Description
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Annual herb, erect or more rarely ascending, 10-75 (-100) cm. Stem rather slender, sparingly to considerably branched, angular, glabrous or more frequently increasingly hairy upwards (especially in the inflorescence) with short or longer and rather floccose multicellular hairs. Leaves glabrous or shortly to fairly long-pilose on the lower surface of the primary and most of the venation, long-petiolate (petioles up to c. 10 cm long and the longest commonly longer than the lamina), lamina deltoid-ovate to rhomboid-oblong, 2-7 x 1.5-5.5 cm, the margins occasionally obviously sinuate, shortly cuneate to sub-truncate below, obtuse and narrowly to clearly emarginate at the tip, minutely mucronate. Flowers green, in slender, axillary or terminal, often paniculate spikes c. 2.5-12 cm long and 2-5 mm wide, or in the lower part of the stem in dense axillary clusters to c. 7 mm in diameter; male and female flowers intermixed but the latter more numerous. Bracts and bracteoles deltoid-ovate to lanceolate-ovate, whitish-membranous with a very short, pale or reddish awn formed by the excurrent green midrib, bracteoles shorter than the perianth (c. 1 mm.). Perianth segments 3, very rarely 4, those of the male flowers oblong-oval, acute, concave, c. 1.5 mm, shortly mucronate; those of the female flowers narrowly oblong to narrowly spathulate, finally 1.25-1.75 mm, minutely mucronate or not, the borders white-membranous, midrib green and often thickened above. Stigmas 2-3, short, erect or almost so. Capsule subglobose, 1.25-1.5 mm, not or slightly exceeding the perianth, indehiscent or rupturing irregularly, very strongly rugose throughout. Seed c. 1-1.25 mm, round, only slightly compressed, dark brown to black with an often paler thick border, ± shining, reticulate and with shallow scurfy verrucae on the reticulum, the verrucae with the shape of the areolae.
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Description
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Stem erect, green or somewhat tinged purple, 40-80 cm tall, conspicuously angulate, slightly branched, glabrous. Petiole 3-6 cm, green or somewhat tinged purple; leaf blade ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-elliptic, 3-9 × 2.5-6 cm, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex notched or rounded, with a pointed mucro. Complex thyrsoid structures terminal, 6-12 × 1.5-3 cm, branched, composed of spikes; spikes erect, slender, terminal ones longer than lateral ones; rachis 2-2.5 cm. Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, shorter than 1 mm, apex pointed. Tepals oblong or broadly oblanceolate, 1.2-1.5 mm, apex acute. Stamens shorter than perianth; stigmas 3 or 2. Utricles green, longer than perianth, globose, slightly compressed, ca. 2 mm in diam., very rugose, indehiscent. Seeds black or brownish black, subglobose, ca. 1 mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 34.
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Description
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Plants annual, sometimes short-lived perennial in tropics and subtropics, glabrous. Stems erect, simple or with lateral branches (especially distally), 0.2-1 m. Leaves: petiole 1/2-11/2 as long as blade; blade rhombic-ovate or ovate, 1-7 × 0.5-5 cm, base rounded, cuneate, or attenuate, margins entire, plane, apex obtuse, rounded, or emarginate, mucronate. Inflorescences slender spikes aggregated into elongate terminal panicles, also from distal axils, green, leafless at least distally. Bracts of pistillate flowers ovate to lanceolate, 1 mm, shorter than tepals. Pistillate flowers: tepals 3, narrowly elliptic, obovate-elliptic or spatulate, not clawed, ± equal, 1.2-1.7 mm, apex rounded or nearly acute, mucronate or not; style branches erect; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers inconspicuous, mostly at tips of inflorescences; tepals 3; stamens 3. Utricles ovoid to compressed-ovoid, 1-1.6 mm, equaling or slightly exceeding tepals, prominently or faintly rugose, indehiscent. Seeds black or dark brown, subglobose to thick-lenticular, 1 mm diam., minutely punctulate, rather dull.
