Description
(
英語
)
由eFloras提供
Trees to 10 m tall. Branchlets glabrous, with sparse lenticels. Leaves 30 cm or more; leaflets 17 or 19; petiolules 1-1.5 cm; leaflet blades ovate, oblong, or elliptic, 8-12 × 3.5-4 cm, membranous, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 10-12 on each side of midvein and prominent on both surfaces, base rounded and oblique, margin entire or serrate, apex acuminate to acute. Thyrses shorter than leaves, glabrous, branches and branchlets slender. Flowers oblong to ellipsoid, small. Calyx 5-lobed, sparsely pubescent. Petals white, distinct, oblong to elliptic, ca. 8 mm, both surfaces pubescent, apex mucronate. Disk glabrous. Ovary glabrous, with 12 ovules per locule; style glabrous. Capsule oblong to ellipsoid, ca. 4 cm, glabrous, with pale lenticels. Fl. summer.
- 許可
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- 版權
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
(
英語
)
由eFloras提供
Cultivated. Guangdong (Guangzhou) [native to tropical America].
- 許可
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- 版權
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
英語
)
由eFloras提供
Cedrela glaziovii C. Candolle.
- 許可
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- 版權
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由INBio提供
Distribucion en Costa Rica: Ampliamente distribuida en ambas vertientes.
Distribucion General: Se encuentra desde México a Sur América y Las Antillas.
Morphology
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由INBio提供
Árbol
Associations
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由INBio提供
Ecología:
Es una especie heliófita, frecuente, típica de bosques secundarios, creciendo por lo general también en áreas de pastoreo o de cultivos agrícolas. Su regeneración es escasa, siendo la mayoría de las veces atacada por Hypsiphyla grandella por lo que es común encontrar árboles jóvenes de pequeño tamaño bifurcados, sin embargo dependiendo de la fertilidad del suelo algunos árboles de regeneración no son atacados. En el bosque seco se asocia con pochote (Bombacopsis quinata) y cortez amarillo (Tabebuia ochracea). En el valle central se asocia con roble de sabana (Tabebuia rosea), en el pacífico sur con gallinazo (Schizolobium parabyha) y jobo (Spondias mombin) y en la zona norte y atlántica se asocia con laurel (Cordia alliodora).
Reproduction
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由INBio提供
Se reproduce por semilla. Pruebas en vivero han dado como resultado más de un 80% de germinación (C. Sandí, Comun. pers. 1997).
Diagnostic Description
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由INBio提供
Árbol hasta 40 m y 1 m de DAP, fuste cilíndrico a veces ramificado a baja altura, corteza externa gris a gris-blancuzca, muy fisurada. Hojas paripinnadas alternas, 20-60 cm de largo; pecíolos glabros o puberulentos. Folíolos 5-12 pares, 7-16 cm de largo y 3-7 cm de ancho, subsesiles, ovado-lanceolados a oblongo-lanceolados, ápice corto-acuminado, generalmente glabros. Inflorescencia terminal o subterminal, ramificada, lenticelada, glabra o puberulenta 20-40 cm de largo. Flores blancas, subsesiles con fuerte olor a ajo. Frutos cápsula oblongo-elipsoide a obovoide, con 5 valvas leñosas, 0.5-2.0 mm de grueso, pardusca a pardo-grisácea, lenticelada, 2-4 cm de largo; semillas pardo-brillante, 2-3 cm de largo incluyendo el ala.
Benefits
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由INBio提供
Su madera es suave y liviana, facil de trabajar, con un peso específico de 0.36 (Creemers & Lemckert, 1981). En condición seca la albura es de color gris-anaranjado y el duramen anaranjado-rojizo-claro, con olor característico debido a la presencia de aceites y resinas. Su fina madera es una de las más utilizadas en la actualidad, sobre todo en la fabricación de muebles, gabinetes, ebanistería, instrumentos musicales y construcción en general. Muy utilizada en la fabricación de guitarras.
Diagnostic Description
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由INBio提供
Localidad del tipo: Basado en lamina 10, figura 1 de P. Browne, Civil & Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 158 (1756).
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
Conservation Status
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由INBio提供
ESPECIE AMENAZADA. Actualmente muy explotada. Se encuentra protegida en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (Parques Nacionales Santa Rosa y Guanacaste), Área de Conservación Tempisque (Parque Nacional Palo Verde y Reserva Biológica Lomas de Barbudal), Área de Conservación Pacífico Central (Zona Protectora El Rodeo, Reserva Biológica Carara), Área de Conservación Osa (Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce). Es muy probable que se encuentre en otras Áreas de Conservación por ser una especie ampliamente distribuida.
Habitat
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由INBio提供
Crece en bosques secos de la costa pacífica y en bosques húmedos de ambas vertientes, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 1200 m de elevación.
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela dugesii S. Wats. Proc. Am Acad. 18: 190. 1883.
A large tree with puberulent twigs; leaves 2.5-3.5 dm. long, the petioles and rachis terete or nearly so, pubescent; leaflets 6 or 8, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 9-15 cm. long, 2.7-5 cm. broad, glabrous above, puberulent beneath, gradually tapering at the apex into a long, slender, acuminate tip, rounded and acutish at the base and more or less inequilateral, ciliate, longpetioluled; inflorescence dense-flowered, shorter than the leaves, the branches puberulent; flowers short-pedicelled; calyx irregularly lobed, puberulent, the lobes ovate, or somewhat triangular-ovate; petals oblong, 5.5-6 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad, appressed-puberulent without, loosely villous within; filaments glabrous; anthers oblong or somewhat oblong-ovoid, apiculate; ovary subglobose. glabrous; style columnar; capsule (immature?) oblong-ellipsoid, about 2.5 cm. long; seeds elliptic, 1.5-1.6 mm. long, the wing shorter than the body.
Type locality: Guanajuato. Guanajuato. Distribution: Northern Mexico.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela ciliolata Blake, Proc. BiqJ. Soc Wash. 34: 115. 1921.
Branches puberulent; leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the petioles and rachis pilose; leaflets 6-10, lanceolate-ovate to ovate, 9-12.5 cm. long, 3.3-5 cm. broad, gradually tapering at the apex into a long, slender tip, rounded or acutish at the base and more or less inequilateral, ciliate, reticulate-veined on both sides; flowers unknown; capsule ellipsoid, 4-4.7 cm. long; seeds 2.4 cm. long or more, brown. Very similar to the preceding.
Type locality: Rincon, near Morelia, Michoacan. Distribution: Known only from the type locality.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela angustifolia Moc. & Sessd; DC Prodr. 1: 624. 1824.
fPlerosiphon mullivenius Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 36 1 : 589. 1863. Surenus angustifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 111. 1891.
A tree with glabrous branches; leaves equally pinnate (appearing odd-pinnate at first sight according to deCandolle), 2.5 dm. long, the petioles and rachis glabrous; leaflets 16-20, subalternate, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, 9-11.5 cm. long, 2.5-2.8 mm. broad, acutish at the base, long-acuminate at the apex, petioluled, firm, glabrous on both sides; branches of the inflorescence glabrous; flowers subsessile; calyx rounded, obtuse, puberulent on the outside; petals elliptic, obtuse, appressed-puberulent ; ovary glabrous; style short; stigma discoid, grooved above.
Type locality: " Nova Hispania." Distribution: Mexico (and Peru?).
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela rotunda Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc Wash. 33: 109. 1920.
A tree, the branches light-gray, striate, pubescent with spreading hairs; leaves equally pinnate, 2.5 dm. long or less, the petioles and rachis nearly terete, pubescent with spreading hairs; leaflets 4-8, papery, broadly oval to orbicular, the lower 4 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, the upper 6.5-1 1 cm. long, 4.5-9 cm. broad, rounded at the apex, rounded and equilateral or nearly so at the base, light-green and pubescent above when young, the midrib impressed, glabrous or nearly so in age, densely and softly pubescent beneath, short-petioluled, the midrib and lateral veins prominent; fruiting panicle loose, glabrescent, about 2.5 dm. long; capsule oval, 2.5 cm. long, 1.4 cm. broad, obtuse, short-pedicelled; seeds obovate, 1.4-1.6 cm. long, 5-6 mm. broad, chestnut-brown.
