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Brief Summary

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The family Araneidae (orbweavers) includes more than 3000 described species; nearly 7% of all known spider species are araneids (Platnick 2013). In North America north of Mexico, there are around 161 known araneid species placed in 31 genera. Of the seven families of spiders that spin flat orb webs, the Araneidae has the most species. Many araneids are fairly large and colorful and the family includes a number of familiar spiders. Most araneids have roundish bodies and fairly short, relatively thick legs. In some species, there is strong sexual size dimorphism, with males much smaller than females. (Bradley 2013) Like most spiders, araneids have eight eyes.

Many araneid species have distinctive dark patches and light spots on the underside of the abdomen. These are especially conspicuous when viewed with a flashlight or headlamp at night. For example, the larger Araneus species and all Neoscona have a large rectangular black area with white or yellowish spots or comma-shaped marks at each corner. Argiope have a black patch with many small pale spots. Other genera, such as Aculepeira and Metepeira, have a black patch with white lines. These markings are often helpful in recognizing genera, but are rarely sufficient to identify particular species. (Bradley 2013)

Orbweavers have relatively poor vision and sense their prey by their vibrations. When a potential food item hits a web, the spider rushes over and quickly wraps it in a cocoon of silk, biting and paralyzing it once it is sufficiently immobilized. The wrapped prey may be cut out of the web and brought back to the web hub or to a retreat, where the spider begins feeding. Unlike many spiders, araneids chew their food (Levi 2005). Sometimes a wrapped prey item is kept for some time before being consumed. Although most araneids build vertical orb webs, Mecynogea build a fine-meshed horizontal web and a few species spin reduced webs or capture prey in other ways (e.g., Mastophora bolas spiders, which attract male moths with scent and catch them by swinging a thread with an attached sticky ball at them as they approach). Nocturnal orbweavers may take down their webs in the morning and eat them, then re-build them in the evening; diurnal orbweavers rebuild their webs in the morning. (Levi 2005; Bradley 2013)

Most larger araneids in North America mature in summer and fall, but others mature in spring. Typical life span is one to two years. Dew-covered webs are easily located by walking toward the sun in the morning. Araneids are collected by beating branches or sweeping vegetation with a net. The American araneid fauna has been revised and illustrated by H.W. Levi and his students (1968 to present) and Dondale et al. (2003) have illustrated additional species. (Levi 2005)

The araneid Araneus cavaticus is perhaps the most famous spider in literature (at least in the English language), since this species was the model for Charlotte in Charlotte's Web by the 20th century American author E.B. White.

(Levi 2005; Bradley 2013)

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Araneidae ( Asturian )

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Los araneidos (Araneidae) son una familia d'arañes araneomorfas compuesta por cuasi 3100 especies estremaes en 169 xéneros; ye la tercer familia con mayor diversidá, dempués de Salticidae y Linyphiidae.[1] [2] La mayoría constrúin les sos teles en forma d'espiral circular y caltiénense nella cola cabeza escontra baxo.

 src=
Eriophora biapicata d'Australia
 src=
Argiope lobata d'Ucraína

Xéneros

Acacesia Simon, 1895 Eriophora Simon, 1864 Ordgarius Keyserling, 1886 Acantharachne Tullgren, 1910 Eriovixia Archer, 1951 Paralarinia Grasshoff, 1970 Acanthepeira Marx, 1883 Eustacesia Caporiacco, 1954 Paraplectana Brito Capello, 1867 Acroaspis Karsch, 1878 Eustala Simon, 1895 Paraplectanoides Keyserling, 1886 Acrosomoides Simon, 1887 Exechocentrus Simon, 1889 Pararaneus Caporiacco, 1940 Actinosoma Holmberg, 1883 Faradja Grasshoff, 1970 Parawixia F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 Actinacantha Simon, 1864 Friula O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004 Aculepeira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833 Parmatergus Emerit, 1994 Acusilas Simon, 1895 Gastroxya Benoit, 1962 Pasilobus Simon, 1895 Arkys Urquhart, 1891 Gea C. L. Koch, 1843 Perilla Thorell, 1895 Aethriscus Pocock, 1902 Gibbaranea Archer, 1951 Pherenice Thorell, 1899 Aethrodiscus Strand,1913 Glyptogona Simon, 1884 Phonognatha Simon, 1894 Aetrocantha Karsch, 1879 Heterognatha Nicolet, 1849 Pitharatus Simon, 1895 Afracantha Dahl, 1914 Heurodes Keyserling, 1886 Poecilarcys Simon, 1895 Agalenatea Archer, 1951 Hingstepeira Levi, 1995 Poecilopachys Simon, 1895 Alenatea Song & Zhu, 1999 Hypognatha Guérin, 1839 Poltys C. L. Koch, 1843 Allocyclosa Levi, 1999 Hypsacantha Dahl, 1914 Pozonia Schenkel, 1953 Alpaida O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871 Prasonica Simon, 1895 Amazonepeira Levi, 1989 Ideocaira Simon, 1903 Prasonicella Grasshoff, 1971 Anepsion Strand, 1929 Isoxya Simon, 1885 Pronoides Schenkel, 1936 Arachnura Vinson, 1863 Kaira O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 Pronous Keyserling, 1881 Araneus Clerck, 1757 Kapogea Levi, 1997 Pseudartonis Simon, 1903 Araniella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 Kilima Grasshoff, 1970 Pseudopsyllo Strand, 1916 Aranoethra Butler, 1873 Larinia Simon, 1874 Psyllo Thorell, 1899 Argiope Audouin, 1826 Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970 Pycnacantha Blackwall, 1865 Arkys Walckenaer, 1837 Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934 Rubrepeira Levi, 1992 Artonis Simon, 1895 Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004 Scoloderus Simon, 1887 Aspidolasius Simon, 1887 Lewisepeira Levi, 1993 Sedasta Simon, 1894 Augusta O. P.-Cambridge, 1877 Lipocrea Thorell, 1878 Singa C. L. Koch, 1836 Austracantha Dahl, 1914 Macracantha Simon, 1864 Singafrotypa Benoit, 1962 Bertrana Keyserling, 1884 Madacantha Emerit, 1970 Siwa Grasshoff, 1970 Caerostris Thorell, 1868 Mahembea Grasshoff, 1970 Spilasma Simon, 1897 Carepalxis L. Koch, 1872 Mangora O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 Spinepeira Levi, 1995 Celaenia Thorell, 1868 Manogea Levi, 1997 Spintharidius Simon, 1893 Cercidia Thorell, 1869 Mastophora Holmberg, 1876 Stroemiellus Wunderlich, 2004 Chaetacis Simon, 1895 Mecynogea Simon, 1903 Taczanowskia Keyserling, 1879 Chorizopes O. P.-Cambridge, 1870 Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968 Talthybia Thorell, 1898 Cladomelea Simon, 1895 Melychiopharis Simon, 1895 Tatepeira Levi, 1995 Cnodalia Thorell, 1890 Metazygia F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 Telaprocera Harmer & Framenau, 2008 Coelossia Simon, 1895 Metepeira F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1903 Testudinaria Taczanowski, 1879 Colaranea Court & Forster, 1988 Micrathena Sundevall, 1833 Thelacantha Hasselt, 1882 Collina Urquhart, 1891 Micrepeira Schenkel, 1953 Thorellina Berg, 1899 Colphepeira Archer, 1941 Micropoltys Kulczyn'ski, 1911 Togacantha Dahl, 1914 Cryptaranea Court & Forster, 1988 Milonia Thorell, 1890 Tukaraneus Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 Cyclosa Menge, 1866 Molinaranea Mello-Leitão, 1940 Umbonata Grasshoff, 1971 Cyphalonotus Simon, 1895 Nemoscolus Simon, 1895 Ursa Simon, 1895 Cyrtarachne Thorell, 1868 Nemosinga Caporiacco, 1947 Verrucosa McCook, 1888 Cyrtophora Simon, 1864 Nemospiza Simon, 1903 Wagneriana F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 Deione Thorell, 1898 Neoarchemorus Mascord, 1968 Witica O. P.-Cambridge, 1895 Deliochus Simon, 1894 Neogea Levi, 1983 Wixia O. P.-Cambridge, 1882 Dolophones Walckenaer, 1837 Neoscona Simon, 1864 Xylethrus Simon, 1895 Dubiepeira Levi, 1991 Nicolepeira Levi, 2001 Yaginumia Archer, 1960 Edricus O. P.-Cambridge, 1890 Novakiella Court & Forster, 1993 Zealaranea Court & Forster, 1988 Enacrosoma Mello-Leitão, 1932 Novaranea Court & Forster, 1988 Zilla C. L. Koch, 1834 Encyosaccus Simon, 1895 Nuctenea Simon, 1864 Zygiella F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 Epeiroides Keyserling, 1885 Ocrepeira Marx, 1883

Referencies

  1. «Currently valid spider genera and species». World Spider CatalogWorld Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum, BernNatural History Museum, Bern. Consultáu'l 5 d'avientu de 2015.
  2. (n'inglés) [1] araneidae
  • The World Spider Catalog, Version 9.5 by Norman I. Platnick

Enllaces esternos

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Araneidae: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Los araneidos (Araneidae) son una familia d'arañes araneomorfas compuesta por cuasi 3100 especies estremaes en 169 xéneros; ye la tercer familia con mayor diversidá, dempués de Salticidae y Linyphiidae. La mayoría constrúin les sos teles en forma d'espiral circular y caltiénense nella cola cabeza escontra baxo.

 src= Eriophora biapicata d'Australia  src= Argiope lobata d'Ucraína
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Aranèids ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els araneids (Araneidae) són una família d'aranyes araneomorfes. Són el grup més comú d'aranyes constructores de teranyines orbitals, amb una forma circular en espiral –en anglès se les anomena orb-weaver spider (aranya de teranyina orbital)–, que sovint es troben als jardins, camps i pels boscos. Els araneids tenen vuit ulls similars, cames peludes o espinoses, i no tenen òrgans estridulatoris.

La família és cosmopolita, i inclou nombroses de les populars grans aranyes de jardí, moltes de colors brillants. Amb 3.122 espècies distribuïdes en 172 gèneres d'arreu del món, els araneids són la tercera família més gran d'aranyes, darrere dels saltícids (Salticidae) i els linífids (Linyphiidae).[2] Les xarxes dels araneids es construeixen d'una manera estereotipada; l'aranya construeix un marc de seda antiadherent abans que hi afegeixi una espiral final de seda coberta de gotetes adhesives. Les teranyines orbiculars també són produïdes per membres d'altres famílies d'aranyes com els tetragnàtids (Tetragnathidae) de llargues mandíbules que anteriorment havien estat inclosos dins els Araneidae. També la família dels àrquids (Arkyidae) s'han separat de les Araneidae.

Sistemàtica

El novembre de 2015 el World Spider Catalog reconeixia els següents gèneres d'araneids:[1]

Superfamília Araneoidea

Els araneids havien format part de la superfamília dels araneoïdeus (Araneoidea), al costat de tretze famílies més entre les quals cal destacar pel seu nombre d'espècies: linífids, terídids i nestícids.

Les aranyes, tradicionalment, foren classificades en famílies que van ser agrupades en superfamílies. Quan es van aplicar anàlisis més rigorosos, com la cladística, es va fer evident que la major part de les principals agrupacions utilitzades durant el segle XX no eren compatibles amb les noves dades. Actualment, els llistats d'aranyes, com ara el World Spider Catalog, ja ignoren la classificació per sobre del nivell familiar.[3][4]

Referències

  1. 1,0 1,1 «Family: Araneidae Clerck, 1757». World Spider Catalog. [Consulta: 1r octubre 2016].
  2. 2,0 2,1 «Currently valid spider genera and species». Natural History Museum, Bern. [Consulta: 16 agost 2017].
  3. Coddington, 2005, p. 24.
  4. World Spider Catalog, 2018.
  • Crompton, John. The Life of the Spider. New York: Mentor, 1950. OCLC 610423670.
  • Dondale, C. D.; Redner, J. H.; Paquin, P.; Levi, H. W.. The Orb-Weaving Spiders of Canada and Alaska. Araneae: Uloboridae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Theridiosomatidae. 23. Ottawa: NRC Research Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-660-18898-0.
  • Kaston, B. J.. How to Know the Spiders. 1st. Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown Co., 1953. OCLC 681432632.
  • Levi, H. W. «The new orb-weaver genus Lewisepeira (Araneae: Araneidae)». Psyche, 100, 3–4, 1993, pàg. 127–136. DOI: 10.1155/1993/97657.
  • Main, Barbara York. Spiders. 2nd. Sydney: Collins, 1976. OCLC 849736139.
  • Foelix, Rainer F. Biology of Spiders. 2nd. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. OCLC 300192823.
  • Coddington, Jonathan A. Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society, 2005, p. 18–24 [Consulta: 24 setembre 2015]. «Phylogeny and classification of spiders»
  • World Spider Catalog. «World Spider Catalog version 19.0». Natural History Museum Bern, 2018. [Consulta: 11 juliol 2018].

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Aranèids: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els araneids (Araneidae) són una família d'aranyes araneomorfes. Són el grup més comú d'aranyes constructores de teranyines orbitals, amb una forma circular en espiral –en anglès se les anomena orb-weaver spider (aranya de teranyina orbital)–, que sovint es troben als jardins, camps i pels boscos. Els araneids tenen vuit ulls similars, cames peludes o espinoses, i no tenen òrgans estridulatoris.

La família és cosmopolita, i inclou nombroses de les populars grans aranyes de jardí, moltes de colors brillants. Amb 3.122 espècies distribuïdes en 172 gèneres d'arreu del món, els araneids són la tercera família més gran d'aranyes, darrere dels saltícids (Salticidae) i els linífids (Linyphiidae). Les xarxes dels araneids es construeixen d'una manera estereotipada; l'aranya construeix un marc de seda antiadherent abans que hi afegeixi una espiral final de seda coberta de gotetes adhesives. Les teranyines orbiculars també són produïdes per membres d'altres famílies d'aranyes com els tetragnàtids (Tetragnathidae) de llargues mandíbules que anteriorment havien estat inclosos dins els Araneidae. També la família dels àrquids (Arkyidae) s'han separat de les Araneidae.

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Křižákovití ( Czech )

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Křižákovití (Araneidae) jsou pravděpodobně nejznámější čeledí pavouků. Je popsáno kolem 2600 druhů, v Česku se z nich vyskytuje 39.

Křižákovití mají mohutné chelicery, které jsou dobře vyzbrojeny zoubky – obyčejně tři až čtyři. Střední oči tvoří čtverec uprostřed čela, postranní jsou od nich nápadně oddáleny. Zadeček je nejčastěji vejčitý až kulovitý, velmi často mnohem větší než hlavohruď, nohy mívají mnoho různých odstínů. Do čeledi patří drobní, až značně velcí pavouci (2–38 mm), samci bývají často mnohem menší než samice.

Křižáci předou charakteristické kolové sítě, zpravidla vysloveně dvojrozměrného charakteru a dokonale geometrických tvarů. Pavouk čeká na kořist buď ve středu své sítě, nebo ve speciálně upraveném krytu v její blízkosti. Za normálních okolností přede křižák novou síť každý den. Starou vždy odstraňuje, někdy z ní však ponechá základní „rám“ a první tři paprsky tvořící základní Y. Všechna ostatní vlákna jsou sbalena do kuličky, mimotělně strávena a pozřena.

Nejznámější druhy

Literatura

  • Naši pavouci - Jan Buchar, Antoním Kůrka - Academia

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Křižákovití: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Křižákovití (Araneidae) jsou pravděpodobně nejznámější čeledí pavouků. Je popsáno kolem 2600 druhů, v Česku se z nich vyskytuje 39.

Křižákovití mají mohutné chelicery, které jsou dobře vyzbrojeny zoubky – obyčejně tři až čtyři. Střední oči tvoří čtverec uprostřed čela, postranní jsou od nich nápadně oddáleny. Zadeček je nejčastěji vejčitý až kulovitý, velmi často mnohem větší než hlavohruď, nohy mívají mnoho různých odstínů. Do čeledi patří drobní, až značně velcí pavouci (2–38 mm), samci bývají často mnohem menší než samice.

Křižáci předou charakteristické kolové sítě, zpravidla vysloveně dvojrozměrného charakteru a dokonale geometrických tvarů. Pavouk čeká na kořist buď ve středu své sítě, nebo ve speciálně upraveném krytu v její blízkosti. Za normálních okolností přede křižák novou síť každý den. Starou vždy odstraňuje, někdy z ní však ponechá základní „rám“ a první tři paprsky tvořící základní Y. Všechna ostatní vlákna jsou sbalena do kuličky, mimotělně strávena a pozřena.

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Hjulspindere ( Danish )

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Hjulspindere er nok vores kendteste gruppe af hjemlige edderkopper. Som navnet antyder kendes de på deres karakteristiske, og ofte store, hjulformede spind. Korsedderkoppen er en typisk og velkendt hjulspinder, der i sensommeren og efteråret netop producerer tydeligt hjulformede spind.

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Echte Radnetzspinnen ( German )

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Die Echten Radnetzspinnen (Araneidae) sind eine Spinnenfamilie innerhalb der Echten Webspinnen (Araneomorphae) und bilden mit 167 Gattungen und 3084 Arten weltweit die drittgrößte Familie der Webspinnen (Araneae).[1] (Stand: Oktober 2016)

Die in Mitteleuropa auffälligsten Vertreter sind die Arten aus der Gattung der Kreuzspinnen (Araneus), die zugleich die artenreichste Gattung ist. Die Familie ist namensgebend für die Überfamilie der Radnetzspinnen.

Merkmale

 src=
Bauchseite einer Radnetzspinne

Echte Radnetzspinnen verfügen über drei beborstete Klauen (Trionchya = „Drei-Klauen-Spinnen“) an den Laufbeinspitzen (Tarsus), mit denen sie beeindruckende Spinnennetze aus zum Teil klebriger Seide herstellen können. Auch wenn die Familie nach diesen auffälligen, an Wagenräder erinnernden Netzen benannt ist, bauen nicht alle Arten Radnetze. Bolaspinnen (Gattungen Mastophora in Amerika und Dicrostichus in Australien) weben kleine klebrige Kugeln, die pheromonähnliche Substanzen enthalten. Männchen einiger weniger Arten von Motten werden dadurch angezogen. Die sehr gut getarnten Tiere lassen diesen Ball an einem Faden an den Vorderbeinen hinunter. Die Motten bleiben an dem Ball kleben und werden von der Spinne eingewickelt.

Andere Arten bauen Netze, die nicht gleichförmig sind. Die Sektorspinnen (Zygiella) lassen meist einen Sektor in ihrem Netz frei. Argiope-Arten, zu denen auch die Wespenspinne gehört, weben ein deutliches zickzackförmiges Muster in ihr Netz. Dies wurde ursprünglich für ein „Stabiliment“ gehalten, doch heute gibt es verschiedene Spekulationen darüber (Anlockung von Beuteinsekten, Tarnung, Warnung für Vögel).

Verhaltensweise

Einige Gattungen der Familie leben semi-sozial und bilden Kolonien aus tausenden Individuen, deren Netze ineinander übergehen, wie zum Beispiel die in Mitteleuropa heimische Brückenkreuzspinne (Larinioides sclopetarius). Die Spinnen der mexikanischen Metepeira weben gar gemeinsam große Netze.

