Description
(
英語
)
由eFloras提供
Trees to 10 m tall. Branchlets glabrous, with sparse lenticels. Leaves 30 cm or more; leaflets 17 or 19; petiolules 1-1.5 cm; leaflet blades ovate, oblong, or elliptic, 8-12 × 3.5-4 cm, membranous, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 10-12 on each side of midvein and prominent on both surfaces, base rounded and oblique, margin entire or serrate, apex acuminate to acute. Thyrses shorter than leaves, glabrous, branches and branchlets slender. Flowers oblong to ellipsoid, small. Calyx 5-lobed, sparsely pubescent. Petals white, distinct, oblong to elliptic, ca. 8 mm, both surfaces pubescent, apex mucronate. Disk glabrous. Ovary glabrous, with 12 ovules per locule; style glabrous. Capsule oblong to ellipsoid, ca. 4 cm, glabrous, with pale lenticels. Fl. summer.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
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英語
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Cultivated. Guangdong (Guangzhou) [native to tropical America].
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
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英語
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Cedrela glaziovii C. Candolle.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela ciliolata Blake, Proc. BiqJ. Soc Wash. 34: 115. 1921.
Branches puberulent; leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the petioles and rachis pilose; leaflets 6-10, lanceolate-ovate to ovate, 9-12.5 cm. long, 3.3-5 cm. broad, gradually tapering at the apex into a long, slender tip, rounded or acutish at the base and more or less inequilateral, ciliate, reticulate-veined on both sides; flowers unknown; capsule ellipsoid, 4-4.7 cm. long; seeds 2.4 cm. long or more, brown. Very similar to the preceding.
Type locality: Rincon, near Morelia, Michoacan. Distribution: Known only from the type locality.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela rotunda Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc Wash. 33: 109. 1920.
A tree, the branches light-gray, striate, pubescent with spreading hairs; leaves equally pinnate, 2.5 dm. long or less, the petioles and rachis nearly terete, pubescent with spreading hairs; leaflets 4-8, papery, broadly oval to orbicular, the lower 4 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, the upper 6.5-1 1 cm. long, 4.5-9 cm. broad, rounded at the apex, rounded and equilateral or nearly so at the base, light-green and pubescent above when young, the midrib impressed, glabrous or nearly so in age, densely and softly pubescent beneath, short-petioluled, the midrib and lateral veins prominent; fruiting panicle loose, glabrescent, about 2.5 dm. long; capsule oval, 2.5 cm. long, 1.4 cm. broad, obtuse, short-pedicelled; seeds obovate, 1.4-1.6 cm. long, 5-6 mm. broad, chestnut-brown.
Type locality: Vicinity of Villa Union, Sinaloa. Distribution: Known only from the type locality.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela angustifolia Moc. & Sessd; DC Prodr. 1: 624. 1824.
fPlerosiphon mullivenius Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 36 1 : 589. 1863. Surenus angustifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 111. 1891.
A tree with glabrous branches; leaves equally pinnate (appearing odd-pinnate at first sight according to deCandolle), 2.5 dm. long, the petioles and rachis glabrous; leaflets 16-20, subalternate, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, 9-11.5 cm. long, 2.5-2.8 mm. broad, acutish at the base, long-acuminate at the apex, petioluled, firm, glabrous on both sides; branches of the inflorescence glabrous; flowers subsessile; calyx rounded, obtuse, puberulent on the outside; petals elliptic, obtuse, appressed-puberulent ; ovary glabrous; style short; stigma discoid, grooved above.
Type locality: " Nova Hispania." Distribution: Mexico (and Peru?).
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela dugesii S. Wats. Proc. Am Acad. 18: 190. 1883.
