Biology
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
Breeding may take place throughout the year, but tends to reach a peak in spring and early summer (2). The sexes are separate (individuals are either male or female), and fertilisation occurs internally after copulation (2). The white egg masses are typically kidney-shaped or oval (3), and contain up to 280 eggs (2). They are usually laid on the fronds of the brown seaweeds on which the species feeds but may also occur on the rock surface (2). The crawling young hatch four weeks after the eggs are laid. The young periwinkles become sexually mature at around 2 years of age, and they typically live for a total of three years (2).
Conservation
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
Not relevant.
Description
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
Periwinkles are a large family of gastropod molluscs found on the shore. The flat periwinkle is so-called because the spire of the shell is flattened (2). The tear-drop shaped aperture is large (3), and the colour is variable depending on the habitat. It is usually olive-green but may be brown, yellow, banded or have a criss-cross pattern (2). Lighter colours are associated with sheltered shores (3).
Habitat
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
This periwinkle is closely associated with brown seaweeds, especially Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus on which it feeds. It occurs on the mid-shore to lower tidal levels and may occasionally occur in the sublittoral (2).
Range
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
This species is common on all British shores where brown seaweeds are found (3). It has a wide distribution in north-west Europe (2) and is found from Northern Norway to the south of Spain and is absent from the Mediterranean (4) (3).
Status
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
Not threatened (2).
Threats
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
This species is not threatened.
Brief Summary
(
英語
)
由Ecomare提供
Flat periwinkles are smaller than common periwinkles, but stand out due to their bright colors. The shell can vary between yellow, orange, brown or green, and even blue-gray fossils are found. Of all periwinkle species, this species is the least resistant to dehydration during low tide. Therefore, it lives deeper than other periwinkles in order to avoid lying exposed during low tide. Should that happen, it crawls at its fastest snail rate under a seaweed or stone.
Breeding Season
(
英語
)
由Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species提供
Woods Hole, Maine
- 書目引用
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- 作者
- Costello, D.P.
- 作者
- C. Henley
Care of Adults
(
英語
)
由Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species提供
Woods Hole, Maine
- 書目引用
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- 作者
- Costello, D.P.
- 作者
- C. Henley
Cleavage and Gastrulation
(
英語
)
由Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species提供
Woods Hole, Maine
- 書目引用
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- 作者
- Costello, D.P.
- 作者
- C. Henley
Egg Characteristics
(
英語
)
由Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species提供
Woods Hole, Maine
- 書目引用
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- 作者
- Costello, D.P.
- 作者
- C. Henley
Later Stages of Development
(
英語
)
由Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species提供
Woods Hole, Maine
- 書目引用
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- 作者
- Costello, D.P.
- 作者
- C. Henley
Living Material
(
英語
)
由Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species提供
Woods Hole, Maine
- 書目引用
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- 作者
- Costello, D.P.
- 作者
- C. Henley
Obtaining Gametes
(
英語
)
由Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species提供
Woods Hole, Maine
- 書目引用
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- 作者
- Costello, D.P.
- 作者
- C. Henley
Rate of Development
(
英語
)
由Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species提供
Woods Hole, Maine
- 書目引用
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- 作者
- Costello, D.P.
- 作者
- C. Henley
Special comments
(
英語
)
由Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species提供
Woods Hole, Maine
- 書目引用
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- 作者
- Costello, D.P.
- 作者
- C. Henley
Littorina obtusata
(
英語
)
由wikipedia EN提供
Littorina obtusata, common name the flat periwinkle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.[1]
Distribution
This marine species occurs wherever brown seaweeds grow. It is widely distributed : the Baltic Sea, in European waters from Norway down to Southern Spain, in the Mediterranean Sea, in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean along the Gulf of Maine.
Description
The maximum recorded shell length is 13.5 mm.[2]
L. obtusata: various shell colours
Habitat
This species can be found in the littoral and sublittoral zone on rocky shores and piers, usually on brown algae of the genus Fucus. Minimum recorded depth is 0 m.[2] Maximum recorded depth is 110 m.[2] The habitat may define its color. On sheltered shores it has a lighter and uniform color (yellow, brown, orange or olive green). On exposed shores its color is darker and chequered.
References
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Backeljau, T. (1986). Lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van België [List of the recent marine molluscs of Belgium]. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen: Brussels, Belgium. 106 pp
- Reid, D.G. (1989a) The comparative morphology, phylogeny and evolution of the gastropod family Littorinidae. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 324: 1–110
- Reid D.G. (1996). Systematics and evolution of Littorina. The Ray Society 463p
- BODC (2009). Species list from the British Oceanographic Data Centre
Littorina obtusata: Brief Summary
(
英語
)
由wikipedia EN提供
Littorina obtusata, common name the flat periwinkle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.
Distribution
(
英語
)
由World Register of Marine Species提供
Range: 74°N to 39°N; 74°W to 0°W. Distribution: Greenland; Greenland: West Greenland; Canada; Canada: Labrador, Quebec, New Brunswick; USA: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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