwegii).

Thông trắng Chihuahua nói chung dễ bị nhầm lẫn với quần thể thông trắng tây nam (thông Limber Pinus flexilis var. reflexa hay Pinus reflexa) ở ArizonaNew Mexico. Rất có thể rằng Pinus reflexa là cây lai ghép tự nhiên của Pinus flexilisPinus strobiformis. Các khu vực điển hình của các đơn vị phân loại này là:

Pinus reflexa: Dãy núi Santa Catalina, 40 km về phía đông Tucson, Arizona.
Pinus strobiformis: Cusihuiráchic, 90 km về phía tây nam thành phố Chihuahua, ở miền nam bang Chihuahua, México.

Sử dụng

Hạt từng được thổ dân Bắc Mỹ tại Hoa Kỳ dùng làm thức ăn. Gỗ dùng làm đồ gỗ nội thất và cửa tại Mexico.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

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Thông trắng Chihuahua: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Thông trắng Chihuahua (danh pháp hai phần: Pinus strobiformis); họ Pinaceae) là một loài thông có trong khu vực dãy núi Sierra Madre Occidental ở miền tây México, từ khoảng cách ngắn ở phía nam biên giới với Hoa Kỳ kéo dài về phía nam qua các bang ChihuahuaDurango tới bang Jalisco. Nó thông thường là cây thân gỗ của các vùng cao, mọc hỗn hợp với các loài thông khác. Trong các điều kiện thích hợp, nó cao tới 30 m, đôi khi tới 40 m.

Thông trắng Chihuahua là thành viên của nhóm thông trắng (phân chi Strobus) của chi Pinus, nên giống như các thành viên khác của nhóm này, các lá kim của nó mọc thành chùm 5 lá, với vỏ bao sớm rụng. Các lá kim này có khía răng cưa mịn, dài 8–14 cm. Các nón rất lớn, dài 16–50 cm và rộng 9–11 cm, với các vảy thuôn dài rất đặc trưng và thường có phần chóp uốn ngược lại hay hình chữ S. Các hạt lớn, có cánh rất ngắn, được phát tán chủ yếu nhờ chim, cụ thể là giẻ cùi Mexico (Aphelocoma ultramarina). Là loài thông chịu khô hạn tốt nhưng phần lớn các quần thể sinh sống tại các nơi ẩm ướt và lạnh trong hỗn hợp với thông Hartweg (Pinus hartwegii).

Thông trắng Chihuahua nói chung dễ bị nhầm lẫn với quần thể thông trắng tây nam (thông Limber Pinus flexilis var. reflexa hay Pinus reflexa) ở ArizonaNew Mexico. Rất có thể rằng Pinus reflexa là cây lai ghép tự nhiên của Pinus flexilis và Pinus strobiformis. Các khu vực điển hình của các đơn vị phân loại này là:

Pinus reflexa: Dãy núi Santa Catalina, 40 km về phía đông Tucson, Arizona. Pinus strobiformis: Cusihuiráchic, 90 km về phía tây nam thành phố Chihuahua, ở miền nam bang Chihuahua, México.
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