dcsimg
Image of Osage-orange
Creatures » » Plants » » Dicotyledons » » Fig Family »

Bois D'arc

Maclura pomifera (Rafin. ex Sarg.) Schneid.

Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / feeds on
gregarious, occasionally stromatic, covered, then piercing pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Phomopsis exul feeds on twig of Maclura pomifera

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
BioImages
project
BioImages

Comments

provided by eFloras
Maclura pomifera is native to southwestern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, and Texas; it is introduced and naturalized elsewhere in the United States. Collections in California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Washington appear to represent isolated escapes.

Maclura pomifera has been widely used in fencerows on farms and along roadways in the midwest and eastern states as windbreaks and wildlife shelter.

The Comanches used Maclura pomifera as an eye medication (D. E. Moerman 1986).

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Comments

provided by eFloras
In Pakistan, it is reported to be cultivated in gardens at Quetta, Peshawar, Wah and Lehtrar (near Rawalpindi), Abbotabad, Lahore etc. by R.R. Stewart (l.c. 194), but no specimens have been seen by the author.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 40 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Description

provided by eFloras
Trees , to 20 m. Bark dark orange-brown, shallowly furrowed, ridges flat, often peeling into long, thin strips. Branchlets greenish yellow, becoming orange-brown; thorns stout, straight, to 1.5 cm, usually lateral to spur branch, spur branches often paired. Buds often paired, larger one red-brown, globose, 1.5-2 mm; scales ciliate; leaf scars half round, bundle scars arranged in oval. Leaves: stipules lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm, pubescent and long-ciliate; petiole 1-2.5 cm, pubescent. Leaf blade 4-12 × 2-6 cm, base rounded, apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially pale, glabrate, midrib and veins pubescent, adaxially lustrous, glabrous, midrib somewhat pubescent. Staminate inflorescences clustered on lateral spur branches; peduncle 1-1.5 cm, pubescent; heads globose or cylindric, 1.3-2.3 cm; pedicels 2-10 mm, glabrate. Pistillate inflorescences: peduncle 2-2.5 mm, glabrous or pubescent; heads globose, sessile on obconic receptacle, to 1.5 cm diam. Staminate flowers: sepals distinct, yellow-green, ca. 1 mm, apex acute, pubescent; filaments ca. 2 mm, closely appressed to sepals, flattened. Pistillate flowers: sepals green, obovate, 3 mm, enclosing and closely appressed to ovary, hoodlike, ciliate near tip; ovary ovoid, compressed, ca. 1 mm; style base green, ca. 3 mm, branches 4-6 mm, glabrous; stigma yellowish, papillose. Syncarps yellow-green to green, spheric, surface irregular, exuding milky sap when broken, peduncle short, glabrous or pubescent; achenes completely covered by accescent, thickened calyx lobes and deeply embedded in receptacle. Seeds cream colored, oval to oblong, 8-12 × 5-6 mm, base truncate or rounded with 1-3 minute points, margins with narrow groove, apex rounded, mucronate; surfaces minutely striated or pitted.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Description

provided by eFloras
Tree, or rarely a large shrub, upto 15 (-20) m tall. Trunk 2.5-3 m in circumference with longitudinally deep fissured dark orange-brown bark. Young shoots olive green, pubescent to glabrous with 10-25 nun long axillary spines, rarely spineless. leaves with (1.5-) 2.5 an long petiole; lamina ovate to lanceolate-oblong, 5-12 (-16) cm long, (2-) 3-8 (-10) cm broad, entire, 5-costate from the cuneate to ± cordate base, shining above, finely pubescent to eventually glabrescent, apex acute-acuminate or rarely obtuse; stipules subulate, c. 2.5-3.5 mm long, acuminate, brownish-membranous, caducous. Male inflorescence a subglobose, 2.5-3.5 cm long, pseudoracemose clusters on slender, 1-2 cm long peduncles. Male flowers: pedicels 2-5 mm long, filiform; sepals basally connate, oval-oblong, c. 1.5 mm long, lanate hairy outside; staminal filaments longer than sepals with oval, exserted anthers. Female inflorescence a dense, axillary, subsessile to short peduncled globose head, c. 2 cm in diameter. Female flowers: subsessile; sepals united at the base, oblong c. 4 mm long, thick, lanate hairy at the apex; ovary with filiform, c. 20-25 mm long, hairy styles. Fruit large, sub-globose, 10-15 cm in diameter, orange-like but wrinkled and rough, yellowish-green. Seeds c. 1 cm long.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 40 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Distribution

provided by eFloras
Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Mich., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va., Wis.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Distribution

provided by eFloras
Distribution: A native of N. America, introduced and cultivated in many parts of the world.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 40 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Flower/Fruit

provided by eFloras
Fl. Per.: May-July.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 40 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Flowering/Fruiting

provided by eFloras
Flowering spring.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Habitat

provided by eFloras
Thickets; 0-1500m.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Synonym

provided by eFloras
Ioxylon pomiferum Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2: 118. 1817; I. aurantiacum (Nuttall) Rafinesque; Maclura aurantiaca Nuttall
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
osage-orange
hedge-apple
bois d'arc
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fruit, seed, tree

Osage-orange is a small, native, deciduous tree that averages 30 feet (9
m) in height. It has a short trunk and rounded crown. Shade-killed
lower branches remain on the tree for years, forming a dense thicket.
Branches growing in full sun have sharp, stout thorns 0.5 to 1 inch
(1.3-2.5 cm) long. Osage-orange has a large, round multiple fruit
composed of many fleshy calyces, each containing one seed. Osage-orange
generally has a well-developed taproot; a tree in Oklahoma had roots
more than 27 feet (8.2 m) deep. On shallow soils, roots spread
laterally [4,7,34].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Osage-orange is native to a narrow belt in eastern Texas, southeastern
Oklahoma, southwestern Arkansas, and the extreme northwest corner of
Louisiana. This belt includes portions of the Blackland Prairies, Chiso
Mountains, and the Red River drainage [4]. Osage-orange has been
introduced into most of the conterminous United States and has become
naturalized throughout much of the eastern United States and the central
Great Plains [4,8,13,28,33,35].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, top-kill

Information about the fire ecology of osage-orange is lacking in the
literature. Osage-orange probably survives top-kill by fire.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The dead, persistent, lower branches of osage-orange may promote crown
fires.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Osage-orange grows best in areas that receive 25 to 40 inches (640-1,020
mm) precipitation a year but tolerates a minimum of 15 inches (380 mm).
It is sensitive to cold and succumbs to winter-kill in the northern
Great Plains [4,34].

Osage-orange grows on a variety of soils but does best on rich, moist,
well-drained bottomlands. It occurs on alkaline soils, shallow soils
overlaying limestone, clayey soils, and sandy soils [4,26,35]. It can
occur on bottomlands which are seasonally flooded [4].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K098 Northern floodplain forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire severity, severity

Small-diameter osage-orange are probably top-killed by most fires.
Depending on fire severity and root depth, they may be completely
killed. Larger individuals may survive.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, fruit, tree

Osage-orange provides shelter and cover for wildlife. Small mammals and
birds use the thorny tree for cover. The bitter-tasting, fleshy fruit
is generally not eaten, but some animals including squirrel, fox, red
crossbill, and northern bobwhite occasionally eat the seeds
[4,14,24,34]. Seedlings and sprouts are browsed occasionally [4].
Downy woodpeckers use osage-orange as forage sites [10].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: forest

Native and naturalized populations of osage-orange occur in rich
bottomland forests and on sandy terraces. On the Trinity River
floodplain in Texas, mostly small (less than 8-inch [20 cm] diameter)
osage-orange occurs in bottomland forests dominated by cedar elm (Ulmus
crassifolia), sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), green ash (Fraxinus
pennsylvanica), and western soapberry (Sapindus soponaria var.
drummondii) [18]. In Iowa, osage-orange occurs in a honey-locust
(Gleditsia triacanthos)-black locust (Robinia psuedoacacia)-boxelder
(Acer negundo)-elm (Ulmus spp.) forest [15]. On lower terraces of Salt
Creek in Illinois, osage-orange occurs in a bur oak (Quercus
macrocarpa)-hackberrry (Celtis occidentalis) forest [16]. Osage-orange
is also associated with white oak (Quercus alba), white ash (Fraxinus
americana), and red mulberry (Morus rubra) [4].

In Tennessee, Kentucky, and Alabama, osage-orange occurs with eastern
redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), black walnut (Juglans nigra), hickory
(Carya spp.), and elm [4].

Osage-orange that has escaped cultivation often occurs as thickets along
fencerows and ditches, in ravines, and in overgrazed pastures. It
commonly occurs with honey-locust in disturbed areas [4].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Tree
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Osage-orange is planted in shelterbelts and hedgerows of the Great
Plains. It is planted alone or in a row adjacent to a row of evergreens
or taller hardwoods [34]. Osage-orange hedges are maintained as fences
by pruning [24]. While a favorite of the past, osage-orange hedgerows
are now replaced with species that provide more benefit to wildlife
[14]. Osage-orange is recommended for planting on deep, moist,
permeable soils and medium to shallow upland silty-clayey loams, sandy
loams, and loamy sands. It is not recommended for sandhills or wet,
poorly drained soils [21].

Osage-orange hedges are often clearcut for posts. Winter cuttings
produce the most vigorous stump sprouts which regenerate the hedge [27].
Three to five years after clearcutting, the new sprout stands should be
thinned to 240 stems per 100 meters. The sprouts are susceptible to
fire and grazing [4].

Osage-orange is generally resistant to disease and insects; the only
serious affliction is cotton root rot (Phymatotrichum omnivorum) [4,22].
Eastern mistletoe (Phoradendron serotinum) occasionally parasitizes
osage-orange [8].

Hamel [9] describes herbicide application rates, methods, and seasons
for osage-orange control. Triclopyr or picloram, applied with a
chainsaw girdling treatment, are effective against osage-orange [17].
Launchbaugh and Owensby [12] describe preferred osage-orange herbicide
control methods for Kansas.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: fruit

The fleshy fruit of osage-orange is more than 80 percent digestible [25].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AR CA CO CT DE FL GA IL IN
IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MS MO
NE NH NJ NY NC OH OK OR PA RI
SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: fruit

Early settlers of the Great Plains used osage-orange for hedgerows. The
diffuse, thorny branches form impenetrable hedges which were used to
fence in livestock [24].

Osage-orange wood extractives are used for food processing, pesticide
manufacturing, and dye making. The Osage Indians used the wood for dye
and bows. The strong-smelling fruit repels cockroaches [24].

Osage-orange is planted as an ornamental. There is an unusual thornless
male form which is clonally propagated [19].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: fruit

Osage-orange fruit and browse are generally not palatable [4,33,34].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: fruit

Osage-orange generally flowers from April to June and the fruit ripens
from September to October [2,4]. It flowers in mid-May in Kansas and
Nebraska [28].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Osage-orange probably sprouts if top-killed by fire.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: dioecious, peat, seed

Osage-orange reproduces vegetatively and by seed. It is dioecious.
Female trees begin producing seeds at age 10 but are most productive
from age 25 to 65. Good seed crops are produced nearly every year.
Seeds are disseminated by animals, gravity, and water. Seeds have a
slight dormancy which is overcome by soaking in water for 2 days or
stratifying in sand or peat for 30 days. Seed germination requires
exposed mineral soil and full light. At 7 years of age, osage-orange is
about 8 feet (2.4 m) tall with a crown spread of about 6 feet (1.8 m)
[2,4,40].

Seed collection, cleaning, storage, and planting techniques are
described [2,34].

Osage-orange sprouts vigorously from the stump [4,34]. Godfrey [7]
suggested that it also sprouts from the roots.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

14 Great Plains
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: forest, hardwood

The shade tolerance of osage-orange is not well defined. It has been
listed as intermediate in tolerance [32] and intolerant [4].
Osage-orange grows in the subcanopy of bottomland forests [4,16], but it
also invades overgrazed pastures and other open, disturbed sites with
eroding soil. Osage-orange regenerates naturally on sunny sites but
grows when planted in dense hedges [4].

Osage-orange in remnant bottomland hardwood forests is negatively
associated with fragment size. In other words, the smaller the area of
remnant forest, the more likely that osage-orange will occur there.
Rudis [23] suggested that fragmentation may promote and accelerate the
establishment of pioneer species and species adapted to disturbance.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name for osage-orange is Maclura
pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. (Moraceae) [8,13,28]. There are no currently
accepted infrataxa.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: reclamation

Osage-orange is used for soil stabilization and strip mine reclamation
[3,4,32]. It is adapted to most surface mine conditions but does better
in less acidic, well-drained mine soils. It has a lower soil pH limit
of 4.5. Osage-orange had a 33 percent survival rate 30 years after
planting on mine soils in Illinois and Indiana, and a 39 percent
survival rate after 30 years on mine soils in Ohio [32]. Osage-orange
is sensitive to soil compaction [4].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Osage-orange wood is hard, durable, and resistant to decay. It is
primarily used for fence posts [4,24].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Liriodendron tulipifera.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by IABIN
Chile Central
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
author
Pablo Gutierrez
partner site
IABIN

Associated Forest Cover

provided by Silvics of North America
Osage-orange is not included in any of the forest types recognized by the Society of American Foresters (13). In moist, well-drained minor bottom lands in northwestern Louisiana and nearby parts of Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas, it is found with white oak Quercus alba), hickories (Carya spp.), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and red mulberry (Morus rubra) (37). In Nebraska and Kansas, it invades overgrazed pastures, accompanied by honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) and is succeeded by black walnut (Juglans nigra), oaks Quercus spp.), hackberry (Celtis spp.), hickories, and elms (Ulmus spp.) (18). Among the most common associates on lime stone- derived soils in middle Tennessee and neighboring portions of Kentucky and Alabama are eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), black walnut, hickories, and elms (45).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Climate

provided by Silvics of North America
Within the natural range of Osage-orange, average annual temperature ranges from about 18° to 21° C (65° to 70° F), July temperature averages 27° C (80° F) and January temperature ranges from 6° to 7° C (43° to 45° F) with an extreme of -23° C (-10° F). The frost-free period averages 240 days. Average annual precipitation ranges from 1020 to 1140 min (40 to 45 in), and April to September rainfall from 430 to 630 min (17 to 25 in).

Osage-orange is hardy as far north as Massachusetts but succumbs to winter-kill in northeastern Colorado and the northern parts of Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois (34,36).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Damaging Agents

provided by Silvics of North America
Although Osage-orange is one of the healthiest tree species in North America, it is attacked by some parasites. Cotton root rot, caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum, attacks Osage-orange and most other windbreak species in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arizona (59). Losses are greatest in plantings on dry soil where rainfall is scant. Cotton root rot is the only serious disease.

Two species of mistletoe, Phoradendron serotinum and P. tomentosum, grow in the branches and cause witches' brooms. Osage-orange ornamentals in the Northeast have occasionally succumbed to Verticilliurn wilt, caused by Verticillium albo-atrum. Leafspot diseases are caused by Ovularia maclurae, Phyllosticta maclurae, Sporodesmium maclurae, Septoria angustissima, Cercospora maclurae, and Cerotelium fici. Seedlings in a Nebraska nursery have been killed by damping-off and root rot caused by Phythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani (21). Phellinus ribis attacks stemwood exposed in wounds. Poria ferruginosa and P. punctata are the only two wood-destroying basidiomycetes reported on Osage-orange; they occur only on dead wood, mainly in tropical and subtropical parts of the western hemisphere (21). Maclura mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus have been identified in leaf tissue of Osage-orange in Yugoslavia (35).

Osage-orange trees are attacked by at least four stem borers: the mulberry borers (Doraschema wildii and D. alternatum) (4), the painted hickory borer (Megacyllene caryae), and the red-shouldered hickory borer (Xylobiops basilaris) (8). The twigs are parasitized by several scale insects including the European fruit lecanium (Parthenolecanium corni), the walnut scale (Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae) the cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) the terrapin scale (Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum), and the San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) (25,46). The fruit-tree leafroller (Archips argyrospilus) feeds on opening buds and unfolding leaves.

Osage-orange is attacked by, but is not a principal host of, the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) (55), an Eriophyid mite, Tegolophus spongiosus (51), and the fourspotted spider mite, Tetranychus canadensis (4).

Osage-orange trees and several other species in 1 to 5-year-old plantations on old fields in the prairie region of Illinois were partially or completely girdled by mice. Severity of damage was greatest where weeds were most abundant (26).

Windbreaks on the Great Plains, unless given cultivation during their early years, are invaded by herbaceous vegetation, become sod bound, and are permanently damaged (33,38,39). This vegetation may harbor rodents. Grazing is not satisfactory for herbage control; multiple-row windbreaks should be fenced to exclude livestock.