A large tree with puberulent twigs; leaves 2.5-3.5 dm. long, the petioles and rachis terete or nearly so, pubescent; leaflets 6 or 8, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 9-15 cm. long, 2.7-5 cm. broad, glabrous above, puberulent beneath, gradually tapering at the apex into a long, slender, acuminate tip, rounded and acutish at the base and more or less inequilateral, ciliate, longpetioluled; inflorescence dense-flowered, shorter than the leaves, the branches puberulent; flowers short-pedicelled; calyx irregularly lobed, puberulent, the lobes ovate, or somewhat triangular-ovate; petals oblong, 5.5-6 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad, appressed-puberulent without, loosely villous within; filaments glabrous; anthers oblong or somewhat oblong-ovoid, apiculate; ovary subglobose. glabrous; style columnar; capsule (immature?) oblong-ellipsoid, about 2.5 cm. long; seeds elliptic, 1.5-1.6 mm. long, the wing shorter than the body.
Type locality: Guanajuato. Guanajuato. Distribution: Northern Mexico.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela longipes Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat Herb. 24: 9. 1922.
A tree about 27 m. high, with a trunk 0.7 m. in diameter, the young twigs light-brown, glabrous; leaves 2.5-3 dm. or more long, the petioles rather slender, grooved above, 8-11 cm. long, glabrous; leaflets 8 or 10, alternate or subopposite, chartaceous, 10-12 cm. long, 3.5-4.7 cm. broad, obliquely ovate or lanceolate-ovate, long-acuminate and often somewhat falcate at the apex, inequilaterally rounded at the base, glabrous and lustrous above, paler and dull beneath, reticulate-veined on both sides, the slender petiolules 2-2.5 cm. long; panicles subterminal, 2 dm. or more long, 2.3 dm. wide, the branches glabrous, the peduncle about 1 cm. long, the branches and branchlets spreading at right angles, the cymules 2or 3-flowered; calyx 3.5-4 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so, splitting irregularly, the teeth deltoid, obtusish; petals oblong, 7.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, densely puberulent on the outside, pilose w r ithin; stamens shorter than the pistil, the subulate filaments 2 mm. long, sparsely pilose, the anthers about 1 mm. long; ovary subglobose, glabrous.
Type locality: El Paraiso, Department of Copiin, Honduras. Distribution: Known only from the type locality.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela mexicana M. J. Roem. Syn Monog. 1: 137. 1846.
Swielenia muttijuga Schiede, Linnaea 4: 578, hyponym. 1829.
Cedrela Glaziovii C. DC; Mart. Fl. Bras. 11>: 224. 1878.
Surenus Glaziovii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 111. 1891.
Surenus mexicana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 111. 1891.
Cedrela occidentalis C. DC. & Rose; Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5: 190. 1899.
Cedrela mexicana puberula C. DC. Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 427. 1905.
Cedrela yucatana Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 33: 110. 1920.
A medium-sized or large tree; leaves equally pinnate, 3-6 chnlong, the petioles and raehis usually glabrous; leaflets 10-30, sometimes more, opposite or occasionally some of them alternate, thin, usually not discoloring in drying, obliquely lanceolate, 7-13 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. broad, long-acuminate at the apex, inequilateral and acute or somewhat rounded at the base, glabrous or sometimes puberulent on the veins beneath, the midvein more or less prominent on both surfaces, petioluled, the petiolules 5-10 mm. long; inflorescence 2-3.5 dm. high, the branches loosely flowered, glabrous or somewhat puberulent; pedicels 1-2 mm. long, usually jointed above the middle; calyx thin, sparingly puberulent, the lobes acute; petals thin, oblong, 5-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, acute or obtuse, velvety-puberulent with grayish, mostly appressed silky hairs; filaments glabrous; ovary gradually tapering into a slender style; capsule oblong-ellipsoid, 4 cm. long; seeds oblong to elliptic-oblong, 12-20 mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad.
Type locality: In forests of Papantla, Veracruz.
Distribution: Cuba; Martinique: Antigua; Mexico; Central America; also in South America.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela odorata L. Syst. ed. 10. 940. 1759
Cedrus odorata Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. Cedrus no. 1. 1768. Surenus Brown ii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 111. 1891.
Cedrela Brownii LoefL; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Ill, as synonym. 1891. Cedrela Sintenisii C. DC. Ann. Cons. Jard. Geneve 10: 169. 1907.