Type locality: Vicinity of Villa Union, Sinaloa. Distribution: Known only from the type locality.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela mexicana M. J. Roem. Syn Monog. 1: 137. 1846.
Swielenia muttijuga Schiede, Linnaea 4: 578, hyponym. 1829.
Cedrela Glaziovii C. DC; Mart. Fl. Bras. 11>: 224. 1878.
Surenus Glaziovii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 111. 1891.
Surenus mexicana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 111. 1891.
Cedrela occidentalis C. DC. & Rose; Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5: 190. 1899.
Cedrela mexicana puberula C. DC. Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 427. 1905.
Cedrela yucatana Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 33: 110. 1920.
A medium-sized or large tree; leaves equally pinnate, 3-6 chnlong, the petioles and raehis usually glabrous; leaflets 10-30, sometimes more, opposite or occasionally some of them alternate, thin, usually not discoloring in drying, obliquely lanceolate, 7-13 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. broad, long-acuminate at the apex, inequilateral and acute or somewhat rounded at the base, glabrous or sometimes puberulent on the veins beneath, the midvein more or less prominent on both surfaces, petioluled, the petiolules 5-10 mm. long; inflorescence 2-3.5 dm. high, the branches loosely flowered, glabrous or somewhat puberulent; pedicels 1-2 mm. long, usually jointed above the middle; calyx thin, sparingly puberulent, the lobes acute; petals thin, oblong, 5-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, acute or obtuse, velvety-puberulent with grayish, mostly appressed silky hairs; filaments glabrous; ovary gradually tapering into a slender style; capsule oblong-ellipsoid, 4 cm. long; seeds oblong to elliptic-oblong, 12-20 mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad.
Type locality: In forests of Papantla, Veracruz.
Distribution: Cuba; Martinique: Antigua; Mexico; Central America; also in South America.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela odorata L. Syst. ed. 10. 940. 1759
Cedrus odorata Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. Cedrus no. 1. 1768. Surenus Brown ii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 111. 1891.
Cedrela Brownii LoefL; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Ill, as synonym. 1891. Cedrela Sintenisii C. DC. Ann. Cons. Jard. Geneve 10: 169. 1907.
A large timbertree with a reddish-brown, bitter, pleasant-scented wood; leaves equally pinnate, 2.5-4 dm. long, the petioles and rachis glabrous; leaflets 10-16, usually opposite, rather firm, discoloring irndrying, obliquely oblong-ovate to obliquely ovate-lanceolate or obliquely ovate, S— 14.5 cm. long, 3-6 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base, short-petioluled, glabrous, the midvein more or less impressed above, prominent beneathf inflorescence 1.5-2 dm. or more high, the branches finely puberulent, the terminal ones closely flowered; flowers short-pedicelled, the pedicels jointed at the middle or below; calyx rather thick, puberulent, the lobes ciliolate, acute or sometimes rounded; petals rather thick, oblong, 5.5-6.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, acutish, velvety-puberulent with brown, mostly appressed silky hairs; filaments glabrous; anthers ovate; ovary glabrous, rather abruptly contracted into the slender style; stigma orbicular; capsule ellipsoid, 4—4.5 cm. long.
Type locality: Jamaica.
Distribution: Jamaica and Porto Rico; also in South America.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
英語
)
由North American Flora提供
Cedrela longipes Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat Herb. 24: 9. 1922.
A tree about 27 m. high, with a trunk 0.7 m. in diameter, the young twigs light-brown, glabrous; leaves 2.5-3 dm. or more long, the petioles rather slender, grooved above, 8-11 cm. long, glabrous; leaflets 8 or 10, alternate or subopposite, chartaceous, 10-12 cm. long, 3.5-4.7 cm. broad, obliquely ovate or lanceolate-ovate, long-acuminate and often somewhat falcate at the apex, inequilaterally rounded at the base, glabrous and lustrous above, paler and dull beneath, reticulate-veined on both sides, the slender petiolules 2-2.5 cm. long; panicles subterminal, 2 dm. or more long, 2.3 dm. wide, the branches glabrous, the peduncle about 1 cm. long, the branches and branchlets spreading at right angles, the cymules 2or 3-flowered; calyx 3.5-4 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so, splitting irregularly, the teeth deltoid, obtusish; petals oblong, 7.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, densely puberulent on the outside, pilose w r ithin; stamens shorter than the pistil, the subulate filaments 2 mm. long, sparsely pilose, the anthers about 1 mm. long; ovary subglobose, glabrous.
Type locality: El Paraiso, Department of Copiin, Honduras. Distribution: Known only from the type locality.
- 書目引用
- John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Associated Forest Cover
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
In Puerto Rico, cedro is found in Subtropical Moist and
Subtropical Wet life zones but is commonest in the Subtropical
Moist life zone over limestone-derived soils (16,35). Other
species commonly found in the tree layer of this association in
Puerto Rico are tortugo amarillo (Sideroxylon foetidissimum),
sanguinaria (Dipholis salicifolia), moca (Andira
inermis), aquilon (Terebraria resinosa), ucar (Bucida
buceras), cupey (Clusia rosea), guano (Ochroma
pyramidale), maga (Montezuma speciosissima), uvilla
(Coccoloba diversifolia), espino rubial (Zanthoxylum
martinicense), almacigo (Bursera simaruba), and cedro
macho (Hyeronima clusioides). Almost all of these species
have a much wider local distribution and greater abundance than
cedro itself, however. In the continental part of its range,
cedro is often associated with mahogany (Swietenia spp.) in
moist and wet forests, but mahogany is usually present in far
greater abundance (52). Compared to the closely related
mahoganies, cedro is much more exacting in site requirements,
especially drainage. Near the high rainfall end of its climatic
range, cedro is invariably found on ridgetops, upper slopes, old
building ruins, and road banks, or other areas of unusually well
aerated soil (23).
Climate
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro is a climatic generalist, found over a wide geographic range
of warm latitudinal belts, from Subtropical Dry Forest (wet
transitional part) in Mexico and parts of the West Indies,
through Subtropical Moist Forest to Subtropical Wet Forest in the
West Indies and Central America, to Tropical Moist and Wet and
Tropical Premontane Moist and Wet life zones in the equatorial
regions (24). It is most abundant in the lowlands and foothills
(other species, C. montana and C. lilloi, replace
it at higher elevations) in moist forests. Its distribution is
within the frost-free tropics for the most part, although it has
been collected at latitudes 26° N. and 28° S., where
occasional light frosts can be expected (26,55). Mean
temperatures of 23° to 26° C (73° to 79° F)
are found in the Caribbean part of its range; in tropical South
America mean temperature is slightly higher, 28° C (82°
F), with a mean minimum of 23° C (73° F) and a mean
maximum of 32° C (90° F). At the southern limit of its
range in Argentina the mean temperature is 24° C (75°
F); mean maximum temperature is 30° C (86° F) and mean
minimum is 18° C (64° F) (16,34,60).
Cedro develops best in seasonally dry climates, as reflected in
its deciduous habit and its formation of (presumably annual)
growth rings. It reaches greatest prominence under an annual
rainfall of 1200 to 2400 mm (47.2 to 94.5 in) with a dry season 2
to 5 months long. Both tree growth and reproduction are
synchronous with the onset of the rains (40,53). Cedro
survives in lower rainfall areas (down to about 1000 mm (40 in)
annually) but grows slowly and shows a stunted form (41,59).
It also grows sporadically in areas receiving up to 3500 mm
(138 in) of rainfall, but only on very well-drained sites (23,52).
In Central and South America, in areas with less than 2000 mm
(about 80 in) annual rainfall and over limestone-derived soils,
cedar may become locally the dominant species (34,57).
Damaging Agents
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro can tolerate some crown damage by
hurricanes and will often resprout. Shade-grown seedlings are
sensitive to sunscald after which they become more vulnerable to
insect attack. Cedro from tropical provenances is not likely to
be frost tolerant. Provenances showing frost resistance grow more
slowly than tropical provenances (34,44,57).