Osage-orange sustained less damage by insects, diseases, drought, hail, and glaze than any other species planted in the Prairie States Forestry Project. Along with bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) it survived better than any other deciduous species on uplands of the Southern Plains (7,38).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Flowering and Fruiting

provided by Silvics of North America
Osage-orange is dioecious. The simple, green, four-part flowers appear soon after the leaves on the same spurs, opening from April through June, and are wind pollinated. Male flowers are long peduncled axillary racemes 2.5 to 3.8 cm (1 to 1.5 in) long on the terminal leaf spur of the previous season; female flowers are in dense globose heads, axillary to the leaves, about 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter (2). The female flower in ripening becomes very fleshy, forming a large multiple fruit or syncarp composed of 1-seeded drupelets. The fruit ripens from September through October. The ripe fruit, 7.6 to 15 ern (3 to 6 in) in diameter, yellowish-green, resembles an orange, often weighing more than a kilogram (2.2 lb). Fruits average 23/dkl (80 to the bu) (53). When bruised, the fruit exudes a bitter milky juice which may cause a skin rash and which will blacken the fruit on drying.

Female trees often produce abundant fruit when no male trees exist nearby, but such fruit contains no seeds.

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Genetics

provided by Silvics of North America
There is no known literature on the genetics of Osage-orange, and no information on geographic races is available. A thornless cultivar, Maclura pomifera var. inermis (André) Schneid., can be propagated by cuttings or scions taken from high in the crowns of old trees, where the twigs are thornless (30,31). The only known hybrid, x Macludrania hybrida André, is an intergeneric cross: x Macludrania = Cudrania x Maclura. Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bureau is a spiny shrub or small tree, native to China, Japan, and Korea. The Maclura parent is variety inermis. The hybrid is a small tree with yellowish furrowed bark and short, woody spines (2,41). Some authorities believe that the tropical dye-wood, fustic & ChIorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud.é belongs in the genus Maclura; however, the majority opinion is that there is only one species of Osage-orange (28).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Growth and Yield

provided by Silvics of North America
Osage-orange is a small tree or large shrub averaging 9 m (30 ft) in height at maturity. Isolated trees on good sites may reach heights of as much as 21 m (70 ft); crowded trees usually do not grow so tall. In windbreak plantings on the Great Plains, Osage-orange grew 6 m (20 ft) tall on average sites during a 20-year period; on some sites it grew 12 m (40 ft) tall (39).

Branchlets growing in full sunlight bear sharp, stout thorns. Slow-growing twigs in the shaded portions of the crown of mature trees are thornless. The thorns, 1.3 to 2.5 cm (0.5 to 1 in) long, are modified twigs. They form in leaf axils on 1-year-old twigs. Shade-killed lower branches remain on the tree many years. Regional estimates, based on the 19641966 Forest Surveys, indicated virtually no Osage-orange of commercial size and quality on forest land in Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana. There are two reasons for this: the species usually grows on nonforest land, and merchantability standards for forest trees do not apply to Osage-orange. Mature trees have short, curved boles and low, wide, deliquescent crowns. Even in closed stands on good sites, less than half the stems contain a straight log, 3 m (10 ft) long, sound and free of shake.

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Reaction to Competition

provided by Silvics of North America
Osage-orange is tolerant according to some authors (6,37) and very intolerant according to others (3). Overall, it is most accurately classed as intolerant of shade. The occurrence and circumstances of natural regeneration suggest intolerance, but the growth of planted Osage-orange in hedges and shelterbelts, under strong competition, indicates tolerance. How vigorously and at how advanced an age the species responds to release has not been deter-mined. Severe competition does not prevent abundant seed production. Osage-orange sprouts vigorously, even following cutting of interior rows in windbreaks.

No literature on the silviculture of naturally regenerated forest stands of Osage-orange is known.

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Rooting Habit

provided by Silvics of North America
Osage-orange is characteristically deep rooted, but because it has been planted so widely, the species is usually off-site, where its rooting habit is variable. When the tree grows on shallow, fertile soils over limestone, the lateral rootspread is tremendous (32).

Excavation of root systems in 7-year-old or older shelterbelts revealed a lateral radius of 4.3 m (14 ft) and a depth of more than 8.2 m (27 ft) for Osage-orange near Goodwell, OK (9). The soil was Richfield silt loam. Most of the lateral roots were in the uppermost 0.3 m (1 ft) of soil. Excavations in Nebraska revealed a lateral radius of 2.1 m (7 ft) and a depth of 1.5 m (5 ft) for 3-year-old Osage-orange in Wabash silt loam; for 23-year-old Osage-orange in Sogn silty clay loam, lateral radius was 4.9 m (16 ft) and depth was 2.4 m (8 ft) (47). At both ages, there was a well-developed taproot, and most of the long laterals originated within the first 0.3 m (I ft) of soil. At 3 years, most of the long laterals were within the first 0.6 m (2 ft) of soil; at 23 years, laterals were as abundant in the eighth as in the first foot of soil.

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Seed Production and Dissemination

provided by Silvics of North America
Female trees bear good seed crops nearly every year, beginning about the 10th year. Commercial seed-bearing age is optimum from 25 to 65 years, and 75 to 100 years may be the maximum (53). Germinative capacity averages 58 percent. Seeds are nearly I cm (0.4 in) in length. The number of clean seeds ranges from 15,400 to 35,300, averaging 30,900/kg (7,000 to 16,000, averaging 14,000/lb). Livestock, wild mammals, and birds feed on the fruit and disseminate the seed. The seeds have a slight dormancy that is easily overcome by soaking in water for 48 hours or by stratifying in sand or peat for 30 days. Fruit stored over winter in piles outdoors is easily cleaned in the spring, and the seed germinates promptly. Viability can be maintained for at least 3 years by storing cleaned, air-dried seeds in sealed containers at 5° C (41° F) (56). Recommended sowing depth is about 6 to 13 min (0.25 to 0.5 in); soil should be firmed.

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Seedling Development

provided by Silvics of North America
Germination is epigeal. Natural regeneration apparently requires exposed mineral soil and full light. A study of survival and growth in the Prairie States Forestry Project windbreaks indicated average survival of Osage-orange at age 7 years to be 68 percent, ranking seventh of 16 "shrubs"; total height was 2.4 m (8 ft), ranking fifth of 16; and crown spread was 1.8 m (6 ft). Osage-orange was usually planted in the shrub (outer) rows and sometimes in the tree (inner) rows. It grows too fast, however, to be considered a shrub and often overtops slower growing conifers (33).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Special Uses

provided by Silvics of North America
Osage-orange has been planted in great numbers, first as a field hedge, before barbed wire became available, secondly as a windbreak and component of shelterbelts, and thirdly to stabilize soils and control erosion.

The single-row field hedge proved to be a valuable windbreak on the prairie; evidence of this was the raised ground level under 15-year-old hedges, caused by accumulation of windborne soil material. Hedges around every quarter-section were common, especially in areas of deep sand (20,38). These hedges were a source of durable posts. Prairie farmers customarily clearcut hedges on a 10- to 16-year cycle, obtaining about 2,500 fence posts per kilometer (4,000 per mi) of single-row hedge. The slash was piled over the stumps to protect the new sprouts from browsing livestock. Pole-sized and larger Osage-orange trees are practically immune to browsing, but seedlings and tender sprouts are highly susceptible. Recommended practice is to thin the new sprout stands to 240 vigorous stems per 100 m (73/100 ft), 3 to 5 years after the clearcut, and to protect the sprouts from fire. If inadvertently burned, the sprouts should be cut back immediately to encourage new, vigorous growth (20).

Osage-orange heartwood is the most decay-resistant of all North American timbers and is immune to termites. The outer layer of sapwood is very thin; consequently, even small-diameter stems give long service as stakes and posts (40,43). About 3 million posts were sold annually in Kansas during the early 1970's. The branch wood was used by the Osage Indians for making bows and is still recommended by some archers today.

The chemical properties of the fruit, seed, roots, bark, and wood may be more important than the structural qualities of the wood. A number of extractives have been identified by researchers, but they have not yet been employed by industry (11,12,23, 24,44,58). Numerous organic compounds have also been obtained from various parts of the tree (16,44,57). An antifungal agent and a nontoxic antibiotic useful as a food preservative have been extracted from the heartwood (5,24).

Osage-orange in prairie regions provides valuable cover and nesting sites for quail, pheasant, other birds, and animals (20,33), but the bitter-tasting fruit is little eaten by wildlife. Reports that fruit causes the death of livestock have been proven wrong by feeding experiments in several States.

Osage-orange has been successfully used in strip mine reclamation. Its ease of planting, tolerance of alkaline soil, and resistance to drought are desirable qualities (1,14,29). These qualities plus growth, long life, and resistance to injury by ice, wind, insects, and diseases make Osage-orange a valued landscape plant (15,30,31).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Vegetative Reproduction

provided by Silvics of North America
Osage-orange may be vegetatively propagated using root cuttings or with greenwood cuttings under glass. To propagate thornless male (nonfruiting) clones for ornamental use, scions or cuttings should be taken only from the mature part of the crown of a tree past the juvenile stage. Perhaps the easiest way to grow selected stock is by grafting chip buds onto nursery-run seedlings and plastic-wrapping the graft area (30,31).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Brief Summary

provided by Silvics of North America
Moraceae -- Mulberry family

J. D. Burton

Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera) produces no sawtimber, pulpwood, or utility poles, but it has been planted in greater numbers than almost any other tree species in North America. Known also as hedge, hedge-apple, bodark, bois-d'arc, bowwood, and naranjo chino, it made agricultural settlement of the prairies possible (though not profitable), led directly to the invention of barbed wire, and then provided most of the posts for the wire that fenced the West. The heartwood, bark, and roots contain many extractives of actual and potential value in food processing, pesticide manufacturing, and dyemaking. Osage-orange is used in landscape design, being picturesque rather than beautiful, and possessing strong form, texture, and character.

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Distribution

provided by Silvics of North America
The natural range of Osage-orange is in the Red River drainage of Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas; and in the Blackland Prairies, Post Oak Savannas, and Chisos Mountains of Texas (28). According to some authors the original range included most of eastern Oklahoma (34), portions of Missouri (49,54), and perhaps northwestern Louisiana (28,49).

Osage-orange has been planted as a hedge in all the 48 conterminous States and in southeastern Canada. The commercial range includes most of the country east of the Rocky Mountains, south of the Platte River and the Great Lakes, excluding the Appalachian Mountains.


-The native range of osage-orange.


license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
author
J. D. Burton
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Maclura pomifera ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST

Maclura pomifera, el naranxal de Luisiana, espín de los osages, o naranxal de los osages, ye una especie arbórea de la familia de les moracees.

 src=
Vista del árbol
 src=
Detalle de les fueyes
 src=
Vista de la planta
 src=
Detalle de la planta

Descripción

Ye un árbol caducifoliu, de xamasca esférica, pudiendo llegar a los 10 o 15 metros d'altor. Les cañes tán dotaes d'escayos axilares, les fueyes son alternes y oblongues, con marxes ondulaos. La flor ye unisexual, colgando les masculines en cañes pedunculares, y les femenines n'inflorescencies esfériques, con un pedúnculu bien curtiu. El frutu ye sincárpico, con gran cantidá de drupes aconceyaes en forma de globu, similar a la naranxa, al esterior mamilífero y que cobra un color llevemente anaranxáu cuando madura; nun ye comestible. La madera ye dura, usándose n'ebanistería dacuando. De la corteza estrayi una materia colorante, un flavonol: la morina.[1]

Distribución y hábitat

Ye una especie nativa del sur de Norteamérica, anque se xeneralizó por tol territoriu d'Estaos Xuníos, y Ontario, en Canadá.

Condiciones de cultivu

Ye una especie rústica, qu'amuesa gran capacidá d'adaptación. Foi utilizada como ornamental en xardinería.

Usos

Maclura pomifera utilízase comúnmente como una fila d'árboles cortavientos nos estaos de la pradería, lo que-y da unu de los sos nomes coloquiales, "mazana de cobertoria". Foi unu de los árboles principales que s'usaron col presidente Franklin Delano Roosevelt na barrera verde de les Grandes Praderíes del proyeutu WPA, que s'empecipió en 1934 como un ambiciosu plan pa modificar el clima y prevenir la erosión del suelu nos estaos de les Grandes Llanures, y en 1942 dio llugar al plantíu de 30.233 petrines de proteición que contienen 220 millones d'árboles que s'estendíen por 18,600 milles (29,900 kilómetros).[2] Los árboles d'afilaos escayos tamién se llantaron como sebes de disuasión del ganáu, enantes de la introducción del alambre d'escayos y dempués convirtiéronse nuna fonte importante de postes de cerca. En 2001, utilizóse la madera na construcción en Chestertown (Maryland) del Schooner Sultana, un retruque del HMS Sultana (1768).[3]

La madera pesao, de granu finu de color mariellu-naranxa ye bien trupa y ye bien apreciada pelos mangos de ferramientes, cabillas, postes de barganales, y otres aplicaciones que rican una madera estable dimensionalmente fuerte qu'aguanta la podrizu.[4] De la madera que tien la fibra recta (la mayoría ye nuedos y trenzada) fáense bien bonos arcos. En Arkansas, a principios del sieglu XIX, un bon arcu de la so madera valía un caballu y un cobertor.[5] Amás, un tinte de color mariellu-naranxa puede ser estrayíu de la madera, que puede utilizase como un sustitutu de Maclura tinctoria y anilines colorantes. Cuando s'ensuga, la madera tien el mayor conteníu de BTU de cualesquier madera norteamericana comúnmente disponibles, y quema llargu tiempu con gran calor.[6][7] Na actualidá, los floristes utilicen los frutos de Maclura pomifera con fines decorativos.[8]

Anque se cree comúnmente que Maclura pomifera usar pa repeler a los inseutos, nun hai pruebes abondes pa sofitar esto. La investigación demostró que los compuestos estrayíos de la fruta, cuando se concentra, pueden repeler inseutos. Sicasí, les concentraciones naturales d'estos compuestos nel frutu son demasiáu baxos como por que'l frutu d'un eficaz empuste d'inseutos.[9][10][11] En 2004, la GUO aportunó en qu'un sitiu web de vienta de frutes de Maclura pomifera en llinia, tenía qu'esaniciar cualquier noticia de les sos supuestes propiedaes plaguicidas como un falsu anunciu.[8]

Química

Osajina y pomiferina son pigmentos flavonoides presentes na madera y fruta, qu'entiende aprosimao'l 10% del pesu secu de la fruta. La planta tamién contién el flavonol morin.

Taxonomía

Maclura pomifera describióse por (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. y espublizóse en Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1(5): 806. 1906.[12]

Etimoloxía

Maclura: nome xenéricu dau n'honor del xeólogu d'Estaos Xuníos William Maclure (1763-1840).

pomifera: epítetu llatín de pomum = "mazana".[13]

Sinonimia
  • Ioxylon pomiferum Raf.
  • Joxylon pomiferum Raf.
  • Maclura aurantiaca Nutt.
  • Toxylon aurantiacum (Nutt.) Raf.
  • Toxylon maclura Raf.
  • Toxylon pomiferum Raf.[14]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. Llanzara, P. y Pizzetti, M. Guía d'árboles, Barcelona: Grijalbo, 1985, ficha 132. ISBN 84-253-1124-1.
  2. R. Douglas Hurt Forestry of the Great Plains, 1902-1942
  3. Schooner Sultana
  4. Cullina, William. Native Trees, Shrubs, & Vines: A Guide to Using, Growing, and Propagating North American Woody Plants. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
  5. Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. Nuevu York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 186–189.
  6. Scott A. Meister. "Top 10 Fuel Trees for Zone 5 and Above". Permaculture Reflections, May 17, 2006.
  7. Tom Oyen. "Sweep's Library: Firewood Comparison Charts"
  8. 8,0 8,1 Grout, Pam. Kansas Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Guilford, Conn: Globe Pequot Press, 2002.
  9. «Facts and Myths Associated with "Hedge Apples"». Iowa State University. Consultáu'l 11 de payares de 2013.
  10. «Facts and Myths of Hedge Apples». University of Nebraska Lincoln. Consultáu'l 11 de payares de 2013.
  11. «Osage Orange-- Maclura pomifera». University of Illinois. Consultáu'l 11 de payares de 2013.
  12. «Maclura pomifera». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 30 de xineru de 2014.
  13. Nomes Botánicos
  14. Maclura pomifera en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2003. Flora of China (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). 5: 1–506. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
  2. Nasir, Y. & S. I. Ali (eds). 1980-2005. Fl. Pakistan Univ. of Karachi, Karachi.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Maclura pomifera: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Maclura pomifera

Maclura pomifera, el naranxal de Luisiana, espín de los osages, o naranxal de los osages, ye una especie arbórea de la familia de les moracees.

 src= Vista del árbol  src= Detalle de les fueyes  src= Vista de la planta  src= Detalle de la planta
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Narıncı maklyura ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Təbii yayılması:

Vətəni Çin, Şimali Amerikadır. 100 ilə qədər yaşaya bilir.