A large timbertree with a reddish-brown, bitter, pleasant-scented wood; leaves equally pinnate, 2.5-4 dm. long, the petioles and rachis glabrous; leaflets 10-16, usually opposite, rather firm, discoloring irndrying, obliquely oblong-ovate to obliquely ovate-lanceolate or obliquely ovate, S— 14.5 cm. long, 3-6 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base, short-petioluled, glabrous, the midvein more or less impressed above, prominent beneathf inflorescence 1.5-2 dm. or more high, the branches finely puberulent, the terminal ones closely flowered; flowers short-pedicelled, the pedicels jointed at the middle or below; calyx rather thick, puberulent, the lobes ciliolate, acute or sometimes rounded; petals rather thick, oblong, 5.5-6.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, acutish, velvety-puberulent with brown, mostly appressed silky hairs; filaments glabrous; anthers ovate; ovary glabrous, rather abruptly contracted into the slender style; stigma orbicular; capsule ellipsoid, 4—4.5 cm. long.
Type locality: Jamaica.
Distribution: Jamaica and Porto Rico; also in South America.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Associated Forest Cover
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
In Puerto Rico, cedro is found in Subtropical Moist and
Subtropical Wet life zones but is commonest in the Subtropical
Moist life zone over limestone-derived soils (16,35). Other
species commonly found in the tree layer of this association in
Puerto Rico are tortugo amarillo (Sideroxylon foetidissimum),
sanguinaria (Dipholis salicifolia), moca (Andira
inermis), aquilon (Terebraria resinosa), ucar (Bucida
buceras), cupey (Clusia rosea), guano (Ochroma
pyramidale), maga (Montezuma speciosissima), uvilla
(Coccoloba diversifolia), espino rubial (Zanthoxylum
martinicense), almacigo (Bursera simaruba), and cedro
macho (Hyeronima clusioides). Almost all of these species
have a much wider local distribution and greater abundance than
cedro itself, however. In the continental part of its range,
cedro is often associated with mahogany (Swietenia spp.) in
moist and wet forests, but mahogany is usually present in far
greater abundance (52). Compared to the closely related
mahoganies, cedro is much more exacting in site requirements,
especially drainage. Near the high rainfall end of its climatic
range, cedro is invariably found on ridgetops, upper slopes, old
building ruins, and road banks, or other areas of unusually well
aerated soil (23).
Climate
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro is a climatic generalist, found over a wide geographic range
of warm latitudinal belts, from Subtropical Dry Forest (wet
transitional part) in Mexico and parts of the West Indies,
through Subtropical Moist Forest to Subtropical Wet Forest in the
West Indies and Central America, to Tropical Moist and Wet and
Tropical Premontane Moist and Wet life zones in the equatorial
regions (24). It is most abundant in the lowlands and foothills
(other species, C. montana and C. lilloi, replace
it at higher elevations) in moist forests. Its distribution is
within the frost-free tropics for the most part, although it has
been collected at latitudes 26° N. and 28° S., where
occasional light frosts can be expected (26,55). Mean
temperatures of 23° to 26° C (73° to 79° F)
are found in the Caribbean part of its range; in tropical South
America mean temperature is slightly higher, 28° C (82°
F), with a mean minimum of 23° C (73° F) and a mean
maximum of 32° C (90° F). At the southern limit of its
range in Argentina the mean temperature is 24° C (75°
F); mean maximum temperature is 30° C (86° F) and mean
minimum is 18° C (64° F) (16,34,60).
Cedro develops best in seasonally dry climates, as reflected in
its deciduous habit and its formation of (presumably annual)
growth rings. It reaches greatest prominence under an annual
rainfall of 1200 to 2400 mm (47.2 to 94.5 in) with a dry season 2
to 5 months long. Both tree growth and reproduction are
synchronous with the onset of the rains (40,53). Cedro
survives in lower rainfall areas (down to about 1000 mm (40 in)
annually) but grows slowly and shows a stunted form (41,59).
It also grows sporadically in areas receiving up to 3500 mm
(138 in) of rainfall, but only on very well-drained sites (23,52).
In Central and South America, in areas with less than 2000 mm
(about 80 in) annual rainfall and over limestone-derived soils,
cedar may become locally the dominant species (34,57).