Plantations of cedro have suffered snail damage in Malaysia and
Africa. Slugs killed some nursery stock of an exotic provenance
in the Virgin Islands. Beetle damage is a problem in some
plantations in Africa, but evidently not in the New World
(34,44,62).
The most serious insect pest of cedro is the mahogany shootborer
Hypsipyla grandella (24). The larvae of this moth eat the
pith just behind the growing tip of fast-growing shoots, causing
death of the apical meristem. In turn this slows seedling and
sapling growth and may ruin tree form, since multiple leaders or
bushiness often result. Shootborer attack may also contribute to
seedling mortality, especially in already stressed populations
(3,20). Although the borer has been studied extensively
(21,49,63), an integrated control system has not yet been
developed. It has been observed that pest attacks are least
frequent in strongly seasonal climates, where the cycle of insect
reproduction is naturally broken at least once a year (23,63).
Attack is also less frequent in natural forest where host trees
are few and widely scattered, so that large pest populations
never build up, under shade as contrasted to full sunlight, and
in dormant seedlings (20,26,62). Provenance trials of cedars from
a wide geographic range have shown that they may vary in response
to attack (12) and careful selection may allow future development
of tolerant strains. Some progress has been made in chemical and
biological control strategies (2,3, 18,19,22) but, regardless of
the chemicals used, the target insect may eventually develop
resistance to them.
Flowering and Fruiting
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro's reproductive cycle is
synchronized with the growing season of the site; throughout its
range it flowers at the beginning of the rainy season: May to
August in Mexico, the ,,West Indies, and northern South America
(4,30,48);September to October in Argentina (34).
Flowering begins when new leaves are expanding. The large and
much-branched inflorescences bear numerous small, five-part,
symmetrical greenish-white flowers. Trees are monoecious; male
and female flowers are borne on the same inflorescence but the
species is proterogynous (female flowers open first). Fruit
development takes about 9 or 10 months and fruits ripen during
the next dry season. Trees begin to fruit at an age of 10 to 12
years. The fruit, a large woody capsule, is borne near branch
tips. Fruits ripen, split, and shed seeds while still attached to
the parent tree.
Genetics
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Population Differences
The genus Cedrela has undergone two major systematic
revisions since 1960. The most recent revision reduced the number
of species in the genus to seven (53). The common cedro, Cedrela
odorata L., embraces 28 other named species, including C.
mexicana M. J. Roem. The taxon "C. angustifolia,"
a very vigorous type now in demand because of its apparent
resistance to the shootborer, was left in an indeterminate status
due to insufficient herbarium material. The result is that C.
odorata as now constituted is a species showing a high
degree of population variation. The West Indian material, upon
which the original species description was based, is
characterized by glabrous foliage with sessile leaflets, whereas
the variety (formerly species) "mexicana" of Central
and South America has varying degrees of pubescence, as
well as generally larger leaves with petiolate leaflets, but
intermediate varieties exist. Early plantation trials indicated
that the variety called "mexicana" is faster
growing than the West Indian race (59).
Races
Recently completed provenance trials (7,8,12,13,
14,15,26,32,33,35,44,46,50,62,65) have suggested that many
ecological races of cedro exist. Provenance differences showed up
most clearly in African trials, where they were not masked by the
adverse effects of the shootborer. Efforts are underway to expand
provenance trials to include more seed sources for promising
types (12).
Hybrids
Smith (51) suggested that the widely distributed species of cedro,
C. odorata and C. fissilis, as well as the
doubtful taxon C. angustifolia (which he recognized as a
separate species), hybridized freely, and that hybrids could
explain the great phenotypic variability in these taxa.
Unfortunately, there is still no experimental evidence to support
or reject the hybridization hypothesis. Recent cytological
studies have shown that at least two separate basic diploid
chromosome numbers (2n= 50 and 56) occur in C. odorata; this
occurrence of different intraspecific chromosomal races seems
widespread in the Meliaceae and may inhibit free hybridization
(54,56).
Growth and Yield
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Growth data for many plantations are
summarized in table 2. Once past the vulnerable early sapling
stage, cedro is a very fast-growing tree, adding 2.5 cm (1.0 in)
or more in diameter and 2 in (6.6 ft) in height a year under good
conditions. Provenance differences in height growth show up most
clearly in Africa, where shootborer attacks are not a problem
(44). Fast-growing saplings develop straight, clean boles and
narrow, thin crowns. The light-demanding saplings escape
shootborer attack in 3 to 4 years if robust, and subsequent
growth is rapid on favorable sites (58). The smooth, grayish bark
of the sapling gradually becomes vertically fissured as the tree
matures, and turns somewhat brownish. Large cedros have a
straight, clean bole, often 15 to 20 in (49 to 66 ft) to the
first limb and a narrowly buttressed base. Maximum height is 30
to 40 in (98 to 131 ft) (34).
Plantation
site
Origin of
Seed
Plantation
Annual
growth in d.b.h.
Location
Rainfall
Soil
Age
Spacing
D.b.h.
Height
(mm)
(yr)
(m,)
(cm)
(m)
(mm)
Puerto
Rico (64,65)
1900
limestone
6
Provenances
8
2.4
4.4
4.5
5.6
Virgin
Is., USA (64,65)
1000 to
1200
shallow,
over shale
5
Provenances
8
2.4
5.9
4.5
7.4
Ivory
Coast (13)
1300 to
1500
granite-derived
sandy loam
8
Provenances
7.5
nrl
18.2
13.7
24.3
Nigeria
(Ore) (14,15)
1600
shallow
sandy loam pH 5.5
11
Provenances
7.5
3.6
23.9
14.8
31.9
Tanzania
(36,50)
1450
well
drained
8
Provenances
5.6
4
16.1
12.5
28.8
Mexico
(59)
1200
limestone-derived
Mexico "Mexicana"
8
0.5
12
10
15
Ecuador(59)
1200
alluvial,
sandy
Cuba
6
2 by 4
24
18
40
Jamaica
(59)
2500
limestone,
light clay
Jamaica
5
2.5 (in
lines)
8
nr
16
Mexico
(59)
1100
limestone,
thin stoney clay
Mexico
8
3
11
6
14
Mexico
(59)
900
limestone,
sandy clay
Mexico
12
1
8
6
6.7
Panama
(59)
2600
alluvial,
well drained
Panama
12
1.5 by 3
24
21
20
Honduras
(59)
1800
limestone
and volcanic
Honduras
13
1.5 by 3
28
15
21.5
Trinidad
(59)
2400
limestone,
well drained
Trinidad
15
nr¹
32
23
21.3
Ecuador(59)
1200
alluvial
Cuba
18
to 20
3
50
25
25
(in)
(yr)
(ft)
(in)
(ft)
(in)
Puerto
Rico
75
limestone
6
Provenances
8
8
1.7
14.8
0.22
Virgin
Is., USA
39 to 47
shallow,
over shale
5
Provenances
8
8
2.3
14.8
0.29
Ivory
Coast
51 to 59
granite-derived
sandy loam
8
Provenances
7.5
nr
7.2
44.9
0.96
Nigeria
(Ore)
63
shallow
sandy loam pH 5.5
11
Provenances
7.5
11.8
9.4
48.6
1.26
Tanzania
57
well
drained
8
Provenances
5.6
13.1
6.3
41
1.13
Mexico
47
limestone-derived
Mexico "Mexicana"
8
1.6
4.7
32.8
0.59
Ecuador
47
alluvial,
sandy
Cuba
6
6.6 by
13.1
9.4
59
1.57
Jamaica
98
limestone,
light clay
Jamaica
5
8.2 (in
lines)
3.1
nr
0.63
Mexico
43
limestone,
thin stoney clay
Mexico
8
9.8
4.3
19.7
0.55
Mexico
35
limestone,
sandy clay
Mexico
12
3.3
3.1
19.7
0.26
Panama
102
alluvial,
well drained
Panama
12
4.5 by
10
9.4
68.9
0.79
Honduras
71
limestone
and volcanic
Honduras
13
4.5 by
10
11
49.2
0.85
Trinidad
94
limestone,
well drained
Trinidad
15
nr
12.6
75.5
0.84
Ecuador
47
alluvial
Cuba
18
to 20
9.8
19.7
82
0.98
¹Not
reported.