Systematik

Der World Spider Catalog listet für die Eigentlichen Radnetzspinnen 167 Gattungen und 3084 Arten.[1] (Stand: Oktober 2016)

Arten (Auswahl)

 src=
Celaenia excavata
 src=
Schilfradspinne (Larinioides cornutus)

Nachfolgend werden hier einige Arten der Radnetzspinnen aufgelistet. Weitere Arten finden sich in den obigen Gattungsartikeln.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 17.5 – Araneidae. Abgerufen am 11. Oktober 2016.
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Echte Radnetzspinnen: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Echten Radnetzspinnen (Araneidae) sind eine Spinnenfamilie innerhalb der Echten Webspinnen (Araneomorphae) und bilden mit 167 Gattungen und 3084 Arten weltweit die drittgrößte Familie der Webspinnen (Araneae). (Stand: Oktober 2016)

Die in Mitteleuropa auffälligsten Vertreter sind die Arten aus der Gattung der Kreuzspinnen (Araneus), die zugleich die artenreichste Gattung ist. Die Familie ist namensgebend für die Überfamilie der Radnetzspinnen.

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Echte Radnettspinnen ( Low Saxon )

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De Echten Radnettspinnen (Araneidae) sünd en Spinnenfamilie mank de Echten Weevspinnen (Araneomorphae). Mit 167 Geslechter un 3.084 Aarden sünd se dor de drüddgröttste Familie mank de Weevspinnen (Araneae) mit (Stand: Oktober 2016). In Middeleuropa levt sunnerlich dat Geslecht vun de Krüüzspinnen (Araneus), wat mank de Echten Radnettspinnen de meisten Aarden hett.

Kennteken

 src=
Radnettspinne vun unnen bekeken

Echte Radnettspinnen hefft an de Spitzen vun de Loopbeen dree Klauen mit Bösten doran. Dor könnt se Spinnennetten ut to'n Deel backige Siede mit herstellen, de Indruck maken doot. Ofschoonst de ganze Familie ehren Naam vun düsse Netten her hett, de utseht, as Wagenröder, boot nich all Aarden Radnetten. Bolaspinnen in Australien weevt lüttje, backige Kogeln. Dor sitt Substanzen in, de Pheromone lieken doot. Dor lockt se de wecken Uhlen mit an.

Annere Aarden boot Netten, de sünd nich regelmatig upboot. De Sekterspinnen (Zygiella) laat meist een Sekter in ehr Nett free. Aarden ut dat Geslecht Argiope (dor höört ok de Wöpsenspinne to) weevt en düütlich Zickzack-Muster in ehr Nett mit in.

Wie se sik upföhren doot

Dat gifft Geslechter mank de Familie, de leevt semi-sozial un billt Kolonien ut en paar Dusend Deerter. De ehre Netten gaht in'anner over. So maakt dat ok de Bruggenkrüüzspinne (Larinioides sclopetarius), de in Middeleuropa tohuse is. De Spinnen vun de Metepeira ut Mexiko weevt sogor gemeensam grote Netten.

Geslechter

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Echte Radnettspinnen: Brief Summary ( Low Saxon )

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De Echten Radnettspinnen (Araneidae) sünd en Spinnenfamilie mank de Echten Weevspinnen (Araneomorphae). Mit 167 Geslechter un 3.084 Aarden sünd se dor de drüddgröttste Familie mank de Weevspinnen (Araneae) mit (Stand: Oktober 2016). In Middeleuropa levt sunnerlich dat Geslecht vun de Krüüzspinnen (Araneus), wat mank de Echten Radnettspinnen de meisten Aarden hett.

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Kusi-kusi ( Quechua )

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 src=
Araneus marmoreus, huk kusi-kusi Photo: Bruce Marlin
 src=
Argiope aurantia nisqa kusi-kusi, mikhuchkaq.

Kusi-kusi (Araneidae) nisqakunaqa uchuy awaq urukunam, sumaq muyulla hina llika ruraq, palamakunata hap'inapaq.

Hawa t'inkikuna

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Kusi-kusi: Brief Summary ( Quechua )

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 src= Araneus marmoreus, huk kusi-kusi Photo: Bruce Marlin  src= Argiope aurantia nisqa kusi-kusi, mikhuchkaq.

Kusi-kusi (Araneidae) nisqakunaqa uchuy awaq urukunam, sumaq muyulla hina llika ruraq, palamakunata hap'inapaq.

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வட்ட-நெசவு சிலந்தி ( Tamil )

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வட்ட-நெசவு சிலந்தி (Orb-weaver spiders or araneids) என்பவை சிலந்தி குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த அரேனேடாவின் உறுப்பினர்கள். அவை பெரும்பாலும் தோட்டங்கள், வயல்கள், காடுகள் போன்ற இடங்களில் காணப்படும் இவை சுருள் சக்கர வடிவ வலை பின்னக்கூடிய பொதுவான சிலந்திக் குழுவைச் சேர்ந்தவை. "Orb" என்றால் வட்ட வடிவம் என்று பொருள், இதுவே இந்தக் குழுவின் ஆங்கில பெயர் வரக் காரணமாகும். இவை எட்டு ஒத்த கண்களும், இழைகள் கொண்ட எட்டு கால்கள் கொண்டுள்ளன.

இந்த குடும்பத்தில் நன்கு அறிமுகமான பிரகாசமான நிறமுடைய தோட்டச் சிலந்திகள் உள்ளிட்டவை அடங்கும். இதில் உலகளவில் 172 பேரினங்களும் 3122 வகை இனங்களும் உள்ளன. சிலந்திகளில் இந்த குடும்பம் மூன்றாவது பெரிய சிலந்தி குடும்பமாக (குதிக்கும் சிலந்தி மற்றும் லினியீபைடை ஆகியவற்றுக்கு அடுத்து) உள்ளன.

இந்த வகைச் சிலந்திகள் பின்னும் வலையில் ஒட்டக்கூடிய வலை, ஒட்டாத வலை என கலந்து பின்னுகின்றன. இரையைப் பிடிக்கும் இழை ஒட்டக்கூடியதாகவும், சிலந்தி நகர்ந்து செல்லக் கைடியவை ஒட்டாத இழையாகவும் இருக்கும். இவை எப்போதும் ஒட்டாத இழையிலேயே கவனமாகக் கால் வைத்து செல்லும். பொதுவாக இதுபோன்ற சிலந்திகள் வலையின் ஒரு மூலையில் மறைந்திருக்கும். வலையில் இரை அகப்பட்டவுடன் வலையில் ஏற்படும் அதிர்வுகளை உணர்ந்துகொண்டு ஓடிவந்து இரையைப் பிடித்து உண்ணும்.[3]

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. "Family: Araneidae Clerck, 1757". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  2. "Currently valid spider genera and species". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum, Bern. பார்த்த நாள் 16 August 2017.
  3. ஆதி வள்ளியப்பன் (2017 திசம்பர் 16). "வலையில் சிக்காத சிலந்தி". கட்டுரை. தி இந்து தமிழ். பார்த்த நாள் 16 திசம்பர் 2017.
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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

வட்ட-நெசவு சிலந்தி: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

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வட்ட-நெசவு சிலந்தி (Orb-weaver spiders or araneids) என்பவை சிலந்தி குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த அரேனேடாவின் உறுப்பினர்கள். அவை பெரும்பாலும் தோட்டங்கள், வயல்கள், காடுகள் போன்ற இடங்களில் காணப்படும் இவை சுருள் சக்கர வடிவ வலை பின்னக்கூடிய பொதுவான சிலந்திக் குழுவைச் சேர்ந்தவை. "Orb" என்றால் வட்ட வடிவம் என்று பொருள், இதுவே இந்தக் குழுவின் ஆங்கில பெயர் வரக் காரணமாகும். இவை எட்டு ஒத்த கண்களும், இழைகள் கொண்ட எட்டு கால்கள் கொண்டுள்ளன.

இந்த குடும்பத்தில் நன்கு அறிமுகமான பிரகாசமான நிறமுடைய தோட்டச் சிலந்திகள் உள்ளிட்டவை அடங்கும். இதில் உலகளவில் 172 பேரினங்களும் 3122 வகை இனங்களும் உள்ளன. சிலந்திகளில் இந்த குடும்பம் மூன்றாவது பெரிய சிலந்தி குடும்பமாக (குதிக்கும் சிலந்தி மற்றும் லினியீபைடை ஆகியவற்றுக்கு அடுத்து) உள்ளன.

இந்த வகைச் சிலந்திகள் பின்னும் வலையில் ஒட்டக்கூடிய வலை, ஒட்டாத வலை என கலந்து பின்னுகின்றன. இரையைப் பிடிக்கும் இழை ஒட்டக்கூடியதாகவும், சிலந்தி நகர்ந்து செல்லக் கைடியவை ஒட்டாத இழையாகவும் இருக்கும். இவை எப்போதும் ஒட்டாத இழையிலேயே கவனமாகக் கால் வைத்து செல்லும். பொதுவாக இதுபோன்ற சிலந்திகள் வலையின் ஒரு மூலையில் மறைந்திருக்கும். வலையில் இரை அகப்பட்டவுடன் வலையில் ஏற்படும் அதிர்வுகளை உணர்ந்துகொண்டு ஓடிவந்து இரையைப் பிடித்து உண்ணும்.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

Orb-weaver spider

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Orb-weaver spiders are members of the spider family Araneidae. They are the most common group of builders of spiral wheel-shaped webs often found in gardens, fields, and forests. The English word "orb" can mean "circular",[1] hence the English name of the group. Araneids have eight similar eyes, hairy or spiny legs, and no stridulating organs.

The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, including many well-known large or brightly colored garden spiders. With 3,108 species in 186 genera worldwide, the Araneidae comprise one of the largest family of spiders (with the Salticidae and Linyphiidae).[2] Araneid webs are constructed in a stereotypical fashion, where a framework of nonsticky silk is built up before the spider adds a final spiral of silk covered in sticky droplets.

Orb webs are also produced by members of other spider families. The long-jawed orb weavers (Tetragnathidae) were formerly included in the Araneidae; they are closely related, being part of the superfamily Araneoidea. The family Arkyidae has been split off from the Araneidae.[3][4][2] The cribellate or hackled orb-weavers (Uloboridae) belong to a different group of spiders. Their webs are strikingly similar, but use a different kind of silk.

Description

Argiope sp. sitting on the stabilimentum at the center of the web
Spiderlings in the web near where they hatched
Close-up of the cephalothorax on Eriophora sp. (possibly E. heroine or E. pustuosa)
Araneidae web
Araneidae waiting on its web for prey

Generally, orb-weaving spiders are three-clawed builders of flat webs with sticky spiral capture silk. The building of a web is an engineering feat, begun when the spider floats a line on the wind to another surface. The spider secures the line and then drops another line from the center, making a "Y". The rest of the scaffolding follows with many radii of nonsticky silk being constructed before a final spiral of sticky capture silk.

The third claw is used to walk on the nonsticky part of the web. Characteristically, the prey insect that blunders into the sticky lines is stunned by a quick bite, and then wrapped in silk. If the prey is a venomous insect, such as a wasp, wrapping may precede biting and/or stinging. Much of the orb-spinning spiders' success in capturing insects depends on the web not being visible to the prey, with the stickiness of the web increasing the visibility, thus decreasing the chances of capturing prey. This leads to a trade-off between the visibility of the web and the web's prey-retention ability.[5]

Many orb-weavers build a new web each day. Most orb-weavers tend to be active during the evening hours; they hide for most of the day. Generally, towards evening, the spider consumes the old web, rests for about an hour, then spins a new web in the same general location. Thus, the webs of orb-weavers are generally free of the accumulation of detritus common to other species, such as black widow spiders.

Some orb-weavers do not build webs at all. Members of the genera Mastophora in the Americas, Cladomelea in Africa, and Ordgarius in Australia produce sticky globules, which contain a pheromone analog. The globule is hung from a silken thread dangled by the spider from its front legs. The pheromone analog attracts male moths of only a few species. These get stuck on the globule and are reeled in to be eaten. Both genera of bolas spiders are highly camouflaged and difficult to locate.

In the Araneus diadematus, variables such as wind, web support, temperatures, humidity, and silk supply all proved to be variables in web construction. When studied against the tests of nature, the spiders were able to decide what shape to make their web, how many capture spirals, or the width of their web.[6] Though it could be expected for these spiders to just know these things, it isn't well researched yet as to just how the arachnid knows how to change their web design based on their surroundings. Some scientists suggest that it could be through the spider's spatial learning on their environmental surroundings and the knowing of what will or won't work compared to natural behavioristic rules.[7]

The spiny orb-weaving spiders in the genera Gasteracantha and Micrathena look like plant seeds or thorns hanging in their orb-webs. Some species of Gasteracantha have very long, horn-like spines protruding from their abdomens.

One feature of the webs of some orb-weavers is the stabilimentum, a crisscross band of silk through the center of the web. It is found in several genera, but Argiope – the yellow and banded garden spiders of North America – is a prime example. As orb-weavers age, they tend to have less production of their silk; many adult orb-weavers can then depend on their coloration to attract more of their prey.[8] The band may be a lure for prey, a marker to warn birds away from the web, and a camouflage for the spider when it sits in the web. The stabilimentum may decrease the visibility of the silk to insects, thus making it harder for prey to avoid the web.[9] The orb-web consists of a frame and supporting radii overlaid with a sticky capture spiral, and the silks used by orb-weaver spiders have exceptional mechanical properties to withstand the impact of flying prey.[10] The orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata produces a unique orb-web with a characteristic missing sector, similar to other species of the Zygiella genus in the Araneidae family.[11]

During the Cretaceous, a radiation of flowering plants and their insect pollinators occurred. Fossil evidence shows that the orb web was in existence at this time, which permitted a concurrent radiation of the spider predators along with their insect prey.[12][13] The capacity of orb–webs to absorb the impact of flying prey led orbicularian spiders to become the dominant predators of aerial insects in many ecosystems.[14] Insects and spiders have comparable rates of diversification, suggesting they co-radiated, and the peak of this radiation occurred 100 Mya, before the origin of angiosperms.[15] Vollrath and Selden (2007) make the bold proposition that insect evolution was driven less by flowering plants than by spider predation – particularly through orb webs – as a major selective force.[15] On the other hand some analyses have yielded estimates as high as 265 Mya, with a large number (including Dimitrov et al 2016) intermediate between the two.[4]

Most arachnid webs are vertical and the spiders usually hang with their heads downward. A few webs, such as those of orb-weavers in the genus Metepeira, have the orb hidden within a tangled space of web. Some Metepiera species are semisocial and live in communal webs. In Mexico, such communal webs have been cut out of trees or bushes and used for living fly paper. In 2009, workers at a Baltimore wastewater treatment plant called for help to deal with over 100 million orb-weaver spiders, living in a community that managed to spin a phenomenal web that covered some 4 acres of a building, with spider densities in some areas reaching 35,176 spiders per cubic meter.[16]

Taxonomy

Argiope lobata in southern Spain

The oldest known true orb-weaver is Mesozygiella dunlopi, from the Lower Cretaceous. Several fossils provide direct evidence that the three major orb-weaving families, namely the Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, and Uloboridae, had evolved by this time, about 140 Mya.[17] They probably originated during the Jurassic (200 to 140 million years ago). Based on new molecular evidence in silk genes, all three families are likely to have a common origin.[10][13][14]

The two superfamilies, Deinopoidea and Araneoidea, have similar behavioral sequences and spinning apparatuses to produce architecturally similar webs. The latter weave true viscid silk with an aqueous glue property, and the former use dry fibrils and sticky silk.[10][18] The Deinopoidea (including the Uloboridae), have a cribellum – a flat, complex spinning plate from which the cribellate silk is released.[19]

They also have a calamistrum – an apparatus of bristles used to comb the cribellate silk from the cribellum. The Araneoidea, or the "ecribellate" spiders, do not have these two structures. The two groups of orb-weaving spiders are morphologically very distinct, yet much similarity exists between their web forms and web construction behaviors. The cribellates retained the ancestral character, yet the cribellum was lost in the escribellates. The lack of a functional cribellum in araneoids is most likely synapomorphic.[19]

If the orb-weaver spiders are a monophyletic group, the fact that only some species in the group lost a feature adds to the controversy. The cribellates are split off as a separate taxon that retained the primitive feature, which makes the lineage paraphyletic and not synonymous with any real evolutionary lineage. The morphological and behavioral evidence surrounding orb webs led to the disagreement over a single or a dual origin.[19] While early molecular analysis provided more support for a monophyletic origin,[10][13][14] other evidence indicates that orb-weavers evolved earlier phylogenetically than previously thought, and were extinct at least three times during the Cretaceous.[20][21][4]

Reproduction

Araneid species either mate at the central hub of the web, where the male slowly traverses the web, trying not to get eaten, and when reaching the hub, mounts the female; or the male constructs a mating thread inside or outside the web to attract the female via vibratory courtship, and if successful, mating occurs on the thread.[22]

In the cannibalistic and polyandrous orb-web spider Argiope bruennichi, the much smaller males are attacked during their first copulation and are cannibalized in up to 80% of the cases.[23] All surviving males die after their second copulation, a pattern observed on other Argiope species. Whether a male survives his first copulation depends on the duration of the genital contact; males that jump off early (before 5 seconds) have a chance of surviving, while males that copulate longer (greater than 10 seconds) invariably die. Prolonged copulation, although associated with cannibalism, enhances sperm transfer and relative paternity.[23]

When males mated with a nonsibling female, the duration of their copulation was prolonged, and consequently the males were cannibalized more frequently.[24] When males mated with a sibling female, they copulated briefly, thus were more likely to escape cannibalism. By escaping, their chance of mating again with an unrelated female likely would be increased. These observations suggest that males can adaptively adjust their investment based on the degree of genetic relatedness of the female to avoid inbreeding depression.

Sexual size dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism refers to physical differences between males and females of the same species. One such difference can be in size.

Araneids often exhibit size dimorphism typically known as extreme sexual size dimorphism, due to the extent of differences in size. The size difference among species of Araneidae ranges greatly. Some females, such as those of the Nephila pilipes, can be at least 9 times larger than the male, while others are only slightly larger than the male.[25] The larger size female is typically thought to be selected through fecundity selection,[26] the idea that bigger females can produce more eggs, thus more offspring. Although a great deal of evidence points towards the greatest selection pressure on larger female size, some evidence indicates that selection can favor small male size, as well.