Damaging Agents
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro can tolerate some crown damage by
hurricanes and will often resprout. Shade-grown seedlings are
sensitive to sunscald after which they become more vulnerable to
insect attack. Cedro from tropical provenances is not likely to
be frost tolerant. Provenances showing frost resistance grow more
slowly than tropical provenances (34,44,57).
Plantations of cedro have suffered snail damage in Malaysia and
Africa. Slugs killed some nursery stock of an exotic provenance
in the Virgin Islands. Beetle damage is a problem in some
plantations in Africa, but evidently not in the New World
(34,44,62).
The most serious insect pest of cedro is the mahogany shootborer
Hypsipyla grandella (24). The larvae of this moth eat the
pith just behind the growing tip of fast-growing shoots, causing
death of the apical meristem. In turn this slows seedling and
sapling growth and may ruin tree form, since multiple leaders or
bushiness often result. Shootborer attack may also contribute to
seedling mortality, especially in already stressed populations
(3,20). Although the borer has been studied extensively
(21,49,63), an integrated control system has not yet been
developed. It has been observed that pest attacks are least
frequent in strongly seasonal climates, where the cycle of insect
reproduction is naturally broken at least once a year (23,63).
Attack is also less frequent in natural forest where host trees
are few and widely scattered, so that large pest populations
never build up, under shade as contrasted to full sunlight, and
in dormant seedlings (20,26,62). Provenance trials of cedars from
a wide geographic range have shown that they may vary in response
to attack (12) and careful selection may allow future development
of tolerant strains. Some progress has been made in chemical and
biological control strategies (2,3, 18,19,22) but, regardless of
the chemicals used, the target insect may eventually develop
resistance to them.
Flowering and Fruiting
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro's reproductive cycle is
synchronized with the growing season of the site; throughout its
range it flowers at the beginning of the rainy season: May to
August in Mexico, the ,,West Indies, and northern South America
(4,30,48);September to October in Argentina (34).
Flowering begins when new leaves are expanding. The large and
much-branched inflorescences bear numerous small, five-part,
symmetrical greenish-white flowers. Trees are monoecious; male
and female flowers are borne on the same inflorescence but the
species is proterogynous (female flowers open first). Fruit
development takes about 9 or 10 months and fruits ripen during
the next dry season. Trees begin to fruit at an age of 10 to 12
years. The fruit, a large woody capsule, is borne near branch
tips. Fruits ripen, split, and shed seeds while still attached to
the parent tree.
Genetics
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Population Differences
The genus Cedrela has undergone two major systematic
revisions since 1960. The most recent revision reduced the number
of species in the genus to seven (53). The common cedro, Cedrela
odorata L., embraces 28 other named species, including C.
mexicana M. J. Roem. The taxon "C. angustifolia,"
a very vigorous type now in demand because of its apparent
resistance to the shootborer, was left in an indeterminate status
due to insufficient herbarium material. The result is that C.
odorata as now constituted is a species showing a high
degree of population variation. The West Indian material, upon
which the original species description was based, is
characterized by glabrous foliage with sessile leaflets, whereas
the variety (formerly species) "mexicana" of Central
and South America has varying degrees of pubescence, as
well as generally larger leaves with petiolate leaflets, but
intermediate varieties exist. Early plantation trials indicated
that the variety called "mexicana" is faster
growing than the West Indian race (59).
Races
Recently completed provenance trials (7,8,12,13,
14,15,26,32,33,35,44,46,50,62,65) have suggested that many
ecological races of cedro exist. Provenance differences showed up
most clearly in African trials, where they were not masked by the
adverse effects of the shootborer. Efforts are underway to expand
provenance trials to include more seed sources for promising
types (12).
Hybrids
Smith (51) suggested that the widely distributed species of cedro,
C. odorata and C. fissilis, as well as the
doubtful taxon C. angustifolia (which he recognized as a
separate species), hybridized freely, and that hybrids could
explain the great phenotypic variability in these taxa.
Unfortunately, there is still no experimental evidence to support
or reject the hybridization hypothesis. Recent cytological
studies have shown that at least two separate basic diploid
chromosome numbers (2n= 50 and 56) occur in C. odorata; this
occurrence of different intraspecific chromosomal races seems
widespread in the Meliaceae and may inhibit free hybridization
(54,56).