Natural forests containing cedro in Mexico yielded only 2000 m³
(about 71,000 ft³) per year in a total area of 460 000 ha
(1,137,000 acres), for an annual yield of 0.004 m³/ha (0.057
ft³/acre). Mahogany yields from the same forest were eight
times higher. This illustrates the present low stocking of cedro
in natural forests, although the low density may be due in part
to past exploitation and lack of regeneration (52,53). In
contrast, 40-year-old plantations in Africa yielded 455 m³/ha
(6,500 ft³/acre) at the end of the rotation, and a yield of
150 to 270 m³ /ha (about 2,100 to 3,900 ft³/acre) over
a 35-year rotation was estimated for line-planted cedro in
Surinam (34,58). Webb et al. (61) cited 11 to 22 m³/ha (157
to 314 ft³/acre) per year for managed cedro plantations
worldwide. Marshall calculated cedro yield by diameter classes in
Trinidad (40); volume tables have been published (9).
Reaction to Competition
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Although tolerant of weeds during
the seedling stage (63), cedro is classed as intolerant of weeds
and shade at the sapling stage and beyond (34). Its thin and
spreading crown of light green leaves suggests the habit of a
light demanding species as does its potential for fast growth and
its appearance after fire (34), in hedgerows (40) and on ruins
(48). It is best described as late successional, as it has a
moderately long life span. In Trinidad and elsewhere, cedros with
more than 100 growth rings are not uncommon (1,40).
Attempts to grow Cedrela in plantation systems in Latin
America were almost entirely unsuccessful until recently. These
early failures (10, 11,17,23,39,40,51) have been attributed to
poor choice of experimental sites (too wet, wrong soils),
increased risk of insect attack in the dense artificial
populations (20), and misunderstanding of light requirements
(58). However, a few successes may point to fruitful avenues of
further experimentation. Under dry conditions, cedar was
successfully grown in plantations in Ecuador with no shade and no
apparent Hypsipyla shootborer problems (59). Successful
line plantings have been established in Surinam and the taungya
system has been used in Mexico (42,58).
Rooting Habit
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Some confusion exists regarding the rooting
habit of saplings and mature cedros. While early workers all
reported a very superficial root system, recent literature (34)
suggests that the species can become deeply rooted if the soil is
loose and coarse or fissured. This is compatible with previously
reported observations of vigorous cedro growth on old masonry and
in light and well-aerated soils. Seedlings, at any rate, are very
superficially rooted and may be sensitive to mechanical damage
from weeding and other soil preparation activities (10).
Seed Production and Dissemination
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Fruits open from the
top downward to release 40 to 50 winged seeds when ripe. Seed
weight is about 8 to 10 percent of dry fruit weight. One kilogram
(2.2 lb) contains 20,000 to 50,000 seeds (9,100 to 22,700/lb,
approximately). Seeds are 20 to 25 mm (0.75 to 1.0 in) long, wing
included, and are wind dispersed. Heavy seed crops are produced
annually in some areas and biennially or irregularly in others
(41,59). Seeds are shed during the dry season. They lose
viability quickly if not stored very dry at reduced temperatures
(12,37,38).Germination begins with the onset of the
rainy season and is epigeous. Vigorous germination is the rule,
with seed viability reportedly up to 90 percent (40). No seed
dormancy period is known. Germination is rapid, usually completed
within 2 to 4 weeks (37,38).
Seedling Development
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Early development of the seedling is
rapid as long as moisture and light are adequate (5,46,62).
Shade-grown seedlings saturate photosynthetically at low
intensities and are shade tolerant, but sun-grown seedlings
require high light intensities for best growth (27,28,29).
Shade-grown seedlings are susceptible to sunscald and subsequent
insect attack when moved to sun (43). Fertilizer trials showed
best growth with 7-6-19 fertilizer (6).
In natural forest, high seedling densities are common near
fruiting trees shortly after the beginning of the rainy season,
but most of these seedlings disappear by the middle of the rains
or a little later; this high natural mortality may be due to
shade or competition but is thought to be partly due to damping
off or other root problems (40). Seedlings and saplings have
extremely shallow root systems and are sensitive to uprooting and
root trampling (10). Seedlings average 1 in (3.3 ft) in growth
and develop a stem diameter of 10 mm (0.4 in) or more during the
first year under favorable conditions (table 1). Early growth is
vigorous under partial shade, when the shootborer attack is not
severe (8,51,62).
Table 1- Early seedling growth of cedro hembra
(Cedrela odorata)
Country
Origin of
test material
Germination
Annual
growth¹
Surival
Height
D.b.h.
(pct)
(cm)
(in)
(cm)
(in)
(pct)
Puerto
Rico (62)
Full sun
5
Provenances
10 to 62
26.2
10.3
8.4
3.3
98 to
100
St. Croix,
VI (62)
Shade
5
Provenances
nr 2
29.3
11.5
8.5
3.3
93 to 97
Venezuela
(4)
Venezuela
85 to 90
120
47.2
nr
nr
nr
Trinidad
(39)
Trinidad
90
100
39.4
nr
nr
low
Nigeria
(14,44)
15
Provenances
nr
133.7
52.6
34.8
13.7
76
Uganda
(30)
12
Provenances
good
141
55.5
23.5
9.3
75 to 96
Tanzania
(48)
5
Provenances
nr
95
37.4
nr
nr
75
¹All
gowth data were converted to an annual basis.
²Not reported.
Natural cedro regeneration from seed is good in many parts of
Central and South America, but good initial growth is often
followed by dieback after 2 to 3 years. This problem may be only
partially related to the shootborer and may also reflect the
scarcity of appropriate soils, especially in some of the areas
subjected to most intensive study. The abundance of cedro
regrowth as almost pure stands with no apparent shootborer
problems on recent and ancient limestone ruins in areas with a
strong dry season (52) suggests that cedro may be a calciphile.
In some parts of the neotropics selective removal of seed trees
has left the forest with insufficient stock for natural
regeneration, even on favorable sites. Some success has been
claimed for artifical regeneration using the taungya method (a
system using native farmers who plant the trees interspersed with
their food crops, abandoning the field later to return to forest,
now enriched with the desired plantation species); line plantings
followed by natural liberation are also used (11,42,58).
Successful establishment by the taungya system has been achieved
in Africa, where extensive areas of well-drained soils are
present, and the native shootborer does not attack New World
cedro (34).
Soils and Topography
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro may be exacting in its soil requirements but these are still
imperfectly understood. In the West Indies it is most commonly
found on limestone-derived clay soils (23,35,47), but it
also grows on well-drained sites over acid soils derived from
volcanic rock (Ultisols). The common denominator appears to be
drainage and aeration of the soil (24,52,63), not soil pH
(40,64,65). In Trinidad the one factor common to all
sites supporting good growth was good surface drainage (10,40).
In Mexico and Central America, cedro is likewise common on
well-drained soils and ruins (48). Soil fertility may
also be important, as in some tests cedro grew better in soil
enriched with the burned remains of secondary forest (10,58).
No definitive studies of nutrient requirements beyond the
seedling stage have been performed (5,63). Symptoms of
stress due to poor soils are burned appearance of roots,
development of "weeping willow" form in saplings
(leaves become thin and drooping) or loss of leaves at irregular
intervals during the wet season.
Special Uses
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro wood is still in considerable demand wherever it is
available in the American tropics. An attractive, moderately
lightweight wood (specific gravity 0.4), its primary use is in
household articles used to store clothing. Cedro heartwood
contains an aromatic and insect-repelling resin that is the
source of its popular name, Spanish-cedar (it resembles the aroma
of true cedars (Cedrus spp.). The easily worked
wood is both rot-resistant in the ground and highly
termite-resistant, making it suitable for exterior construction.
Cedro works easily and makes excellent plywood and veneer and
would be more widely used if it could be successfully plantation
grown (34,35,48,52).