Araneids also exhibit a phenomenon called sexual cannibalism, which is commonly found throughout the Araneidae.[22] Evidence suggests a negative correlation between sexual size dimorphism and instances of sexual cannibalism.[26] Other evidence, however, has shown that differences in cannibalistic events among araneids when having smaller or slightly larger males is advantageous.[22]

Some evidence has shown that extreme dimorphism may be the result of males avoiding detection by the females. For males of these species, being smaller in size may be advantageous in moving to the central hub of a web so female spiders may be less likely to detect the male, or even if detected as prey to be eaten, the small size may indicate little nutritional value. Larger-bodied male araneids may be advantageous when mating on a mating thread because the thread is constructed from the edge of the web orb to structural threads or to nearby vegetation.[22] Here larger males may be less likely to be cannibalized, as the males are able to copulate while the female is hanging, which may make them safer from cannibalism.[22] In one subfamily of Araneid that uses a mating thread, Gasteracanthinae, sexual cannibalism is apparently absent despite extreme size dimorphism.[27]

Genera

As of December 2022, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[28]

  • Acacesia Simon, 1895 — South America, North America
  • Acantharachne Tullgren, 1910 — Congo, Madagascar, Cameroon
  • Acanthepeira Marx, 1883 — North America, Brazil, Cuba
  • Acroaspis Karsch, 1878 — New Zealand, Australia
  • Acrosomoides Simon, 1887 — Madagascar, Cameroon, Congo
  • Actinacantha Simon, 1864 — Indonesia
  • Actinosoma Holmberg, 1883 — Colombia, Argentina
  • Aculepeira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 — North America, Central America, South America, Asia, Europe
  • Acusilas Simon, 1895 — Asia
  • Aethriscus Pocock, 1902 — Congo
  • Aethrodiscus Strand, 1913 — Central Africa
  • Aetrocantha Karsch, 1879 — Central Africa
  • Afracantha Dahl, 1914 — Africa
  • Agalenatea Archer, 1951 — Ethiopia, Asia
  • Alenatea Song & Zhu, 1999 — Asia
  • Allocyclosa Levi, 1999 — United States, Panama, Cuba
  • Alpaida O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 — Central America, South America, Mexico, Caribbean
  • Amazonepeira Levi, 1989 — South America
  • Anepsion Strand, 1929 — Oceania, Asia
  • Aoaraneus Tanikawa, Yamasaki & Petcharad, 2021 — China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
  • Arachnura Clerck, 1863
  • Araneus Clerck, 1757
  • Araniella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 — Asia
  • Aranoethra Butler, 1873 — Africa
  • Argiope Audouin, 1826 — Asia, Oceania, Africa, North America, South America, Costa Rica, Cuba, Portugal
  • Artifex Kallal & Hormiga, 2018 — Australia
  • Artonis Simon, 1895 — Myanmar, Ethiopia
  • Aspidolasius Simon, 1887 — South America
  • Augusta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877 — Madagascar
  • Austracantha Dahl, 1914 — Australia
  • Backobourkia Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge & Vink, 2010 — Australia, New Zealand
  • Bertrana Keyserling, 1884 — South America, Central America
  • Bijoaraneus Tanikawa, Yamasaki & Petcharad, 2021 — Africa, Asia, Oceania
  • Caerostris Thorell, 1868 — Africa, Asia
  • Carepalxis L. Koch, 1872 — Oceania, South America, Mexico, Jamaica
  • Celaenia Thorell, 1868 — Australia, New Zealand
  • Cercidia Thorell, 1869 — Russia, Kazakhstan, India
  • Chorizopes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 — Asia, Madagascar
  • Chorizopesoides Mi & Wang, 2018 — China, Vietnam
  • Cladomelea Simon, 1895 — South Africa, Congo
  • Clitaetra Simon, 1889 — Africa, Sri Lanka
  • Cnodalia Thorell, 1890 — Indonesia, Japan
  • Coelossia Simon, 1895 — Sierra Leone, Mauritius, Madagascar
  • Colaranea Court & Forster, 1988 — New Zealand
  • Collina Urquhart, 1891 — Australia
  • Colphepeira Archer, 1941 — United States, Mexico
  • Courtaraneus Framenau, Vink, McQuillan & Simpson, 2022 — New Zealand
  • Cryptaranea Court & Forster, 1988 — New Zealand
  • Cyclosa Menge, 1866 — Caribbean, Asia, Oceania, South America, North America, Central America, Africa, Europe
  • Cyphalonotus Simon, 1895 — Asia, Africa
  • Cyrtarachne Thorell, 1868 — Asia, Africa, Oceania
  • Cyrtobill Framenau & Scharff, 2009 — Australia
  • Cyrtophora Simon, 1864 — Asia, Oceania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, South America, Africa
  • Deione Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
  • Deliochus Simon, 1894 — Australia, Papua New Guinea
  • Dolophones Walckenaer, 1837 — Australia, Indonesia
  • Dubiepeira Levi, 1991 — South America
  • Edricus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890 — Mexico, Panama, Ecuador
  • Enacrosoma Mello-Leitão, 1932 — South America, Central America, Mexico
  • Encyosaccus Simon, 1895 — South America
  • Epeiroides Keyserling, 1885 — Costa Rica, Brazil
  • Eriophora Simon, 1864 — Oceania, United States, South America, Central America, Africa
  • Eriovixia Archer, 1951 — Asia, Papua New Guinea, Africa
  • Eustacesia Caporiacco, 1954 — French Guiana
  • Eustala Simon, 1895 — South America, North America, Central America, Caribbean
  • Exechocentrus Simon, 1889 — Madagascar
  • Faradja Grasshoff, 1970 — Congo
  • Friula O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 — Indonesia
  • Galaporella Levi, 2009 — Ecuador
  • Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833 — Oceania, Asia, United States, Africa, Chile
  • Gastroxya Benoit, 1962 — Africa
  • Gea C. L. Koch, 1843 — Africa, Oceania, Asia, United States, Argentina
  • Gibbaranea Archer, 1951 — Asia, Europe, Algeria
  • Glyptogona Simon, 1884 — Sri Lanka, Italy, Israel
  • Gnolus Simon, 1879 — Chile, Argentina
  • Guizygiella Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997 — Asia
  • Herennia Thorell, 1877 — Asia, Oceania
  • Heterognatha Nicolet, 1849 — Chile
  • Heurodes Keyserling, 1886 — Asia, Australia
  • Hingstepeira Levi, 1995 — South America
  • Hortophora Framenau & Castanheira, 2021 — Oceania
  • Hypognatha Guérin, 1839 — South America, Central America, Mexico, Trinidad
  • Hypsacantha Dahl, 1914 — Africa
  • Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871 — Asia, North America, Greenland, Africa
  • Ideocaira Simon, 1903 — South Africa
  • Indoetra Kuntner, 2006 — Sri Lanka
  • Isoxya Simon, 1885 — Africa, Yemen
  • Kaira O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 — North America, South America, Cuba, Guatemala
  • Kapogea Levi, 1997 — Mexico, South America, Central America
  • Kilima Grasshoff, 1970 — Congo, Seychelles, Yemen
  • Larinia Simon, 1874 — Asia, Africa, South America, Europe, Oceania, North America
  • Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970 — Asia
  • Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934 — Asia
  • Lariniophora Framenau, 2011 — Australia
  • Leviana Framenau & Kuntner, 2022 — Australia
  • Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004 — Asia, France
  • Lewisepeira Levi, 1993 — Panama, Mexico, Jamaica
  • Lipocrea Thorell, 1878 — Asia, Europe
  • Macracantha Simon, 1864 — India, China, Indonesia
  • Madacantha Emerit, 1970 — Madagascar
  • Mahembea Grasshoff, 1970 — Central and East Africa
  • Mangora O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 — Asia, North America, South America, Central America, Caribbean
  • Mangrovia Framenau & Castanheira, 2022 — Australia
  • Manogea Levi, 1997 — South America, Central America, Mexico
  • Mastophora Holmberg, 1876 — South America, North America, Central America, Cuba
  • Mecynogea Simon, 1903 — North America, South America, Cuba
  • Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968 — Africa
  • Melychiopharis Simon, 1895 — Brazil
  • Metazygia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 — South America, Central America, North America, Caribbean
  • Metepeira F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1903 — North America, Caribbean, South America, Central America
  • Micrathena Sundevall, 1833 — South America, Caribbean, Central America, North America
  • Micrepeira Schenkel, 1953 — South America, Costa Rica
  • Micropoltys Kulczyński, 1911 — Papua New Guinea, Australia
  • Milonia Thorell, 1890 — Singapore, Indonesia, Myanmar
  • Molinaranea Mello-Leitão, 1940 — Chile, Argentina
  • Nemoscolus Simon, 1895 — Africa
  • Nemosinga Caporiacco, 1947 — Tanzania
  • Nemospiza Simon, 1903 — South Africa
  • Neogea Levi, 1983 — Papua New Guinea, India, Indonesia
  • Neoscona Simon, 1864 — Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, North America, Cuba, South America
  • Nephila Leach, 1815 — Asia, Oceania, United States, Africa, South America
  • Nephilengys L. Koch, 1872 — Asia, Oceania
  • Nephilingis Kuntner, 2013 — South America, Africa
  • Nicolepeira Levi, 2001 — Chile
  • Novakiella Court & Forster, 1993 — Australia, New Zealand
  • Novaranea Court & Forster, 1988 — Australia, New Zealand
  • Nuctenea Simon, 1864 — Algeria, Asia, Europe
  • Oarces Simon, 1879 — Brazil, Chile, Argentina
  • Ocrepeira Marx, 1883 — South America, Central America, Caribbean, North America
  • Ordgarius Keyserling, 1886 — Asia, Oceania
  • Paralarinia Grasshoff, 1970 — Congo, South Africa
  • Paraplectana Brito Capello, 1867 — Asia, Africa
  • Paraplectanoides Keyserling, 1886 — Australia
  • Pararaneus Caporiacco, 1940 — Madagascar
  • Paraverrucosa Mello-Leitão, 1939 — South America
  • Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 — Mexico, South America, Asia, Papua New Guinea, Central America, Trinidad
  • Parmatergus Emerit, 1994 — Madagascar
  • Pasilobus Simon, 1895 — Africa, Asia
  • Perilla Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia
  • Pherenice Thorell, 1899 — Cameroon
  • Phonognatha Simon, 1894 — Australia
  • Pitharatus Simon, 1895 — Malaysia, Indonesia
  • Plebs Joseph & Framenau, 2012 — Oceania, Asia
  • Poecilarcys Simon, 1895 — Tunisia
  • Poecilopachys Simon, 1895 — Oceania
  • Poltys C. L. Koch, 1843 — Asia, Africa, Oceania
  • Popperaneus Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020 — Brazil, Paraguay
  • Porcataraneus Mi & Peng, 2011 — India, China
  • Pozonia Schenkel, 1953 — Caribbean, Paraguay, Mexico, Panama
  • Prasonica Simon, 1895 — Africa, Asia, Oceania
  • Prasonicella Grasshoff, 1971 — Madagascar, Seychelles
  • Pronoides Schenkel, 1936 — Asia
  • Pronous Keyserling, 1881 — Malaysia, Mexico, Central America, South America, Madagascar
  • Pseudartonis Simon, 1903 — Africa
  • Pseudopsyllo Strand, 1916 — Cameroon
  • Psyllo Thorell, 1899 — Cameroon, Congo
  • Pycnacantha Blackwall, 1865 — Africa
  • Rubrepeira Levi, 1992 — Mexico, Brazil
  • Salsa Framenau & Castanheira, 2022 — Australia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea
  • Scoloderus Simon, 1887 — Belize, North America, Argentina, Caribbean
  • Sedasta Simon, 1894 — West Africa
  • Singa C. L. Koch, 1836 — Africa, Asia, North America, Europe
  • Singafrotypa Benoit, 1962 — Africa
  • Siwa Grasshoff, 1970 — Asia
  • Socca Framenau, Castanheira & Vink, 2022 — Australia
  • Spilasma Simon, 1897 — South America, Honduras
  • Spinepeira Levi, 1995 — Peru
  • Spintharidius Simon, 1893 — South America, Cuba
  • Taczanowskia Keyserling, 1879 — Mexico, South America
  • Talthybia Thorell, 1898 — China, Myanmar
  • Tatepeira Levi, 1995 — South America, Honduras
  • Telaprocera Harmer & Framenau, 2008 — Australia
  • Testudinaria Taczanowski, 1879 — South America, Panama
  • Thelacantha Hasselt, 1882 — Madagascar, Asia, Australia
  • Thorellina Berg, 1899 — Myanmar, Papua New Guinea
  • Togacantha Dahl, 1914 — Africa
  • Trichonephila Dahl, 1911 — Africa, Asia, Oceania, North America, South America
  • Umbonata Grasshoff, 1971 — Tanzania
  • Ursa Simon, 1895 — Asia, South America, South Africa
  • Verrucosa McCook, 1888 — North America, Panama, South America, Australia
  • Wagneriana F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 — South America, Central America, Caribbean, North America
  • Witica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895 — Cuba, Mexico, Peru
  • Wixia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882 — Brazil, Guyana, Bolivia
  • Xylethrus Simon, 1895 — South America, Mexico, Jamaica, Panama
  • Yaginumia Archer, 1960 — Asia
  • Zealaranea Court & Forster, 1988 — New Zealand
  • Zilla C. L. Koch, 1834 — Azerbaijan, India, China
  • Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 — North America, Asia, Ukraine, South America

See also

References

  1. ^ "orb". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Currently valid spider genera and species". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum, Bern. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  3. ^ Dimitrov, Dimitar; Benavides, Ligia R.; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Griswold, Charles E.; Scharff, Nikolaj & Hormiga, Gustavo (2016). "Rounding up the usual suspects: a standard target-gene approach for resolving the interfamilial phylogenetic relationships of ecribellate orb-weaving spiders with a new family-rank classification (Araneae, Araneoidea)" (PDF). Cladistics. 33 (3): 221–250. doi:10.1111/cla.12165. PMID 34715728. S2CID 34962403. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
  4. ^ a b c Dimitrov, Dimitar; Hormiga, Gustavo (2021-01-07). "Spider Diversification Through Space and Time". Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews. 66 (1): 225–241. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-061520-083414. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 32822555. S2CID 221235817.
  5. ^ Craig, C. L. (1988). "Insect Perception of Spider Orb Webs in Three Light Habitats". Functional Ecology. 2 (3): 277–282. doi:10.2307/2389398. ISSN 0269-8463. JSTOR 2389398.
  6. ^ Vollrath, Fritz; Downes, Mike; Krackow, Sven (1997-10-01). "Design Variability in Web Geometry of an Orb-Weaving Spider". Physiology & Behavior. 62 (4): 735–743. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00186-8. ISSN 0031-9384. PMID 9284492. S2CID 38948237.
  7. ^ "Exploration behaviour and behavioural flexibility in orb-web spiders: A review". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  8. ^ Gálvez, Dumas; Añino, Yostin; De la O, Jorge M. (26 February 2018). "Age variation in the body coloration of the orb-weaver spider Alpaida tuonabo and its implications on foraging". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 3599. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.3599G. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21971-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5827658. PMID 29483535.
  9. ^ Blackledge, Todd A. & Wenzel, John W. (2000). "The evolution of cryptic spider silk: a behavioral test". Behavioral Ecology. 11 (2): 142–145. doi:10.1093/beheco/11.2.142.
  10. ^ a b c d Garb, Jessica E.; DiMauro, Teresa; Vo, Victoria & Hayashi, Cheryl Y. (2006). "Silk genes support the single origin of orb webs". Science. 312 (5781): 1762. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.623.4339. doi:10.1126/science.1127946. PMID 16794073. S2CID 889557.
  11. ^ Venner, Samuel; Pasquet, Alain; Leborgne, Raymond (2000). "Web-building behaviour in the orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata: influence of experience". Animal Behaviour. 59 (3): 603–611. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1327. ISSN 0003-3472. PMID 10715183. S2CID 41339367.
  12. ^ "Detangling History". Smithsonian: 24. September 2006. "Two pieces of Spanish amber contain the oldest known spider web and orb–weaving spider; both specimens are at least 110 million years old. The new findings, along with an analysis of the proteins in spider silk, indicate that orb–weaving spiders date as far back as 144 million years."
  13. ^ a b c Penney, David & Ortuño, Vicente M. (2006). "Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae)". Biology Letters. 2 (3): 447–450. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0506. PMC 1686203. PMID 17148427.
  14. ^ a b c Blackledge, Todd A.; Scharff, Nikolaj; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Szüts, Tamas; Wenzel, John W.; Hayashi, Cheryl Y. & Agnarsson, Ingi (2009). "Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (13): 5229–5234. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5229B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901377106. PMC 2656561. PMID 19289848.
  15. ^ a b Vollrath, Fritz & Selden, Paul (2007). "The role of behavior in the evolution of spiders, silks, and webs". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 38: 819–846. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221. S2CID 54518303.
  16. ^ Alford, Justine (2 November 2014). "Orb-Weaver Spiders Stuff A Treatment Plant With A 4-Acre Web". IFLScience. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  17. ^ Peñalver, Enrique; Grimaldi, David A. & Delclòs, Xavier (2006). "Early Cretaceous spider web with its prey". Science. 312 (5781): 1761. doi:10.1126/science.1126628. PMID 16794072. S2CID 34828913.
  18. ^ Shear, William A. (1986). "The evolution of web-building behavior in spiders: a third generation of hypotheses". In Shear, William A. (ed.). Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 364–400. ISBN 978-0-8047-1203-3.
  19. ^ a b c Coddington, Jonathan A. (1986). "The monophyletic origin of the orb web". In Shear, William A. (ed.). Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 319–363. ISBN 978-0-8047-1203-3.
  20. ^ Fernández, R; Kallal, R.J.; Dimitrov, D (2018). "Phylogenomics, diversification dynamics, and comparative transcriptomics across the spider tree of life". Current Biology. 28 (9): 1489–1497.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.064. PMID 29706520.
  21. ^ Garrison, N; Rodriguez, L. J.; Agnarsson, I; Coddington, J.A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hamilton, C.A; Hedin, M. (2016). "Spider phylogenomics: untangling the spider tree of life". PeerJ. 4: e1719. doi:10.7717/peerj.1719. PMC 4768681. PMID 26925338.
  22. ^ a b c d e Elgar, Mark (1991). "Sexual Cannibalism, Size Dimorphism, and Courtship Behavior in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneidae)". Evolution. 45 (2): 444–448. doi:10.2307/2409679. JSTOR 2409679. PMID 28567867.
  23. ^ a b Schneider, J.M.; Gilberg, S.; Fromhage, L. & Uhl, G. (2006). "Sexual conflict over copulation duration in a cannibalistic spider". Animal Behaviour. 71 (4): 781–788. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.012. S2CID 53171331.
  24. ^ Welke, K.W. & Schneider, J.M. (2010). "Males of the orb-web spider Argiope bruennichi sacrifice themselves to unrelated females". Biol. Lett. 6 (5): 585–588. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0214. PMC 2936157. PMID 20410027.
  25. ^ Gustavo, H.; Scharff, N. & Coddington, J. (2000). "The Phylogenetic Basis of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae)". Systematic Biology. 49 (3): 435–462. doi:10.1080/10635159950127330. PMID 12116421.
  26. ^ a b Legrand, R.S.; Morse, D.H. (2000). "Factors driving extreme sexual size dimorphism of a sit-and-wait predator under low density". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 71 (4): 643–664. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01283.x.
  27. ^ Elgar, M. A. (1990). "Sexual dimorphism in leg-length among orb-weaving spiders: a possible role for sexual cannibalism". Journal of Zoology (London). 220 (3): 455–470. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04044.x.
  28. ^ "Family: Araneidae Clerck, 1757". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
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Orb-weaver spider: Brief Summary

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Orb-weaver spiders are members of the spider family Araneidae. They are the most common group of builders of spiral wheel-shaped webs often found in gardens, fields, and forests. The English word "orb" can mean "circular", hence the English name of the group. Araneids have eight similar eyes, hairy or spiny legs, and no stridulating organs.

The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, including many well-known large or brightly colored garden spiders. With 3,108 species in 186 genera worldwide, the Araneidae comprise one of the largest family of spiders (with the Salticidae and Linyphiidae). Araneid webs are constructed in a stereotypical fashion, where a framework of nonsticky silk is built up before the spider adds a final spiral of silk covered in sticky droplets.

Orb webs are also produced by members of other spider families. The long-jawed orb weavers (Tetragnathidae) were formerly included in the Araneidae; they are closely related, being part of the superfamily Araneoidea. The family Arkyidae has been split off from the Araneidae. The cribellate or hackled orb-weavers (Uloboridae) belong to a different group of spiders. Their webs are strikingly similar, but use a different kind of silk.