Growth and Yield
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Growth data for many plantations are
summarized in table 2. Once past the vulnerable early sapling
stage, cedro is a very fast-growing tree, adding 2.5 cm (1.0 in)
or more in diameter and 2 in (6.6 ft) in height a year under good
conditions. Provenance differences in height growth show up most
clearly in Africa, where shootborer attacks are not a problem
(44). Fast-growing saplings develop straight, clean boles and
narrow, thin crowns. The light-demanding saplings escape
shootborer attack in 3 to 4 years if robust, and subsequent
growth is rapid on favorable sites (58). The smooth, grayish bark
of the sapling gradually becomes vertically fissured as the tree
matures, and turns somewhat brownish. Large cedros have a
straight, clean bole, often 15 to 20 in (49 to 66 ft) to the
first limb and a narrowly buttressed base. Maximum height is 30
to 40 in (98 to 131 ft) (34).
Plantation
site
Origin of
Seed
Plantation
Annual
growth in d.b.h.
Location
Rainfall
Soil
Age
Spacing
D.b.h.
Height
(mm)
(yr)
(m,)
(cm)
(m)
(mm)
Puerto
Rico (64,65)
1900
limestone
6
Provenances
8
2.4
4.4
4.5
5.6
Virgin
Is., USA (64,65)
1000 to
1200
shallow,
over shale
5
Provenances
8
2.4
5.9
4.5
7.4
Ivory
Coast (13)
1300 to
1500
granite-derived
sandy loam
8
Provenances
7.5
nrl
18.2
13.7
24.3
Nigeria
(Ore) (14,15)
1600
shallow
sandy loam pH 5.5
11
Provenances
7.5
3.6
23.9
14.8
31.9
Tanzania
(36,50)
1450
well
drained
8
Provenances
5.6
4
16.1
12.5
28.8
Mexico
(59)
1200
limestone-derived
Mexico "Mexicana"
8
0.5
12
10
15
Ecuador(59)
1200
alluvial,
sandy
Cuba
6
2 by 4
24
18
40
Jamaica
(59)
2500
limestone,
light clay
Jamaica
5
2.5 (in
lines)
8
nr
16
Mexico
(59)
1100
limestone,
thin stoney clay
Mexico
8
3
11
6
14
Mexico
(59)
900
limestone,
sandy clay
Mexico
12
1
8
6
6.7
Panama
(59)
2600
alluvial,
well drained
Panama
12
1.5 by 3
24
21
20
Honduras
(59)
1800
limestone
and volcanic
Honduras
13
1.5 by 3
28
15
21.5
Trinidad
(59)
2400
limestone,
well drained
Trinidad
15
nr¹
32
23
21.3
Ecuador(59)
1200
alluvial
Cuba
18
to 20
3
50
25
25
(in)
(yr)
(ft)
(in)
(ft)
(in)
Puerto
Rico
75
limestone
6
Provenances
8
8
1.7
14.8
0.22
Virgin
Is., USA
39 to 47
shallow,
over shale
5
Provenances
8
8
2.3
14.8
0.29
Ivory
Coast
51 to 59
granite-derived
sandy loam
8
Provenances
7.5
nr
7.2
44.9
0.96
Nigeria
(Ore)
63
shallow
sandy loam pH 5.5
11
Provenances
7.5
11.8
9.4
48.6
1.26
Tanzania
57
well
drained
8
Provenances
5.6
13.1
6.3
41
1.13
Mexico
47
limestone-derived
Mexico "Mexicana"
8
1.6
4.7
32.8
0.59
Ecuador
47
alluvial,
sandy
Cuba
6
6.6 by
13.1
9.4
59
1.57
Jamaica
98
limestone,
light clay
Jamaica
5
8.2 (in
lines)
3.1
nr
0.63
Mexico
43
limestone,
thin stoney clay
Mexico
8
9.8
4.3
19.7
0.55
Mexico
35
limestone,
sandy clay
Mexico
12
3.3
3.1
19.7
0.26
Panama
102
alluvial,
well drained
Panama
12
4.5 by
10
9.4
68.9
0.79
Honduras
71
limestone
and volcanic
Honduras
13
4.5 by
10
11
49.2
0.85
Trinidad
94
limestone,
well drained
Trinidad
15
nr
12.6
75.5
0.84
Ecuador
47
alluvial
Cuba
18
to 20
9.8
19.7
82
0.98
¹Not
reported.