Cedro is an important avenue and shade tree in the West Indies and
South America, and where imported, in Africa. It has also been
used successfully as cacao and coffee shade in Trinidad.
Vegetative Reproduction
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro does not coppice readily
nor produce root suckers; it is not fire resistant (5,40). It is
capable of pollard regrowth (partial terminal regrowth after
moderate wind damage or partial dieback) if the tree is well
established. It can be grafted and air-layered (34,40,56).
Brief Summary
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Meliaceae -- Mahogany family
Barbara B. Cintron
Cedro hembra (Cedrela odorata) is the most commercially
important and widely distributed species in the genus Cedrela.
Known as Spanish-cedar in English commerce, the aromatic wood
is in high demand in the American tropics because it is naturally
termite- and rot-resistant. Cedro is widespread but never very
common throughout moist tropical American forests; its numbers
are continuing to be reduced by exploitation without successful
regeneration. An understanding of the exacting site requirements
and of associated damage by insects is needed for productive
plantations.
Distribution
(
英語
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cedro is a tree of the New World tropics, appearing in forests of
moist and seasonally dry Subtropical or Tropical life zones (24)
from latitude 26° N. on the Pacific coast of Mexico,
throughout Central America and the West Indies, to the lowlands
and foothills of most of South America up to 1200 m (about 4,000
ft) altitude, finding its southern limit at about latitude 28°
S. in Argentina (12,55). Cedro is always found naturally on
well-drained soils, often but not exclusively on limestone; it
tolerates a long dry season but does not flourish in areas of
rainfall greater than about 3000 mm (120 in) or on sites with
heavy or waterlogged soils (5,34,40,66). Individual trees are
generally scattered in mixed semievergreen or semi-deciduous
forests dominated by other species (11,23,25,28).
Cedrela odorata
(
阿斯圖里亞斯語
)
由wikipedia AST提供
El cedru americanu (Cedrela odorata) ye un árbol de la familia de les Meliacees de la zona intertropical americana. Los sos nomes comunes son: cedru acajou, acaju, acayú, cedru español, cedru de les barbares, cedru de Guayana o cedru amargosu.
Orixe y dispersión
Orixinariu d'América Central, alcuéntrase en Méxicu Tamién s'atopa en Brasil, el Caribe, Venezuela, Colombia y Perú. Ye un árbol de montes tropófilos.
El xéneru Cedrela entiende 7 especies partíes n'América tropical. La especie Cedrela odorata ye'l árbol emblemáticu del estáu Barinas, en Venezuela.
Alcuéntrase en montes tropicales caducifolios. N'elevaciones hasta 1200 m.
Descripción botánica
El cedru amargosu ye un árbol del orde Sapindales, familia de les Meliacees, de rexones tropicales d'América.
Tien un fuste importante que puede algamar los 40 m d'altor. El tueru ye rectu, naciendo les sos cañes más arriba de la metá del so altor y con diámetros nos árboles adultos de 1 a 2 m. Dacuando, na so parte baxa presenta contrafuertes o aletones qu'ayuden a afitar l'árbol, yá que tien un sistema radical abondo superficial.
La corteza, que puede llegar a espesures de 2 cm, ye de color gris-claro nos árboles nuevos y apenes estremada en plaques por leves hendiduras, ente que los árboles adultos tienen la corteza fondamente fisurada. La corteza interna ye rosada, fibrosa y de sabor amargoso.
La copa presenta formes globoses o arrondaes con xamasca trupa, de color verde-claru, que esprender na dómina de seca (avientu a mayu) dexando al descubiertu les sos cañes ascendentes, grueses, con abondosos puntos (lenticelas) arrondaos y protuberantes.
Les fueyes son compuestes, alternes, de 30 a 70 cm de llargu, con 5 a 11 pares de foliolos (xeneralmente 6 ó 7 pares). Los foliolos son xeneralmente llanceolaos o oblongos, de 8 a 17 cm de llongura por 2,5 a 5,5 cm d'anchu, acuminaos, obtusos y dacuando mucronaos nel ápiz, agudos hasta arrondaos y bien asimétricos na base, enteros nos marxes, verde-escuru na cara cimera y verde salíu y amarellentaos na casa inferior, glabros. Al estrumilos esprenden un fuerte golor aliáceo. Los peciolos son de 1 a 1,5 cm de llargu.
Les flores arrexuntar n'inflorescencies con pániculas variables en tamañu, munches vegaes más curties que les fueyes, xeneralmente glabres, escasamente pubérulas. Les flores miden de 6 a 9 mm de llargu, selemente arumaes, de color crema verdosu. El mota ye verdosu, en forma de copa o embudu, de 2 a 3 cm de llargu, con 5 lóbulos dentaos. La corola ye tubular; abrir en 5 pétalos, de 7 a 8 mm de llargu, colos pubérulos per fora. Tien 5 estames, llibres más costos que los pétalos. L'estilu devasa'l llargor de los estames con estigma enancháu.
Los frutos son capsulares, elípticos-oblongos, de 2,5 a 5 cm de llargu, que cuelguen en grupos nel estremu de les cañes; abrir por 5 cáscares; presenten una exa central con 5 ángulos. Nel maduror tien aspeutu maderizu, de color marrón chocolate, con abondosos lenticelas marielles. Permanecen mientres enforma tiempu nel árbol.
Les granes son albecs, de 2 a 2,5 cm de llargu, de color marrón. Cada cápsula puede contener de 20 a 40 granes, dispuestes en 2 fileres. Un namái cedru puede producir añalmente cerca de 10 millones de granes les cualos son tresportaes pol vientu.
La madera ye goliosa, abondo llixera, con pesu específicu variable d'ente 0,42 a 0,63, xeneralmente blanda o medianamente dura. El color de l'albura ye blancu-amarellentáu o gris bien estremáu del duramen, que'l so color va dende colloráu hasta marrón claro. La testura varia dende fina hasta aspra.
Florien de mayu a xunetu. Fructifican en marzu.
Númberu cromosómico 2n = 50.
Usos
En Guatemala ye utilizáu pa tratar tiemblos.
Ye llantáu con fines ornamentales en parques y xardinos.
El so madera de color escuru ye bien apreciada pola so calidá; usar pa fabricar muebles una y bones nun ye vulnerable a les termites. España autorizó a los ingleses la corte d'esta madera precioso na área que güei ocupa Belice, dando orixe a una fuerte presencia colonial inglesa na rexón que llevó a España, primero, depués a Guatemala, a perder esti territoriu anque sigue'l so pleitu. Munches cases europees fueron afataes con esta madera anque la más importante foi la caoba, qu'entá siguen en bon estáu n'Europa.
Propiedaes
Esta planta ye d'usu ritual nes llimpies, tantu na Huasteca potosina como na veracruzana.
Amás, atribúyense-y propiedaes melecinales en problemes respiratorios como bronquitis y asma, pa lo cual bébese un cocimientu de la corteza. P'aselar el dolor de les feríes aprovéchense les cañes. Como albortivu y pal dolor d'estómagu, prepárase un té col tarmu d'esta planta y la corteza de macuilis (sp n/r). Como relaxante muscular, antihemorrágico vaxinal alminístrase'l fervinchu de la madera, per vía oral y en baños.
El cocimientu de la corteza usar en baños pa baxar la calentura y contra el "plasmu". Tamién se refier preséu en casos de foria, fiel, reumatismu, dolor de mueles y hemorraxa nasal.
- Hestoria
Francisco Hernández de Toledo nel sieglu XVI, refier: "la corteza ye amargosa y astringente, afírmase que cura les erupciones que llamen viruelas".
Darréu, Ricardo Ossado, nel Llibru del Xudíu de mediaos del sieglu XVIII menta: "ye útil pal dolor de mueles, cura los ataques d'epilepsia y toles enfermedaes nervioses".