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Araneedoj ( Esperanto )

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Araneedoj estas membroj de la araneaj familio Araneidae. Ili estas la plej ofta grupo de konstruantoj de spiralaj radoformaj retoj often trovata en ĝardenoj, kampoj kaj arbaroj. Araneedoj havas ok similajn okulojn, harecajn aŭ spinecajn krurojn, kaj ne havas sonproduktajn organojn.[1]

Tiu familio estas tutmonda, inklude multajn bone konatajn grandajn aŭ brilkolorajn ĝardenajn araneojn. Kun ĉirkaŭ 3 100 specioj en 169 genroj tutmonde, Araneedoj estas la tria plej granda familio de araneoj (malantaŭ Salticedoj kaj Linifiedoj).[1] Araneaj retoj estas konstruataj laŭ stereotipa maniero. Ili konstruas kadron de neglueca silko antaŭ la araneo aldonas finan spiralon de silko kovrita de gluecaj gutetoj.

La tipa kaj nomiga genro estas Araneus kun proksimume 650 specioj.

Referencoj

  1. 1,0 1,1 "Currently valid spider genera and species". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum, Bern. [1] Alirita la 10an de Aprilo 2017.

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Araneedoj: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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Araneedoj estas membroj de la araneaj familio Araneidae. Ili estas la plej ofta grupo de konstruantoj de spiralaj radoformaj retoj often trovata en ĝardenoj, kampoj kaj arbaroj. Araneedoj havas ok similajn okulojn, harecajn aŭ spinecajn krurojn, kaj ne havas sonproduktajn organojn.

Tiu familio estas tutmonda, inklude multajn bone konatajn grandajn aŭ brilkolorajn ĝardenajn araneojn. Kun ĉirkaŭ 3 100 specioj en 169 genroj tutmonde, Araneedoj estas la tria plej granda familio de araneoj (malantaŭ Salticedoj kaj Linifiedoj). Araneaj retoj estas konstruataj laŭ stereotipa maniero. Ili konstruas kadron de neglueca silko antaŭ la araneo aldonas finan spiralon de silko kovrita de gluecaj gutetoj.

La tipa kaj nomiga genro estas Araneus kun proksimume 650 specioj.

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Araneidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los araneidos (Araneidae) son una familia de arañas araneomorfas compuesta por casi 3100 especies divididas en 169 géneros;[1]​ es la tercera familia con mayor diversidad, después de Salticidae y Linyphiidae. La mayoría construyen sus telas en forma de espiral circular y se mantienen en ella con la cabeza hacia abajo.

 src=
Eriophora biapicata de Australia
 src=
Argiope lobata de Ucrania

Géneros

Véase también

Referencias

  1. «Currently valid spider genera and species». World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum, Bern. Consultado el 5 de diciembre de 2015.

 title=
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Araneidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los araneidos (Araneidae) son una familia de arañas araneomorfas compuesta por casi 3100 especies divididas en 169 géneros;​ es la tercera familia con mayor diversidad, después de Salticidae y Linyphiidae. La mayoría construyen sus telas en forma de espiral circular y se mantienen en ella con la cabeza hacia abajo.

 src= Eriophora biapicata de Australia  src= Argiope lobata de Ucrania
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Võrkurlased ( Estonian )

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Võrkurlased (Araneidae) on sugukond ämblikuliste seltsist.

Võrkurlased koovad ümmargusi spiraalseid võrke, ja neid võib leida nii aedades, metsas kui põldudel. See on suuruselt kolmas ämblikuliste sugukond, kuhu kuulub üle 2800 liigi erinevaid ämblikke 160 perekonnast. Veel suuremad sugukonnad on hüpikämbliklased (Salticidae) ja kangurlased (Linyphiidae).

Erinevatel võrkurlastel on võrk erinev. Leidub ka liike (mitte Eestis), kes võrku ei koogi. Aluseks on "Y" taoline kujund, mille ümber on kootud spiraalselt rõngad mittekleepuvast materjalist. Lõpuks koob ta kleepuvast niidist veel uued ringid. Kolmas jalg on neil mõeldud nendel mittekleepuvatel niitidel kõndimiseks. Ise ta selles võrgus ei ela vaid ainult püüab sellega saaki. Kui putukas satub võrku, püüavad nad ta sealt kiirelt kinni, hammustavad ta liikumisvõimetuks ja mähivad niitidesse.

Eestis hästi tuntud võrkurlane on ristämblik. Lisaks saagi tabamisele kasutatakse püünisvõrku veel paaritumisrituaalis.

Teised aias elavad võrgupunujad on kangurlased, kelle püünisvõrgud asetsevad maapinnaga rööbiti ning ämblik istub seal selg allapoole. Vastupidi võrkurlase ristämblikule võib kangurlaste võrgus elada korraga mitu isendit. Ristämblikud teisi liigikaaslasi ei salli.

Ristämbliku närvisüsteem on koondunud pearindmikusse ning koosneb pea ja rindmikutängust ning viimasest tagakehasse kulgevatest närvijätketest. Lisaks nägemismeelele on neil hästi arenenud kompimismeel. Eriti tundlikud on ämbliku jäsemed, mis lõpevad võrgu kudumiseks kohastunud nn sugaküünistega. Seedeelundkond on kohastunud ebaregulaarsele toitumisele. Suule järgneb neel, imimagu, arvukate umbsoppidega pugu (jätked ulatuvad isegi jäsemetesse) ja lühike sooltoru. Seedimine toimub peamiselt maksas, mis täidab suure osa tagakeha sisemusest. Seedenõred eritatakse toitumisel ohvri kehasse ning hiljem imetakse poolvedel toidukört pugusse.


Eesti liikidega perekonnad

Teisi perekondi

  • Araniella
  • Celaenia
  • Cyclosa
  • Epeira
  • Gasteracantha
  • Herennia
  • Larinioides
  • Mecynogea
  • Micrathena
  • Neoscona
  • Nuctenea
  • Ordgarius
  • Singa
  • Zygiella sektorämblik

Galerii

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Võrkurlased: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET

Võrkurlased (Araneidae) on sugukond ämblikuliste seltsist.

Võrkurlased koovad ümmargusi spiraalseid võrke, ja neid võib leida nii aedades, metsas kui põldudel. See on suuruselt kolmas ämblikuliste sugukond, kuhu kuulub üle 2800 liigi erinevaid ämblikke 160 perekonnast. Veel suuremad sugukonnad on hüpikämbliklased (Salticidae) ja kangurlased (Linyphiidae).

Erinevatel võrkurlastel on võrk erinev. Leidub ka liike (mitte Eestis), kes võrku ei koogi. Aluseks on "Y" taoline kujund, mille ümber on kootud spiraalselt rõngad mittekleepuvast materjalist. Lõpuks koob ta kleepuvast niidist veel uued ringid. Kolmas jalg on neil mõeldud nendel mittekleepuvatel niitidel kõndimiseks. Ise ta selles võrgus ei ela vaid ainult püüab sellega saaki. Kui putukas satub võrku, püüavad nad ta sealt kiirelt kinni, hammustavad ta liikumisvõimetuks ja mähivad niitidesse.

Eestis hästi tuntud võrkurlane on ristämblik. Lisaks saagi tabamisele kasutatakse püünisvõrku veel paaritumisrituaalis.

Teised aias elavad võrgupunujad on kangurlased, kelle püünisvõrgud asetsevad maapinnaga rööbiti ning ämblik istub seal selg allapoole. Vastupidi võrkurlase ristämblikule võib kangurlaste võrgus elada korraga mitu isendit. Ristämblikud teisi liigikaaslasi ei salli.

Ristämbliku närvisüsteem on koondunud pearindmikusse ning koosneb pea ja rindmikutängust ning viimasest tagakehasse kulgevatest närvijätketest. Lisaks nägemismeelele on neil hästi arenenud kompimismeel. Eriti tundlikud on ämbliku jäsemed, mis lõpevad võrgu kudumiseks kohastunud nn sugaküünistega. Seedeelundkond on kohastunud ebaregulaarsele toitumisele. Suule järgneb neel, imimagu, arvukate umbsoppidega pugu (jätked ulatuvad isegi jäsemetesse) ja lühike sooltoru. Seedimine toimub peamiselt maksas, mis täidab suure osa tagakeha sisemusest. Seedenõred eritatakse toitumisel ohvri kehasse ning hiljem imetakse poolvedel toidukört pugusse.


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Araneido ( Basque )

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Araneidoa (Araneidae) araneoen ordenako zenbait kelizeratu araknidoz esaten da.

Ezaugarriak

Birika bidez edo trakea bidez hartzen dute arnasa, baita uretan bizi diren motek ere; lau hanka-pare dituzte; burua eta bularraldea bat eginik (zefalotoraxa) izaten dituzte, eta batzuetan sabelaldea ere bai. Ez dute begi elkarturik eta bi luzakin pare dituzte ahoan, mota batetik bestera itxura eta eginkizun desberdinetakoak izan daitezkeenak. Sabelaldeko atzeko muturrean zetazko haria egiten duten bi guruin dituzte. Kelizeroak kakodunak dira eta barnean guruin pozoitsuak izaten dituzte. Zortzi hanka dituzte, eta luze-laburrean eta lodi-mehean alde handia dute mota batetik bestera. Tropikoetako zenbait armiarma oso handiak dira eta txoriak eta ugaztun txikiak ere jaten dituzte. Araneoak egonkorrak edo mugikorrak izan daitezke; egonkorrek harrapakina amaraunean harrapatzen dute, eta mugikorrek, berriz, zetazko haria botatzen dute, armiarma-sarearen ordez, harrapakina geldiarazteko edo arrautza biltzeko.

20.000 mota inguru daude, gehienak lur gainean bizi direnak, baina badira uretan bizi diren bakar batzuk ere.

Generoak

Acacesia Simon, 1895 Eriophora Simon, 1864 Ordgarius Keyserling, 1886 Acantharachne Tullgren, 1910 Eriovixia Archer, 1951 Paralarinia Grasshoff, 1970 Acanthepeira Marx, 1883 Eustacesia Caporiacco, 1954 Paraplectana Brito Capello, 1867 Acroaspis Karsch, 1878 Eustala Simon, 1895 Paraplectanoides Keyserling, 1886 Acrosomoides Simon, 1887 Exechocentrus Simon, 1889 Pararaneus Caporiacco, 1940 Actinosoma Holmberg, 1883 Faradja Grasshoff, 1970 Parawixia F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 Actinacantha Simon, 1864 Friula O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004 Aculepeira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833 Parmatergus Emerit, 1994 Acusilas Simon, 1895 Gastroxya Benoit, 1962 Pasilobus Simon, 1895 Arkys Urquhart, 1891 Gea C. L. Koch, 1843 Perilla Thorell, 1895 Aethriscus Pocock, 1902 Gibbaranea Archer, 1951 Pherenice Thorell, 1899 Aethrodiscus Strand,1913 Glyptogona Simon, 1884 Phonognatha Simon, 1894 Aetrocantha Karsch, 1879 Heterognatha Nicolet, 1849 Pitharatus Simon, 1895 Afracantha Dahl, 1914 Heurodes Keyserling, 1886 Poecilarcys Simon, 1895 Agalenatea Archer, 1951 Hingstepeira Levi, 1995 Poecilopachys Simon, 1895 Alenatea Song & Zhu, 1999 Hypognatha Guérin, 1839 Poltys C. L. Koch, 1843 Allocyclosa Levi, 1999 Hypsacantha Dahl, 1914 Pozonia Schenkel, 1953 Alpaida O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871 Prasonica Simon, 1895 Amazonepeira Levi, 1989 Ideocaira Simon, 1903 Prasonicella Grasshoff, 1971 Anepsion Strand, 1929 Isoxya Simon, 1885 Pronoides Schenkel, 1936 Arachnura Vinson, 1863 Kaira O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 Pronous Keyserling, 1881 Araneus Clerck, 1757 Kapogea Levi, 1997 Pseudartonis Simon, 1903 Araniella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 Kilima Grasshoff, 1970 Pseudopsyllo Strand, 1916 Aranoethra Butler, 1873 Larinia Simon, 1874 Psyllo Thorell, 1899 Argiope Audouin, 1826 Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970 Pycnacantha Blackwall, 1865 Arkys Walckenaer, 1837 Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934 Rubrepeira Levi, 1992 Artonis Simon, 1895 Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004 Scoloderus Simon, 1887 Aspidolasius Simon, 1887 Lewisepeira Levi, 1993 Sedasta Simon, 1894 Augusta O. P.-Cambridge, 1877 Lipocrea Thorell, 1878 Singa C. L. Koch, 1836 Austracantha Dahl, 1914 Macracantha Simon, 1864 Singafrotypa Benoit, 1962 Bertrana Keyserling, 1884 Madacantha Emerit, 1970 Siwa Grasshoff, 1970 Caerostris Thorell, 1868 Mahembea Grasshoff, 1970 Spilasma Simon, 1897 Carepalxis L. Koch, 1872 Mangora O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 Spinepeira Levi, 1995 Celaenia Thorell, 1868 Manogea Levi, 1997 Spintharidius Simon, 1893 Cercidia Thorell, 1869 Mastophora Holmberg, 1876 Stroemiellus Wunderlich, 2004 Chaetacis Simon, 1895 Mecynogea Simon, 1903 Taczanowskia Keyserling, 1879 Chorizopes O. P.-Cambridge, 1870 Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968 Talthybia Thorell, 1898 Cladomelea Simon, 1895 Melychiopharis Simon, 1895 Tatepeira Levi, 1995 Cnodalia Thorell, 1890 Metazygia F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 Telaprocera Harmer & Framenau, 2008 Coelossia Simon, 1895 Metepeira F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1903 Testudinaria Taczanowski, 1879 Colaranea Court & Forster, 1988 Micrathena Sundevall, 1833 Thelacantha Hasselt, 1882 Collina Urquhart, 1891 Micrepeira Schenkel, 1953 Thorellina Berg, 1899 Colphepeira Archer, 1941 Micropoltys Kulczyn'ski, 1911 Togacantha Dahl, 1914 Cryptaranea Court & Forster, 1988 Milonia Thorell, 1890 Tukaraneus Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 Cyclosa Menge, 1866 Molinaranea Mello-Leitão, 1940 Umbonata Grasshoff, 1971 Cyphalonotus Simon, 1895 Nemoscolus Simon, 1895 Ursa Simon, 1895 Cyrtarachne Thorell, 1868 Nemosinga Caporiacco, 1947 Verrucosa McCook, 1888 Cyrtophora Simon, 1864 Nemospiza Simon, 1903 Wagneriana F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 Deione Thorell, 1898 Neoarchemorus Mascord, 1968 Witica O. P.-Cambridge, 1895 Deliochus Simon, 1894 Neogea Levi, 1983 Wixia O. P.-Cambridge, 1882 Dolophones Walckenaer, 1837 Neoscona Simon, 1864 Xylethrus Simon, 1895 Dubiepeira Levi, 1991 Nicolepeira Levi, 2001 Yaginumia Archer, 1960 Edricus O. P.-Cambridge, 1890 Novakiella Court & Forster, 1993 Zealaranea Court & Forster, 1988 Enacrosoma Mello-Leitão, 1932 Novaranea Court & Forster, 1988 Zilla C. L. Koch, 1834 Encyosaccus Simon, 1895 Nuctenea Simon, 1864 Zygiella F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 Epeiroides Keyserling, 1885 Ocrepeira Marx, 1883

Erreferentziak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Araneido: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Araneidoa (Araneidae) araneoen ordenako zenbait kelizeratu araknidoz esaten da.

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Ristihämähäkit ( Finnish )

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Ristihämähäkit (Araneidae) on hämähäkkiheimo, jonka lajit ovat hämähäkeistä tunnetuimpia suuren kokonsa ja taidokkaiden hämähäkinverkkojensa ansiosta. Suomessa ristihämähäkkejä on 33 lajia. Nimensä heimo on saanut ristihämähäkistä (Araneus diadematus), joka kansanomaisesti tunnetaan ristilukkina.

Ristihämähäkkien kutomat verkot ovat muodoltaan symmetrisiä ratasverkkoja. Verkon kutomiseen hämähäkiltä kuluu aikaa pari tuntia. Ristihämähäkeille on tyypillistä, että ne rakentavat ja myös purkavat verkkonsa joka päivä. Syynä tähän on se, että tahmeat pyyntilangat menettävät kuivuessaan pyyntitehoaan. Purkaessaan verkon ristihämähäkit syövät seitin ja käyttävät materiaalin uudelleen langan rakennusaineeksi.

Lähteet

  1. Nikita J. Kluge: Case 3371: Araneidae Clerck, 1758, Araneus Clerck, 1758, and Tegenaria Latreille, 1804 ((Arachnida: Araneae): proposed conservation. Bulletin of Zoological nomenclature, 2007, 64. vsk, nro 1, s. 15-18. Artikkelin verkkoversio Viitattu 7.1.2011. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Ristihämähäkit: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Ristihämähäkit (Araneidae) on hämähäkkiheimo, jonka lajit ovat hämähäkeistä tunnetuimpia suuren kokonsa ja taidokkaiden hämähäkinverkkojensa ansiosta. Suomessa ristihämähäkkejä on 33 lajia. Nimensä heimo on saanut ristihämähäkistä (Araneus diadematus), joka kansanomaisesti tunnetaan ristilukkina.

Ristihämähäkkien kutomat verkot ovat muodoltaan symmetrisiä ratasverkkoja. Verkon kutomiseen hämähäkiltä kuluu aikaa pari tuntia. Ristihämähäkeille on tyypillistä, että ne rakentavat ja myös purkavat verkkonsa joka päivä. Syynä tähän on se, että tahmeat pyyntilangat menettävät kuivuessaan pyyntitehoaan. Purkaessaan verkon ristihämähäkit syövät seitin ja käyttävät materiaalin uudelleen langan rakennusaineeksi.

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Araneidae ( French )

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Les Araneidae sont une famille d'araignées aranéomorphes[1].

Distribution

 src=
Distribution

Les espèces de cette famille se rencontrent sur tous les continents sauf aux pôles[1].

Description

Les pattes sont très épineuses. Elles construisent des toiles géométriques, à moyeu fermé, souvent avec une retraite. La plupart des espèces typiquement se tiennent pendues sur leur toile avec la tête en bas. Ces araignées passent l'hiver sous forme d'œufs.

La plupart construisent des toiles en forme de spirales circulaires, ce sont des araignées orbitèles.

Araneus diadematus ou épeire diadème est une espèce bien connue.

Paléontologie

Cette famille est connue depuis le Jurassique[2].

Liste des genres

Selon World Spider Catalog (version 23.0, 01/03/2022)[3] :

Selon World Spider Catalog (version 20.5, 2020)[2] :

Systématique et taxinomie

Cette espèce a été décrite par Clerck en 1757.

La famille des Nephilidae[4] a été placée en synonymie par Dimitrov et al. en 2017[5].

Cette famille rassemble 3 090 espèces dans 180 genres actuels[1]. Il s'agit de la troisième plus grande famille d'araignées, après celles des Salticidae et des Linyphiidae.

Publication originale

  • Clerck, 1757 : Svenska spindlar, uti sina hufvud-slågter indelte samt under några och sextio särskildte arter beskrefne och med illuminerade figurer uplyste. Stockholmiae, p. 1-154.

Notes et références

  1. a b et c WSC, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. a et b (en) Dunlop, Penney et Jekel, « A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives » (version 20.5), dans World Spider Catalog, Musée d'histoire naturelle de Berne, 2020.
  3. WSC, consulté le version 23.0, 01/03/2022
  4. Simon, 1894 : Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris, vol. 1, p. 489-760 (texte intégral).
  5. Dimitrov, Benavides Silva, Arnedo, Giribet, Griswold, Scharff & Hormiga, 2017 : « Rounding up the usual suspects: a standard target-gene approach for resolving the interfamilial phylogenetic relationships of ecribellate orb-weaving spiders with a new family-rank classification (Araneae, Araneoidea). » Cladistics, vol. 33, no 3, p. 221-250.
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Araneidae: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Araneidae sont une famille d'araignées aranéomorphes.