Natural forests containing cedro in Mexico yielded only 2000 m³
(about 71,000 ft³) per year in a total area of 460 000 ha
(1,137,000 acres), for an annual yield of 0.004 m³/ha (0.057
ft³/acre). Mahogany yields from the same forest were eight
times higher. This illustrates the present low stocking of cedro
in natural forests, although the low density may be due in part
to past exploitation and lack of regeneration (52,53). In
contrast, 40-year-old plantations in Africa yielded 455 m³/ha
(6,500 ft³/acre) at the end of the rotation, and a yield of
150 to 270 m³ /ha (about 2,100 to 3,900 ft³/acre) over
a 35-year rotation was estimated for line-planted cedro in
Surinam (34,58). Webb et al. (61) cited 11 to 22 m³/ha (157
to 314 ft³/acre) per year for managed cedro plantations
worldwide. Marshall calculated cedro yield by diameter classes in
Trinidad (40); volume tables have been published (9).
Reaction to Competition
(
英語
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由Silvics of North America提供
Although tolerant of weeds during
the seedling stage (63), cedro is classed as intolerant of weeds
and shade at the sapling stage and beyond (34). Its thin and
spreading crown of light green leaves suggests the habit of a
light demanding species as does its potential for fast growth and
its appearance after fire (34), in hedgerows (40) and on ruins
(48). It is best described as late successional, as it has a
moderately long life span. In Trinidad and elsewhere, cedros with
more than 100 growth rings are not uncommon (1,40).
Attempts to grow Cedrela in plantation systems in Latin
America were almost entirely unsuccessful until recently. These
early failures (10, 11,17,23,39,40,51) have been attributed to
poor choice of experimental sites (too wet, wrong soils),
increased risk of insect attack in the dense artificial
populations (20), and misunderstanding of light requirements
(58). However, a few successes may point to fruitful avenues of
further experimentation. Under dry conditions, cedar was
successfully grown in plantations in Ecuador with no shade and no
apparent Hypsipyla shootborer problems (59). Successful
line plantings have been established in Surinam and the taungya
system has been used in Mexico (42,58).
Rooting Habit
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英語
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由Silvics of North America提供
Some confusion exists regarding the rooting
habit of saplings and mature cedros. While early workers all
reported a very superficial root system, recent literature (34)
suggests that the species can become deeply rooted if the soil is
loose and coarse or fissured. This is compatible with previously
reported observations of vigorous cedro growth on old masonry and
in light and well-aerated soils. Seedlings, at any rate, are very
superficially rooted and may be sensitive to mechanical damage
from weeding and other soil preparation activities (10).
Seed Production and Dissemination
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英語
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由Silvics of North America提供
Fruits open from the
top downward to release 40 to 50 winged seeds when ripe. Seed
weight is about 8 to 10 percent of dry fruit weight. One kilogram
(2.2 lb) contains 20,000 to 50,000 seeds (9,100 to 22,700/lb,
approximately). Seeds are 20 to 25 mm (0.75 to 1.0 in) long, wing
included, and are wind dispersed. Heavy seed crops are produced
annually in some areas and biennially or irregularly in others
(41,59). Seeds are shed during the dry season. They lose
viability quickly if not stored very dry at reduced temperatures
(12,37,38).Germination begins with the onset of the
rainy season and is epigeous. Vigorous germination is the rule,
with seed viability reportedly up to 90 percent (40). No seed
dormancy period is known. Germination is rapid, usually completed
within 2 to 4 weeks (37,38).
Seedling Development
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英語
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由Silvics of North America提供
Early development of the seedling is
rapid as long as moisture and light are adequate (5,46,62).