- Química
La madera de Cedrela adorata contién un aceite esencial nel que s'identificaron los sesquiterpenos calamaneno, alfa-copaeno, alfa-cubeno, beta-elemeno, guaiazuleno, dihidro-guaiazuleno, alfa-muroleno, gamma-muroleno, nerólido y terreyol. Otros componentes de la madera son los triterpenos gedunín 23-24-25-trihidroxi-treo-tirucal-7-en-3-ona y odoratona; el esteroide glucosil-24-metilen-colesterol y el flavonoide adoratol. Na corteza del tarmu detectóse'l triterpeno, acedu oleanólico, na fueya, cedrela tetranor-triperpeno I y na grana, andirobín, mexicanolido, 6-alfa-hidroxi-mexicanólido y 6-deoxi-switenólido. En fueyes y corteza detectóse la beta-sitosterol.[1]
Taxonomía
Cedrela odorata describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 940. 1759.[2]
- Sinonimia
-
Cedrela adenophylla Mart.
-
Cedrela amara Goebel
-
Cedrela brachystachya (C.DC.) C.DC.
-
Cedrela brownei Loefl.
-
Cedrela brownii Loefl. ex Kuntze
-
Cedrela caldasana C.DC.
-
Cedrela cedru Loefl.
-
Cedrela cubensis Bisse
-
Cedrela glaziovii C.DC.
-
Cedrela guianensis A.Juss.
-
Cedrela hassleri (C.DC.) C.DC.
-
Cedrela huberi Ducke
-
Cedrela imparipinnata C.DC.
-
Cedrela longipes S.F.Blake
-
Cedrela mexicana M.Roem.
-
Cedrela mexicana var. puberula C.DC.
-
Cedrela mourae C.DC.
-
Cedrela occidentalis C.DC. & Rose
-
Cedrela palustris Handro
-
Cedrela paraguariensis Mart.
-
Cedrela paraguariensis var. brachystachya C.DC.
-
Cedrela paraguariensis var. hassleri C.DC.
-
Cedrela paraguariensis var. multijuga C.DC.
-
Cedrela atayante S.F.Blake
-
Cedrela sintenisii C.DC.
-
Cedrela velloziana M.Roem.
-
Cedrela whitfordii S.F.Blake
-
Cedrela yucatana S.F.Blake
-
Cedrus odorata Mill.
-
Surenus brownei (Loefl.) Kuntze
-
Surenus glaziovii (C.DC.) Kuntze
-
Surenus guianensis (A.Juss.) Kuntze
-
Surenus mexicana (M.Roem.) Kuntze
-
Surenus paraguariensis (Mart.) Kuntze
-
Surenus velloziana (M.Roem.) Kuntze[3]
Ver tamién
Referencies
Bibliografía
Enllaces esternos
http://www.ibiologia.unam.mx/BIBLIO68/fulltext/fasiculosfloras/f42_meli.pdf
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![src=]()
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Cedrela odorata: Brief Summary
(
阿斯圖里亞斯語
)
由wikipedia AST提供
Cedrela odorata El cedru americanu (Cedrela odorata) ye un árbol de la familia de les Meliacees de la zona intertropical americana. Los sos nomes comunes son: cedru acajou, acaju, acayú, cedru español, cedru de les barbares, cedru de Guayana o cedru amargosu.
![src=]()
Frutos
![src=]()
Detalle de la planta
![src=]()
Fueyes
![src=]()
Nel so hábitat
Cedrela odorata
(
加泰隆語
)
由wikipedia CA提供
Cedrela odorata: Brief Summary
(
加泰隆語
)
由wikipedia CA提供
El cedre americà (Cedrela odorata) és una espècie d'arbre de la família de les meliàcies de regions tropicals d'Amèrica. Els seus noms comuns són: cedre acajou, cedre espanyol, cedre de les barbares, cedre de Guyana; en anglès: west indian cedar; en alemany: Jamaica-Zedar; en francès: acajou amer.
Westindische Zedrele
(
德語
)
由wikipedia DE提供
Die Westindische Zedrele (Cedrela odorata), auch Westindische Zeder, Spanische Zeder oder nach ihrem verkürzten spanischen Namen Cedro genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Mahagonigewächse (Meliaceae). Diese Art wächst von Mexiko über die Karibik und Mittelamerika bis ins tropische Südamerika. Sie wurde im Pazifik auf Hawaii und den Galapagosinseln, im Indischen Ozean auf Madagaskar sowie in den afrikanischen Staaten Südafrika, Tansania, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Nigeria und Elfenbeinküste eingeführt.[1]
Die Bezeichnung „Zeder“ ist allerdings verwirrend, denn Zedrelen sind Laubbäume und Zedern Nadelbäume.
Beschreibung
Vegetative Merkmale
![src=]()
Gefiederte Laubblätter bei jungen Pflanzen
Cedrela odorata wächst als laubabwerfender Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von über 40 Meter. Der Stammdurchmesser erreicht bis zu 3 Meter. Es werden nur kleine Brettwurzeln oder Riffelungen gebildet. Die gräuliche bis bräunliche Borke ist im Alter rau und furchig. Die Zweige besitzen eine kahle Rinde mit spärlich verteilten Lentizellen.
Die wechselständig und spiralig an den Zweigen angeordneten Laubblätter sind mindestens 30 cm lang und paarig gefiedert. Die mehr oder weniger gegenständig an der Blattrhachis angeordneten bis über 30 Blättchen besitzen einen 1 bis 2 cm langen Stiel. Die meist kahle Blättchenspreite ist bis etwa 15 cm lang und bis 6 cm breit, sie ist eiförmig bis elliptisch, mit ganzem Rand, sowie gerundeter bis spitzer, teils leicht herzförmiger, öfters schräger oder ungleicher Basis und bespitzem bis zugespiztem oder geschwänztem oberen Ende. Sie ist dünnledrig, auf beiden Seiten kahl und besitzt zehn bis zwölf Seitennerven auf jeder Seite des Mittelnervs.
Generative Merkmale
Cedrela odorata ist einhäusig monözisch. Die kahlen, reich verzweigten und langen rispigen, thyrsigen Blütenstände sind endständig nur schwach behaart. Die fünfzähligen und funktionell eingeschlechtlichen, duftenden Blüten besitzen eine doppelte Blütenhülle. Sie sind relativ klein und kurz gestielt. Die fünf kleinen Kelchblätter sind verwachsen und spärlich flaumig behaart mit fünf kurzen, ungleichen Zähnen. Der becherförmige Kelch besitzt einseitig einen Schlitz. Die fünf freien, weißen und dachigen, aufrechten Kronblätter sind bei einer Länge von etwa 8 mm röhrig zusammenstehend mit kurzen ausgebogenen Zipfeln. Sie sind auf beiden Seiten flaumig behaart und innen, unten gekielt und mit dem Kiel dem Fruchtknoten anliegend, anhaftend. Die fünf, knapp eingeschlossenen Staubblätter und der kahle, fünfkammerige, längliche, oberständige Fruchtknoten sind in einem kurzen Androgynophor verwachsen. Wobei die kahlen Staubfäden unten am Stiel des Androgynophors angeheftet sind und unten jeweils Nektarien besitzen. In jeder Fruchtknotenkammer befinden sich etwa zwölf Samenanlagen. Der relativ kurze, dickliche, knapp vorstehende Griffel ist kahl, mit breiter, kopfiger und schwach gelappter Narbe. Die weiblichen Blüten besitzen Staminodien mit Antheroden und die männlichen Blüten einen leicht reduzierten Pistillode.
Die kahle, fünfklappige, holzige und vielsamige, ellipsoide bis verkehrt-eiförmige, septifragrale Kapselfrucht ist bei einer Länge von bis etwa 3–5 cm länglich bis ellipsoid und ist mit hellen Lentizellen gesprenkelt. Sie öffnet sich an der Spitze krallenförmig. Die, mit Flügel, bis 3 cm langen, braunen und abgeflachten Samen sind einseitig geflügelt.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 56.[2]
Systematik
Die Erstveröffentlichung von Cedrela odorata erfolgte 1759 durch Carl von Linné in Systema Naturae 10. Auflage, 2, S. 940[3]. Als Lectotypus wurde 1960 P. Browne: Civil & Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 1756, Tafel 10, Figur 1 durch C.E. Smith in Fieldiana, Bot., 29(5), S. 314 festgelegt.