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Damhán alla an lín chruinneogaigh ( Irish )

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Is araicnid é an damhán alla an lín chruinneogaigh. Is ball d'ord na n-Araneae é.

 src=
Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
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Araneidae ( Indonesian )

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Araneidae adalah nama Latin untuk famili laba-laba pembuat sarang berbentuk roda yang paling sering ditemukan, di taman, ladang maupun hutan. Bentuk sarangnya khas menyerupai lingkaran sehingga takson ini dulunya juga dinamakan Orbiculariae.

Laba-laba dari keluarga ini mempunyai 8 mata yang serupa, kaki yang berbulu atau berduri, dan tidak mempunyai organ stridulating. Familia Araneidae berciri kosmopolitan, termasuk banyak spesies terkenal yang besar atau berwarna cerah yang sering ditemukan di taman-taman. Jumlah 3.006 spesies dalam 168 genus di seluruh dunia membuat Araneidae merupakan familia laba-laba nomor tiga terbesar setelah Salticidae dan Linyphiidae).[1] Pembuat sarang ini termasuk lebih dari 10.000 spesies dan mencakup 25% ragam laba-laba.[2]

 src=
Argiope sp. duduk pada stabilimentum di tengah-tengah sarang
 src=
Anak-anak laba-laba di sarang dekat tempat menetas
 src=
Close-up cephalothorax pada Eriophora sp. (kemungkinan E. heroine atau E. pustuosa

Sistematika

Artikel utama: Daftar spesies Araneidae

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Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ a b Platnick, Norman I. (29 December 2010). "Currently valid spider genera and species". The World Spider Catalog, Version 11.5. American Museum of Natural History. Diakses tanggal 24 May 2011.
  2. ^ Todd A. Blackledge, Nikolaj Scharff, Jonathan A. Coddington, Tamas Szüts, John W. Wenzel, Cheryl Y. Hayashi & Ingi Agnarsson (2009). "Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106: 5229–5234. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901377106. PMC 2656561alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 19289848.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)

Pustaka tambahan

  • The Life of the Spider by John Crompton. Mentor, 1950.
  • "The Orb-Weaving Spiders of Canada and Alaska. Araneae: Uloboridae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Theridiosomatidae. Insects and Arachnids of Canada Series, Part 23." By C. D. Dondale, J. H. Redner, P. Paquin, and H. W. Levi. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 2003. ISBN 978-0-660-18898-0
  • How to Know the Spiders by B. J. Kaston. Dubuque, 1953.
  • Spiders by Barbara York Main. Sidney, 1976.
  • Biology of Spiders, by Rainer F. Foelix, second edition, 1996
  • Levi, H. W. (1993): The new orb-weaver genus Lewisepeira (Araneae: Araneidae). Psyche 100: 127–136. PDF
  • Platnick, Norman I. (2010): The world spider catalog: Araneidae, version 11.5. American Museum of Natural History.

Pranala luar

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Araneidae: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Araneidae adalah nama Latin untuk famili laba-laba pembuat sarang berbentuk roda yang paling sering ditemukan, di taman, ladang maupun hutan. Bentuk sarangnya khas menyerupai lingkaran sehingga takson ini dulunya juga dinamakan Orbiculariae.

Laba-laba dari keluarga ini mempunyai 8 mata yang serupa, kaki yang berbulu atau berduri, dan tidak mempunyai organ stridulating. Familia Araneidae berciri kosmopolitan, termasuk banyak spesies terkenal yang besar atau berwarna cerah yang sering ditemukan di taman-taman. Jumlah 3.006 spesies dalam 168 genus di seluruh dunia membuat Araneidae merupakan familia laba-laba nomor tiga terbesar setelah Salticidae dan Linyphiidae). Pembuat sarang ini termasuk lebih dari 10.000 spesies dan mencakup 25% ragam laba-laba.

 src= Argiope sp. duduk pada stabilimentum di tengah-tengah sarang  src= Anak-anak laba-laba di sarang dekat tempat menetas  src= Close-up cephalothorax pada Eriophora sp. (kemungkinan E. heroine atau E. pustuosa
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Hjólaköngulær ( Icelandic )

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Hjólaköngulær (fræðiheiti: Araneidae) eru áttfætlur af ættbálki köngulóa.

 src=
uppbygging netsins, skref fyrir skref

Algengasta köngulóin af þessum tegundum er líklegast krossköngulóin eða Araneus eins og hún kallast á latínu en þær lifa líka á Íslandi og eru algengustu köngulærnar sem finnast hér. Köngulær í þessari ætt einkennast af því að þær spinna vefi til að veiða með og leggja með þeim gildrur fyrir ýmis skordýr, aðallega flugur. Vefir sumra köngulóa þessarar ættar eru taldir þeir flóknustu sem nokkurt dýr gerir.

Flokkun[1]

 src=
Gasteracantha fornicata frá Ástralíu, dæmi um tegund með áberandi útvöxt á bakinu

Hér undir eru tegundir sem koma fyrir í Evrópu, auk örfárra annarra. Á Íslandi hafa fundist átta tegundir, þar af fjórar í náttúrunni, ein í gróðurhúsi og þrír tilfallandi slæðingar.[2]

Tilvísanir

  1. Mine edderkopper - Norsk artsliste (besøkt 2. september 2011)
  2. Íslenskar köngulær (sótt 12 febrúar 2017)
Wikimedia Commons er með margmiðlunarefni sem tengist
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 src= Þessi líffræðigrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.
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Hjólaköngulær: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Hjólaköngulær (fræðiheiti: Araneidae) eru áttfætlur af ættbálki köngulóa.

 src= uppbygging netsins, skref fyrir skref

Algengasta köngulóin af þessum tegundum er líklegast krossköngulóin eða Araneus eins og hún kallast á latínu en þær lifa líka á Íslandi og eru algengustu köngulærnar sem finnast hér. Köngulær í þessari ætt einkennast af því að þær spinna vefi til að veiða með og leggja með þeim gildrur fyrir ýmis skordýr, aðallega flugur. Vefir sumra köngulóa þessarar ættar eru taldir þeir flóknustu sem nokkurt dýr gerir.

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Araneidae ( Italian )

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Gli Araneidi (Araneidae Simon, 1895) sono una famiglia di ragni appartenente all'infraordine Araneomorphae.

Etimologia

Il nome deriva dal latino araneus, cioè "ragno", in quanto questa è considerata la famiglia dei ragni per antonomasia, ed il suffisso -idae, che designa l'appartenenza ad una famiglia.

Caratteristiche

La caratteristica principale di molte specie di Araneidi è la colorazione vivace dell'addome estremamente ampio, che in alcuni ragni tropicali è provvisto di protuberanze a spine. Le loro 8 zampe presentano 3 unghie appuntite e in molte specie i 4 occhi formano un macro-occhio di forma quadrata.

Comportamento

La maggior parte di questi ragni tesse delle tele, alcune così grandi e resistenti che alcune popolazioni primitive della Papua Nuova Guinea le usano per pescare piccoli pesci. Altre specie hanno sviluppato una tecnica per rendere visibili le loro ragnatele agli uccelli, in modo da evitare che questi ci passino in mezzo distruggendole. Altri Araneidi ancora cacciano la notte senza costruire ragnatele: appesi ad un filo di seta si lasciano penzolare tenendo con le zampe una pallina di sostanza vischiosa che imprigiona gli insetti notturni (soprattutto falene) di passaggio.

Distribuzione

Diffusi in tutto il mondo, anche in ambienti antropici, comprende oltre 3000 specie di piccola e media grandezza (da 0,2 a 4,6 cm)[1].

 src=
Aculepeira packardi con una preda
 src=
Araneus alsine sulla tela
 src=
Araneus diadematus con una preda
 src=
Eriophora transmarina con una preda

Tassonomia

Un recente lavoro, Dimitrov et al., 2017, ha valutato approfonditamente i generi appartenenti all'ex-famiglia Nephilidae, stabilendone il trasferimento nella famiglia Araneidae in forma di sottofamiglia: le Nephilinae.[2]

Attualmente, a novembre 2020, si compone di 178 generi e 3059 specie[1]; per la suddivisione in sottofamiglie si segue quella adottata dall'entomologo Joel Hallan[3], rivista ed aggiornata:

Di seguito l'elenco delle 178 specie in ordine alfabetico:

  1. Acacesia Simon, 1895 - dagli USA all'Argentina (6 specie)
  2. Acantharachne Tullgren, 1910 - Africa centrale, orientale e Madagascar (8 specie)
  3. Acanthepeira Marx, 1883 - Canada, USA, Messico, Brasile, Cuba (5 specie)
  4. Acroaspis Karsch, 1878 - Australia occidentale, Nuovo Galles del Sud, Queensland, Nuova Zelanda (3 specie)
  5. Acrosomoides Simon, 1887 - Africa occidentale, centrale e orientale, Madagascar, Camerun, Congo (3 specie)
  6. Actinacantha Simon, 1864 - Sumatra, Giava (1 specie)
  7. Actinosoma Holmberg, 1883 - dalla Colombia all'Argentina (1 specie)
  8. Aculepeira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 - Regione paleartica, Brasile, Paraguay, Argentina (23 specie e 4 sottospecie)
  9. Acusilas Simon, 1895 - Africa centrale, occidentale e orientale, dalla Cina all'Arcipelago delle Molucche, Filippine (9 specie)
  10. Aethriscus Pocock, 1902 - Congo (2 specie)
  11. Aethrodiscus Strand, 1913 - Africa centrale (1 specie)
  12. Aetrocantha Karsch, 1879 - Africa centrale e occidentale (1 specie)
  13. Afracantha Dahl, 1914 - Africa centrale, occidentale e orientale, Venezuela (1 specie)
  14. Agalenatea Archer, 1951 - Regione paleartica, Yemen, Etiopia (2 specie)
  15. Alenatea Song & Zhu, 1999 - Cina, Corea, Taiwan, Giappone (3 specie)
  16. Allocyclosa Levi, 1999 - dagli USA a Panama, Hispaniola, Cuba (1 specie)
  17. Alpaida O.P.-Cambridge 1889 - America centrale e meridionale (142 specie e 2 sottospecie)
  18. Amazonepeira Levi, 1989 - Brasile, Ecuador, Perù, Bolivia, Suriname (5 specie)
  19. Anepsion Strand, 1929 - Cina, da Myanmar a Celebes, Nuova Guinea, Malaysia, Giappone, Australia, Filippine (16 specie)
  20. Arachnura Vinson, 1863 - Australia, Nuova Zelanda, Nuova Guinea, Cina, India, Giappone, Congo, Etiopia (13 specie)
  21. Araneus Clerck, 1757 - cosmopolita (628 specie e 38 sottospecie)
  22. Araniella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 - regione olartica (12 specie)
  23. Aranoethra Butler, 1873 - Africa occidentale e centrale (3 specie)
  24. Argiope Audouin, 1826 - cosmopolita (80 specie e 3 sottospecie)
  25. Artifex Kallal & Hormiga, 2018 - Australia (Queensland), Nuova Caledonia (2 specie)
  26. Artonis Simon, 1895 - Birmania, Etiopia (2 specie)
  27. Aspidolasius Simon, 1887 - dalla Colombia alla Bolivia, Guyana, Brasile (1 specie)
  28. Augusta O. P.-Cambridge 1877 - Madagascar (1 specie)
  29. Austracantha Dahl, 1914 - Australia, Tasmania, isole di Montebello (1 specie e 4 sottospecie)
  30. Backobourkia Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge & Vink, 2010[4] - Australia, Nuova Zelanda, Nuova Caledonia (3 specie)
  31. Bertrana Keyserling, 1884 - America meridionale (Colombia, Ecuador, Brasile, Venezuela, Perù) e America centrale (Costa Rica e Panama) (12 specie)
  32. Caerostris Thorell, 1868 - ecozona afrotropicale ed ecozona indomalese (12 specie)
  33. Carepalxis L.Koch, 1872 - Australia (Queensland e Nuovo Galles del Sud), Paraguay, Argentina, dal Messico al Brasile, Nuova Guinea (12 specie)
  34. Celaenia Thorell, 1868 - Nuova Zelanda, Australia (Nuovo Galles del Sud, Victoria), Tasmania (11 specie)
  35. Cercidia Thorell, 1869 - Regione olartica, India (3 specie)
  36. Chorizopes O.P.-Cambridge 1870 - India, Cina, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Giappone, Sumatra, Madagascar (24 specie)
  37. Chorizopesoides Mi & Wang, 2018 - Cina, Vietnam, (2 specie)
  38. Cladomelea Simon, 1895 - Africa centrale, Sudafrica (4 specie)
  39. Clitaetra Simon, 1889 - Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka (6 specie)
  40. Cnodalia Thorell, 1890 - Sumatra, Giappone, Cina (4 specie)
  41. Coelossia Simon, 1895 - Sierra Leone, Mauritius (2 specie)
  42. Colaranea Court & Forster, 1988 - Nuova Zelanda (4 specie)
  43. Collina Urquhart, 1891 - Tasmania (1 specie)
  44. Colphepeira Archer, 1941 - USA, Messico (1 specie)
  45. Cryptaranea Court & Forster, 1988 - Nuova Zelanda (7 specie)
  46. Cyclosa Menge, 1866 - cosmopolita (168 specie e 8 sottospecie)
  47. Cyphalonotus Simon, 1895 - Congo, Africa orientale, Madagascar, Cina, Vietnam, Sumatra, Socotra (6 specie)
  48. Cyrtarachne Thorell, 1868 - Africa, Asia, Europa meridionale, Oceania (51 specie e 3 sottospecie)
  49. Cyrtobill Framenau & Scharff 2009 - Australia (1 specie)
  50. Cyrtophora Simon, 1864 - Asia orientale, sudorientale e meridionale, Africa, Oceania, Europa meridionale e Caraibi, Colombia e Costa Rica (38 specie e 9 sottospecie)
  51. Deione Thorell, 1898 - Cina, Birmania (4 specie)
  52. Deliochus Simon, 1894[5] - Australia, Tasmania (2 specie e 1 sottospecie)
  53. Dolophones Walckenaer, 1837 - Australia, Arcipelago delle Molucche, Nuova Caledonia, isola di Lord Howe (17 specie)
  54. Dubiepeira Levi, 1991 - America meridionale (Perù, Colombia, Brasile, Venezuela, Ecuador e Guyana) (5 specie)
  55. Edricus O. P.-Cambridge, 1890 - dal Panama all'Ecuador, Messico (2 specie)
  56. Enacrosoma Mello-Leitão, 1932 - America centrale e meridionale (6 specie)
  57. Encyosaccus Simon, 1895 - Colombia, Ecuador, Perù, Brasile (1 specie)
  58. Epeiroides Keyserling, 1885 - dal Costarica al Brasile (1 specie)
  59. Eriophora Simon, 1864 - Oceania, Americhe, Congo, Etiopia, Cina (10 specie)
  60. Eriovixia Archer, 1951 - Cina, India, Pakistan, Filippine, Nuova Guinea, Africa orientale, centrale e occidentale (20 specie)
  61. Eustacesia Caporiacco, 1954 - Guyana francese (1 specie)
  62. Eustala Simon, 1895 - America settentrionale, centrale e meridionale (82 specie)
  63. Exechocentrus Simon, 1889 - Madagascar (2 specie)
  64. Faradja Grasshoff, 1970 - Repubblica Democratica del Congo (1 specie)
  65. Friula O. P.-Cambridge 1896 - Borneo (Sarawak) (1 specie)
  66. Galaporella Levi, 2009 - isole Galapagos (1 specie)
  67. Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833 - Asia orientale, sudorientale e meridionale, Europa, Africa subsahariana e America settentrionale (70 specie e 31 sottospecie)
  68. Gastroxya Benoit, 1962 - Congo, Sudafrica, Liberia, Ruanda, Burundi (4 specie)
  69. Gea C. L. Koch, 1843 - America, Asia, Africa, Oceania (12 specie e 1 sottospecie)
  70. Gibbaranea Archer, 1951 - Regione paleartica (9 specie e 3 sottospecie)
  71. Glyptogona Simon, 1884 - dall'Italia ad Israele, Sri Lanka (2 specie)
  72. Gnolus Simon, 1879 - Cile, Argentina (6 specie)
  73. Herennia Thorell, 1877 - Asia meridionale, Australia (11 specie)
  74. Heterognatha Nicolet, 1849 - Cile (1 specie)
  75. Hingstepeira Levi, 1995 - America meridionale (Brasile, Guyana, Suriname, Colombia, Guiana francese) (4 specie)
  76. Hypognatha Guerin, 1839 - America meridionale (soprattutto Brasile e Perù) e America centrale (38 specie)
  77. Hypsacantha Dahl, 1914 - Africa centrale, orientale e meridionale (1 specie)
  78. Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871 - regione olartica, Uganda, Kenya (16 specie)
  79. Ideocaira Simon, 1903 - Sudafrica (2 specie)
  80. Indoetra Simon, 1903[6] - Sri Lanka (1 specie)
  81. Isoxya Simon, 1885 - Africa centrale, orientale e meridionale, Yemen, Madagascar (16 specie)
  82. Kaira O. P.-Cambridge 1889 - Americhe, in prevalenza in America meridionale, assente in Canada (16 specie)
  83. Kapogea Levi, 1997 - America centrale e meridionale (4 specie)
  84. Kilima Grasshoff, 1970 - Africa centrale, orientale e meridionale, Yemen, isole Seychelles (3 specie)
  85. Larinia Simon, 1874 - pressoché cosmopolita, ad eccezione dei poli (55 specie)
  86. Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970 - Russia, Cina, Corea, Giappone (1 specie)
  87. Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934 - Regione olartica (6 specie e 1 sottospecie)
  88. Lariniophora Framenau, 2011 - Australia (1 specie)
  89. Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004 - Europa, Medio Oriente, Asia centrale, Africa settentrionale (4 specie)
  90. Lewisepeira Levi, 1993 - Panama, Messico, Giamaica, Porto Rico (4 specie)
  91. Lipocrea Thorell, 1878 - Grecia, Cipro, Turchia, Israele, Yemen, dall'India al Giappone, Africa centrale, orientale e meridionale (4 specie)
  92. Macracantha Simon, 1864 - dalla Cina al Borneo, India (1 specie)
  93. Madacantha Emerit, 1970 - Madagascar (1 specie)
  94. Mahembea Grasshoff, 1970 - Africa centrale e orientale (1 specie)
  95. Mangora O. P.-Cambridge 1889 - Regione paleartica, Americhe, ecozona orientale (186 specie)
  96. Manogea Levi, 1997 - dal Panama all'Argentina, Messico, Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia (3 specie)
  97. Mastophora Holmberg, 1876 - America settentrionale, centrale e meridionale (50 specie)
  98. Mecynogea Simon, 1903 - America centrale e meridionale, USA (9 specie)
  99. Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968 - Africa (1 specie)
  100. Melychiopharis Simon, 1895 - Brasile (2 specie)
  101. Metazygia F.O.P.-Cambridge 1904 - Brasile, Colombia, USA, Panama, Bolivia, Argentina, Nicaragua, Antille (90 specie)
  102. Metepeira F.O.P.-Cambridge 1903 - Americhe (44 specie)
  103. Micrathena Sundevall, 1833 - Americhe (116 specie e 2 sottospecie)
  104. Micrepeira Schenkel, 1953 - Brasile, Perù, Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana francese, Guyana, Costarica (7 specie)
  105. Micropoltys Kulczyński, 1911 - Nuova Guinea, Queensland (4 specie)
  106. Milonia Thorell, 1890 - Sumatra, Singapore, Myanmar, Giava, Borneo (7 specie)
  107. Molinaranea Mello-Leitão, 1940 - Cile, Argentina, isole Juan Fernandez, isole Falkland (7 specie)
  108. Nemoscolus Simon, 1895 - Africa settentrionale, occidentale e meridionale, Europa meridionale (15 specie)
  109. Nemosinga Caporiacco, 1947 - Tanzania (2 specie e 1 sottospecie)
  110. Nemospiza Simon, 1903 - Sudafrica (1 specie)
  111. Neogea Levi, 1983 - dall'India a Sumatra, Nuova Guinea, Cina (3 specie)
  112. Neoscona Simon, 1864 - cosmopolita ad eccezione dei poli, con prevalenza in Asia (97 specie e 13 sottospecie)
  113. Nephila Leach, 1815 - tutta l'area compresa fra i due tropici (23 specie e 15 sottospecie)
  114. Nephilengys L. Koch, 1872 - tutta l'area compresa fra i due tropici (2 specie)
  115. Nephilingis Kuntner, 2013 - Africa centrale e orientale, America meridionale (4 specie)
  116. Nicolepeira Levi, 2001 - Cile centrale e meridionale (3 specie)
  117. Novakiella Court & Forster, 1993 - Australia, Nuova Zelanda (1 specie)
  118. Novaranea Court & Forster, 1988 - Australia (Nuovo Galles del Sud, Victoria), Nuova Zelanda, Tasmania (2 specie)
  119. Nuctenea Simon, 1864 - Regione paleartica (dall'Europa all'Azerbaigian, Algeria) (3 specie e 2 sottospecie)
  120. Oarces Simon, 1879 - Brasile, Cile, Argentina (2 specie)
  121. Ocrepeira Marx, 1883 - Americhe (66 specie)
  122. Ordgarius Keyserling, 1886 - Asia orientale, sudorientale e meridionale, Indonesia (11 specie e 1 sottospecie)
  123. Paralarinia Grasshoff, 1970 - Africa centrale e orientale, Congo, Sudafrica (4 specie)
  124. Paraplectana Brito Capello, 1867 - Asia orientale e sudorientale, ecozona afrotropicale (10 specie e 2 sottospecie)
  125. Paraplectanoides Keyserling, 1886 - Queensland, Nuovo Galles del Sud, Tasmania (2 specie)
  126. Pararaneus Caporiacco, 1940 - Africa subsahariana, Medio Oriente (5 specie)
  127. Paraverrucosa Mello-Leitão, 1939[7] - Brasile, Argentina, Paraguay, Trinidad (4 specie)
  128. Parawixia F.O.P.-Cambridge 1904 - America centrale e meridionale, dall'India alle Filippine, Nuova Guinea (28 specie e 3 sottospecie)
  129. Parmatergus Emerit, 1994 - Madagascar (2 specie e 1 sottospecie)
  130. Pasilobus Simon, 1895 - Asia orientale, sudorientale e meridionale, Africa subsahariana, Oceania (12 specie)
  131. Perilla Thorell, 1895 - Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia (1 specie)
  132. Pherenice Thorell, 1899 - Camerun (1 specie)
  133. Phonognatha Simon, 1894 - Australia, Nuova Caledonia, Filippine, Tasmania, India[5] (7 specie ed una sottospecie)
  134. Pitharatus Simon, 1895 - Malesia, Giava, Celebes (1 specie)
  135. Plebs Joseph & Framenau, 2012 - Asia orientale, Asia meridionale, Oceania (22 specie)
  136. Poecilarcys Simon, 1895 - Tunisia (1 specie)
  137. Poecilopachys Simon, 1895 - Oceania, Nuova Guinea, Australia (5 specie)
  138. Poltys C. L. Koch, 1843 - Asia orientale, Asia meridionale, Oceania, Asia sudorientale, Africa subsahariana (43 specie)
  139. Popperaneus Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020 - Brasile, Paraguay (2 specie)
  140. Porcataraneus Mi & Peng, 2011 - Cina, India (3 specie)
  141. Pozonia Schenkel, 1953 - America centrale e meridionale (dal Messico al Paraguay) (4 specie)
  142. Prasonica Simon, 1895 - Africa centrale, occidentale e orientale, India, Vietnam, Nuova Guinea, Giava, Yemen (10 specie)
  143. Prasonicella Grasshoff, 1971 - Madagascar, isola di Aldabra (2 specie)
  144. Pronoides Schenkel, 1936 - Russia, Cina, Corea, Giappone (6 specie)
  145. Pronous Keyserling, 1881 - America centrale e meridionale, Madagascar, Malesia (16 specie)
  146. Pseudartonis Simon, 1903 - Africa orientale, Etiopia, Camerun, Guinea Bissau, isola di São Tomé (4 specie)
  147. Pseudopsyllo Strand, 1916 - Camerun (1 specie)
  148. Psyllo Thorell, 1899 - Camerun, Congo (1 specie)
  149. Pycnacantha Blackwall, 1865 - Africa centrale e meridionale, Madagascar, Namibia e Camerun (4 specie)
  150. Rubrepeira Levi, 1992 - America (dal Messico al Brasile, Guyana) (1 specie)
  151. Scoloderus Simon, 1887 - Americhe (dagli USA all'Argentina) (5 specie)
  152. Sedasta Simon, 1894 - Africa occidentale (1 specie)
  153. Singa C. L. Koch, 1836 - Europa, Asia, Africa e America settentrionale (presente in Italia) (27 specie e due sottospecie)
  154. Singafrotypa Benoit, 1962 - Costa d'Avorio, Congo, Sudafrica, Botswana, Etiopia, isola di Bioko (4 specie)
  155. Siwa Grasshoff, 1970 - Mediterraneo occidentale, Egitto, Israele (2 specie)
  156. Spilasma Simon, 1897 - America meridionale e centrale (dall'Honduras alla Bolivia, Brasile, Perù) (3 specie)
  157. Spinepeira Levi, 1995 - Perù (1 specie)
  158. Spintharidius Simon, 1893 - America meridionale (Brasile, Perù, Bolivia, Paraguay) e Cuba (2 specie)
  159. Taczanowskia Keyserling, 1879 - Brasile, Colombia, Perù, Argentina, Bolivia (4 specie)
  160. Talthybia Thorell, 1898 - Cina, Birmania (1 specie)
  161. Tatepeira Levi, 1995 - Honduras, Brasile, Colombia, Bolivia (4 specie)
  162. Telaprocera Harmer & Framenau, 2008 - Queensland, Victoria, Nuovo Galles del Sud (2 specie)
  163. Testudinaria Taczanowski, 1879 - dal Panama al Perù, Brasile, Argentina, Bolivia (9 specie)
  164. Thelacantha Hasselt, 1882 - dall'India alle Filippine, Madagascar, Australia (1 specie)
  165. Thorellina Berg, 1899 - Nuova Guinea, Myanmar (2 specie)
  166. Togacantha Dahl, 1914 - Africa occidentale, centrale e orientale (1 specie)
  167. Trichonephila Dahl, 1911[8] - Africa, Indonesia, Australia, Asia sudorientale, America meridionale (26 specie)
  168. Umbonata Grasshoff, 1971 - Tanzania (1 specie)
  169. Ursa Simon, 1895 - Cile, Brasile, Sudafrica, Vietnam, Sri Lanka (5 specie)
  170. Verrucosa McCook, 1888 - America meridionale, centrale e USA, Antille, Queensland (46 specie)
  171. Wagneriana F.O.P.-Cambridge 1904 - America centrale e meridionale, Stati Uniti (43 specie)
  172. Witica O. P.-Cambridge 1895 - dal Messico al Perù, Cuba (3 specie)
  173. Wixia O.P.-Cambridge 1882 - Brasile, Guyana, Bolivia (1 specie)
  174. Xylethrus Simon, 1895 - Brasile, Panama, Messico, Bolivia (6 specie)
  175. Yaginumia Archer, 1960 - Cina, Corea, Giappone, Taiwan (1 specie)
  176. Zealaranea Court & Forster, 1988 - Nuova Zelanda (4 specie)
  177. Zilla C. L. Koch, 1834 - dall'Europa all'Azerbaigian, Cina, India, Italia (5 specie e 1 sottospecie)
  178. Zygiella F. O. P.-Cambridge 1902 - Europa, Asia, Africa settentrionale ed America (9 specie)