Shade-grown seedlings saturate photosynthetically at low
intensities and are shade tolerant, but sun-grown seedlings
require high light intensities for best growth (27,28,29).
Shade-grown seedlings are susceptible to sunscald and subsequent
insect attack when moved to sun (43). Fertilizer trials showed
best growth with 7-6-19 fertilizer (6).
In natural forest, high seedling densities are common near
fruiting trees shortly after the beginning of the rainy season,
but most of these seedlings disappear by the middle of the rains
or a little later; this high natural mortality may be due to
shade or competition but is thought to be partly due to damping
off or other root problems (40). Seedlings and saplings have
extremely shallow root systems and are sensitive to uprooting and
root trampling (10). Seedlings average 1 in (3.3 ft) in growth
and develop a stem diameter of 10 mm (0.4 in) or more during the
first year under favorable conditions (table 1). Early growth is
vigorous under partial shade, when the shootborer attack is not
severe (8,51,62).
Table 1- Early seedling growth of cedro hembra
(Cedrela odorata)
Country
Origin of
test material
Germination
Annual
growth¹
Surival
Height
D.b.h.
(pct)
(cm)
(in)
(cm)
(in)
(pct)
Puerto
Rico (62)
Full sun
5
Provenances
10 to 62
26.2
10.3
8.4
3.3
98 to
100
St. Croix,
VI (62)
Shade
5
Provenances
nr 2
29.3
11.5
8.5
3.3
93 to 97
Venezuela
(4)
Venezuela
85 to 90
120
47.2
nr
nr
nr
Trinidad
(39)
Trinidad
90
100
39.4
nr
nr
low
Nigeria
(14,44)
15
Provenances
nr
133.7
52.6
34.8
13.7
76
Uganda
(30)
12
Provenances
good
141
55.5
23.5
9.3
75 to 96
Tanzania
(48)
5
Provenances
nr
95
37.4
nr
nr
75
¹All
gowth data were converted to an annual basis.
²Not reported.
Natural cedro regeneration from seed is good in many parts of
Central and South America, but good initial growth is often
followed by dieback after 2 to 3 years. This problem may be only
partially related to the shootborer and may also reflect the
scarcity of appropriate soils, especially in some of the areas
subjected to most intensive study. The abundance of cedro
regrowth as almost pure stands with no apparent shootborer
problems on recent and ancient limestone ruins in areas with a
strong dry season (52) suggests that cedro may be a calciphile.
In some parts of the neotropics selective removal of seed trees
has left the forest with insufficient stock for natural
regeneration, even on favorable sites. Some success has been
claimed for artifical regeneration using the taungya method (a
system using native farmers who plant the trees interspersed with
their food crops, abandoning the field later to return to forest,
now enriched with the desired plantation species); line plantings
followed by natural liberation are also used (11,42,58).
Successful establishment by the taungya system has been achieved
in Africa, where extensive areas of well-drained soils are
present, and the native shootborer does not attack New World
cedro (34).
Soils and Topography
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英語
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由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro may be exacting in its soil requirements but these are still
imperfectly understood. In the West Indies it is most commonly
found on limestone-derived clay soils (23,35,47), but it
also grows on well-drained sites over acid soils derived from
volcanic rock (Ultisols). The common denominator appears to be
drainage and aeration of the soil (24,52,63), not soil pH
(40,64,65). In Trinidad the one factor common to all
sites supporting good growth was good surface drainage (10,40).
In Mexico and Central America, cedro is likewise common on
well-drained soils and ruins (48). Soil fertility may
also be important, as in some tests cedro grew better in soil
enriched with the burned remains of secondary forest (10,58).
No definitive studies of nutrient requirements beyond the
seedling stage have been performed (5,63). Symptoms of
stress due to poor soils are burned appearance of roots,
development of "weeping willow" form in saplings
(leaves become thin and drooping) or loss of leaves at irregular
intervals during the wet season.
Special Uses
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英語
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由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro wood is still in considerable demand wherever it is
available in the American tropics. An attractive, moderately
lightweight wood (specific gravity 0.4), its primary use is in
household articles used to store clothing. Cedro heartwood
contains an aromatic and insect-repelling resin that is the
source of its popular name, Spanish-cedar (it resembles the aroma
of true cedars (Cedrus spp.). The easily worked
wood is both rot-resistant in the ground and highly
termite-resistant, making it suitable for exterior construction.