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Distribution
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Pantropical.
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Distribution
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Distribution: Perhaps the most widely distributed and common species of the genus, found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and penetrating further into the temperate regions than most of the tropical species. A common weed of waste and cultivated ground in Pakistan, ascending to at least 1220 m.
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Distribution
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introduced; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Mass., Mich., Miss., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va.; native to South America; introduced in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.
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Elevation Range
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150-1200 m
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Flowering/Fruiting
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Flowering summer-fall.
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Habitat
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Fields, railroads, lawns, gardens, waste areas, other disturbed habitats; 0-1000m.
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Habitat & Distribution
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Fields, waste places. All provinces except for NW China and Xizang [pantropical].
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Synonym
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Euxolus viridis (Linnaeus) Moquin-Tandon.
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Synonym
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Amaranthus gracilis Desfontaines ex Poiret
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Insects whose larvae eat this plant species
provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Zizeeria knysna (Sooty blue)
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- Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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- Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Amaranthus viridis L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=122230
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- Mark Hyde
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Comprehensive Description
provided by North American Flora
Amaranthus viridis LSp. PI. ed. 2. 1405. 1763
Pyxidium viride Moench, Meth. 359. 1794. Glomeraria viridis Cav. Descr. PI. 319. 1802. Amaranthus ascendens Loisel. Not. PL France 141. 1810. Euxolus viridis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13 2 : 273. 1849. Euxolus viridis ascendens Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13 2 : 274. 1849.
Amaranthus emarginatus Salzm.; (Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13 2 : 274, as synonym. 1849) Uline & Bray^ Bot. Gaz. 19: 319. 1894.
Stems slender, succulent, much branched from the base, the branches glabrous, ascending or prostrate, 1-6 dm. long; leaves usually few and rather distant, the petioles slender, 4-20 mm. PART 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 119
long, the blades rhombic-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, deeply emarginate, the lobes broad and rounded, rounded to broadly cuneate at the base, fleshy, deep-green, often tinged with purple, glabrous, prominently nerved; flowers monoecious, mostly in small few-flowered axillary clusters much shorter than the petioles, the branches commonly terminated by a slender or stout spike 1 cm. long or less; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acute, scarious, equaling or shorter than the sepals; sepals 3, those of the staminate flowers oblong, acute, 1.5 mm. long, those of the pistillate flowers oblong to narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, much shorter than the utricle; stamens
■
3; style-branches 3, very short; utricle 1.5 mm. high, globose-ovoid, smooth, thin-walled, indehiscent; seed rotund, 0.8 mm. in diameter, dark reddish-brown, shining.
Type locality: Jamaica.
Distribution: Waste ground, Louisiana and Texas and the West Indies; adventive about New York City; also in tropical South America, Asia, and Africa, and the Pacific Islands.
- bibliographic citation
- Paul Carpenter Standley. 1917. (CHENOPODIALES); AMARANTHACEAE. North American flora. vol 21(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
provided by North American Flora
Amaranthus gracilis Desf. Tabl. Bot. 43. 1804
Chenopodium caudatum Jacq. Coll. 2: 325. 1788. Not Amaranthus caudatus h. 1753. Albersia gracilis Webb. & Berth. Phyt. Canar. 3: 287. 1836. Euxolus caudatus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13 2 : 274. 1849. Euxolus caudatus gracilis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13 2 : 274. 1849. Euxolus caudatus maximus Moq. in DC. Prodr, 13 2 : 274. 1849.
Stems rather slender, erect, 2-9 dm. high, with numerous ascending branches, glabrous, smooth; petioles slender, 1-8 cm. long; leaf -blades ovate or rhombic-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, rounded or narrowed at the apex, the tip emarginate, rounded to broadly cuneate at the base, thin, deep-green, glabrous, prominently nerved; flowers monoecious, in slender, axillary or terminal, often paniculate spikes 4—12 cm. long and 4-8 mm, thick, dense short clusters often present in the axils below the spikes; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute, scarious, much shorter than the flowers; sepals 3, oblong to linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, cuspidate, 1-1.5 mm. long, equaling or shorter than the utricle; stamens 3; style-branches 3; utricle globose, thinwalled, strongly rugose, green; seed rotund, about 1 mm. in diameter, black or dark reddish-brown, dull.