Nomina dubia

  1. Heurodes Keyserling, 1886[9] - Cina, Filippine, Singapore, Tasmania (2 specie)

Note

  1. ^ a b World Spider Catalogue, versione 21.5, Famiglie di ragni, con numero di generi e specie URL consultato il 27 novembre 2020, su wsc.nmbe.ch.
  2. ^ Holarchaea URL consultato il 22 maggio 2017
  3. ^ Biology Catalog (TXT), su insects.tamu.edu.
  4. ^ Genere di recente costituzione composto da tre specie descritte precedentemente come appartenenti al genere Eriophora e riclassificate alla luce dello studio degli aracnologi Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge e Vink del 2010
  5. ^ a b genere trasferito qui dalla famiglia Tetragnathidae a seguito di uno studio degli aracnologi Kuntner, Coddington e Hormiga del 2008
  6. ^ Sottogenere di Clitaetra elevato al rango di genere a seguito di un lavoro di Kuntner et al., del 2019
  7. ^ Genere rimosso dalla sinonimia con Wagneriana F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 a seguito di un lavoro degli aracnologi Cabra-García & Hormiga, del 2020
  8. ^ Sottogenere di Nephila elevato al rango di genere a seguito di un lavoro di Kuntner et al., del 2019
  9. ^ A seguito di un lavoro di Framenau del 2019 gli esemplari delle due specie afferenti a questo ex-genere sono stati dichiarati nomina dubia

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Araneidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Gli Araneidi (Araneidae Simon, 1895) sono una famiglia di ragni appartenente all'infraordine Araneomorphae.

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Kryžiuočiai (vorai) ( Lithuanian )

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Šis straipsnis aprašo vorų kryžiuočių šeimą. Straipsnis apie kryžiuočių ordiną – Teutonų ordinas

Kryžiuočiai (lot. Araneidae, angl. Orb weavers, vok. Radnetzspinnen) – vorų (Araneae) šeima.

Šioje trečioje pagal dydį vorų šeimoje yra apie 160 genčių ir virš 2800 rūšių. Lietuvoje žinomos 32 rūšys iš 16 genčių.

Šios šeimos vorai mums labiausiai žinomi iš savo apskritų taisyklingai nuaustų voratinklių, nors ne visos rūšys rezga apskritus tinklus. Kryžiuočių kojos ilgos ir storos. Pilvelis ovalinis, dažniausiai labai plaukuotas ir su tipišku įvairių formų kryžiaus piešiniu. Kiaušinėlius šie vorai deda į didelius tankius kokonus. Jų tinklai yra su lipniais siūlais, dažnai signaline gija susieta su slėptuve. Atskirų rūšių tinklai skiriasi dydžiu, spindulių skaičiumi, gaudomųjų siūlų tankumu, laisvosios zonos pločiu ir t. t. Kai kurios šios šeimos gentys gyvena pusiau socialinį gyvenimą ir sudaro kolonijas iš tūkstančių individų, kurių tinklai yra tarpusavyje susiję, pavyzdžiui, Rytų Europoje paplitusi Araneus sclopetaria. Meksikoje gyvenantys Metepiera vorai netgi kartu rezga tinklus.

Kryžiuočiai dažnai visą gyvenimą praleidžia vienoje vietoje. Išplinta rudenį, jaunikliams skraidant ant voratinklių („bobų vasarą“).

Kryžiuočių vorų gentys

 src=
Voratinklis
 src=
Araneus diadematus

Vikiteka

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Kryžiuočiai (vorai): Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Kryžiuočiai (lot. Araneidae, angl. Orb weavers, vok. Radnetzspinnen) – vorų (Araneae) šeima.

Šioje trečioje pagal dydį vorų šeimoje yra apie 160 genčių ir virš 2800 rūšių. Lietuvoje žinomos 32 rūšys iš 16 genčių.

Šios šeimos vorai mums labiausiai žinomi iš savo apskritų taisyklingai nuaustų voratinklių, nors ne visos rūšys rezga apskritus tinklus. Kryžiuočių kojos ilgos ir storos. Pilvelis ovalinis, dažniausiai labai plaukuotas ir su tipišku įvairių formų kryžiaus piešiniu. Kiaušinėlius šie vorai deda į didelius tankius kokonus. Jų tinklai yra su lipniais siūlais, dažnai signaline gija susieta su slėptuve. Atskirų rūšių tinklai skiriasi dydžiu, spindulių skaičiumi, gaudomųjų siūlų tankumu, laisvosios zonos pločiu ir t. t. Kai kurios šios šeimos gentys gyvena pusiau socialinį gyvenimą ir sudaro kolonijas iš tūkstančių individų, kurių tinklai yra tarpusavyje susiję, pavyzdžiui, Rytų Europoje paplitusi Araneus sclopetaria. Meksikoje gyvenantys Metepiera vorai netgi kartu rezga tinklus.

Kryžiuočiai dažnai visą gyvenimą praleidžia vienoje vietoje. Išplinta rudenį, jaunikliams skraidant ant voratinklių („bobų vasarą“).

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Wielwebspinnen ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De wielwebspinnen (Araneidae) zijn een familie van spinnen en tellen 2999 soorten wereldwijd. Sommige tropische soorten staan bekend om de grote webben, de meeste soorten, zoals de kruisspin, maken veel kleinere webben.

Taxonomie

Zie ook Lijst van wielwebspinnen

Kenmerken

Deze spinnen hebben vaak een groot, opvallend gekleurd en getekend achterlijf, dat bij sommige tropische soorten vaak bizarre, hoekige vormen kan aannemen. De poten bevatten 3 klauwtjes. Ze hebben 8 ogen, waarvan de middelste vier vaak een vierkant vormen. De lichaamslengte varieert van 0,2 tot 4,6 cm.

Voortplanting

Bij de balts wordt het vrouwtje door een mannetje benaderd om haar in baltsstemming te brengen. Dit doet hij door aan de draden te plukken. Na de paring worden de eieren afgezet in een zijden cocon, die vaak nog wordt gecamoufleerd met stukjes plant, waarna deze wordt vastgekleefd aan planten of schors.

Spinmethode

De spinmethode is steeds hetzelfde: een paar 'hulplijnen' en vervolgens wordt het kleverige wiel gemaakt door van heel kort bij elkaar in het centrum, naar vrij wijd uit elkaar staande cirkels te spinnen. Eenmaal een stevig (niet klevend) webgeraamte is gebouwd, wordt dit met kleverige draad bedekt. Vanuit het centrum van het web loopt een voeldraad naar het hol van de spin.

Wielwebspinnen maken hun web bij voorkeur 's nachts of in de vroege ochtend, tenzij dit door stormachtig weer niet mogelijk is. Men kan daardoor vaak op allerlei tijdstippen overdag spinnen bij het maken van webben betrappen. Omdat de webben door prooidieren worden beschadigd, moeten ze geregeld worden vernieuwd. Voorts neemt de kleefkracht van de vangspiraal binnen enkele dagen sterk af. Meestal wordt daarom elke dag een nieuw web gebouwd; het oude web wordt daarbij vaak eerst opgegeten, kleine gevangen insecten incluis.

Wielwebspinnen zijn niet de enige spinnen die wielvormige webben maken, strekspinnen doen dat bijvoorbeeld ook.

Jachttechniek

De jachttechniek varieert naargelang de spin en de prooi. Soms zit de spin in het midden van het web te wachten, soms zit ze aan de rand van haar hol, met 1 of 2 poten aan de voeldraad. Eenmaal een prooi in het web verzeild raakt, en voldoende trillingen veroorzaakt, snelt de spin ernaartoe. Soms gaat de spin er ook wel direct op af, of schudt het web verscheidene malen heen en weer waardoor de prooi vaak verder verstrikt raakt, precies gelokaliseerd en geïdentificeerd wordt. Wanneer een prooi niet beweegt, kan de spin interesse verliezen (dode prooien worden over het algemeen door spinnen genegeerd).

Een kleine prooi wordt onmiddellijk gegrepen en vaak ook onmiddellijk verorberd.

Iets grotere prooien worden gegrepen en snel ingesponnen; door de prooi in het web te wentelen, ontstaat een pakje dat langs twee uiteinden in het web hangt.

Nog grotere of gevaarlijk ogende prooien worden voorzichtig benaderd; de spin zal eerst vanaf een afstand trachten de prooi met behulp van de achterpoten met klevende draden te bedekken. Oogt de prooi te gevaarlijk, dan zal de spin ze "bevrijden" door de draden door te bijten.

De prooi wordt ofwel ter plaatse, ofwel in het centrum van het web, ofwel in het hol opgegeten, waarbij een 'gat' in het web achterblijft. Wielwebspinnen "kauwen" hun voedsel, in tegenstelling tot de meeste andere spinnen die hun prooi leegzuigen.

Enkele wielwebspinnen die in Nederland en België te vinden zijn: kruisspin, wespspin (of tijgerspin), en de viervlekwielwebspin.

Ander voedsel

Het web van wielwebspinnen vangt niet alleen dierlijke prooien, maar ook sporen en stuifmeelkorrels kunnen er in blijven kleven. Bij de eikenbladspin en de kruisspin is aangetoond dat pollen deel uitmaken van de voeding van juvenielen en bijdragen voor 25% van de voeding, meer dan wat door toeval verwacht zou worden.[1]

Taxonomie

De volgende geslachten zijn bij de familie ingedeeld:[2]

In Nederland waargenomen soorten

Externe links


Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Eggs, B. & Sanders, D., 2013. Herbivory in Spiders: The Importance of Pollen for Orb-Weavers. PLOS ONE 8 (11): e82637. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0082637
  2. (2016) World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, version 17.5.
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Wielwebspinnen: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De wielwebspinnen (Araneidae) zijn een familie van spinnen en tellen 2999 soorten wereldwijd. Sommige tropische soorten staan bekend om de grote webben, de meeste soorten, zoals de kruisspin, maken veel kleinere webben.

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Hjulspinnere ( Norwegian )

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Hjulspinnere (Araneidae) er en familie av edderkopper som tilhører undergruppen Entelegynae i gruppen Araneomorphae. Disse edderkoppene bygger de klassiske hjulnettene som de fleste forbinder med edderkoppnett.

Utseende

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Vepseedderkopp (Argiope bruennichi), en stor og fargerik art som nylig er funnet for første gang i Norge

Middelsstore til store, kraftig bygde edderkopper. De åtte øynene er ordnet i fire forholdsvis store øyne i midten, som mer eller mindre danner et kvadrat, og et par ganske små øyne som sitter tett sammen på hver side. Avstanden fra de fremste øynene til hodets forkant er kort, mindre enn dobbelt så stor som øyets diameter. Chelicerene er korte og kraftige, med tenner på innsiden. Forkroppen er bred, kledt med fine, nedliggende hår. Beina er middels lange og ganske kraftige. Ytterst har de tre klør og i tillegg noen grove, krumme børster som virker som ekstra-klør. Hos hunnene er bakkroppen stor og gjerne nærmest kuleformet, ofte med et par knøler på ryggen. Hos noen arter er bakkroppen påfallende bygd, med lange torner, stjerneformet eller sterkt lappet.