Cedro works easily and makes excellent plywood and veneer and
would be more widely used if it could be successfully plantation
grown (34,35,48,52).
Cedro is an important avenue and shade tree in the West Indies and
South America, and where imported, in Africa. It has also been
used successfully as cacao and coffee shade in Trinidad.
Vegetative Reproduction
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英語
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由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro does not coppice readily
nor produce root suckers; it is not fire resistant (5,40). It is
capable of pollard regrowth (partial terminal regrowth after
moderate wind damage or partial dieback) if the tree is well
established. It can be grafted and air-layered (34,40,56).
Brief Summary
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Meliaceae -- Mahogany family
Barbara B. Cintron
Cedro hembra (Cedrela odorata) is the most commercially
important and widely distributed species in the genus Cedrela.
Known as Spanish-cedar in English commerce, the aromatic wood
is in high demand in the American tropics because it is naturally
termite- and rot-resistant. Cedro is widespread but never very
common throughout moist tropical American forests; its numbers
are continuing to be reduced by exploitation without successful
regeneration. An understanding of the exacting site requirements
and of associated damage by insects is needed for productive
plantations.
Distribution
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英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro is a tree of the New World tropics, appearing in forests of
moist and seasonally dry Subtropical or Tropical life zones (24)
from latitude 26° N. on the Pacific coast of Mexico,
throughout Central America and the West Indies, to the lowlands
and foothills of most of South America up to 1200 m (about 4,000
ft) altitude, finding its southern limit at about latitude 28°
S. in Argentina (12,55). Cedro is always found naturally on
well-drained soils, often but not exclusively on limestone; it
tolerates a long dry season but does not flourish in areas of
rainfall greater than about 3000 mm (120 in) or on sites with
heavy or waterlogged soils (5,34,40,66). Individual trees are
generally scattered in mixed semievergreen or semi-deciduous
forests dominated by other species (11,23,25,28).
Cedrela angustifolia
(
英語
)
由wikipedia EN提供
Cedrela angustifolia is a species of tree in the mahogany family, Meliaceae. Local common names include cedro de Tucumán, cedro bayo, cedro coya, and cedro del cerro.[1] It is native to South America, where it occurs in Argentina, Bolivia and Peru.
This is a species of mountain forests. It easily colonizes disturbed habitat, forming dense canopy. These stands still occur in Bolivia,[1] and the tree is common in parts of Argentina.[2] However, it is a valuable timber tree.[2] Some populations have faced substantial declines, and it is considered to be an endangered species.[1]
Forests of southern Perú are reported to have been in pre-colonial times composed largely of Andean cedar, which were over time depleted. One historical tree, purported to be more than 300 years old, remains in the courtyard of the Monasterio Hotel in Cusco.[3][4] There is at this time no known effort to revive this species within Perú. Non-native eucalyptus trees are prized for their rapid growth, and are used throughout the area for both timber and fuel.[5][6][7]
References
Cedrela angustifolia: Brief Summary
(
英語
)
由wikipedia EN提供
Cedrela angustifolia is a species of tree in the mahogany family, Meliaceae. Local common names include cedro de Tucumán, cedro bayo, cedro coya, and cedro del cerro. It is native to South America, where it occurs in Argentina, Bolivia and Peru.
This is a species of mountain forests. It easily colonizes disturbed habitat, forming dense canopy. These stands still occur in Bolivia, and the tree is common in parts of Argentina. However, it is a valuable timber tree. Some populations have faced substantial declines, and it is considered to be an endangered species.
Forests of southern Perú are reported to have been in pre-colonial times composed largely of Andean cedar, which were over time depleted. One historical tree, purported to be more than 300 years old, remains in the courtyard of the Monasterio Hotel in Cusco. There is at this time no known effort to revive this species within Perú. Non-native eucalyptus trees are prized for their rapid growth, and are used throughout the area for both timber and fuel.