Botaniki təsviri:

Hündürlüyü 15-20 m, diametri 1 m-ə qədər olan ağacdır, bəzən 2-3 m hündürlükdə kol formalarda da təsadüf olunur. Gövdəsi tünd boz rəngdə olub, üzəri dayaz çatlıdır. Cavan zoğları hamar, bəzən nazik tükcüklərlə örtülmüş, yaşıl rənglidir. Çətiri sıx budaqlı, şar formalıdır. Yarpaqları budaq üzərində spiral formada düzülmüş, 5-10 sm uzunluqda, 3,5 sm enində, tamkənarlı, uc hissəsi neştərvaridir. Əksər hallarda yarpağın forması yumurtavari, bəzən yarımdairəvi, neştər formalarınada təsadüf edilir. Qaidəsi ürəkvarıdır. Yarpaq saplağının uzunluğu 2-3 sm olur. Yarpaqları üst tərəfdən bozumtul-yaşıl rəngdə olub, xırda tükcüklərlə örtülüdür. İkievli bitkidir, erkək çiçəkləri yaşılımtıl rəngli, sırğa və ya şar şəklində olub, hamaş çiçək qrupunda olur. Çiçəkləmə martın II yarısından iyunun axırına qədər davam edir. Meyvəsi çiçək oxu üzərində olan, çiçəklərdən əmələ gəlmiş şarşəkilli iri meyvədir. Yetişdikdə qızılı-sarı rəng alır. Meyvənin diametri 12-17 sm-ə yaxın olur Meyvəsi oktyabr-noyabr aylarında yetişir.

Ekologiyası:

Soyuğa, quraqlığa və küləyə davamlıdır. Münbit torpaqlarda inkişaf edə bilir. Maklyura toxum, kök qələmləri və pöhrələri vasitəsi ilə çoxaldılır.

Azərbaycanda yayılması:

Abşeronda və Azərbaycanın bir çox rayonlarında, xüsusən Kür-Araz düzənliyində yayılmışdır.

İstifadəsi:

Meyvələri, yarpaqları çox dekorativdir, budandıqda yaxşı forma vermək olur. Maklyura tikanlı və quraqlığadavamlı olduğuna görə çəpər və meşə zolaqlarının salınmasında istifadə edilir. Ağacın oduncaq hissəsi sarı boyaq olaraq işlənir, çox bərkdir, yaxşı cilalanır, çilingər işlərində istifadə edilir.

Mənbə

Azərbaycan Dendroflorası III cild-Bakı:"Elm",2016,400 səh. T.S.Məmmədov


Məlumat mənbələri

  • Tofiq Məmmədov, Elman İsgəndər, Tariyel Talıbov. "Azərbaycanın Nadir Ağac və kol bitkiləri", Bakı: "Elm", 2014, 380 səh.

İstinad

  • Флoрa Aзeрбaйджaнa. т.5. 1954; Флoрa Kaвkaзa. т.5. 1954;
  • Azərbaycanın ağac və kolları. I cild. 1961;
  • Azərbaycan flora-sının konspekti. I-III cildlər. 2005; 2006; 2008;
  • Tofiq Məmmədov, Elman İsgəndər, Tariyel Talıbov. Azərbaycanın nadir ağac və kol bitkiləri", Bakı: "Elm", 2014, 380 səh
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AZ

Maklura oranžová ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ
 src=
Plod maklury oranžové

Maklura oranžová (Maclura pomifera) je dvoudomý, opadavý strom pocházející ze středních a jižních oblastí Spojených států amerických. Je to jediný druh monotypického rodu maklura z čeledi morušovníkovitých. Své jméno získal po americkém geologu Wiliamu Maclurovi.

Výskyt

Pro užší specifikaci původu maklury oranžové jsou za její domovinu považovány oblasti okolo řeky Red River ve státech Arkansas, Oklahoma a Texas a dále místa ve státech Missouri a Louisiana. V současnosti je rozšířena na většině teplých území USA.

Ze Severní Ameriky byla tato rostlina nenáročná na kvalitu půdy rozšířena do teplých evropských oblastí. Na území nynější České republiky byla zasazena v zámecké zahradě na Hluboké již roku 1865. Protože je poměrně náročná na teplé prostředí, byla v ČR vysazována hlavně ve výhřevných polohách na jihu Moravy, nejvíce v Lednici, Mlyňanech a Židlochovicích,v ZOO v Praze.

Kromě výše zmiňovaného tepla si rostlina žádá ke zdárnému růstu propustné půdy a klíma se zvýšenou vzdušnou vlhkostí, vyhovující roční úhrn srážek je 600 až 1000 mm. Nejlépe roste na plném slunci, škodí ji zimní teploty pod −20 °C, mladé rostliny bývají mrazem zničeny, starší obvykle i po hlubokém namrznutí dobře obrážejí. Ve své domovině roste i na místech občasně zaplavovaných vodou. Snadno zplaňuje a na prostorách s nedostatkem konkurenčně silných druhů vytváří husté porosty.

Popis

Opadavá, dvoudomá dřevina s krátkým kmenem a hustou korunou nebo hustý keř. V domovině dorůstá strom do výše 10 až 20 m, ve středoevropských podmínkách nebývá vyšší než 5 či 8 metrů. Kořenový systém má velmi vyvinutý, hlavní kořen může být dlouhý až 8 m. Kůra kmene dospělého stromu bývá tlustá asi 2,5 cm, má barvu okrově hnědou a je hluboce rýhovaná, poměrně krátké větve jsou pokroucené. Větvičky rostoucí na slunci jsou porostlé trny, v zastíněných částech koruny jsou bez trnů. Trny, dlouhé až 2,5 cm, jsou modifikované větvičky. Mladé, chlupaté letorosty jsou střídavě porostlé hnědými bočními pupeny, na starších větvích jsou krátké brachyblasty. Široce eliptické, srdčité až vejčitě kopinaté listy jsou s řapíky. Čepele listů bývají dlouhé 5 až 15 cm a široké 3 až 8 cm, na koncích jsou dlouze zašpičatělé. Na svrchní straně jsou lesklé, voskovité a na spodní hustě chlupaté. Trojúhelníkovité palisty brzy opadávají.

Na samčích rostlinách vyrůstají z paždí listů na brachyblastech stopkatá latnatá květenství dlouhá asi 3,5 cm. Jejich hustě chlupaté okvětní lístky jsou zelenavé a mají vypouklé prašníky. Na samičích stromech rostou z paždí listů květy sdružené v hustých kulovitých hlávkách o průměru asi 2,5 cm. Tyto květy s výraznou čnělkou mají okvětní lístky dužnaté, stejně jako květní lůžko srostlé s oválným semeníkem s jediným vajíčkem. Květy vyrůstají až po vypučení listů, obvykle v květnu a červnu, přenos pylu je prováděn větrem.

Po opylení květů se na samičích stromech objevují nejedlá kulovitá plodenství, 10 až 15 cm velká a vážící i více než 1 kg. Jsou ve zralosti žlutooranžová a povrch mají silně zbrázděný, jedno obsahuje 200 až 300 světle hnědých semen (jednosemenných nažek), asi 1 cm velkých. Po poranění z plodenství vytéká hořká bílá šťáva, která potřísněné místo zbarví černě a při styku s pokožkou vyvolává u citlivých lidí dermatitidu. Dozrávají v září a říjnu, v chladnějších podmínkách, např. v ČR, neuzrají a zůstávají zelená. V místech, kde nejsou samčí stromy pro opylení, vyrůstají na samičích stromech plodenství neobsahující semena.

Rozmnožování

Stromy počínají kvést asi od 10. roku věku a dožívají se průměrného stáří pouze 75 let. Spadaná plodenství a jejich semena jsou nouzovou zimní potravou pro ptáky a volně žijící savce, nestrávená semena jsou zvířaty roznášena do okolí.

Semena mají po dozrání jistou dobu dormance, kterou lze zkrátit namáčením v horké vodě nebo stratifikaci v mokrém písku či rašelině. Spolehlivě klíči semena, která strávila zimní období ve venkovním prostředí v plodenství a jsou na jaře vysetá do hloubky 1 cm. Životaschopnost semen uložených v suchu trvá asi tři roky, semenáče rostou velmi rychle.

Rostliny se dají snadno množit odřezky z mladých větviček nebo kmenových výmladků v červnu a ze zdřevnatělých v lednu. Mohou se také v prosinci sázet kořenové řízky.

Význam

Mimo okrasné funkce jsou maklury ceněny pro své zlatožluté až tmavohnědé dřevo, které je pevné a hedvábně lesklé, vnější vrstva běle je tlustá nejvýše 2 cm. Dřevo je těžké, dobře odolává vzdušné vlhkosti a je imunní proti termitům a plísním; dodnes se tradičně používá k výrobě luků. Jeho nevýhodou je, že se špatně natírá nebo lepí.

Rostlinám se nejlépe daří na vlhkých půdách, tolerují však i extrémní sucho. Jsou odolné proti městskému znečištění ovzduší i posypové soli, používají se jako pionýrské rostliny při rekultivaci výsypek povrchových dolů i proti erozi půdy. Z rostlin keřovitého vzrůstu jsou vytvářeny těžce prostupné živé ploty. Do veřejně přístupných míst se doporučují vysazovat jen samčí rostliny, protože plodenství na samičích způsobují při opadu značný nepořádek a riziko úrazu.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Galerie

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. LEUGNEROVÁ, Gabriela. BOTANY.cz: Maklura oranžová [online]. O. s. Přírodovědná společnost, BOTANY.cz, rev. 05.07.2007 [cit. 2015-08-24]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  3. ŠESTÁK, Juraj. Explantátové kultúry Maclura pomifera a ich charakterizácia. Brno, 2011 [cit. 24.08.2015]. Diplomová práce. Veterinární a farmaceutická univerzita Brno. Vedoucí práce Petr Babula. Dostupné online.
  4. TKADLEČKOVÁ, Jana. Anatomicko-morfologická studie Maclura pomifera. Brno, 2011 [cit. 24.08.2015]. Diplomová práce. Veterinární a farmaceutická univerzita Brno. Vedoucí práce Petr Babula. Dostupné online.
  5. AtlasRostlin.cz: Maklura oranžová [online]. Tiscali media, a.s., Praha [cit. 2015-08-24]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  6. BURTON, J. D. Maclura pomifera [online]. United States Forest Service, Washington, D. C., USA [cit. 2015-08-24]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  7. Plant Finder: Maclura pomifera [online]. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA [cit. 2015-08-24]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Maklura oranžová: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ
 src= Plod maklury oranžové

Maklura oranžová (Maclura pomifera) je dvoudomý, opadavý strom pocházející ze středních a jižních oblastí Spojených států amerických. Je to jediný druh monotypického rodu maklura z čeledi morušovníkovitých. Své jméno získal po americkém geologu Wiliamu Maclurovi.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Milchorangenbaum ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Milchorangenbaum (Maclura pomifera), auch Osagedorn genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Maclura in der Familie der Maulbeergewächse (Moraceae).

Beschreibung

Erscheinungsbild und Blatt

Maclura pomifera wächst als laubabwerfender Baum mit kurzem Stamm und erreicht Wuchshöhen von bis zu 18 Metern und Kronendurchmesser von bis zu 14 Metern. Der Stammdurchmesser erreicht bis zu 90 Zentimeter. Die faserige Borke ist bräunlich bis gräulich und rissig bis furchig. Die dornbewehrten Äste bilden eine offene und unregelmäßige Baumkrone.

Die wechselständigen, kurz gestielten Laubblätter sind eiförmig bis seltener verkehrt-eiförmig und dunkelgrün. Der behaarte Blattstiel ist bis 5 Zentimeter lang, die oberseits kahlen, unterseits fast kahlen, auf den Adern behaarten und zugespitzten, ganzrandigen Spreiten bis 12,5 Zentimeter. Die Basis ist spitz bis abgerundet oder gestutzt bis manchmal leicht herzförmig. Es sind kleine und behaarte, schmal-eilanzettliche Nebenblätter vorhanden. Die Herbstfärbung ist gelb.

Blütenstand und Blüte

Maclura pomifera ist zweihäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (diözisch), die weiblichen und männlichen Blüten werden also an unterschiedlichen Individuen gebildet. Die Blütezeit beginnt kurz nach der Laubbildung und dauert von April bis Juni. An langen Blütenstandsschäften an der obersten Blattnarbe des Vorjahres befinden sich die männlichen Blütenstände, die traubig und 2,5 bis 3,8 Zentimeter lang sind. In den Blattachseln der Laubblätter werden die weiblichen Blütenstände gebildet. Die weiblichen Blüten sind dicht in kopfigen Blütenständen, die einen Durchmesser bis etwa 2,5 Zentimeter aufweisen, angeordnet. Die sehr kleinen, eingeschlechtigen, grünlichen bis gelblichen Blüten sind vierzählig mit einfacher Blütenhülle, die Kronblätter fehlen. Die vier sehr kleinen, außen behaarten Kelchblätter der männlichen Blüten sind kleiner wie die an der Spitze bewimperten der weiblichen. Die männlichen Blüten besitzen vier kurze, etwas vorstehende Staubblätter und die weiblichen einen oberständigen, einkammerigen Fruchtknoten mit langem, fädigem Griffel.

Fruchtstand und Frucht

Der Milchorangenbaum beginnt im Alter von 12 bis 15 Jahren zu fruchten. Es werden runzelige und hellgrüne Fruchtverbände gebildet, die aus einsamigen Steinfrüchten mit beständigem, fleischigem Kelch zusammengesetzt sind; es handelt sich also um einen Steinfruchtverband. Diese Steinfruchtverbände sind apfelsinenähnlich, anfangs grün und kugelförmig. Die reifen Fruchtverbände können mit einem Durchmesser von 7 bis 15 Zentimetern die Größe einer kleineren Melone erreichen. Die fleischigen Früchte sind anfangs grün, aber werden gelbgrün, wenn sie zwischen September und Oktober reif werden. Die Früchte duften dann schwach nach Orangen. Manchmal wiegen die reifen Früchte über 1 kg. Sie enthalten einen bitteren Milchsaft, durch den sich die Früchte beim Trocknen schwarz verfärben.

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 56.[1]

Habitus und Blätter

Bildergalerie Blüten- und Fruchtstände

Synökologie

Die Bestäubung erfolgt durch den Wind.

Die Früchte werden nur noch von Grauhörnchen aufgebrochen, um an die Samen zu gelangen. Nur wenige andere in Nordamerika heimische Tierarten nutzen die Früchte als Nahrung. Dies ist ungewöhnlich, da Pflanzen normalerweise fruchtfleischhaltige Früchte ausbilden, weil sie als Ausbreitungsstrategie die Verdauungsausbreitung (Endochorie) nutzen. Beim Milchorangenbaum wird daher vermutet, dass die Früchte vom Präriemammut, den Mastodons und Riesenfaultieren gefressen wurden. Diese amerikanische Megafauna starb allerdings am Ende der letzten Kaltzeit aus. Auch in Mitteleuropa gelangen die Früchte an sonnigen Lagen zur Reife.

 src=
Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet

Verbreitung

Maclura pomifera stammt aus dem Süden der USA. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet ist relativ klein; es reicht vom südwestlichen Arkansas und dem südöstlichen Oklahoma bis an die Ostgrenze von Texas.

Nutzung und Geschichtliches

Noch 1804 sandte Meriwether Lewis Stecklinge an Thomas Jefferson. Seitdem wurde der Milchorangenbaum in den gesamten USA gepflanzt.

Der Milchorangenbaum ist heute in Mitteleuropa bei Scansano (Toskana, Italien) und in Kroatien eingeführt und verbreitet. Er wurde als Zaun bzw. Wegbefestigung angepflanzt. Ansonsten findet man ihn vereinzelt in Mitteleuropa als Straßen- und Parkbaum.

Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet des Osagedorns im Grenzgebiet von Texas, Arkansas und Oklahoma war das Siedlungsgebiet der indigenen Osage, nach denen der Baum benannt wurde. Als Material für die Herstellung von Bögen wurde das Holz von den Indigenen über das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet hinaus gehandelt. Osagedorn ist noch heute (neben der Eibe) im traditionellen Bogenbau als eines der leistungsstärksten Hölzer sehr beliebt,[2] auf Grund seines unregelmäßigen Wuchses jedoch recht anspruchsvoll in der Bearbeitung.

Osagedorn diente als „lebender Zaunpfahl“ für die Rinderweiden vieler Farmer, da die stacheligen Zweige undurchdringliche Hecken bilden können. Diese Praxis endete mit der Einführung des Stacheldrahts. Das schwere, grobe, recht harte und beständige Holz wird heute noch für Pfosten und Zaunpfähle verwendet, da das Kernholz schädlingsresistent und witterungsbeständig ist.