Synonyme für Cedrela odorata L. sind: Cedrela adenophylla Mart., Cedrela brachystachya (C.DC.) C.DC., Cedrela brownii Loefl. ex Kuntze, Cedrela caldasana C.DC., Cedrela ciliolata S.F.Blake, Cedrela cubensis Bisse, Cedrela dugesii S.Watson, Cedrela glaziovii C.DC., Cedrela guianensis A.Juss., Cedrela hassleri (C.DC.) C.DC., Cedrela huberi Ducke, Cedrela imparipinnata C.DC., Cedrela longipes S.F.Blake, Cedrela longipetiolulata Harms, Cedrela mexicana M.Roem., Cedrela mexicana var. puberula C. DC., Cedrela mourae C.DC., Cedrela occidentalis C.DC. & Rose, Cedrela odorata var. xerogeiton Rizzini & Heringer, Cedrela palustris Handro, Cedrela paraguariensis Mart., Cedrela paraguariensis var. brachystachya C.DC., Cedrela paraguariensis var. hassleri C.DC., Cedrela paraguariensis var. multijuga C.DC., Cedrela rotunda S.F.Blake, Cedrela sintenisii C.DC., Cedrela velloziana M.Roem., Cedrela whitfordii S.F.Blake, Cedrela yucatana S.F.Blake, Surenus brownii Kuntze, Surenus glaziovii (C.DC.) Kuntze, Surenus guianensis (A.Juss.) Kuntze, Surenus mexicana (M.Roem.) Kuntze, Surenus velloziana (M.Roem.) Kuntze.[4]
Nutzung
Das mittelschwere und mäßig beständige Holz der Westindischen Zedrele wird aufgrund der guten Bearbeitbarkeit gerne als Ersatz für Mahagoni genutzt. Außerdem ist das Holz ein beinahe unverzichtbares Baumaterial für Konzertgitarrenhälse sowie Zigarren-Humidore. Der dezente Geruch des Holzes harmoniert in angenehmer Weise mit der Zigarre und hält gleichzeitig Schädlinge von ihr fern. Aus dem Holz wird auch ätherisches Öl gewonnen, welches als westindisches Zedernöl bezeichnet wird.[5]
Gefährdung und Schutz
Die Westindische Zedrele wird aufgrund der anhaltenden Ausbeutung von der Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten[6] als gefährdet („Vulnerable“) geführt.
Die Art ist in Anhang 3[7] des Washingtoner Artenschutz-Übereinkommens (CITES) mit ihren Beständen in Kolumbien, Guatemala und Peru aufgeführt. Damit ist der Handel mit Stämmen, gesägtem Holz und Furnierblättern von dieser Art bestimmten Bedingungen unterworfen.
Quellen
- Hua Peng, David J. Mabberley: Cedrela in der Flora of China, Volume 11, S. 115: Cedrela odorata – online.
- Barbara B. Cintron: Datenblatt: Cedro Hembra, Spanish-Cedar bei USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station (engl. mit langer Sekundärliteraturliste).
- A. L. Stoffers, J. C. Lindeman: Flora of Suriname. Vol. V, Part 1, Brill, 1984, S. 561–564, eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche.
- Rudi Wagenführ, André Wagenführ: Holzatlas. 7. Auflage, Hanser, 2021, ISBN 978-3-446-46838-2, S. 205 ff, eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche.
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ Cedrela odorata bei PROTA4U, abgerufen am 17. November 2017.
-
↑ Cedrela mexicana bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis..
-
↑ Erstveröffentlichung eingescannt bei biodiversitylibrary.org.
-
↑ Cedrela odorata bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis..
-
↑ Robert Tisserand, Rodney Young: Essential Oil Safety. Second Edition, Churchill Livingstone, 2014, ISBN 978-0-443-06241-4, S. 240 f.
-
↑ Cedrela odorata in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2017. Eingestellt von: J. Mark, M. C. Rivers, 2017. Abgerufen am 23. Januar 2022..
-
↑ The CITES Appendices. CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, abgerufen am 27. Januar 2010 (englisch, Die Appendixe des Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommens CITES).
Westindische Zedrele: Brief Summary
(
德語
)
由wikipedia DE提供
Die Westindische Zedrele (Cedrela odorata), auch Westindische Zeder, Spanische Zeder oder nach ihrem verkürzten spanischen Namen Cedro genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Mahagonigewächse (Meliaceae). Diese Art wächst von Mexiko über die Karibik und Mittelamerika bis ins tropische Südamerika. Sie wurde im Pazifik auf Hawaii und den Galapagosinseln, im Indischen Ozean auf Madagaskar sowie in den afrikanischen Staaten Südafrika, Tansania, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Nigeria und Elfenbeinküste eingeführt.
Die Bezeichnung „Zeder“ ist allerdings verwirrend, denn Zedrelen sind Laubbäume und Zedern Nadelbäume.
Kanuwa ruya
(
奇楚瓦語
)
由wikipedia emerging languages提供
Kanuwa ruya: Brief Summary
(
奇楚瓦語
)
由wikipedia emerging languages提供
Kanuwa ruya, Puku yura, Kapiruna icha Q'apaq siwis (Cedrela odorata) nisqaqa huk hatun sach'am, rikch'aq siwismi, Uralan Awya Yalapi wiñaq. K'ullu kurkumanta kanuwatam ruranku.
Sèd
(
海地、海地克里奧爾語
)
由wikipedia emerging languages提供
Sèd se yon plant. Li nan fanmi plant kategori: Meliaceæ . Non syantifik li se Cedrela odorata L.
Istwa
Istwa
referans
Kèk lyen
Sèd: Brief Summary
(
海地、海地克里奧爾語
)
由wikipedia emerging languages提供
Sèd se yon plant. Li nan fanmi plant kategori: Meliaceæ . Non syantifik li se Cedrela odorata L.
Мирислива цедрела
(
馬其頓語
)
由wikipedia emerging languages提供
Мирисливата цедрела (науч. Cedrela odorata) е истополово полулистопадно дрво со височина од 10 до 30 м. Стеблото има дебела сивкасто-кафена кора, со надолжна неправилна гранулација. Има перјесто распоредени сложени листови, групирани кон крајот на гранките, и се со должина од 15 до 50 см, со парови ливчиња од срповиден, ланцеолатен до долгнавест облик, 7-15 x 3-5 см по должина, а основата е косо засечена и несиметрична.
Растението се нарекува и наречена и „шпански кедар“ или „мексикански кедар“, иако не е сродно со кедарот (Cedrus).
Растението се користи за добивање мед во пчеларството, а во дрвната индустрија се користи за изработка на хумидори или фурнир за обвиткување на поединечни пури.
Поврзано
Наводи
Мирислива цедрела: Brief Summary
(
馬其頓語
)
由wikipedia emerging languages提供
Мирисливата цедрела (науч. Cedrela odorata) е истополово полулистопадно дрво со височина од 10 до 30 м. Стеблото има дебела сивкасто-кафена кора, со надолжна неправилна гранулација. Има перјесто распоредени сложени листови, групирани кон крајот на гранките, и се со должина од 15 до 50 см, со парови ливчиња од срповиден, ланцеолатен до долгнавест облик, 7-15 x 3-5 см по должина, а основата е косо засечена и несиметрична.
Растението се нарекува и наречена и „шпански кедар“ или „мексикански кедар“, иако не е сродно со кедарот (Cedrus).
Растението се користи за добивање мед во пчеларството, а во дрвната индустрија се користи за изработка на хумидори или фурнир за обвиткување на поединечни пури.
Cedrela angustifolia
(
英語
)
由wikipedia EN提供
Cedrela angustifolia is a species of tree in the mahogany family, Meliaceae. Local common names include cedro de Tucumán, cedro bayo, cedro coya, and cedro del cerro.[1] It is native to South America, where it occurs in Argentina, Bolivia and Peru.