Levevis

Disse edderkoppene spinner de klassiske, hjulformede nettene som de fleste forbinder med edderkoppnett. Ofte har nettet et såkalt stabilimentum, et område med fine, hvite silketråder som gjør nettet lett å se, for eksempel midt i eller som et tverrbånd tvers over. Funksjonen til dette er usikker, noen har foreslått at hensikten er at nettet skal bli lettere å se for fugler slik at de ikke flyr gjennom det og ødelegger det. Mange arter lever nær mennesker, andre er lite kjente fordi de holder til oppe i trekronene. Edderkoppen sitter enten midt i nettet eller i et gjemmested ute på siden, den har i så fall en varslingstråd som viser om at et bytte har gått i nettet. De ser ganske dårlig og er avhengige av vibrasjonene byttet lager for å oppdage det. Når det passende bytte har gått på det klebrige nettet, løper edderkoppen ut og spinner det raskt inn i et hylster (etter å ha lammet det med et bitt). Araneidae har vanligvis kraftige tenner på chelicerene, og ulikt de fleste andre edderkopper kan de til en viss grad tygge maten, ikke bare suge i seg en oppløst suppe. Hannen oppsøker hunnens nett og drar i trådene på en spesiell måte for å gi beskjed om at han, ikke et byttedyr, kommer. Om han blir akseptert, følger en kortvarig parring, deretter stikker hannen av for å unngå å bli spist av den større og kraftigere hunnen, dette lykkes ikke alltid. De største artene kan gi smertefulle bitt, men de er ikke regnet som farlige for mennesker. Noen av artene (blant andre i slekten Mastophora) bygger ikke fangstnett, men spinner i stedet en lang tråd med en klebrig dråpe i enden. Disse nattaktive edderkoppene setter seg så å vente på at et insekt skal nærme seg. De kan sende ut feromoner som tiltrekker nattsvermere. Om edderkoppen merker at en nattsvermer nærmer seg, svinger den silketråden hurtig rundt seg, resultatet av dette blir gjerne at møllen kolliderer med den klebrige dråpen og blir fanget.

Utbredelse

Familien forekommer i alle verdensdeler.

Systematisk inndeling

 src=
Familiens utbredelse
 src=
Gasteracantha fornicata fra Australia, en representant for en slekt med påfallende utvekster på bakkroppen
 src=
Araneus diadematus, korsedderkopp, en av de mest kjente edderkoppene i Norge
Foto: Havardtl

Slekter som forekommer i Europa, samt noen til, er tatt med. Totalt deles familien opp i ca. 160 slekter. I Norge er det registret 35 arter fordelt på 15 slekter[1].

Treliste

Referanser

  1. ^ a b Mine edderkopper - Norsk artsliste (besøkt 2. september 2011)

Litteratur

Eksterne lenker

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Hjulspinnere: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Hjulspinnere (Araneidae) er en familie av edderkopper som tilhører undergruppen Entelegynae i gruppen Araneomorphae. Disse edderkoppene bygger de klassiske hjulnettene som de fleste forbinder med edderkoppnett.

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Krzyżakowate ( Polish )

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Krzyżakowate (Araneidae) – rodzina pająków z grupy Araneomorphae. Według The World Spider Catalog Normana Platnicka z 2013 roku należy do niej 168 współczesnych rodzajów obejmujących 3030 gatunków[2]. Należą do niej dość duże pająki, o owalnym lub kulistym odwłoku, często jaskrawo zabarwionym. Krzyżakowate budują jednopłaszczyznowe sieci łowne (tzw. pajęczyny). Zamieszkują wszystkie strefy klimatyczne. W Polsce występuje 50 gatunków krzyżakowatych, głównie z rodzaju Araneus, Araniella i Larinioides[3] (zobacz: krzyżakowate Polski).

Najstarszym znanym przedstawicielem Araneidae jest Mesozygiella dunlopi żyjący we wczesnej kredzie na obecnych terenach Hiszpanii[4].

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Araneidae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Norman I. Platnick: CURRENTLY VALID SPIDER GENERA AND SPECIES (ang.). W: The World Spider Catalog, Version 14.0 [on-line]. American Museum of Natural History. [dostęp 16 sierpnia 2013].
  3. Blick, T. et al. (2004).Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004. (PDF)
  4. David Penney, Vicente M. Ortuño. Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae). „Biology Letters”. 2 (3), s. 447–450, 2006. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0506 (ang.).

Linki zewnętrzne

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Krzyżakowate: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Krzyżakowate (Araneidae) – rodzina pająków z grupy Araneomorphae. Według The World Spider Catalog Normana Platnicka z 2013 roku należy do niej 168 współczesnych rodzajów obejmujących 3030 gatunków. Należą do niej dość duże pająki, o owalnym lub kulistym odwłoku, często jaskrawo zabarwionym. Krzyżakowate budują jednopłaszczyznowe sieci łowne (tzw. pajęczyny). Zamieszkują wszystkie strefy klimatyczne. W Polsce występuje 50 gatunków krzyżakowatych, głównie z rodzaju Araneus, Araniella i Larinioides (zobacz: krzyżakowate Polski).

Najstarszym znanym przedstawicielem Araneidae jest Mesozygiella dunlopi żyjący we wczesnej kredzie na obecnych terenach Hiszpanii.

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Araneidae ( Portuguese )

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Eriophora biapicata (Austrália).

Araneidae é uma família de aranhas araneomorfas composta por cerca de 3000 espécies divididas em 170 géneros. Constitui a terceira família com maior biodiversidade entre os aracnídeos, suplantada apenas pelos Salticidae e Linyphiidae. A maioria constrói teias em forma de espiral circular e instala-se no seu centro com a cabeça para baixo.

Géneros

Ver também

Referências

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Araneidae: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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 src= Eriophora biapicata (Austrália).

Araneidae é uma família de aranhas araneomorfas composta por cerca de 3000 espécies divididas em 170 géneros. Constitui a terceira família com maior biodiversidade entre os aracnídeos, suplantada apenas pelos Salticidae e Linyphiidae. A maioria constrói teias em forma de espiral circular e instala-se no seu centro com a cabeça para baixo.

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Araneide ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Araneidele (Araneidae) este o familie de păianjeni care include specii ce-și țes pânze rotunde, în forma unei roți. Deseori sunt găsiți în grădini, parcuri, poieni, păduri. Păianjenii araneizi au opt ochi, corpul păros sau spinos. Există peste 2 800 de specii în întreaga lume grupate în 160 de genuri. După numărul de specii Araneidae este a treia familie de păianjeni.
Speciile din genurile Gasteracantha și Micrathena sunt recunoscute după proeminențele cornoase în forma unor spini prezenți pe opistosomă (abdomen).

Modul de viață

 src=
Pânza cu fire spiralate, Araneus diadematus

Aceștia țes pânza cu fire lipicioase în spirală. Construire pânzei este o adevărată artă inginerească. Păianjenul fixează un capăt al firului de substrat. Pe celălalt capăt se agață păiajnenul și-și dă drumul în voia vântului. Plutind prin aer, păianjenul nimerește pe un alt substrat și fixează capătul. Astfel, păianjenul întinde primul fir ai viitoarei plase. Apoi, mai întinde un fir, primindu-se o figură de forma literii Y latin. Și tot așa, până când nu reiese forma circulară a pânzei. Spre sfârșit, el țese razele din fire nu prea lipicioase, și spiralele adezive. De multe ori, păianjenul construiește o pânză în fiecare zi în același loc. Cea veche este distrusă în cursul zilei sau este consumată de păianjen. Pânza lor nu se depune și nu se acumulează, ca la alți păianjeni. Prada prinsă în plasă este imediat mușcată cu chelicerele, injenctându-se veninul. Mai târziu, ea este înfășurată cu mai multe straturi de mătase. Dacă victima este o insectă veninoasă (viespea), atunci înfășurarea precedă injectarea.

 src=
Globulele "feromonice"

Însă nu toate speciile țes pânză cu firile spiralate lipicioase. Specii din genurile Mastophora (America), Cladomelea (Africa) și Ordgarius (Australia) produc globule lipicioase, care conțin o substanță asemănătoare feromonilor. Globula este atârnată cu un fir de mătase de picioarele din fata fața păianjenului. Substanțele "feromonice" atrag masculii ai unor specii de insecte. Aceștia se așază pe globulă și rămân prinși neputând să se elibereze, apoi sunt mâncați. O caracteristică a pânzelor unor specii de Araneidae este prezența unui stabilimentum - bandă îngroșată de mătase. Aceasta se întâlnește la speciile din genul Argiope, exemplu Argiope trifasciata. În privința rolul bandei au fost emise ipotezele posibile:

  • atrage insectele în plasă;
  • fiind vizibil;
  • fiind vizibilă pentru animalele mai mari, aceștia o ocolesc fără să o distrugă;
  • este un camuflaj;
  • stabilizează pânză în timpul unei vibrații intense
  • scade vizibilitatea mătase la insecte, îngreunând prada să observe pânza.

Majoritatea pânzelor țesute de aceștia sunt verticale și păianjeni, de obicei, stau în centru cu capul în jos. Unele specii din genul Metepiera își construiesc o plasă încâlcită. Aceștia sunt păianjeni semisociali, ei contruiesc în comun pânze imense. În Mexic pânze astfel au fost țesute acoperind parțial arbori și arbuști.

Sistematică

Familia este divizată în subfamilii și triburi după Catalogul Biologic de Joel Hallan.
Speciile Nephilidae au primit statutul de familie în 2006. Câtva genuri - Leviellus, Parazygiella, Stroemiellus și Zygiella sunt considerate de unii autori că aparțin familie Zygiellidae.

Genuri

Lista genurilor conform Catalogue of Life: [1]

Referințe

  1. ^ Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)

Legături externe


v d m
Arthropoda - Arachnida - Araneae Mesothelae Opisthothelae
Agelenidae · Amaurobiidae · Ammoxenidae · Amphinectidae · Anapidae · Anyphaenidae · Araneidae · Archaeidae · Caponiidae · Chummidae · Cithaeronidae · Clubionidae · Corinnidae · Cryptothelidae · Ctenidae · Cyatholipidae · Cybaeidae · Cycloctenidae · Deinopidae · Desidae · Dictynidae · Eresidae · Gallieniellidae · Gnaphosidae · Hahniidae · Halidae · Hersiliidae · Holarchaeidae · Homalonychidae · Huttoniidae · Lamponidae · Linyphiidae · Liocranidae · Lycosidae · Malkaridae · Mecysmaucheniidae · Micropholcommatidae · Mimetidae · Miturgidae · Mysmenidae · Neolanidae · Nephilidae · Nesticidae · Nicodamidae · Oecobiidae · Oxyopidae · Palpimanidae · Pararchaeidae · Periegopidae · Philodromidae · Phyxelididae · Pimoidae · Pisauridae · Prodidomidae · Psechridae · Salticidae · Selenopidae · Senoculidae · Sparassidae · Stenochilidae · Stiphidiidae · Symphytognathidae · Synaphridae · Synotaxidae · Tengellidae · Tetrablemmidae · Tetragnathidae · Theridiidae · Theridiosomatidae · Thomisidae · Titanoecidae · Trechaleidae · Trochanteriidae · Uloboridae · Zodariidae · Zoridae · Zorocratidae · Zoropsidae
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Araneide: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

provided by wikipedia RO

Araneidele (Araneidae) este o familie de păianjeni care include specii ce-și țes pânze rotunde, în forma unei roți. Deseori sunt găsiți în grădini, parcuri, poieni, păduri. Păianjenii araneizi au opt ochi, corpul păros sau spinos. Există peste 2 800 de specii în întreaga lume grupate în 160 de genuri. După numărul de specii Araneidae este a treia familie de păianjeni.
Speciile din genurile Gasteracantha și Micrathena sunt recunoscute după proeminențele cornoase în forma unor spini prezenți pe opistosomă (abdomen).

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Hjulspindlar ( Swedish )

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Hjulspindlar (Araneidae) är en familj inom ordningen spindlar som omfattar mer än 2800 arter i fler än 160 släkten vilka återfinns över hela världen. Detta gör hjulspindlarna till den tredje största spindelfamiljen efter Salticidae och Linyphiidae. Den äldsta kända hjulspindeln är Mesozygiella dunlopi där exemplar bevarats i bärnsten från äldre krita.

Hjulspindlar bygger nät i form av spiralformade hjulnät, vilka ofta återfinns i trädgårdar, på fält och i skogar. Tidigare fördes ett flertal andra grupper med spindlar till familjen eftersom de också spinner olika former av hjulnät, men dessa har idag placerats i familjerna Nephilidae och Tetragnathidae, som alla placeras i överfamiljen Araneoidea. Det som huvudsakligen skiljer dessa två familjer åt från Araneidae är att deras nät tenderar att vara mer oregelbundna än de ”äkta” hjulspindlarnas mer spiralformade varianter. Även beteendeskillnader har noterats, där Araneidae efter att ha fångat ett byte först brukar omsluta det i väv, för att sedan injicera giftet. Nephilidae och Tetragnathidae gör det i omvänd ordning, och biter först.[1][2][3]

Nätet

Nätets konstruktion

 src=
Araneidaes uppbyggnad av nät, steg för steg

Hjulspindlarna spinner sina nät i en specifik ordning. Först förankras en tråd mellan två fasta punkter. Spindeln antingen vandrar över med tråden, eller kastar ut den och låter vinden föra den rätt. Spindeln går sedan tillbaka med hjälp av den första tråden, och drar med sig ytterligare en tråd som förstärkning. Spindeln går sedan till mitten av sina två linor, och fäster en form av ögla i den ena. Därefter glider den sakta ned med en ny tråd mot hjulnätets blivande centrum. Sedan spinns resterande delar av ytterramen och förstärks med trådar till centrum. Ytterligare radiella trådar tillverkas sedan för att stadga strukturen. Därefter spinns en provisorisk spiral från centrum och ut. Denna agerar bara i förstärkande syfte, och har ingen form av klister på sig. Den provisoriska spiralen ersätts slutligen utifrån och in men en ny spiral av denna gång klibbig tråd.[4].

 src=
En vanlig, svensk korsspindel med tydliga spinnvårtor

Stabilimentum

En del arter inom släktet Araneidae spinner in skimrande trådar lämpade för att reflektera ljus i sina nät. Denna struktur kallas för stabilimentum, och syns tydligt i nätet som tjocka, klara linjer. Utseendet på stabilimentum varierar kraftigt. De kan bilda stora cirklar i mitten av nätet, de kan vara spiralformade med utgångspunkt från centrum, men de kan även bilda mer linjära strukturer – exempelvis kors- och blixtmönster.

Hur och när stabilimentum implementeras i spindlarnas hjulnät varierar kraftigt mellan olika arter. Vanligtvis används det mest av yngre individer, medan de äldre med mindre frekvens lägger ned arbetet som krävs för att bygga upp dem. Många arter använder det istället under hela sin livstid. Formen på stabilimentum kan också ta sig olika skepnader vid varje ombyggnation av nätet hos en och samma individ.

Funktionen hos stabilimentum i spindelnäten är omdebatterad av araknologer. Äldre forskning menar att strukturerna används i ett rent defensivt syfte mot rovdjur, då spindeln enkelt kan gömma sig bakom dem. Stabilimentum skulle också kunna fylla en rent förstärkande funktion, genom att fördela förändringar av spänningar över nätet[5]. En annan äldre tanke är att de fungerar som varningssignaler för större djur, så att exempelvis inte fåglar råkar flyga in i näten och därigenom förstör dem. Nyare forskning pekar dock på något helt annat, och menar istället att strukturerna används för att locka till sig bytesdjur. Silket de byggs upp av reflekterar nämligen ultraviolett ljus mycket mer effektivt än övriga delar av hjulnätet. Fenomenet förekommer vanligtvis hos blommor för att attrahera pollinerande insekter, och det kan hända att spindlarna utnyttjar detta för att effektivisera sin fälla[6].

Evolution

Konsten att använda snaror och dylikt av silke för att fånga byten är utan tvekan en av de mer viktiga anpassningarna spindlarna genomgått. Det finns fossil som tyder på att ordningen gjort detta med hjälp av spinnorgan så tidigt som under den geologiska perioden Devon[7] och Karbon[8]. Sedan dess har flertalet ytterligare mer raffinerade modifikationer i användandet av silket utvecklats. Just hjulspindlarna tros ha uppkommit under äldre krita, något forskare kommit fram till genom att studera välbevarad kalksten från Sierra de Montsech i Spanien.[9] Individerna konserverade i stenen uppvisar välutvecklade spinnorgan i kombination med förlängda främre benpar och ett kortare tredje benpar. Detta syns idag enbart hos två familjer av moderna spindlar (Araneidae och Uloboriade), båda skickliga hjulnätsvävare. Spindlar vars ben är organiserade på detta vis har ett mycket karaktäristiskt sätt att placera extremiteterna i avslappnat läge; med de främre benparen utsträckta, och det tredje paret fastklamrande exempelvis en gren.[10]. Fortsättningsvis uppvisar de fossiliserade spindlarna även tre böjda klor på tarsusområdet lämpade för att dra åt nät[11]

 src=
En korsspindel upptagen med att slå in sitt byte

Noter

Delar av denna artikel är baserad på en översättning från engelska Wikipedia. Läst 20061027.
  1. ^ Larsen, N, ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 7 mars 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130307235436/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/arachnids/spiders/araneidae/index.htm. Läst 13 februari 2013. , "Family: Araneidae (orb-web spiders)", läst 2013-02-11
  2. ^ Larsen, N, ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 mars 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130316205026/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/arachnids/spiders/tetragnathidae/index.htm. Läst 13 februari 2013. , "Family: Tetragnathidae", läst 2013-02-11
  3. ^ Larsen, N, ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 7 april 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120407093150/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/arachnids/spiders/nephilidae/index.htm. Läst 13 februari 2013. , "Family: Nephilidae", läst 2013-02-11
  4. ^ Preston-Mafham, R, Den Stora Boken om Spindlar, Streiffert Förlag AB, 1996. ISBN 91-7115-039-0
  5. ^ Shear, W. A, Spiders Webs, Behavior, and Evolution, "Stabilimenta", Stanford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-8047-1203-4
  6. ^ Preston-Mafham, R, Den Stora Boken om Spindlar, "s. 97", Streiffert Förlag AB, 1996. ISBN 91-7115-039-0
  7. ^ Shear, W. A. et al, Science, "A devonian spinneret: early evidence of spiders and silk use.", AAAS, 1989.
  8. ^ Petrunkevitch, A., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (ed. Moore, R. C.), "s. 42-162", Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 1955.
  9. ^ Selden, P. A, Nature, "Orb-web weaving spiders in the early Cretaceous", Nature Publishing Group, 1989.
  10. ^ Opell, B. D. & Eberhard, W. G., J. Arachnol, "Resting postures of orb-weaving uloborid spiders", 1983.
  11. ^ Nielsen, E., The Biology of Spiders, Levin & Munksgaard, 1932.

Externa länkar

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Hjulspindlar: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Hjulspindlar (Araneidae) är en familj inom ordningen spindlar som omfattar mer än 2800 arter i fler än 160 släkten vilka återfinns över hela världen. Detta gör hjulspindlarna till den tredje största spindelfamiljen efter Salticidae och Linyphiidae. Den äldsta kända hjulspindeln är Mesozygiella dunlopi där exemplar bevarats i bärnsten från äldre krita.