Zuchtformen

  • ‚Inermis‘: Eine dornenlose Zuchtform

Quellen

Weiterführende Literatur

  • Osage Oranges Take a Bough. In: Smithsonian. Volume 34, Issue 12, März 2004, S. 35. ABSTRACT: Offers a look at the role played by the expedition of Merriweather Lewis in the U.S. on the discovery of Osage orange or Maclura pomifera in 1804. Goals of his expedition; Origin of the Osage orange obtained by Lewis; Popularity of the tree as a barrier. online.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Maclura pomifera bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  2. Die Bibel des traditionellen Bogenbaus. Band 3. Verlag Angelika Hörnig, 2005, ISBN 978-3-9808743-9-7 (eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche).
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Milchorangenbaum: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Milchorangenbaum (Maclura pomifera), auch Osagedorn genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Maclura in der Familie der Maulbeergewächse (Moraceae).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Maklura ( Albanian )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages
Maklura
noform
Maclura pomifera Klasifikimi Shkencor Mbretëria Bimë Nënmbretëria Eudikot Mbindarja Angiosperm Nënklasa Rosidae Rendi Rosales Familja Moraceae Gjinia Maclura Lloji Maclura pomifera

Maklura (Maclura pomifera) është një pemë gjetherënëse që rritet nga 8 deri në 15 m lartësi. Maklura ka një frut tepër të veçantë që ngjason me një portokall të madh të gjelbër e të rrudhur. Fruti nxjerr një qumësht të bardhë e ngjitës kur dëmtohet.

Përshkrimi

Maklura e ka prejardhjen nga Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës, dhe në mënyrë natyrore rritet në shtetet Teksas, Oklahoma dhe Arkansas. Gjethet janë të gjata e në formë vezake. Fruti është i madh, me diametër 10-13 cm, dhe ka ngjyrë të gjelbër në të verdhë kur piqet, dhe ka një shije të ngjashme me trangullin. Maklura ka dru të rëndë e të fortë, me ngjyrë të verdhë në portokalli, dru i cili i qëndron kalbjes për një kohë të gjatë.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorët dhe redaktorët e Wikipedia

Maklura: Brief Summary ( Albanian )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Maklura (Maclura pomifera) është një pemë gjetherënëse që rritet nga 8 deri në 15 m lartësi. Maklura ka një frut tepër të veçantë që ngjason me një portokall të madh të gjelbër e të rrudhur. Fruti nxjerr një qumësht të bardhë e ngjitës kur dëmtohet.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorët dhe redaktorët e Wikipedia

Маклура ( Macedonian )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages
Маклура
 src=
Маклура

Маклура (Maclura pomifera) го добила името по американскиот геолог Вилијаму Маклуру (William Maclure, 1763-1840). Името на видот е сложенка од латинските зборови pōmum = плод и ferō = носи; чест синоним е Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. (лат. aurantius = портокал). Во Северна Америка ја викаат трнлив осиџ или осиџ помаранџа, тој назив настанал од името на индијанското племена Осиџ блиско на плементо Сијукс (фр. Sioux). Наш народен називи, покрај најчестот– маклура е и див портокал и поретко дрво мозак поради вијугавите текстури на плодот. Во Европа е внесена 1818 година и од тогаш успешно се одгледува[1][2][3].Предлошка:1

Ареал

Потекнува од Северна Америака (Тексас и мали делови на Арканзаса и Оклахома), каде расне во речните долини на алувијални мењсторастења[3].

Опис на видот

Листопадно дрво или висок џбун со висине до 20 m и дијаметар на градна височина 50-90 cm. Хабитусот е топчест, со изразито широка круна. Стеблото е кратко, со сива до светло-смеѓа боја со надолжно избраздана кора. Изданките се тенки, жолтосив или зеленосива боја со трновима во пазувите на листот. Трнчињата се единачни, при врвот смеѓи и сјајни, долги 1 до 2 cm, со иста боје као изданокот. Пуполцитесе ситни, округли до јајцести, прекриени со црвеникаво смеѓа боја со сјајни лушпи.

Листовите се прости, наизменични, елиптично-јајцести и кожурливи, со должина од 6 до 12 cm, од лицето сјајани,во прамени по 3-4.

Цветовите се неупадливи, со висечки зелени процвети, машките се округли, долги до 2 cm, женските се габавидни со долги кончести столбчиња. Видот е дводомен, цвета од априла до јуни.

Со здебелување на цветната обвивка и вретеното на процветите се формира крупен збирен плод сличен портокалов - збир костенче. Меснатата обвивка на единечните костенчиња меѓусобно сраснува и дава плод сопречника 7 до 15 cm, жолто-зелена или зелена боје со рапави, брановидни, наборени на ситна полиња подељени површини. Секое поле представува единечен плод со по едно семе. Сите делови на растението, а посебно плодот садржат леплив млечен сок, кој во присуство на воздух поцрнува. Плодовите созреваат во септември-октомвр, одма опаѓаат и во текот на зимата се разложуват [2]. Семе со се ендокарп е долго 10 mm, широко 3,5-6,5 mm, со јајчест облик, коска боја и со мазна текстура, без сјај. Семето е без ендосперм; никулецот,ембрион е крупен, со лакоиден тип и скоро потполно го исполнува семето. Коренак се наоѓа под долгата и тапа ивица. Р‘тењето е надземно. Во еден плод може да има и до 200 семиња [4].

Maclura aurantiaca pomifera

Биоеколошки карактеристики

Маклурата е пионерски вид, многу отпорен на неповолни еколошки услови и како таква ја преживеала глацијацијата. Постои претпоставка дека плодот на макулата бил храна на мамутите и дека тие помогнале да се шири семето на маклурата хранејки се со неа. Просечните годишни температури, во природниот ареал (распространетост) на овој вид, се движат од 18-21 оC. Просечната јулска температура е 27оC, а во јануари 6-7оC со можни екстреми од -23оC. Mаклурата е брзорастечки и хелиофилен видо, таа не толерира сенка или полусенка. Кореновиот систем на овој вид е многу силен, во Оклахома се забележани единки со коренов систем кој минува над 8 метри длабочина. Кога се наоѓа на плитка почва коренот се шири површно. Отпорен на надворешни услови и прилагодлив на разни почви, што го прави многу приспособлив на нови живеалишта. Маклуриното семе е храна на верверици и други мали глодари, а со целиот плод може да се хранат коњи, па оттука е и едно од имињата на маклурата - "коњско јаболко" „horse apple”[3]. .

Значење

У Америци је коришћена за ветрозаштитне појасеве, за живице око пољопривредних поља и као жива ограда у урбаним и руралним пределима. Индијанци су користили дрво маклуре за прављење лукова за лов, јер је еластично, али и тврдо па се користи и за дршке за алат, дрвене клинце, намештај, музичке инструменате и њихове делове, у изради посуђа, ограда, мостова и сл. Из коре дрвета и корена добија се жута боја. Маклура се лако шири из простора где се узгаја, и лако осваја напуштене, неодржаване просторе. Најчешћа употреба маклуре код нас је у форми живе ограде јер је одликује изузетно брз раст, а врло добро подоси орезивање. У хортикултури и пејзажној архитектури користи се и као солитарно стабло или у групама, а погодна је и за контролу ерозије. Листови пре опадања из зелене прелазе у жуту, а затим мрку боју, што је сврстава у групу биљака са атрактивним јесењим колоритом. Маклура својим специфичним мирисом одбија многе штетне инсекте и глодаре, пружајући сигурност од напада штеточина и биљкама које је окружују[2]. Многи аутори, наручито са подручја Америке, где је аутохтона врста, приписују јој лековита својства, у лечењу тумора, хипертензије, реуматизма итд. Сок из плода маклуре, испољава иритантно дејство. Може изазвати црвенило коже, упалу усне шупљине или иритације ако дође у контакт са уснама и очима. При екстракцији семена треба превентивно користити рукавице.

Размножување

Генеративното размножување е релативно едноставно.Пулпата на плодот слабо влијае на процентот на р‘тливост, но го успорава растот на никулецот, семето треба да се екстрахира пред омекнувања на плодот[4]. Забелажан е и апомиксис што дава униформно потомство и при сеидба со семе[5] Вегетативно маклурата подеднакво добро се размножава и со коренски резниц и со резниц од стебло[6].

Природни и културни меѓуродови таксони

Поради трнчињата и крупните плодови кои долго се распаѓаат валкајки го просторот под женските стебла се одгледуваат меѓуродови таксони без плодови и трнчиња. При тоа клоноците ги задржуваат карактерните особини како што се отпорност на суша и сиромашни земјишта.

Референци

  1. Симоновић, Д. (1959): Ботанички речник, имена биљака. Српска академија наука - посебна издања, књига -{CCCXVIII}-
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Вукићевић Е. (1996): Декоративна дендрологија, Шумарски факултет Универзитета у Београду, Београд
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 Јовановић, Б. (1985): Дендрологија. IV измењено издање. Универзитет у Београду. Београд
  4. 4,0 4,1 Стилиновић, С. (1985): Семенарство шумског и украсног дрвећа и жбуња. Универзитет у Београду. Београд
  5. Janick, J. (1986): Horticultural science. Fourth Edition. W.N.Freeman Company. New York.
  6. Грбић, М. .: Производња садног материјала - Вегетативно размножавање украсног дрвећа и жбуња. Универзитет у Београду. Београд. 2004. ISBN 978-86-7602-009-6.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори и уредници на Википедија

Маклура: Brief Summary ( Macedonian )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages
Маклура  src= Маклура

Маклура (Maclura pomifera) го добила името по американскиот геолог Вилијаму Маклуру (William Maclure, 1763-1840). Името на видот е сложенка од латинските зборови pōmum = плод и ferō = носи; чест синоним е Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. (лат. aurantius = портокал). Во Северна Америка ја викаат трнлив осиџ или осиџ помаранџа, тој назив настанал од името на индијанското племена Осиџ блиско на плементо Сијукс (фр. Sioux). Наш народен називи, покрај најчестот– маклура е и див портокал и поретко дрво мозак поради вијугавите текстури на плодот. Во Европа е внесена 1818 година и од тогаш успешно се одгледува.Предлошка:1

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори и уредници на Википедија

Maclura pomifera

provided by wikipedia EN

Maclura pomifera, commonly known as the Osage orange (/ˈs/ OH-sayj), is a small deciduous tree or large shrub, native to the south-central United States. It typically grows about 8 to 15 metres (30–50 ft) tall. The distinctive fruit, a multiple fruit, is roughly spherical, bumpy, 8 to 15 centimetres (3–6 in) in diameter, and turns bright yellow-green in the fall.[5] The fruits secrete a sticky white latex when cut or damaged. Despite the name "Osage orange",[6] it is not related to the orange.[7] It is a member of the mulberry family, Moraceae.[8] Due to its latex secretions and woody pulp, the fruit is typically not eaten by humans and rarely by foraging animals. Ecologists Daniel H. Janzen and Paul S. Martin proposed in 1982 that the fruit of this species might be an example of what has come to be called an evolutionary anachronism—that is, a fruit coevolved with a large animal seed dispersal partner that is now extinct. This hypothesis is controversial.[9][10]

Maclura pomifera has many names, including mock orange, hedge apple, hedge, horse apple, crab apple, monkey ball, monkey brains and yellow-wood. The name bois d'arc (from French meaning "bow-wood") has also been corrupted into bodark and bodock.[11][12][13]

History

The earliest account of the tree in the English language was given by William Dunbar, a Scottish explorer, in his narrative of a journey made in 1804 from St. Catherine's Landing on the Mississippi River to the Ouachita River.[14] Meriwether Lewis sent some slips and cuttings of the curiosity to President Jefferson in March 1804. According to Lewis's letter, the samples were donated by "Mr. Peter Choteau, who resided the greater portion of his time for many years with the Osage Nation". (Note: This referred to Pierre Chouteau, a fur trader from Saint Louis.) Those cuttings did not survive. In 1810, Bradbury relates that he found two Maclura pomifera trees growing in the garden of Pierre Chouteau, one of the first settlers of Saint Louis, apparently the same person.[14]

American settlers used the Osage orange (i.e. "hedge apple") as a hedge to exclude free-range livestock from vegetable gardens and corn fields. Under severe pruning, the hedge apple sprouted abundant adventitious shoots from its base; as these shoots grew, they became interwoven and formed a dense, thorny barrier hedge. The thorny Osage orange tree was widely naturalized throughout the United States until this usage was superseded by the invention of barbed wire in 1874.[15][6][16][17] By providing a barrier that was "horse-high, bull-strong, and pig-tight", Osage orange hedges provided the "crucial stop-gap measure for westward expansion until the introduction of barbed wire a few decades later".[18]

The trees were named bois d'arc ("bow-wood")[6] by early French settlers who observed the wood being used for war clubs and bow-making by Native Americans.[14] Meriwether Lewis was told that the people of the Osage Nation, "So much ... esteem the wood of this tree for the purpose of making their bows, that they travel many hundreds of miles in quest of it."[19] The trees are also known as "bodark", "bodarc", or "bodock" trees, most likely originating as a corruption of bois d'arc.[6]

The Comanche also used this wood for their bows.[20] They liked the wood because it was strong, flexible and durable,[6] and the bush/tree was common along river bottoms of the Comanchería. Some historians believe that the high value this wood had to Native Americans throughout North America for the making of bows, along with its small natural range, contributed to the great wealth of the Spiroan Mississippian culture that controlled all the land in which these trees grew.[21]

Etymology

The genus Maclura is named in honor of William Maclure[13] (1763–1840), a Scottish-born American geologist. The specific epithet pomifera means "fruit-bearing".[13] The common name Osage derives from Osage Native Americans from whom young plants were first obtained, as told in the notes of Meriwether Lewis in 1804.[17]

Description

General habit

Mature trees range from 12 to 20 metres (40–65 ft) tall with short trunks and round-topped canopies.[6] The roots are thick, fleshy, and covered with bright orange bark. The tree's mature bark is dark, deeply furrowed and scaly. The plant has significant potential to invade unmanaged habitats.[6]

The wood of M. pomifera is golden to bright yellow but fades to medium brown with ultraviolet light exposure.[22] The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and flexible, capable of receiving a fine polish and very durable in contact with the ground. It has a specific gravity of 0.7736 or 773.6 kg/m3 (48.29 lb/cu ft).

Leaves and branches

Leaves are arranged alternately in a slender growing shoot 90 to 120 centimetres (3–4 ft) long. In form they are simple, a long oval terminating in a slender point. The leaves are 8 to 13 centimetres (3–5 in) long and 5 to 8 centimetres (2–3 in) wide, and are thick, firm, dark green, shining above, and paler green below when full grown. In autumn they turn bright yellow. The leaf axils contain formidable spines which when mature are about 2.5 centimetres (1 in) long.

Branchlets are at first bright green and pubescent; during their first winter they become light brown tinged with orange, and later they become a paler orange brown. Branches contain a yellow pith, and are armed with stout, straight, axillary spines. During the winter, the branches bear lateral buds that are depressed-globular, partly immersed in the bark, and pale chestnut brown in color.

Flowers and fruit

As a dioecious plant, the inconspicuous pistillate (female) and staminate (male) flowers are found on different trees. Staminate flowers are pale green, small, and arranged in racemes borne on long, slender, drooping peduncles developed from the axils of crowded leaves on the spur-like branchlets of the previous year. They feature a hairy, four-lobed calyx; the four stamens are inserted opposite the lobes of calyx, on the margin of a thin disk. Pistillate flowers are borne in a dense spherical many-flowered head which appears on a short stout peduncle from the axils of the current year's growth. Each flower has a hairy four-lobed calyx with thick, concave lobes that invest the ovary and enclose the fruit. Ovaries are superior, ovate, compressed, green, and crowned by a long slender style covered with white stigmatic hairs. The ovule is solitary.

The mature multiple fruit's size and general appearance resembles a large, yellow-green orange (the fruit), about 10 to 13 centimetres (4–5 in) in diameter, with a roughened and tuberculated surface. The compound (or multiple) fruit is a syncarp of numerous small drupes, in which the carpels (ovaries) have grown together; thus, it is classified a multiple-accessory fruit. Each small drupe is oblong, compressed and rounded; they contain a milky latex which oozes when the fruit is damaged or cut.[23] The seeds are oblong. Although the flowering is dioecious, the pistillate tree when isolated will still bear large oranges, perfect to the sight but lacking the seeds.[14] The fruit has a cucumber-like flavor.[23]

Distribution

Natural range of M. pomifera in pre-Columbian era America.