TypB locality: Guinea.
Distribution: Waste ground, Florida; adventive in North Carolina and Alabama, and on
- bibliographic citation
- Paul Carpenter Standley. 1917. (CHENOPODIALES); AMARANTHACEAE. North American flora. vol 21(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Amaranthus viridis
provided by wikipedia EN
Amaranthus viridis is a cosmopolitan species in the botanical family Amaranthaceae and is commonly known as slender amaranth or green amaranth.
Description
Amaranthus viridis is an annual herb with an upright, light green stem that grows to about 60–80 cm in height. Numerous branches emerge from the base, and the leaves are ovate, 3–6 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, with long petioles of about 5 cm. The plant has terminal panicles with few branches, and small green flowers with 3 stamens.[1]
Uses
Amaranthus viridis is eaten as a boiled green or as a vegetable in many parts of the world.
In the Northeastern Indian state of Manipur, it is known as cheng-kruk; it is also eaten as a vegetable in South India, especially in Kerala, where it is known as kuppacheera കുപ്പച്ചീര. It is a common vegetable in Bengali cuisine, where it is called note shak ("shak" means leafy vegetable). It a very common vegetable used in Odia Cuisine as Saaga, namely as Kosila Saaga or Marshi Saag in rural areas.
It is also eaten as a vegetable in parts of Africa.[2] The leaves of this plant, known as massaagu in Dhivehi, have been used in the diet of the Maldives for centuries in dishes such as mas huni.[3] The Yoruba in West Africa name for this plant is Ewe Tete and is used for medicinal and spiritual purposes.
In the 19th Century A. viridus, or green amaranth was an item of food in Australia. The botanist Joseph Maiden wrote in 1889: "It is an excellent substitute for spinach, being far superior to much of the leaves of the white beet sold for spinach in Sydney. Next to spinach it seems to be most like boiled nettle leaves, which when young are used in England, and are excellent. This amarantus should be cooked like spinach, and as it becomes more widely known, it is sure to be popular, except amongst persons who may consider it beneath their dignity to have anything to do with so common a weed."[4][5]
Green amaranth also has clusters of nutty edible seeds, which can be eaten as snacks or used in biscuits. A porridge can be made by boiling the seeds in water. Unlike other amaranths, the seeds can be easily harvested by scraping the ripe spikes of seeds between the fingers.[4]
Amaranthus viridis is used as a medicinal herb in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, under the Sanskrit name Tanduliya.[6]
Nutrition
Green Amaranth can contain up to 38% protein by dry weight.[7] The leaves and seeds contain lysine, an essential amino acid.[7]
Related plants
The closely related Amaranthus blitum is also eaten. In Jamaica, it is known as callaloo. In Greece, it is known as vlita.
Amaranthus retroflexus is also edible, and sometimes goes by the name "green amaranth".[8]
References
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^ Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-9745240896.
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^ Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
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^ Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5
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^ a b Low, Tim (1985). Wild Herbs of Australia & New Zealand. Angus & Robertson Publishers. p. 44. ISBN 0207151679.
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^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
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^ R.V. Nair, Controversial drug plants
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^ a b Grubb, Adam; Raser-Rowland, Annie (2012). The Weed Forager's Handbook. Australia: Hyland House Publishing Pty Ltd. p. 23. ISBN 9781864471212.
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^ Benoliel, Doug (2011). Northwest Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-59485-366-1. OCLC 668195076.
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Amaranthus viridis: Brief Summary
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Amaranthus viridis is a cosmopolitan species in the botanical family Amaranthaceae and is commonly known as slender amaranth or green amaranth.
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