Hjulspindlar bygger nät i form av spiralformade hjulnät, vilka ofta återfinns i trädgårdar, på fält och i skogar. Tidigare fördes ett flertal andra grupper med spindlar till familjen eftersom de också spinner olika former av hjulnät, men dessa har idag placerats i familjerna Nephilidae och Tetragnathidae, som alla placeras i överfamiljen Araneoidea. Det som huvudsakligen skiljer dessa två familjer åt från Araneidae är att deras nät tenderar att vara mer oregelbundna än de ”äkta” hjulspindlarnas mer spiralformade varianter. Även beteendeskillnader har noterats, där Araneidae efter att ha fångat ett byte först brukar omsluta det i väv, för att sedan injicera giftet. Nephilidae och Tetragnathidae gör det i omvänd ordning, och biter först.

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Araneidae ( Turkish )

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Araneidae, 168 cinste toplanan yaklaşık 3.000 tür ile temsil edilen ve tür sayısı en fazla olan üçüncü[1] örümcek familyası. Sekiz gözlü örümceklerdir ve kozmopolit olarak bütün dünyaya yayılmışlardır.

Teşhis anahtarı

Familya teşhis anahtarı (Türkiye için) : Keliser kaidesi lateralde kabartılı; maksilla boyu eni kadar; epijin scopulalıdır[2].

Morfoloji

Sekiz gözlü örümceklerdir. Orta gözlerin oluşturduğu dörtgen daha çok yamuk ya da kare şeklindedir. Birbirlerine yakın olan yan gözler çoğunlukla çıkıntılar üzerinde yer alırlar. Karapaks genellikle düz, önde bazen oldukça daralmış, göğüs oval ya da yuvarlak. Opisthosoma erginlerde küresel, desenli, iri ve üstten bakıldığında prosamanın üzerine oldukça sarkmış durumda. Bununla beraber opisthosoma bazen hörgüç ya da boynuz gibi oldukça belirgin çıkıntılara sahip olabilir. Tekerlek şeklinde ve tam olan ağlar örerler[2].

Yayılımı

Bütün dünyada yayılım gösterir.

Alt familyaları

7 alt familyadan oluşur[3].

  • alt familya: Araneidaeincertae
  • alt familya: Araneinae
  • alt familya: Argiopinae : Argiope
  • alt familya: Cyrtarachninae
    • oymak: Cyrtarachnini
    • oymak: Mastophorini
  • alt familya: Cyrtophorinae
  • alt familya: Gasteracanthinae
    • oymak: Caerostrini
    • oymak: Gasteracanthini
  • alt familya: Micratheninae

Türkiye'deki durumu

Türkiye'de 22 cinste toplanmış 53 türü bulunur[4].

Kaynakça

  1. ^ The World Spider Catalog, Version 12.5 by Norman I. Platnick
  2. ^ a b Zafer Sancak, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi örümceklerinin (Araneae) sistematik ve faunistik açıdan incelenmesi, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, yüksek lisans tezi, Aralık 2007
  3. ^ Joel Hallan. "Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog". Biology Catalog. Texas A&M University. 12 Ekim 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 7 Haziran 2012.
  4. ^ Abdullah Bayram, Kadir Boğaç Kunt, and Tarık Danışman (2012), The Checklist of the Spiders of Turkey. Version 2012.1. Online at http://www.spidersofturkey.com

Dış bağlantılar

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Araneidae: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Araneidae, 168 cinste toplanan yaklaşık 3.000 tür ile temsil edilen ve tür sayısı en fazla olan üçüncü örümcek familyası. Sekiz gözlü örümceklerdir ve kozmopolit olarak bütün dünyaya yayılmışlardır.

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Павуки-колопряди ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Опис

Це дуже різноманітні за розмірами, формою тіла і забарвленням павуки. На останній парі ніг під звичайними трьома кігтиками, крім зубчастих щетинок, мається шиповидний придаток, що бере участь у прядінні павутини з окремих ниток. Аранеїди в більшості роблять колесовидні тенета звичайно з гніздом за їх межами. родина ділиться на ряд підродин, з яких найбільша підродина Araneinae. Один тільки рід — Хрестовик (Araneus)- налічує у фауні світу більше 1000 видів.

Спосіб життя

Багато видів хрестовиків у більшості мешканці лісів і садів, але є степові і пустельні. Схожі до хрестовиків і види інших родів, що мешкають у лісах — Cyclosa, Meta, Argiope, тощо.

Серед тропічних аранеїд цікаві рогаті павуки (Gasteracantha). Їхнє трикутне або багатокутне сплощене дуже тверде черевце озброєне шиловидними виростами, які бувають значно довші тулуба. Незвичайна форма тіла поєднується з яскравим і різноманітним забарвленням.

Класифікація

Включає наступні підродини і триби:

Argiopinae

 src=
Argiope lobata, Україна

Cyrtarachninae Simon

Cyrtophorinae

Gasteracanthinae

incertae sedis

Примітки

  1. Platnick, Norman I. (29 December 2010). Currently valid spider genera and species. The World Spider Catalog, Version 11.5. American Museum of Natural History. Процитовано 24 May 2011.

Джерела

Argiope bruennichi (white background).png Це незавершена стаття з арахнології.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
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Araneidae ( Vietnamese )

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Araneidae là một họ nhện với 3.006 loài trong 168 chi phân bố trên toàn cầu, Araneidae là họ nhện lớn thứ 3 sau SalticidaeLinyphiidae).[1].

Các chi

  • incertae sedis
Glyptogona Simon, 1884
  • incertae sedis

Tham khảo

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Araneidae
  1. ^ a ă Platnick, Norman I. (ngày 29 tháng 12 năm 2010). “Currently valid spider genera and species”. The World Spider Catalog, Version 11.5. American Museum of Natural History. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 5 năm 2011.
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Araneidae: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Araneidae là một họ nhện với 3.006 loài trong 168 chi phân bố trên toàn cầu, Araneidae là họ nhện lớn thứ 3 sau SalticidaeLinyphiidae)..

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Пауки-кругопряды ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Подтип: Хелицеровые
Отряд: Пауки
Подотряд: Opisthothelae
Клада: Neocribellatae
Серия: Entelegynae
Надсемейство: Araneoidea
Семейство: Пауки-кругопряды
Международное научное название

Araneidae Simon, 1895

Подсемейства
  • Araneinae
  • Argiopinae
  • Cyrtarachninae
  • Cyrtophorinae
  • Gasteracanthinae
  • Micratheninae
Ареал

изображение

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 82737NCBI 6913EOL 8819FW 57485

Пауки́-кругопря́ды[1][2] (лат. Araneidae) — семейство аранеоморфных пауков. Включают около 3 000 видов, объединяемых в 170 родов[3]. Третье по числу видов семейство пауков, уступающее лишь паукам-скакунам и Linyphiidae[3]. Описано около 70 ископаемых видов, наиболее древние остатки датируются меловым периодом[4].

Галерея

См. также

Примечания

  1. Ланге А. Б. Подтип Хелицеровые (Chelicerata) // Жизнь животных. Том 3. Членистоногие: трилобиты, хелицеровые, трахейнодышащие. Онихофоры / под ред. М. С. Гилярова, Ф. Н. Правдина, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1984. — С. 67. — 463 с.
  2. Иванов А. В. Пауки, их строение, образ жизни и значение для человека. — Л.: ЛГУ, 1965. — 304 с.
  3. 1 2 Platnick, N. I. (2010). Число современных видов и родов пауков. The world spider catalog, version 11.0. American Museum of Natural History. (англ.) (Проверено 22 ноября 2010)
  4. Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D., Jekel, D. (2010). A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In Platnick, N. I. (ed.) The world spider catalog, version 11.0 American Museum of Natural History. Текст (англ.) (Проверено 22 ноября 2010)
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Пауки-кругопряды: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Пауки́-кругопря́ды (лат. Araneidae) — семейство аранеоморфных пауков. Включают около 3 000 видов, объединяемых в 170 родов. Третье по числу видов семейство пауков, уступающее лишь паукам-скакунам и Linyphiidae. Описано около 70 ископаемых видов, наиболее древние остатки датируются меловым периодом.

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圆蛛科 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
如何讀生物分類框
园蛛科 Araneus quadratus
Araneus quadratus
科學分類 界: 動物界 Animalia
門: 節肢動物門 Arthropoda
綱: 蛛形綱 Arachnida
目: 蜘蛛目 Araneae
亞目: 新蛛亞目 Araneomorphae
總科: 金蛛總科 Araneoidea
科: 园蛛科 Araneidae
Simon, 1895 Distribution.araneidae.1.png

約166屬

园蛛科學名Araneidae),园蛛科,港澳台称为金蛛科鬼蛛科。這一科的蜘蛛非常美麗、顯著,並且常在跨小徑及類似的地方紡織其半公尺以上的大輪形網,然後把自己掛在其中心等待獵物來到。小動物在地上走過時,若路上的昆蟲逃飛而遇到網,則對蜘蛛有好處,但若人或其他較大的動物經過時破壞其網,則蜘蛛的損失可能會很大,甚至於蜘蛛會被踩死。於是,有的(如十字園蛛)在網中央地方另外紡織一條鋸齒形,或其他顯著形式的斑紋。然後半黑半白的或半黑半黃的蜘蛛,在白色的那一絲帶上,把腳伸出做個大「X」形,則對較高的路客意思很清楚:“不要闖過去!”,但亦有學者指出這些蜘蛛網上的絲質裝飾物具有吸引獵物的功能。 [3]

因為一般顯著的蟲類動物有毒,很多的人看到這種蜘蛛會吃驚,但實際上這種蜘蛛會盡量避免與任何大動物有接觸,再說,其毒對人不很危險,反應跟其對蜜蜂毒的反應差不多。

這一科蜘蛛的視力遠不如狼蛛科蠅虎科、等,只足以辨別黑白。因而牠們依賴觸覺認識到獵物,及其他在環境重要的東西。

落到網裡後,獵物的掙扎很容易破壞網,於是蜘蛛立刻盡力迅速地用絲把獵物包起來,使之不能動彈,然後趁機會咬之、注射其毒液,等牠不掙扎了就再過來吃。

圆蛛科蜘蛛種類很多,全球約有2500種。體長由2—60毫米。當中哥倫比亞有一種叫鏈球蛛(Bolas Spider)的本科蜘蛛,會將自己的絲線弄成一個黏球,該黏球帶有類似雌蛾的氣味,待雄蛾受氣味吸引飛近時,即揮動黏球將其擊中,成為美味大餐。因為這樣的動作似牛仔揮動繩圈,鏈球蛛又被稱為牛仔蜘蛛。

  •  src=

    十字园蛛

  •  src=

    這科的蜘蛛種類非常多,大小不一,但都有八單眼

  •  src=

    Marbled Orb Weaver (Araneus marmoreus)

  •  src=

    横纹金蛛(Argiope bruennichi)

參考文獻

  1. ^ Araneidae 金蛛科,台灣生物多樣性資訊入口網Taibi,中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心,2016-03-16
  2. ^ Araneidae金蛛科,TaiBNET,中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心,2016-03-16
  3. ^ R.C. Cheng & I.M. Tso. Signaling by decorating webs: luring prey or deterring predators?. Behavioral Ecology. September 2007, 18: 1085–1091.
 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:圆蛛科
 title=
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圆蛛科: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

园蛛科(學名:Araneidae),园蛛科,港澳台称为金蛛科或鬼蛛科。這一科的蜘蛛非常美麗、顯著,並且常在跨小徑及類似的地方紡織其半公尺以上的大輪形網,然後把自己掛在其中心等待獵物來到。小動物在地上走過時,若路上的昆蟲逃飛而遇到網,則對蜘蛛有好處,但若人或其他較大的動物經過時破壞其網,則蜘蛛的損失可能會很大,甚至於蜘蛛會被踩死。於是,有的(如十字園蛛)在網中央地方另外紡織一條鋸齒形,或其他顯著形式的斑紋。然後半黑半白的或半黑半黃的蜘蛛,在白色的那一絲帶上,把腳伸出做個大「X」形,則對較高的路客意思很清楚:“不要闖過去!”,但亦有學者指出這些蜘蛛網上的絲質裝飾物具有吸引獵物的功能。

因為一般顯著的蟲類動物有毒,很多的人看到這種蜘蛛會吃驚,但實際上這種蜘蛛會盡量避免與任何大動物有接觸,再說,其毒對人不很危險,反應跟其對蜜蜂毒的反應差不多。

這一科蜘蛛的視力遠不如狼蛛科蠅虎科、等,只足以辨別黑白。因而牠們依賴觸覺認識到獵物,及其他在環境重要的東西。

落到網裡後,獵物的掙扎很容易破壞網,於是蜘蛛立刻盡力迅速地用絲把獵物包起來,使之不能動彈,然後趁機會咬之、注射其毒液,等牠不掙扎了就再過來吃。

圆蛛科蜘蛛種類很多,全球約有2500種。體長由2—60毫米。當中哥倫比亞有一種叫鏈球蛛(Bolas Spider)的本科蜘蛛,會將自己的絲線弄成一個黏球,該黏球帶有類似雌蛾的氣味,待雄蛾受氣味吸引飛近時,即揮動黏球將其擊中,成為美味大餐。因為這樣的動作似牛仔揮動繩圈,鏈球蛛又被稱為牛仔蜘蛛。

 src=

十字园蛛

 src=

這科的蜘蛛種類非常多,大小不一,但都有八單眼

 src=

Marbled Orb Weaver (Araneus marmoreus)

 src=

横纹金蛛(Argiope bruennichi)

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コガネグモ科 ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
 src=
出典は列挙するだけでなく、脚注などを用いてどの記述の情報源であるかを明記してください。記事の信頼性向上にご協力をお願いいたします。2013年6月
コガネグモ科 Argiope amoena(Female).jpg
コガネグモ(メス) Argiope amoena
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 節足動物門 Arthropoda 亜門 : 鋏角亜門 Chelicerata : クモ綱 Arachnida : クモ目 Araneae : コガネグモ科 Araneidae 学名 Araneidae
Simon, 1895 英名 Orb-weaver spider 本文参照) Distribution.araneidae.1.png
コガネグモ科の分布図

コガネグモ科Araneidae)は、節足動物門鋏角亜門クモ綱クモ目に属するクモの一群である。クモ類の中で最も大きい分類群のひとつで、種類が多く、コガネグモオニグモなど、ごく身近なクモを数多く含むほか、多様な形や習性をもったものがいる。丸網を張るクモが所属する。

形態[編集]

体はあまり高く盛り上がるものは少ないが、厚みがあり、歩脚は太く、しっかりしている。は2列8眼で、両端の眼は中眼から大きく離れて頭部の両端に寄る。雄は雌よりはるかに小さいのが普通である。

腹部は前方が幅広いものが多く、三角形から野球ホームベースに近い形の、後ろにややとがった形のものが多い。また、腹部前の両側に肩のような突起を持つものも多い。しかし、これとは掛け離れた形のものも多々ある。ゴミグモ類は、縦長の腹部にさまざまな突起を持つ。ゲホウグモは腹部前方が前に迫り出し、その中央の突起が突き出して、天狗の顔に見える場合がある。オヒキグモの腹部は、その後端が細く伸びて先端に小さな突起がいくつかつく。この腹部は曲げることができる。トゲグモの腹部は、表面が固くキチン化しており、側面の前と後ろに1対、後方に1対、合計6本のがある。この仲間は熱帯に多くの種があり、日本の種では低い刺があるだけであるが、東南アジアなどではさまざまな形の刺や派手な色彩を持つ種が多い。

習性[編集]

造網性のクモで、垂直に丸網を張るのが基本であるが、さまざまな形で変わった網を張るものが含まれる。コガネグモはやや小型の丸網で、常に網の中央に止まる。オニグモ類は大きな丸網を張り、クモは網の隅に隠れている。また、夜間だけ網を張るものも多い。ドヨウオニグモマルゴミグモは、水平丸網を張り、クモは網の上面に止まる。トリノフンダマシ類は、夜間に水平丸網を張るが、構成する糸が極端に少ない。ツキジグモ類やサカグチトリノフンダマシはその変型として、扇形の網を張る。

ゴミグモやハツリグモは、小型の丸網を張り、その中央に隠れ家としてゴミや枯れ葉をつるす。スズミグモサラグモの張る皿網のような全形の網を張るが、よく見ると網面の糸は格子状に張られており、丸網の変形と考えられる。

さらに特殊なものとして、イセキグモ類はいわゆるナゲナワグモの習性を持つ。コオニグモモドキは網を張らず、足を広げて通りすがりの昆虫を抱えるようにして捕らえる。カナエグモは小型の造網性のクモを攻撃する。

雄は雌より小型で、成虫になると、網を張らずに雌の網を訪れる。雌の網を見つけると、枠糸に止まって、それぞれの種に独特の方法で糸を弾き、雌の機嫌を伺う。

分類[編集]

世界で160属2600種が知られる。日本では120種ほどが知られる。

ただし分類はかなり変遷がある。古くはヒメグモ科サラグモ科もこの科の下で亜科の位置に置かれ、その後独立の位置になった。コガネグモ科の学名としてもArgiopidaeを用い時期が結構長く、八木沼の図鑑の初期までは使われた。また、ジョロウグモドヨウグモなどもこの科に含めたこともある[1]

現在では同じように円網、あるいはそれに類する網を作るジョロウグモ科アシナガグモ科ヨリメグモ科などと縁が近く、さらにサラグモ科ヒメグモ科などを含むコガネグモ上科が単系群であると推測されている。

非常に数が多いので、ごく目立つもののみをあげる。それ以外のものについては以下の記事を参照されたい。

オニグモ属 Araneus
オニグモニワオニグモアカオニグモアオオニグモマメオニグモ
 src=
ニワオニグモ
ヒメオニグモ属 Neoscona
ヤマシロオニグモイエオニグモドヨウオニグモサツマノミダマシ
コオニグモモドキ属 Pronus
コオニグモモドキ
トリノフンダマシ属 Cyrtarachne
トリノフンダマシオオトリノフンダマシ
トゲグモ属 Gasteracantha
トゲグモチブサトゲグモ
イセキグモ属 Ordgarius
マメイタイセキグモムツトゲイセキグモ
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キオヒキグモ
コガネグモ属 Argiope
コガネグモコガタコガネグモナガコガネグモ
オヒキグモ属 Arachnura
キジロオヒキグモ
ハツリグモ属 Acusilas
ハツリグモ
スズミグモ属 Cytophora
スズミグモキヌアミグモハラビロスズミグモ
ゲホウグモ属 Poltys
ゲホウグモ
ゴミグモ属 Cyclosa
ゴミグモヨツデゴミグモマルゴミグモカラスゴミグモ
カナエグモ属 Chorizopes
ヤマトカナエグモ
 src= ウィキスピーシーズにコガネグモ科に関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、コガネグモ科に関連するカテゴリがあります。

出典[編集]

  1. ^ 八木沼(1986)p.91-92

参考文献[編集]

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wikipedia 日本語

コガネグモ科: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

コガネグモ科(Araneidae)は、節足動物門鋏角亜門クモ綱クモ目に属するクモの一群である。クモ類の中で最も大きい分類群のひとつで、種類が多く、コガネグモオニグモなど、ごく身近なクモを数多く含むほか、多様な形や習性をもったものがいる。丸網を張るクモが所属する。

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wikipedia 日本語

왕거미과 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

닌자거미과(Araneidae)는 거미목 새실젖거미아목 왕거미상과에 딸린 거미들의 한 과다. 가옥 근처에서 주로 발견되는, 커다란 와선형 그물을 짜는 거미들이 여기 속한다.

전세계적으로 발견되며 총 현재까지 172속 3122종이 분류되어 있다. 깡충거미과, 접시거미과의 뒤를 이어 세 번째로 큰 거미 과다.[1]

각주

  1. “Currently valid spider genera and species”. 《World Spider Catalog》. Natural History Museum, Bern. 2017년 8월 16일에 확인함.
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