Osage orange's pre-Columbian range was largely restricted to a small area in what is now the United States, namely the Red River drainage of Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas, as well as the Blackland Prairies and post oak savannas.[6] A disjunct population also occurred in the Chisos Mountains of Texas.[24] It has since become widely naturalized in the United States and Ontario, Canada.[6] Osage orange has been planted in all the 48 contiguous states of the United States and in southeastern Canada.[24]

The largest known Osage orange tree is located at the Patrick Henry National Memorial, in Brookneal, Virginia, and is believed to be almost 350 years old.[25][26][27] Another historic tree is located on the grounds of Fort Harrod, a Kentucky pioneer settlement in Harrodsburg, Kentucky.[28]

Ecological aspects of historical distribution

Because of the limited original range and lack of obvious effective means of propagation, the Osage orange has been the subject of controversial claims by some authors to be an evolutionary anachronism, whereby one or more now extinct Pleistocene megafauna, such ground sloths, mammoths, mastodons or gomphotheres, fed on the fruit and aided in seed dispersal.[21][29] An equine species that became extinct at the same time also has been suggested as the plant's original dispersal agent because modern horses and other livestock will sometimes eat the fruit.[23] This hypothesis is controversial. For example, a 2015 study indicated that Osage orange seeds are not effectively spread by extant horse or elephant species,[30] while a 2018 study concludes that squirrels are ineffective, short-distance seed dispersers.[9] The claim has been criticised as a "just-so story" that lacks any empirical evidence.[10]

The fruit is not poisonous to humans or livestock, but is not preferred by them,[31] because it is mostly inedible due to a large size (about the diameter of a softball) and hard, dry texture.[23] The edible seeds of the fruit are used by squirrels as food.[32] Large animals such as livestock, which typically would consume fruits and disperse seeds, mainly ignore the fruit.[23]

Ecology

The fruits are consumed by black-tailed deer in Texas, and white-tailed deer and fox squirrels in the Midwest. Crossbills are said to peck the seeds out.[33] Loggerhead shrikes, a declining species in much of North America, use the tree for nesting and cache prey items upon its thorns.[34]

Cultivation

Maclura pomifera prefers a deep and fertile soil, but is hardy over most of the contiguous United States, where it is used as a hedge. It must be regularly pruned to keep it in bounds, and the shoots of a single year will grow one to two metres (3–6 ft) long, making it suitable for coppicing.[14][35] A neglected hedge will become fruit-bearing. It is remarkably free from insect predators and fungal diseases.[14] A thornless male cultivar of the species exists and is vegetatively reproduced for ornamental use.[24] M. pomifera is cultivated in Italy, the former Yugoslavia, Romania, former USSR, and India.[36]

Chemistry

Osajin and pomiferin are isoflavones present in the wood and fruit in an approximately 1:2 ratio by weight, and in turn comprise 4–6% of the weight of dry fruit and wood samples.[37] Primary components of fresh fruit include pectin (46%), resin (17%), fat (5%), and sugar (before hydrolysis, 5%).[38] The moisture content of fresh fruits is about 80%.[38]

Uses

A tree felled in 1954 exhibits little rot after more than six decades
Typical bright yellow newly-cut wood

The Osage orange is commonly used as a tree row windbreak in prairie states, which gives it one of its colloquial names, "hedge apple".[6] It was one of the primary trees used in President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "Great Plains Shelterbelt" WPA project, which was launched in 1934 as an ambitious plan to modify weather and prevent soil erosion in the Great Plains states; by 1942 it resulted in the planting of 30,233 shelterbelts containing 220 million trees that stretched for 18,600 miles (29,900 km).[39] The sharp-thorned trees were also planted as cattle-deterring hedges before the introduction of barbed wire and afterward became an important source of fence posts.[13][40] In 2001, its wood was used in the construction in Chestertown, Maryland of the schooner Sultana, a replica of HMS Sultana.[41]

The heavy, close-grained yellow-orange wood is dense and prized for tool handles, treenails, fence posts, and other applications requiring a strong, dimensionally stable wood that withstands rot.[6][42] Although its wood is commonly knotty and twisted, straight-grained Osage orange timber makes good bows, as used by Native Americans.[6] John Bradbury, a Scottish botanist who had traveled the interior United States extensively in the early 19th century, reported that a bow made of Osage timber could be traded for a horse and a blanket.[14] Additionally, a yellow-orange dye can be extracted from the wood, which can be used as a substitute for fustic and aniline dyes. At present, florists use the fruits of M. pomifera for decorative purposes.[43]

When dried, the wood has the highest heating value of any commonly available North American wood, and burns long and hot.[44][45][46]

Osage orange wood is more rot-resistant than most, making good fence posts.[6] They are generally set up green because the dried wood is too hard to reliably accept the staples used to attach the fencing to the posts. Palmer and Fowler's Fieldbook of Natural History 2nd edition rates Osage orange wood as being at least twice as hard and strong as white oak (Quercus alba). Its dense grain structure makes for good tonal properties. Production of woodwind instruments and waterfowl game calls are common uses for the wood.[47]

Compounds extracted from the fruit, when concentrated, may repel insects. However, the naturally occurring concentrations of these compounds in the fruit are too low to make the fruit an effective insect repellent.[31][48][49] In 2004, the EPA insisted that a website selling M. pomifera fruits online remove any mention of their supposed repellent properties as false advertising.[43]

Traditional medicine

The Comanche formerly used a decoction of the roots topically as a wash to treat sore eyes.[50]

References

  1. ^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Maclura pomifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T61886714A61886723. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61886714A61886723.en. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  3. ^ "Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid". Tropicos. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  4. ^ "The Plant List". The Plant List. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  5. ^ Boggs, Joe. "Bois D'Arc". Buckeye Yard & Garden Online. Ohio State University. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wynia, Richard L. (March 2011). "Plant fact sheet: Osage orange, Maclura pomifera (Rafin.)" (PDF). US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
  7. ^ Jesse, Laura; Lewis, Donald (October 24, 2014). "Hedge Apples for Home Pest Control?". Horticulture & Home Pest News. Iowa State University of Science and Technology. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  8. ^ Wayman, Dave (March 1985). "The Osage Orange Tree: Useful and Historically Significant". Mother Earth News. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  9. ^ a b Murphy, Serena (2018). "Seed Dispersal in Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) by Squirrels (Sciurus spp.)". American Midland Naturalist. 180 (2): 312–317. doi:10.1674/0003-0031-180.2.312.
  10. ^ a b Sinnott‐Armstrong, Miranda A.; Deanna, Rocio; Pretz, Chelsea; Liu, Sukuan; Harris, Jesse C.; Dunbar‐Wallis, Amy; Smith, Stacey D.; Wheeler, Lucas C. (March 2022). "How to approach the study of syndromes in macroevolution and ecology". Ecology and Evolution. 12 (3): e8583. doi:10.1002/ece3.8583. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 8928880. PMID 35342598.
  11. ^ "Maclura pomifera". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  12. ^ Bobick, James (2004). The Handy Biology Answer Book. Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. p. 178. ISBN 1578593034. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  13. ^ a b c d Wynia, Richard (March 2011). "Plant fact sheet for Osage orange (Maclura pomifera)" (PDF). Manhattan, Kansas: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Manhattan Plant Materials Center. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 258–262.
  15. ^ Barlow, Connie. "Anachronistic fruits and the ghosts who haunt them". Arnoldia 61, no. 2 (2001): 14–21.
  16. ^ Michael L. Ferro. "A Cultural and Entomological Review of the Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.) (Moraceae) and the Origin and Early Spread of 'Hedge Apple' Folklore". Southeastern Naturalist, 13(m7), 1–34, (1 January 2014)
  17. ^ a b "Osage Oranges Take a Bough". Smithsonian Magazine, March 2004, p. 35.
  18. ^ Giannetto, Raffaella (2021). The culture of cultivation: recovering the roots of landscape architecture. Abingdon, Oxfordshire & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0367356422.
  19. ^ Dillon, Richard (2003). Meriwether Lewis. Lafayette (California): Great West Books. p. 95. ISBN 0944220169. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  20. ^ Rollings, Willard Hughes (2005). The Comanche. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7910-8349-9.
  21. ^ a b Connie Barlow. Anachronistic Fruits and the Ghosts Who Haunt Them Archived 2007-01-06 at the Wayback Machine. Arnoldia, vol. 61, no. 2 (2001)
  22. ^ "Osage Orange | the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)".
  23. ^ a b c d e Barlow, Connie (2002). "The Enigmatic Osage Orange". The Ghosts of Evolution, Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms. New York: Basic Books. p. 120. ISBN 0786724897. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  24. ^ a b c Burton, J D (1990). "Maclura pomifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2. Retrieved October 5, 2012 – via Southern Research Station.
  25. ^ "Tree Information". Virginia Big Trees. Retrieved November 18, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ^ "The mystery of Patrick Henry's osage-orange: which enigma is greater; the age of the national champion or how it got to Virginia? - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
  27. ^ "Osage-orange - VA". American Forests. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
  28. ^ Allen Bush. The Undaunted and Undented Osage Orange.
  29. ^ Bronaugh, Whit (2010). "The Trees That Miss The Mammoths". American Forests. 115 (Winter): 38–43.
  30. ^ Boone, Madison J.; Davis, Charli N.; Klasek, Laura; del Sol, Jillian F.; Roehm, Katherine; Moran, Matthew D. (March 11, 2015). "A Test of Potential Pleistocene Mammal Seed Dispersal in Anachronistic Fruits using Extant Ecological and Physiological Analogs". Southeastern Naturalist. 14 (1): 22–32. doi:10.1656/058.014.0109. S2CID 86809830.
  31. ^ a b Jauron, Richard (October 10, 1997). "Facts and Myths Associated with "Hedge Apples"". Horticulture and Home Pest News. Iowa State University. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  32. ^ Murphy, Serena, Virginia Mitchell, Jessa Thurman, Charli N. Davis, Mattew D. Moran, Jessica Bonumwezi, Sophie Katz, Jennifer L. Penner, and Matthew D. Moran. "Seed Dispersal in Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) by Squirrels (Sciurus spp.)." The American Midland Naturalist 180, no. 2 (2018): 312-317. Harvard
  33. ^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 482.
  34. ^ Tyler, Jack D (March 1992). "Nesting Ecology of the Loggerhead Shrike in Southwestern Oklahoma". The Wilson Bulletin. 104 (1): 95–104. JSTOR 4163119.
  35. ^ Toensmeier, Eric (2016). The Carbon Farming Solution: A Global Toolkit of Perennial Crops and Regenerative Agriculture Practices for Climate Change Mitigation and Food Security. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-60358-571-2.
  36. ^ Grandtner, Miroslav M. (2005). "Maclura pomifera". Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees, Volume 1: North America. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 500. ISBN 0080460186. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  37. ^ Darji, K; Miglis, C; Wardlow, A; Abourashed, E. A (2013). "HPLC Determination of Isoflavone Levels in Osage Orange from the United States Midwest and South". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61 (28): 6806–6811. doi:10.1021/jf400954m. PMC 3774050. PMID 23772950.
  38. ^ a b Smith, Jeffrey L.; Perino, Janice V. (January 1981). "Osage orange (Maclura pomifera): History and economic uses" (PDF). Economic Botany. 35 (1): 24–41. doi:10.1007/BF02859211. S2CID 35716036. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  39. ^ R. Douglas Hurt Forestry of the Great Plains, 1902–1942
  40. ^ Kemp, Bill (May 31, 2015). "Hedgerows no match for bulldozers in postwar years". The Pantagraph. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  41. ^ "Schooner Sultana". Sultanaprojects.org. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  42. ^ Cullina, William (2002). Native Trees, Shrubs, & Vines: A Guide to Using, Growing, and Propagating North American Woody Plants. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 136. ISBN 0618098585. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  43. ^ a b Grout, Pam. Kansas Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Guilford, Conn: Globe Pequot Press, 2002.
  44. ^ Kays, Jonathan (October 2010). "Heating with Wood" (PDF). University of Maryland Extension. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  45. ^ Prestemon, Dean R. (August 1998). "Firewood Production and Use" (PDF). Forestry Extension Notes. Iowa State University Extension Service. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  46. ^ Kuhns, Michael; Schmidt, Tom. "Heating With Wood: Species Characteristics and Volumes". Utah State University Extension. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  47. ^ Joe Duggan (November 20, 2018). "A block of wood and a waterfowl dream". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  48. ^ Ogg, Barbara. "Facts and Myths of Hedge Apples". University of Nebraska Lincoln. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  49. ^ Nelson, Jennifer. "Osage Orange – Maclura pomifera". University of Illinois. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  50. ^ "Maclura Pomifera (search result)". Native American Ethnobotany Database. University of Michigan–Dearborn. Retrieved December 24, 2015.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Maclura pomifera: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Maclura pomifera, commonly known as the Osage orange (/ˈoʊseɪdʒ/ OH-sayj), is a small deciduous tree or large shrub, native to the south-central United States. It typically grows about 8 to 15 metres (30–50 ft) tall. The distinctive fruit, a multiple fruit, is roughly spherical, bumpy, 8 to 15 centimetres (3–6 in) in diameter, and turns bright yellow-green in the fall. The fruits secrete a sticky white latex when cut or damaged. Despite the name "Osage orange", it is not related to the orange. It is a member of the mulberry family, Moraceae. Due to its latex secretions and woody pulp, the fruit is typically not eaten by humans and rarely by foraging animals. Ecologists Daniel H. Janzen and Paul S. Martin proposed in 1982 that the fruit of this species might be an example of what has come to be called an evolutionary anachronism—that is, a fruit coevolved with a large animal seed dispersal partner that is now extinct. This hypothesis is controversial.

Maclura pomifera has many names, including mock orange, hedge apple, hedge, horse apple, crab apple, monkey ball, monkey brains and yellow-wood. The name bois d'arc (from French meaning "bow-wood") has also been corrupted into bodark and bodock.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Maclura pomifera ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Maclura pomifera, el naranjo de Luisiana, espino de los osages, o naranjo de los osages, es una especie arbórea de la familia de las moráceas.

 src=
Vista del árbol
 src=
Detalle de las hojas
 src=
Vista de la planta
 src=
Detalle de la planta

Descripción

Es un árbol caducifolio, de follaje esférico, pudiendo llegar a los 10 o 15 metros de altura. Las ramas están dotadas de espinas axilares, las hojas son alternas y oblongas, con márgenes ondulados. La flor es hermafrodita, colgando las masculinas en ramas pedunculares, y las femeninas en inflorescencias esféricas, con un pedúnculo muy corto. El fruto es sincárpico, con gran cantidad de drupas reunidas en forma de globo, similar a la naranja, al exterior mamilífero y que cobra un color levemente anaranjado cuando madura; a diferencia de la especie Maclura tricuspidata, el fruto no es comestible. La madera es dura, usándose en ebanistería a veces. De la corteza se extrae una materia colorante, un flavonol: el morín.[1]

Distribución y hábitat

Es una especie nativa del sur de Norteamérica, aunque se ha generalizado por todo el territorio de Estados Unidos, y Ontario, en Canadá. También se ha encontrado esta especie de planta en algunas regiones de Argentina, Uruguay y de Chile.

Condiciones de cultivo

Es una especie rústica, que muestra gran capacidad de adaptación. Ha sido utilizada como ornamental en jardinería.

Usos

Maclura pomifera se utiliza comúnmente como una fila de árboles cortavientos en los estados de la pradera, lo que le da uno de sus nombres coloquiales, "manzana de cobertura". Fue uno de los árboles principales que se usaron con el presidente Franklin Delano Roosevelt en la barrera verde de las Grandes Praderas del proyecto WPA, que se inició en 1934 como un ambicioso plan para modificar el clima y prevenir la erosión del suelo en los estados de las Grandes Llanuras, y en 1942 dio lugar a la plantación de 30.233 cinturones de protección que contienen 220 millones de árboles que se extendían por 18,600 millas (29,900 kilómetros).[2]​ Los árboles de afiladas espinas también se plantaron como setos de disuasión del ganado, antes de la introducción del alambre de púas y después se convirtieron en una fuente importante de postes de cerca. En 2001, se utilizó la madera en la construcción en Chestertown (Maryland) del Schooner Sultana, una réplica del HMS Sultana (1768).[3]

La madera pesada, de grano fino de color amarillo-naranja es muy densa y es muy apreciada por los mangos de herramientas, cabillas, postes de cercas, y otras aplicaciones que requieran una madera estable dimensionalmente fuerte que resiste la putrefacción.[4]​ De la madera que tiene la fibra recta (la mayoría es nudos y trenzada) se hacen muy buenos arcos. En Arkansas, a principios del siglo XIX, un buen arco de su madera valía un caballo y una manta.[5]​ Además, un tinte de color amarillo-naranja puede ser extraído de la madera, que se puede utilizar como un sustituto de Maclura tinctoria y anilinas colorantes. Cuando se seca, la madera tiene el mayor contenido de BTU de cualquier madera norteamericana comúnmente disponibles, y quema largo tiempo con gran calor.[6][7]​ En la actualidad, los floristas utilizan los frutos de Maclura pomifera con fines decorativos.[8]

 src=
Madera característica de Maclura

Aunque se cree comúnmente que Maclura pomifera se usa para repeler a los insectos, no hay pruebas suficientes para apoyar esto. La investigación ha demostrado que los compuestos extraídos de la fruta, cuando se concentra, pueden repeler insectos. Sin embargo, las concentraciones naturales de estos compuestos en el fruto son demasiado bajos como para que el fruto de un eficaz repelente de insectos.[9][10][11]​ En 2004, la EPA insistió en que un sitio web de venta de frutas de Maclura pomifera en línea, tenía que eliminar cualquier noticia de sus supuestas propiedades plaguicidas como un falso anuncio.[8]

Química

Osajina y pomiferina son pigmentos flavonoides presentes en la madera y fruta, que comprende aproximadamente el 10% del peso seco de la fruta. La planta también contiene el flavonol morin.

Taxonomía

Maclura pomifera fue descrita por (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. y publicado en Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1(5): 806. 1906.[12]

Etimología

Maclura: nombre genérico otorgado en honor del geólogo estadounidense William Maclure (1763-1840).

pomifera: epíteto latino de pomum = "manzana".[13]

Sinonimia
  • Ioxylon pomiferum Raf.
  • Joxylon pomiferum Raf.
  • Maclura aurantiaca Nutt.
  • Toxylon aurantiacum (Nutt.) Raf.
  • Toxylon maclura Raf.
  • Toxylon pomiferum Raf.[14]

Referencias

  1. Lanzara, P. y Pizzetti, M. Guía de árboles, Barcelona: Grijalbo, 1985, ficha 132. ISBN 84-253-1124-1.
  2. R. Douglas Hurt Forestry of the Great Plains, 1902-1942
  3. Schooner Sultana
  4. Cullina, William. Native Trees, Shrubs, & Vines: A Guide to Using, Growing, and Propagating North American Woody Plants. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
  5. Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. Nueva York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 186–189.
  6. Scott A. Meister. "Top 10 Fuel Trees for Zone 5 and Above". Permaculture Reflections, May 17, 2006.
  7. Tom Oyen. "Sweep's Library: Firewood Comparison Charts" Archivado el 13 de agosto de 2006 en Wayback Machine.
  8. a b Grout, Pam. Kansas Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Guilford, Conn: Globe Pequot Press, 2002.
  9. Jauron, Richard. «Facts and Myths Associated with "Hedge Apples"». Iowa State University. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2013.
  10. Ogg, Barbara. «Facts and Myths of Hedge Apples». University of Nebraska Lincoln. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2013.
  11. Nelson, Jennifer. «Osage Orange-- Maclura pomifera». University of Illinois. Archivado desde el original el 17 de noviembre de 2016. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2013.
  12. «Maclura pomifera». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2014.
  13. Nombres Botánicos
  14. Maclura pomifera en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2003. Flora of China (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). 5: 1–506. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
  2. Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali (eds). 1980-2005. Fl. Pakistan Univ. of Karachi, Karachi.
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Maclura pomifera: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Maclura pomifera, el naranjo de Luisiana, espino de los osages, o naranjo de los osages, es una especie arbórea de la familia de las moráceas.

 src= Vista del árbol  src= Detalle de las hojas  src= Vista de la planta  src= Detalle de la planta
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Osageen laranjondo ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Osageen laranjondoa (Maclura pomifera) Moraceae familiako zuhaitz kaduzifolioa da. Hegoaldeko Ipar Amerikan jatorria duen espezie hau apaingarri moduan erabili dute.

Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Osageen laranjondo: Brief Summary ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Oranger des Osages ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Maclura pomifera

L'Oranger des Osages (Maclura pomifera ; syn. Maclura aurantiaca) est une espèce d'arbres originaire d'Amérique du Nord appartenant à la famille des Moraceae et qui, malgré son nom commun en français, n'a rien d'un agrume si ce n'est un fruit ressemblant à une orange verte.

Le botaniste américain Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859) lui a attribué l'épithète spécifique aurantiaca qui veut dire orangé. Mentionné par William Dunbar et George Hunter en 1804 lors de leur voyage dans le bassin du Mississippi. Cette espèce fut introduite en France en 1812 pour son feuillage proche de celui du mûrier et dont on pensait faire la nourriture des vers à soie dans les régions trop froides pour la culture du mûrier, car l'espèce est rustique et fructifie jusque sous le climat de Paris. Ces essais furent vite abandonnés et on ne le planta plus guère que pour l'ornement.

Le nom commun vient de la tribu amérindienne des Osages, qui occupait la zone où pousse cet arbre.

Cette plante est également connue sous le synonyme de Maclure épineux, Bois d'arc (expression désignant aussi d'autres espèces d'arbres).

Description

 src=
Maclura pomifera au parc de l'épinette à Libourne
 src=
Feuilles

C'est une espèce dioïque d'arbre à port arrondi pouvant mesurer jusqu'à 18 m de haut. Le tronc est généralement court. L'écorce mature de l'arbre est grise orangé, profondément sillonnée et écailleuse.

Ses feuilles vertes, caduques et simples sont alternes. Elles mesurent 8 à 13 centimètres de long et 5 à 8 centimètres de large et sont épaisses et fermes. Les aisselles des feuilles contiennent des épines redoutables de 2,5 cm de long à maturité.Les feuilles virent au jaune en automne.

Reproduction

 src=
Inflorescence femelle
 src=
Orange des Osages
 src=
Maclura pomifera en coupe

L'oranger des Osages est une plante dioïque. Les fleurs staminées (mâles) sont vert pâle, petites et disposées en racèmes portés sur un pédoncule développé à partir de l'aisselle des feuilles des rameaux de l'année précédente. Elles disposent d'un calice poilu à quatre lobes ; Les quatre étamines sont insérées en regard des lobes du calice, sur la marge d'un disque mince. Les fleurs pistillées (femelles) forment une tête sphérique dense à plusieurs fleurs qui apparaît à l'aisselle de la croissance de l'année en cours sur un pédoncule court et puissant. Chaque fleur a un calice poilu à quatre lobes avec des lobes concaves épais qui investissent l'ovaire et entourent le fruit.

En l'absence de pieds mâles, les pieds femelles forment des fruits stériles. Les pieds femelles produisent des fruits verts de la taille d'une orange ou plus gros avec une surface rugueuse. En fait, il ne s'agit pas d'un fruit simple mais (comme pour la figue ou plutôt le fruit à pain) d'une infrutescence, c'est-à-dire, d'une agglomération d'un ensemble de fruits issus d'une multitude de fleurs. L'intérieur du fruit est blanc, compact, homogène avec de petits pépins marron foncé de forme oblongue. Le fruit exhale un parfum citronné légèrement épicé.

Les fruits contiennent un jus laiteux qui suinte lorsque le fruit est endommagé ou coupé.

L'espèce utilise aussi le bouturage comme autre mode de reproduction. C'est la raison pour laquelle la plupart des orangers des Osages penchent jusqu'à rupture du tronc : la partie tombée à terre refait des racines et donne un nouvel arbre. On utilise également le terme d'« arbre rampant » pour désigner cette stratégie. On peut obtenir de nouveaux plants simplement en mettant un fruit entier dans de la tourbe humide; au bout de quelques mois apparaissent de jeunes pousses.

Aire de répartition

Il est originaire d'Amérique du Nord et plus précisément du sud-est de l'Oklahoma, du sud-ouest de l'Arkansas et du nord-est du Texas. On le trouve aussi dans le Missouri, proche du Mississippi. Il n'est jamais très abondant.

Culture

M. pomifera préfère un sol profond et fertile, mais il peut s'adapter à des terrains même pauvres. Sa croissance est rapide et peut atteindre un à deux mètres de long par an. Il supporte très bien la taille et peut être utilisée en haie. Il est remarquablement exempt d'attaques d'insectes et de maladies fongiques. Un cultivar mâle sans épines existe et est végétativement reproduit à des fins ornementales.

L'Oranger des Osages est rustique jusqu'à environ -15 °C.

Multiplication par semis en automne. Comme l’extraction des graines renfermées dans un suc collant est assez fastidieuse, on peut le plonger dans un seau d’eau afin qu’il se ramollisse ou enterrer le fruit entier dans de la tourbe humide. Généralement les plantules apparaissent au printemps. Il suffit de les séparer et de les élever en pleine terre ou en pot.

Utilisation

 src=
orange des Osages

Il est planté comme arbre d'ornement et de collection en zone tempérée, notamment en France[1]. L'arbre est couramment utilisé comme haie brise-vent dans les Etats Américains des grandes plaines. Il était l'un des arbres principaux utilisés par le président Franklin Delano Roosevelt dans le projet Shelterbelt lancé en 1934 pour modifier la météo et prévenir l'érosion des sols dans les États des grandes plaines. En 1942 ont été plantés 30 000 brise-vent contenant 220 millions d'arbres qui s'étendaient sur 30 000 km. Les arbres épineux ont également été plantés comme des haies dissuasives pour le bétail avant l'introduction de fils de fer barbelés[réf. nécessaire]. L'espèce est ensuite devenue une source importante de poteaux de clôture.

Le fruit n'est pas comestible à cause de son amertume. Les Indiens de la tribu des Osages (apparentée aux Sioux), se servaient du latex laiteux contenu dans le fruit (et dans les autres organes) pour se peindre le visage et teindre leurs vêtements. En effet, au contact de l'air, le latex jaunit.

Le bois fut aussi utilisé pour la fabrication de leurs arcs d'où le nom vernaculaire de bois d'arc parfois donné à cet arbre. Le bois jaune-orange lourd, à grain fin est très dense et très apprécié pour les manches d'outils, poteaux de clôture, et d'autres applications nécessitant un bois fort indéformable qui résiste à la pourriture.

Une fois sec, le bois a le plus haut pouvoir calorifique de tous les bois nord-américains couramment disponibles. Il brûle longtemps et chaudement mais ne doit pas être utilisé dans les cheminées ouvertes sans un écran de protection parce que le bois est très enclin à éclater et peut envoyer des étincelles et de petites braises à plusieurs mètres du foyer.

Contrairement à de nombreux bois, le bois d'oranger des Osages est très durable au contact du sol. Il fait de bons poteaux de clôture, étant à la fois solides et durables. Ils sont généralement plantés en vert parce que le bois sec est trop difficile à agrafer. Ce bois est 2,5 fois plus dur que le chêne blanc (Quercus alba) et a deux fois sa résistance à la traction.

Bien que l'on pense généralement que les orangers des Osages repoussent les insectes, il n'y a pas suffisamment de preuves pour appuyer cela. La recherche a montré que les composés extraits du fruit, lorsqu'ils sont concentrés, peuvent repousser les insectes. Cependant, les concentrations naturelles de ces composés dans les fruits sont beaucoup trop basses pour faire du fruit un répulsif efficace des insectes. Dans la région de Saint-Louis, dans le Missouri, au bord du Mississippi, les fruits sont toutefois utilisés et vendus sur les marchés fermiers pour chasser les mouches.

En Europe de l'Est, la médecine traditionnelle l'utilise contre les rhumatismes, pour la cicatrisation des blessures ou encore en tant qu'antibiotique, ainsi que pour stimuler l'activité cardiaque.

Dans la nature, ces fruits ne sont pratiquement pas consommés par les animaux, en dehors des écureuils qui recherchent les graines. Il est peu habituel qu'un gros fruit charnu ne soit pas consommé par des animaux dispersant les graines. L'hypothèse a été émise récemment que ses fruits étaient autrefois consommés par le Megatherium, éteint peu après les premiers peuplements humains sur le nouveau monde. Les chevaux, qui existaient en Amérique du Nord mais avaient disparu avant l'arrivée des Européens, peuvent les consommer.

On peut aussi en faire une superbe décoration d'Halloween en la déposant dans un bocal rempli d'eau. Le fruit ressemble légèrement à un cerveau.

Notes et références

  1. (fr) Référence INPN : Maclura pomifera

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Oranger des Osages: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Maclura pomifera

L'Oranger des Osages (Maclura pomifera ; syn. Maclura aurantiaca) est une espèce d'arbres originaire d'Amérique du Nord appartenant à la famille des Moraceae et qui, malgré son nom commun en français, n'a rien d'un agrume si ce n'est un fruit ressemblant à une orange verte.

Le botaniste américain Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859) lui a attribué l'épithète spécifique aurantiaca qui veut dire orangé. Mentionné par William Dunbar et George Hunter en 1804 lors de leur voyage dans le bassin du Mississippi. Cette espèce fut introduite en France en 1812 pour son feuillage proche de celui du mûrier et dont on pensait faire la nourriture des vers à soie dans les régions trop froides pour la culture du mûrier, car l'espèce est rustique et fructifie jusque sous le climat de Paris. Ces essais furent vite abandonnés et on ne le planta plus guère que pour l'ornement.

Le nom commun vient de la tribu amérindienne des Osages, qui occupait la zone où pousse cet arbre.

Cette plante est également connue sous le synonyme de Maclure épineux, Bois d'arc (expression désignant aussi d'autres espèces d'arbres).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Maclura pomifera ( Icelandic )

provided by wikipedia IS

Maclura pomifera er lítið lauffellandi tré af mórberjaætt sem verður 8-15 m. Það er oft notað í limgerði. Ávöxturinn er hnöttóttur og stundum kallaður Osage appelsína eða hestaepli. Ávöxturinn er ekki eitraður en er þó ekki étinn af neinu dýri.

Myndasafn

Wikimedia Commons er með margmiðlunarefni sem tengist
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IS

Maclura pomifera: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

provided by wikipedia IS

Maclura pomifera er lítið lauffellandi tré af mórberjaætt sem verður 8-15 m. Það er oft notað í limgerði. Ávöxturinn er hnöttóttur og stundum kallaður Osage appelsína eða hestaepli. Ávöxturinn er ekki eitraður en er þó ekki étinn af neinu dýri.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IS

Maclura pomifera ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. è una pianta arborea appartenente alla famiglia delle Moracee diffusa negli Stati Uniti d'America[1]. È conosciuta anche come gelso del Texas, oppure arancio degli Osagi, o melo da siepi, melo dei cavalli, moro degli Osagi e legno d'arco.[2]

L'epiteto specifico è un omaggio al geologo William Maclure (1763–1840).

Descrizione

La pianta è un albero che può raggiungere i 7-15 metri di altezza con una chioma folta ma irregolare.

Fusto

Il tronco è irregolare e tormentato, la corteccia contiene tannino ed è bruna e disseminata di dure e acuminatissime spine. Dalle radici si estrae un eccellente pigmento giallo detto morina. Il legno è pesante, particolarmente duro e resistente agli attrezzi da taglio, al tempo e alle intemperie.

Foglie

È una pianta a foglie caduche, molto simili a quelle dell'arancio. Alterne, coriacee e acuminate, furono anche impiegate nell'alimentazione del baco da seta.

Fiori

 src=
Infiorescenza femminile

La specie è dioica, cioè con fiori maschili e femminili su piante differenti. Le infiorescenze, sia maschili che femminili, sono sferiche del diametro di 2–3 cm.

I fiori maschili sono di colore verde pallido, piccoli e disposti in racemi portati su peduncoli lunghi, sottili e pendenti, che si sviluppano all'ascella di foglie sui rametti dell'anno precedente. Presentano un calice peloso a quattro lobi; i quattro stami sono inseriti di fronte ai lobi del calice, sul margine di un disco sottile. I fiori femminili sono portati in una densa testa a molti fiori sferica su un breve peduncolo robusto sui rami dell'anno. Ogni fiore ha un calice peloso a quattro lobi, un ovario supero e un lungo stilo snello.

Frutti

La caratteristica più curiosa della pianta è il frutto che è più propriamente una infruttescenza (sorosio) derivata dalla trasformazione di un'intera infiorescenza. È infatti formata da un insieme di piccole drupe, ognuna derivante da un diverso fiore dell'infiorescenza. È un ammasso sferico dal diametro di 7 – 15 cm di colore variabile dal giallo al verde, di consistenza legnosa e con la superficie profondamente corrugata. Il frutto aperto rivela una polpa biancastra da cui cola un succo lattiginoso.

Distribuzione e habitat

Maclura pomifera è originaria del Nord America (parte centrale degli Stati Uniti) dove viene chiamata Osage orange (arancia degli Osagi), dal nome della tribù di nativi che risiedeva nella zona di crescita di questo albero.

Nel 1818 venne introdotta in Europa e nel 1827 in Italia, dove ebbe una certa diffusione soprattutto in Toscana e nel Lazio. A Roma cresce nel Parco Volusia.

Si suppone che fino alla fine del Pleistocene il frutto fosse consumato dalle megafaune americane (ignota ancora la specie esatta) che così provvedevano alla distribuzione della pianta. Infatti, grazie ai pollini fossili è noto che la pianta era un tempo molto più diffusa nel continente, così come oggi è coltivabile con successo in quasi tutti gli Stati Uniti continentali e buona parte del Canada meridionale, mentre nel '700 era limitata ad una fascia del Texas nordorientale (con una piccola popolazione relitta a Chisos nel Texas sud-occidentale), Oklahoma e Arkansas, con popolazioni isolate del Kansas centro-meridionale (probabilmente importata in epoca precolombiana dagli indiani per costruire archi). In natura la pianta fa fatica a riprodursi e a diffondersi, visto che in mancanza di un animale che ne mangi e disperda il voluminoso frutto, questo cade vicino alle radici della pianta madre.

Usi

 src=
Un piatto contenente alcuni frutti di maclura

Nella sua regione d'origine, il Nord America, maclura era ben nota ai nativi, in particolare Osagi (ma anche Comanche e Kiowa), e impiegata nella costruzione di archi, tintura dei tessuti, nonché come rimedio contro le congiuntiviti e infiammazioni degli occhi. Il colorante ricavato dalla corteccia e dalle radici si usava per tingere il volto con un colore giallo limone nei rituali degli Osage, tribù dalla quale prende il nome (giallo Osage).

Il legno, durissimo ed elastico, ma dal gradevole colore ocra e dotato di bellissime venature più scure, può essere utilizzato per creazioni artigianali pregiate o per la realizzazione di attrezzi durevoli, oltre ai già menzionati archi. Infatti, il nome dato alla pianta dai primi coloni francesi fu "bodarc", ovvero la contrazione di "bois d'arc".

Il frutto è apprezzato dagli scoiattoli, mentre negli esseri umani, seppur non velenoso, causa il vomito e non è commestibile.

Negli Stati Uniti ha conosciuto sin dal primo Ottocento una certa diffusione, sia perché se potata e tenuta a livello arbustivo grazie alla caratteristica spinosità forma ottime siepi, capaci di tenere a bada il bestiame e di fungere da frangivento, sia perché è ornamentale, sia perché il suo legno dalla grande capacità di non marcire anche in ambienti saturi d'acqua era prediletto per la costruzione di pontili, ponti ferroviari e altri manufatti durevoli che dovevano resistere all'acqua. Fu impiegata anche per le piccole imbarcazioni, soprattutto in Texas a metà Ottocento.

Durante la crisi del '29, che negli stati del West coincise con un processo di erosione e desertificazione, fu scelta da Roosevelt come principale pianta per costruire ampie siepi e boschetti frangivento.

In Italia, a partire da metà Ottocento, in seguito alla comparsa di una grave forma di infezione che colpiva le radici dei gelsi bianchi utilizzati in bachicoltura, si tentò di utilizzarne le foglie nell'alimentazione del baco da seta, ma con poco successo, vista la scarsità di nutrienti rispetto alla foglia del gelso.

Oggi è utilizzata come pianta ornamentale e per realizzare siepi invalicabili. Raggiungendo dimensioni ragguardevoli come esemplare isolato, l'albero adulto perde in gran parte la spinosità.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Maclura pomifera, su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 27/5/2022.
  2. ^ Maclura pomifera], su: www.agraria.org., su agraria.org.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Maclura pomifera: Brief Summary ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. è una pianta arborea appartenente alla famiglia delle Moracee diffusa negli Stati Uniti d'America. È conosciuta anche come gelso del Texas, oppure arancio degli Osagi, o melo da siepi, melo dei cavalli, moro degli Osagi e legno d'arco.

L'epiteto specifico è un omaggio al geologo William Maclure (1763–1840).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Obuolinė makliūra ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT

Obuolinė makliūra (lot. Maclura pomifera, angl. Osage-orange, vok. Milchorangenbaum) – šilkmedinių (Moraceae) šeimos augalas.


Vikiteka

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Osagedoorn ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De osagedoorn (Maclura pomifera) is een plant uit de moerbeifamilie (Moraceae). In zijn land van oorsprong, de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, staat de soort bekend onder de naam van "Osage orange", omdat de vorm van de vrucht enigszins aan een sinaasappel doet denken en omdat het verspreidingsgebied ten dele samenvalt met het stamgebied der Osage-Indianen.

Het is een tweehuizige plant (aparte mannelijke en vrouwelijke planten). Het is een loofboom of (bij regelmatige snoeiïng) grote struik, die 8-15 m hoog kan worden. Het vruchtverband komt voort uit een aantal verschillende vruchtbeginselen, is 7-15 cm groot en ziet eruit als een groen-gele, sterk gerimpelde sinaasappel, die gevuld is met een kleverig wit sap. De vrucht is niet voor menselijke consumptie geschikt.

In de Krim waar de boom algemeen voorkomt in straten en parken, worden de vruchten aangewend voor het bereiden van (natuur)geneeskundige tinctuur en zalf.

De plant komt van nature voor in een betrekkelijk klein gebied in de Verenigde Staten, dat delen van Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas en Louisiana omvat. Als parkboom wordt hij echter ook elders aangeplant. De takken van de Osagedoorn zijn voorzien van scherpe stekels, reden waarom de plant in het prairiegebied veel werd aangeplant in voor het vee ondoordringbare heggen. De stekels vormden bovendien de inspiratie voor de uitvinding van het prikkeldraad. Diverse Indianenstammen gebruikten het sap van de vruchten van de osagedoorn als bindmiddel voor de verf waarmee ze zich insmeerden als zij op oorlogspad gingen en het hout voor het maken van bogen. De Franse naam is dan ook 'bois d'arc'. Het hout werd door de blanken lang geleden wel gebruikt voor spoorwegbielzen; tegenwoordig is het een gewilde en kostbare houtsoort met een dichte structuur, dat weinig trekt en een grote hardheid heeft, gebruikt voor omheiningspalen, gereedschap en fijn meubelwerk. Het is goed rotbestendig.[1] [2].

Raadsel omtrent de verspreiding der zaden

De ecologische functie van vlezige vruchten is dat ze worden gegeten door dieren, die vervolgens voor de verspreiding der zaden zorgen. Daarom is het merkwaardig dat geen enkel wild dier - met uitzondering van één soort grondeekhoorn - de schijnvruchten van de osagedoorn eet.

Een hypothese is dat de grote schijnvruchten vroeger gegeten werden door een groot dier, de ongeveer 10.000 jaar geleden is uitgestorven grondluiaard.

  1. Plant fact sheet: Osage orange, Maclura pomifera (Rafin.). US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (March 2011). Geraadpleegd op 25 October 2017.
  2. , Native Trees, Shrubs, & Vines: A Guide to Using, Growing, and Propagating North American Woody Plants, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2002, p. 136. ISBN 0618098585. Geraadpleegd op January 31, 2016.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Osagedoorn: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De osagedoorn (Maclura pomifera) is een plant uit de moerbeifamilie (Moraceae). In zijn land van oorsprong, de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, staat de soort bekend onder de naam van "Osage orange", omdat de vorm van de vrucht enigszins aan een sinaasappel doet denken en omdat het verspreidingsgebied ten dele samenvalt met het stamgebied der Osage-Indianen.

Het is een tweehuizige plant (aparte mannelijke en vrouwelijke planten). Het is een loofboom of (bij regelmatige snoeiïng) grote struik, die 8-15 m hoog kan worden. Het vruchtverband komt voort uit een aantal verschillende vruchtbeginselen, is 7-15 cm groot en ziet eruit als een groen-gele, sterk gerimpelde sinaasappel, die gevuld is met een kleverig wit sap. De vrucht is niet voor menselijke consumptie geschikt.

In de Krim waar de boom algemeen voorkomt in straten en parken, worden de vruchten aangewend voor het bereiden van (natuur)geneeskundige tinctuur en zalf.

De plant komt van nature voor in een betrekkelijk klein gebied in de Verenigde Staten, dat delen van Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas en Louisiana omvat. Als parkboom wordt hij echter ook elders aangeplant. De takken van de Osagedoorn zijn voorzien van scherpe stekels, reden waarom de plant in het prairiegebied veel werd aangeplant in voor het vee ondoordringbare heggen. De stekels vormden bovendien de inspiratie voor de uitvinding van het prikkeldraad. Diverse Indianenstammen gebruikten het sap van de vruchten van de osagedoorn als bindmiddel voor de verf waarmee ze zich insmeerden als zij op oorlogspad gingen en het hout voor het maken van bogen. De Franse naam is dan ook 'bois d'arc'. Het hout werd door de blanken lang geleden wel gebruikt voor spoorwegbielzen; tegenwoordig is het een gewilde en kostbare houtsoort met een dichte structuur, dat weinig trekt en een grote hardheid heeft, gebruikt voor omheiningspalen, gereedschap en fijn meubelwerk. Het is goed rotbestendig. .

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Maclura pomifera ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO


Maclura pomifera er et løvfellende tre i morbærfamilien.

Det blir opptil 20 m høyt med en uregelmessig kuppelformet krone og har en pælerot som kan gå mer enn 8,2 m dypt. Barken er oransjebrun, dypt furet og flekkes ofte av. Skuddene er sikksakkformede med en 1,3–2,5 cm lang torn ved basis av hvert skudd eller blad. Lave greiner som har dødd på grunn av skygge, sitter igjen i mange år og bidrar til at trærne danner ugjenomtrengelige kratt.

Akselbladene er lansettformede, 1,5–2 mm lange og hårete. Bladstilken er 1–2,5 cm lang og håret. Bladene er 4–12 cm lange, 2–6 cm brede, bølgekantede, tilspissede, glinsende mørkegrønne på oversiden og lysere under.

Trærne er særbu med hann- og hunnblomster på ulike planter. Blomstene sitter i kulerunde hoder. De er vindpollinerte og blomstrer i april–juni. Frukten er en gulgrønn, kulerund fruktstandsfrukt med en diameter på 7,5–15 cm og ofte en vekt på mer enn ett kilo. Den er moden i september–oktober. Hvis frukten blir skadet, skiller den ut en melkesaft som kan irritere huden og som blir svart når den tørker på frukten.

Frukten er tilpasset spredning med store, utdødde planteetere, som mammuter og kjempedovendyr, og den er uspiselig for mennesker og nålevende dyr. Når frukten er moden, faller den av trærne og kan trille nedover bakke eller bli transportert med elver. Noen dyr som ekorn, rev, grankorsnebb og nordkrattvaktel, kan ete frøene.

Maclura pomifera hadde i pleistocen en vid utbredelse i Nord-Amerika. De store planteeterne forsvant tidlig i holocen, og utbredelsen til Maclura skrumpet inn. Ved europeernes ankomst vokste treslaget kun i Red River-området i sørvestlige Arkansas, sørøstlige Oklahoma og sentrale Texas. Her vokser den på fuktig, veldrenert grunn sammen med kviteik, hickory, kvitask og rød morbær.

Osageindianerne brukte trevirket til buer. Arten er plantet og delvis naturalisert overalt i det kontinentale USA og sørøstlige Canada. Den brukes til hekker for å gjerde inn husdyr, leplantninger og for erosjonskontroll. Stammene brukes til gjerdestolper.

Galleri

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NO

Maclura pomifera: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO


Maclura pomifera er et løvfellende tre i morbærfamilien.

Det blir opptil 20 m høyt med en uregelmessig kuppelformet krone og har en pælerot som kan gå mer enn 8,2 m dypt. Barken er oransjebrun, dypt furet og flekkes ofte av. Skuddene er sikksakkformede med en 1,3–2,5 cm lang torn ved basis av hvert skudd eller blad. Lave greiner som har dødd på grunn av skygge, sitter igjen i mange år og bidrar til at trærne danner ugjenomtrengelige kratt.

Akselbladene er lansettformede, 1,5–2 mm lange og hårete. Bladstilken er 1–2,5 cm lang og håret. Bladene er 4–12 cm lange, 2–6 cm brede, bølgekantede, tilspissede, glinsende mørkegrønne på oversiden og lysere under.

Trærne er særbu med hann- og hunnblomster på ulike planter. Blomstene sitter i kulerunde hoder. De er vindpollinerte og blomstrer i april–juni. Frukten er en gulgrønn, kulerund fruktstandsfrukt med en diameter på 7,5–15 cm og ofte en vekt på mer enn ett kilo. Den er moden i september–oktober. Hvis frukten blir skadet, skiller den ut en melkesaft som kan irritere huden og som blir svart når den tørker på frukten.

Frukten er tilpasset spredning med store, utdødde planteetere, som mammuter og kjempedovendyr, og den er uspiselig for mennesker og nålevende dyr. Når frukten er moden, faller den av trærne og kan trille nedover bakke eller bli transportert med elver. Noen dyr som ekorn, rev, grankorsnebb og nordkrattvaktel, kan ete frøene.

Maclura pomifera hadde i pleistocen en vid utbredelse i Nord-Amerika. De store planteeterne forsvant tidlig i holocen, og utbredelsen til Maclura skrumpet inn. Ved europeernes ankomst vokste treslaget kun i Red River-området i sørvestlige Arkansas, sørøstlige Oklahoma og sentrale Texas. Her vokser den på fuktig, veldrenert grunn sammen med kviteik, hickory, kvitask og rød morbær.

Osageindianerne brukte trevirket til buer. Arten er plantet og delvis naturalisert overalt i det kontinentale USA og sørøstlige Canada. Den brukes til hekker for å gjerde inn husdyr, leplantninger og for erosjonskontroll. Stammene brukes til gjerdestolper.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NO

Żółtnica pomarańczowa ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Żółtnica pomarańczowa (Maclura pomifera) – gatunek małego drzewa lub krzewu naturalnie występującego w środkowych i południowo-wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych. Gatunek szeroko rozpowszechniony w południowej Europie oraz zachodniej i środkowej Azji[3].

Morfologia

Pokrój
Drzewo o sezonowym ulistnieniu, wysokości do 15 m i szerokości do 12 m, o ciemnobrązowej, spękanej korze[4]. Pędy z cierniami do 2 cm długości[3].
Liście
Skrętoległe, o blaszce o długości do 12 cm, jajowatej, ciemnozielonej, błyszczącej i całobrzegiej[3].
Kwiaty
Drobne i rozdzielnopłciowe, zebrane są w kuliste kwiatostany. Męski zwisają i osiągają do 3,5 cm średnicy, a żeńskie są wzniesione i mniejsze[3].
Owoce
Suche niełupki obrośnięte są zmięśniałą osią kwiatostanu tworząc kulisty owocostan o średnicy do 15 cm i barwie jasnopomarańczowej[3].

Biologia

Wszystkie części rośliny zawierają biały sok mleczny. Liście rozwijają się późno. Kwitnienie następuje w końcu maja i w czerwcu. Owocostany wiszą długo, nawet po opadnięciu liści[3].

Zastosowanie

  • Uprawiana jest jako roślina ozdobna. Nadaje się do stref 7-10, stąd też w naszym klimacie młode rośliny mogą przemarzać[4]. Sadzona jest w Europie (w tym w Polsce). W Europie Środkowej owocostany nie dojrzewają w pełni[3].
  • Owoce zawierają substancje działające podobnie do DEET, mogą być stosowane jako naturalne repelenty.
  • Roślina żywopłotowa, z powodu ciernistych pędów sadzona wzdłuż ogrodzeń[3].
  • Drewno ciężkie, twarde, trwałe i sprężyste, idealne do łuków (zastosowanie historyczne)[4]. Zabarwione na kolor żółty. Dobrze przyjmuje politurę[3].
 src=
Owoce odstraszają owady

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-01-19].
  2. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2010-01-10].
  3. a b c d e f g h i Alicja Szweykowska, Jerzy Szweykowski (red.): Słownik botaniczny. Wyd. wydanie II, zmienione i uzupełnione. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 2003, s. 1054. ISBN 83-214-1305-6.
  4. a b c Geoff Burnie i inni: Botanica. Rośliny ogrodowe. Könemann, 2005. ISBN 3-8331-1916-0.

Bibliografia

  1. Żółtnica pomarańczowa, maklura. [dostęp 2010-02-15].
  2. Żółtnica pomarańczowa | Maclura pomifera C.K.Schneid. – Internetowa Baza Roślin. [dostęp 2010-02-15].
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Żółtnica pomarańczowa: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Żółtnica pomarańczowa (Maclura pomifera) – gatunek małego drzewa lub krzewu naturalnie występującego w środkowych i południowo-wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych. Gatunek szeroko rozpowszechniony w południowej Europie oraz zachodniej i środkowej Azji.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Laranjeira-de-osage ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Maclura pomifera Raf., Schneid., conhecida pelos nomes comuns de laranjeira-de-osage e pau-d'arco, é uma planta pertencente à família Moraceae, a mesma das amoreiras.[1]

Etimologia

A planta é chamada de laranjeira-de-osage devido a seu fruto. É um fruto amarelo-esverdeado e não comestível, vagamente parecido com uma laranja.

O termo osage origina-se do nome da tribo indígena norte-americana Nação Wazhazhe (ou Nação de Osage, como é conhecida). Essa tribo é originária da região centro-sul dos Estados Unidos, assim como o pau-d'arco.

Uso humano

A laranjeira-de-osage foi difundida na América do Norte pelos colonizadores europeus e seus descendentes, devido principalmente à característica espinhosa da planta: ela foi muito utilizada como cerca-viva para deter a livre circulação de animais domesticados de grande porte (i.e. vacas e cavalos) entre propriedades.

Mesmo após a invenção do arame farpado, a sua madeira continuou sendo muito utilizada pelos novos habitantes do continente. A madeira do pau-d'arco é muito dura, sendo utilizada para a instalação de postes de cercas de arame farpado, fabricação de cabos de ferramentas e outros usos que demandam uma madeira rígida. Desde antes a Era dos Descobrimentos européia nas Américas, povos autóctones (como a Nação Osage) utilizavam a madeira do pau-d'arco na confeção de arcos e flechas.

A madeira do pau-d'arco é difícil de ser trabalhada por ser compacta, duríssima e bastante pesada. Além do arco-e-flecha, que ainda é fabricado, hoje em dia a madeira é utilizada na confecção de instrumentos musicais como tambores e guitarras (assim como a madeira de peroba e de pau-ferro, originários da América do Sul), móveis, vasos finos, canetas, esculturas etc.

A madeira do pau-d'arco também é utilizada para tingir fios de . O tecido tingido possui uma cor amarelo-madeira parecida, próxima da cor natural do próprio pau-d'arco.

Fotos

Ver também

Referências

  1. a b Stritch, L. (2018). Maclura pomifera (em inglês). IUCN 2018. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2018 Versão e.T61886714A61886723. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61886714A61886723.en Página visitada em 28 de outubro de 2021.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Laranjeira-de-osage: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Maclura pomifera Raf., Schneid., conhecida pelos nomes comuns de laranjeira-de-osage e pau-d'arco, é uma planta pertencente à família Moraceae, a mesma das amoreiras.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Maclura pomifera ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

provided by wikipedia RO

Maclura pomifera (sin. Maclura aurantica[3]), maclura pomiferă[4] sau merele cailor[5] (numită popular și „portocal fals”[6]) este un arbore foios mic sau un arbust mare, cu o înălțime ce variază între 8–15 metri. Este o plantă monoica, cu florile masculine și feminine pe acelasi individ. Fructul, dintr-o familie de fructe multiple, este aproximativ sferic, cu 7.6–15.2 centimetri în diametru. Acesta este umplut cu un latex alb lipicios. În toamnă, culoare devine de un strălucitor galben-verde. În ciuda numelui „portocal fals”, acesta nu este strâns legat de portocal[7][8].

Maclura aurantiaca a fost descoperită în 1804, de botanistul Thomas Nuttall. Numele plantei vine însă de la William Maclure, un geolog care a finanțat expediția lui Nuttall, în zona statelor Arkansas și Oklahoma[9].

Fructul

Fructul are un miros plăcut și ușor, fiind însă necomestibil pentru cea mai mare parte dintre viețuitoare. Deși nu este foarte otrăvitor, mâncatul fructului poate provoca vărsături. Cu toate acestea, semințele din fructe sunt comestibile. Fructul este, uneori, sfâșiat de veverițe pentru a obține semințe, însă puține alte animale native fac uz de fruct că o sursă de hrană. Acest lucru este neobișnuit, fiindcă cel mai adesea semințele fructelor de maclura sunt dispersate prin intermediul animalelor[10].

Galerie

Referințe

  1. ^ „Tropicos”. Tropicos. Accesat în 24 februarie 2014.
  2. ^ „The Plant List”. The Plant List. Accesat în 24 februarie 2014.
  3. ^ Maclura pomifera - arbust decorativ prin fructe | Horticultorul.ro
  4. ^ Gheorghe Postolache. Arbori ocrotiți de stat din municipiul Chișinău. Mediul ambiant, nr. 6 (60), 2011, p. 28-34.
  5. ^ Merele cailor sau copacul numit OSAGE ORANGE pe egadini.ro
  6. ^ Raport de cercetare - Maclura pomifera - Scribd
  7. ^ "Osage orange" at Britannica
  8. ^ "Orange" at Britannica.
  9. ^ Raport de cercetare - Maclura pomifera - Scribd
  10. ^ Merele cailor sau copacul numit OSAGE ORANGE pe egadini.ro
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autori și editori
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia RO

Maclura pomifera: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

provided by wikipedia RO

Maclura pomifera (sin. Maclura aurantica), maclura pomiferă sau merele cailor (numită popular și „portocal fals”) este un arbore foios mic sau un arbust mare, cu o înălțime ce variază între 8–15 metri. Este o plantă monoica, cu florile masculine și feminine pe acelasi individ. Fructul, dintr-o familie de fructe multiple, este aproximativ sferic, cu 7.6–15.2 centimetri în diametru. Acesta este umplut cu un latex alb lipicios. În toamnă, culoare devine de un strălucitor galben-verde. În ciuda numelui „portocal fals”, acesta nu este strâns legat de portocal.

Maclura aurantiaca a fost descoperită în 1804, de botanistul Thomas Nuttall. Numele plantei vine însă de la William Maclure, un geolog care a finanțat expediția lui Nuttall, în zona statelor Arkansas și Oklahoma.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autori și editori
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia RO

Yalancı portakal ağacı ( Turkish )

provided by wikipedia TR

Yalancı portakal ağacı (Maclura pomifera), dutgiller (Moraceae) familyasından 20 m'ye kadar boylanabilen geniş tepeli bir ağaç türü.

Morfolojik özellikleri

Genç sürgünlerin rengi yeşilimsi-gri veya açık kahverenginde olup, çıplaktır ve üzerinde çok sayıda lentiseller bulunur. Sürgünler üzerinde dikenler bulunur. Sürgünler koparıldığında veya kesildiğinde süt görünümünde bir sıvı salgılar. Tepe tomurcuğu pseudoterminaldır. Tomurcuklar küçük, yandan basık, küre biçimindedir ve az sayıda pullarla örtülmüştür.

5–12 cm uzunluğundaki yaprakları uzun damla uçlu yumurta biçimindedir, üst yüzü parlak yeşil, alt yüzü açık yeşildir ve tam kenarlıdır. Bir cinsli iki evciklidir.

Birçok çekirdekli sulu meyvelerin bir araya gelmesinden oluşan agregat meyve (bileşik meyve) 10 cm çapında, portakal görünümünde, yeşil renklidir, ezildiğinde süt salgılar.

Ekolojik özellikleri

Taban suyu yüksek olan rutubetli yerlerde görülürse de, değişik toprak tiplerine uyum gösterebilir. Türkiye'de çit ve süs bitkisi olarak yetiştirilmektedir.

Dağılımı

Vatanı Kuzey Amerika'nın güney batısıdır.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia TR

Yalancı portakal ağacı: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

provided by wikipedia TR

Yalancı portakal ağacı (Maclura pomifera), dutgiller (Moraceae) familyasından 20 m'ye kadar boylanabilen geniş tepeli bir ağaç türü.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia TR

Маклюра оранжева ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK
  1. Tropicos. Tropicos. Процитовано 2014-02-24.
  2. The Plant List. The Plant List. Процитовано 2014-02-24.

Посилання


license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia UK

Маклюра оранжева: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK
Tropicos. Tropicos. Процитовано 2014-02-24. The Plant List. The Plant List. Процитовано 2014-02-24.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia UK

Maclura pomifera ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Maclura pomifera là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Moraceae. Loài này được (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1906.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Maclura pomifera. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Dâu tằm này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Maclura pomifera: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Maclura pomifera là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Moraceae. Loài này được (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1906.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Маклюра оранжевая ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Исторический район происхождения на территории США

Родина — юго-восток США. Распространено в Центральном Техасе.

Светолюбива, на юге даже переносит некоторое затенение. К почве нетребовательна, мирится даже с засоленными. Культивируется в Средней Азии (Узбекистан, Казахстан, Туркмения), Крыму и на Кавказе, в Краснодарском и Ставропольском краях. Зимостойка до широты Воронежа. Очень засухоустойчива, ветроустойчива и солевынослива. Хорошо выдерживает условия города. Размножается семенами, отводками, черенками и корневыми отпрысками, которые могут засорять посадки.

«Адамово яблоко»

Плод маклюры называют адамовым яблоком (реже китайским, или индийским апельсином). Это крупный плод, до 15 см в поперечнике, с морщинистой оранжево-зелёной кожей, по форме и окраске напоминающий апельсин. Ядовит. При разрезании ножом выделяется липкая жидкость — это млечный сок, которым буквально пропитаны все части растения.

В млечном соке маклюры много циклических тритерпеновых спиртов в виде эфиров жирных кислот. К этому классу биологически активных веществ, широко распространенных в растительном мире, относятся стерины, желчные кислоты, сапонины. Суммарное содержание тритерпеноидов в соплодиях маклюры в период молочной спелости достигает 4 %. Химический состав плодов очень разнообразен, но много веществ, схожих веществами из плодов шелковицы. Однако плоды маклюры несъедобны. Много в соплодиях сахаров, пектиновых веществ до 10 %, в листьях почти 13 % лимонной кислоты. Семена — небольшие орешки, размещенные внутри соплодия, содержат почти 30 % жирных кислот. Но наиболее ценными веществами маклюры можно считать флавоноидные соединения. Эта группа веществ по строению подобна витамину P. По сути, это мощные антиоксиданты, обладающие противосклеротическими и противоканцерагентными свойствами[источник не указан 1518 дней]. В наибольшем количестве из флавонолов содержится кемпферол — до 1,2 %. Именно эти вещества обладают жёлто-оранжевым (апельсиновым) цветом. В больших количествах (около 6 %) содержится в плодах и изомерные соединения флавоноидов — изофлавоны. Из них большая часть приходится на долю осайина. Как и многие полифенолы с Р-витаминой активностью они укрепляют сосуды, капилляры. При этом осайин намного выше по эффективности, чем известный рутин. Фитопродукт из флавоноидов, выделенный из соплодий маклюры, является потенциальным сырьём для создания эффективного сердечно-сосудистого средства.

В народной медицине млечный сок маклюры используют для лечения различных кожных заболеваний — дерматитов, экземы, ран и пендинской язвы, а также для лечения рака кожи, радикулитов, ревматизма, полиартрита, гипертонии и геморрагических патологий[6].

Использование

 src=
 src=

Благодаря высоким декоративным свойствам маклюра оранжевая является одним из ценных в хозяйственном отношении растений, перспективным для использования в декоративном садоводстве. Рекомендуется для использования в садах и парках в виде колючих живых изгородей, опушек, групповых и одиночных посадок (солитеров), а также для создания защитных полос и мелиоративных посадок.

В декоративном садоводстве ценится за оригинальные соплодия. В медицинской промышленности многих стран из соплодий изготавливают препараты (для стимулирования сердечной деятельности, антибиотики), а в народной медицине используют как средство для заживления ран и лечения ревматических заболеваний, млечный сок удаляет бородавки, а участки кожи, поражённые грибком, темнеют как и отмирающие бородавки, останавливает кровотечения (наружно).

Древесина чрезвычайно прочна, прочнее дубовой. Имеет красивый янтарный цвет, который становится со временем роскошно золотым. Из древесины изготавливают мебель. Издавна эта прочная гибкая древесина использовалась для изготовления луков. Из коры и корней дерева изготавливают жёлтую краску.

Есть некоторые основания считать, что раньше это растение было распространено гораздо шире, и его плоды были излюбленной пищей мастодонтов: бивни мастодонтов как нельзя лучше подходили для стряхивания плодов с дерева, а коренные зубы - для их пережёвывания. Возможно, сокращение ареала маклюры и стало одной из причин вымирания тех видов мастодонтов, которые не перешли на иной рацион и, таким образом, эволюционировали в слонов[7]

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Русское название таксона — согласно следующему изданию:
    Шрётер А. И., Панасюк В. А. Словарь названий растений = Dictionary of Plant Names / Межд. союз биол. наук, Нац. к-т биологов России, Всерос. ин-т лек. и ароматич. растений Рос. сельскохоз. академии; Под ред. проф. В. А. Быкова. — Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books, 1999. — С. 458. — 1033 с. — ISBN 3-87429-398-X.
  3. Вульф Е. В., Малеева О. Ф. Мировые ресурсы полезных растений: пищевые, кормовые, лекарственные и др. / отв. ред. Ф. Х. Бахтеев; БИН АН СССР. — Л.: Наука, 1969. — 566 с. — 7500 экз.
  4. 1 2 3 Справочное руководство по древесине. — М.: Лесная промышленность, 1979—549 С.
  5. 1 2 Маклюра оранжевая, лжеапельсин, индийский апельсин, красильная шелковица " Все о лесном деле и деревообработке
  6. АиФ. Здоровье, № 25(513), 2004 г.
  7. Honeylocusts and Mastodons (англ.). bygl.osu.edu. Проверено 4 сентября 2018.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Маклюра оранжевая: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Исторический район происхождения на территории США

Родина — юго-восток США. Распространено в Центральном Техасе.

Светолюбива, на юге даже переносит некоторое затенение. К почве нетребовательна, мирится даже с засоленными. Культивируется в Средней Азии (Узбекистан, Казахстан, Туркмения), Крыму и на Кавказе, в Краснодарском и Ставропольском краях. Зимостойка до широты Воронежа. Очень засухоустойчива, ветроустойчива и солевынослива. Хорошо выдерживает условия города. Размножается семенами, отводками, черенками и корневыми отпрысками, которые могут засорять посадки.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

桑橙 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Maclura pomifera

桑橙学名Maclura pomifera)又名橙桑柘橙柘果(河北)、馬蘋果弓木奧塞奇橙Osage orange),是桑科橙桑属的植物。因為果實的外觀像腦的形狀,俗稱為猴腦果

分布

桑橙原產於美國中部,包括阿肯色州西南部、奧克拉荷馬州東南部、德克薩斯州東部的一個狹長地帶及路易斯安那州西北角。

中國的辽宁大连河北秦皇岛等地有引种栽培。

外形

植株為落葉小喬木或大灌木,通常可以生長到8~15公尺高。為雌雄異株,雌花和雄花生長在不同的植株上,同一棵植物只會開一種性別的花。果實聚合瘦果,球形,果皮粗糙凹凸不平,果徑7~15公分,果肉內有白色黏稠狀汁液。果實未成熟時呈綠色,在秋天時會轉變為亮黃綠色,並帶有淡淡的香味。

食用

桑橙肉質的果實會散發一股柔和的香味,類似西瓜的味道。果實味苦,雖然沒有很強的毒性,如不慎食用時會導致嘔吐,並不適合人類食用。

桑橙可以做為野生動物食物松鼠會咬開桑橙的果實以取得裡面的種子食用,不過只有少數當地原產的動物會以桑橙做為食物。

桑橙的果實有驅蟲的效果,通常被用來驅除蜘蛛蟑螂、梣葉槭蝽(boxelder bugs)、蟋蟀、跳蚤及其他昆蟲。當果實變乾變黑後就沒有驅蟲的效果。

其他用途

桑橙植株上生有尖銳的刺,在還沒有發明有刺鐵絲網的年代,桑橙常被種植成樹籬,做為隔離牲畜的圍牆使用。桑橙木材的材質細緻不容易腐爛,是做為柵欄柱子的上好材料。當木材完全乾燥時,也是一種很好的薪柴,拿來生火時燃燒的時間長且火力大。木材呈黃橙色,可以做工具的木柄、木釘、電絕緣體及其他需要高尺寸穩定性的應用木料。

 src=
桑橙的果實

桑橙也是做弓的好材料,因此才有弓木這個別名。弓木這個名稱是由美國早期的法國移民所取的,他們觀察到美國的原住民奧塞奇族(Osage Nation),會拿桑橙的木材來做弓,有時為了取得這種木材,常會跋涉數百英里尋找桑橙樹木。

参考文献

  • 昆明植物研究所. 橙桑. 《中国高等植物数据库全库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

桑橙: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

桑橙(学名:Maclura pomifera)又名橙桑、柘橙、柘果(河北)、馬蘋果、弓木、奧塞奇橙(Osage orange),是桑科橙桑属的植物。因為果實的外觀像腦的形狀,俗稱為猴腦果。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

오세이지뽕나무 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

오세이지뽕나무(Osage---, 학명: Maclura pomifera 마클루라 포미페라[*])는 뽕나무과과일 나무이다.[3] 원산지는 미국이다.[4] 미국의 탐험가 메리웨더 루이스의 1804년 기록에 따르면 원주민오세이지족 사람들에게서 묘목을 건네받았기 때문에 "오세이지"라는 이름이 붙었다.[5] 오디와 비슷한 열매영어권에서 오렌지를 닮았다고 "오세이지오렌지(Osage orange)"라 불리거나, 그 외에도 "헤지애플(hedge apple)", "멍키볼(monkey ball)" 등 다양한 이름으로 불린다.

사진

각주

  1. Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.Schneid.”. 《The Plant List》 (영어). 2012년 3월 23일. 2019년 6월 5일에 확인함.
  2. Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.Schneid.”. 《Plants of the World Online》 (영어). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2019년 6월 5일에 확인함.
  3. Schneider, Camillo Karl. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1(5): 806. 1906.
  4. Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid.”. 《GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.4.0》 (영어). 2000년 1월 26일. 2019년 6월 5일에 확인함.
  5. Osage Oranges Take a Bough. Smithsonian Magazine, March 2004, p. 35.
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자

오세이지뽕나무: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

오세이지뽕나무(Osage---, 학명: Maclura pomifera 마클루라 포미페라[*])는 뽕나무과과일 나무이다. 원산지는 미국이다. 미국의 탐험가 메리웨더 루이스의 1804년 기록에 따르면 원주민오세이지족 사람들에게서 묘목을 건네받았기 때문에 "오세이지"라는 이름이 붙었다. 오디와 비슷한 열매영어권에서 오렌지를 닮았다고 "오세이지오렌지(Osage orange)"라 불리거나, 그 외에도 "헤지애플(hedge apple)", "멍키볼(monkey ball)" 등 다양한 이름으로 불린다.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자