This is a species of mountain forests. It easily colonizes disturbed habitat, forming dense canopy. These stands still occur in Bolivia,[1] and the tree is common in parts of Argentina.[2] However, it is a valuable timber tree.[2] Some populations have faced substantial declines, and it is considered to be an endangered species.[1]
Forests of southern Perú are reported to have been in pre-colonial times composed largely of Andean cedar, which were over time depleted. One historical tree, purported to be more than 300 years old, remains in the courtyard of the Monasterio Hotel in Cusco.[3][4] There is at this time no known effort to revive this species within Perú. Non-native eucalyptus trees are prized for their rapid growth, and are used throughout the area for both timber and fuel.[5][6][7]
References
Cedrela angustifolia: Brief Summary
(
英語
)
由wikipedia EN提供
Cedrela angustifolia is a species of tree in the mahogany family, Meliaceae. Local common names include cedro de Tucumán, cedro bayo, cedro coya, and cedro del cerro. It is native to South America, where it occurs in Argentina, Bolivia and Peru.
This is a species of mountain forests. It easily colonizes disturbed habitat, forming dense canopy. These stands still occur in Bolivia, and the tree is common in parts of Argentina. However, it is a valuable timber tree. Some populations have faced substantial declines, and it is considered to be an endangered species.
Forests of southern Perú are reported to have been in pre-colonial times composed largely of Andean cedar, which were over time depleted. One historical tree, purported to be more than 300 years old, remains in the courtyard of the Monasterio Hotel in Cusco. There is at this time no known effort to revive this species within Perú. Non-native eucalyptus trees are prized for their rapid growth, and are used throughout the area for both timber and fuel.
Cedrela angustifolia
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由wikipedia ES提供
Cedrela angustifolia es una especie botánica, fanerógama de la familia de las meliáceas.
Distribución y hábitat
Se halla en Argentina, Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador; hasta los 3.400 msnm . Está amenazada por pérdida de hábitat.
Descripción
Es un árbol inerme, de 7 a 17 m de altura, con fuste recto, de hasta 12 dm de diámetro. Florece australmente, de noviembre a enero; fructifica de febrero a marzo. Sumamente explotado por su madera. Hojas, al restregarlas, dan olor desagradable.
Uso
Muy apreciada por su madera: peso específico de 460 kg/m³, es liviana y bastante dura.
Para aberturas exteriores e interiores, persianas, muebles finos, chapas, tableros alistonados.[2]
Taxonomía
Cedrela angustifolia fue descrita por Sessé & Moc. ex DC. y publicado en Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 624. 1824.[3]
- Etimología
Cedrela: nombre genérico que es un diminutivo de Cedrus.
angustifolia: epíteto latíno que significa "con hojas estrechas".[4]
- Sinonimia
-
Cedrela boliviana Rusby
-
Cedrela herrerae Harms
-
Cedrela lilloi C.DC.
-
Cedrela steinbachii Harms
-
Pterosiphon multivenius Turcz.
-
Surenus angustifolia (DC.) Kuntze[5]
- Atoc cedro, cedro bayo, cedro coya, cedro de altura, cedro de Tucumán, cedro del cerro, cedro peludo, cedro salteño, cedro virgen.[6]
Véase también
Referencias
Bibliografía
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. GRIN. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9683 (4 ene 2008)
- Arce, S., C. Estenssoro, S. Ergueta. 1987. Diagnóstico del estado de la flora, fauna y communidades importantes para la conservación. Bolivia, La Paz, Centro de Datos para la Conservación. 98pp.
- Bernardi, L. 1985. Contribución a la dendrologia paraguaya: Secunda parte. Boissiera 37: 7–294.
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Macbride, J. F. 1949. Meliaceae, Flora of Peru. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3/2): 717–777.
- Molina Rosito, A. 1975. Enumeración de las plantas de Honduras. Ceiba 19(1): 1–118.
- Neill, D. A. & C. Ulloa Ulloa. 2011. Adiciones Fl. Ecuador: Segundo Supl., 2005-2010 1–202. Fundación Jatun Sacha, Quito.
- Pennington, T. D. & A. N. Muellner. 2010. Monogr. Cedrela 1–112. dh books, Milborne Port, UK.
Cedrela angustifolia: Brief Summary
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由wikipedia ES提供
Cedrela angustifolia es una especie botánica, fanerógama de la familia de las meliáceas.
Cedrela odorata
(
法語
)
由wikipedia FR提供
L'Acajou amer (Cedrela odorata) est une plante dicotylédone de la famille des Méliacées des régions tropicales d'Amérique : on le trouve du Mexique au Brésil en passant par les Caraibes et le Pérou.
C'est un arbre des forêts tropicales humides et des forêts sèches des plaines tropicales.
Description
![src=]()
Ecorce de
Cedrela odorata
Aspect général
L'acajou amer est un arbre de taille imposante qui peut atteindre 40 m de hauteur. Le tronc pouvant mesurer 1 m de diamètre a une écorce grise et fissurée longitudinalement[1].
Feuilles
Les feuilles sont composées, paripennées et peuvent mesurer jusqu'à 80 centimètres de long. Les folioles ont un apex acuminé et une base dissymétrique[1].
Fleurs
Les inflorescences sont des grappes terminales de 15 à 20 centimètres de long. Les fleurs ont une forte odeur de malt. Elles mesurent entre 6 et 9 millimètres de long et sont blanches à jaune[1].
Fruits
L'espèce fructifie au bout de 10 ans. Les fruits sont des capsules ellipsoïdes contenant des graines plates ailées[1].
Utilisation
Ornement
On plante l'acajou amer à des fins ornementales dans les parcs et jardins, notamment dans les régions tropicales.
Il est cependant capable de se développer sous des climats plus froids que celui de ses régions d'origine et de supporter des gels légers[2]. Des spécimens plantés dans les rues de Brest par exemple (zone 9) s'y développent très bien et deviennent de grands arbres[3]. Il ne faut cependant pas le confondre avec Toona sinensis, une espèce proche plus fréquente sous climat tempéré.
Bois
Son bois de couleur brun foncé est de très grande qualité et est utilisé dans l'industrie du meuble, la construction de navires, la menuiserie et l'ébénisterie[1]. Il était utilisé pour construire des huit à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle[réf. souhaitée].
![src=]()
Cave à cigare (ou humidor)
L'acajou amer est également très utilisé dans l'univers du cigare. Il est utilisé comme bois de plaquage à l'intérieur des caves à cigares ou humidors. La plupart des amateurs de cigares l'appellent cèdre espagnol ou cèdre d'Espagne. Il est utilisé pour la conservation des cigares pour sa grande capacité d'absorption de l'humidité qui permet d'éviter l'apparition de moisissure à une hygrométrie constante située entre 68 et 72 %[réf. souhaitée]. Sa forte odeur permet également de tenir éloignés les parasites (notamment les mites[4]) des cigares[5].
Ombrage
En Nouvelle-Calédonie, Cedrela odorata est parfois planté comme plante d'ombrage dans les caféières[1].
Caractère envahissant
L'espèce a un caractère envahissant en Nouvelle-Calédonie[1],[6]. Elle a été introduite à la ferme-école de Yahoué à la fin du XIXe siècle. Elle forme des couverts forestiers hauts et quasiment monospécifiques[4]. Le Code de l'environnement de la Province Sud interdit l’introduction dans la nature de cette espèce ainsi que sa production, son transport, son utilisation, son colportage, sa cession, sa mise en vente, sa vente ou son achat[7].
Noms vernaculaires
Cèdre acajou, cèdre espagnol, cèdre des barbares, acajou amer, acajou de Guyane. En anglais : West indian cedar. En espagnol : Cedro amargo. En allemand : Jamaica-Zedar.
Génétique
La génétique forestière de cette espèce est encore mal connue, mais l’étude du génome de cet Acajou en forêt costaricaine, a récemment (2004) confirmé une variation génétique épousant le gradient environnemental du pays[8]. Mais cette étude a aussi montré une divergence évolutive majeure entre les génomes chloroplastiques des acajous de la région du Yucatan et ceux du Honduras / Nicaragua, différence qui n’apparaît qu’à l’étude du génome chloroplastique de cette espèce[8]. Des translocations de plants d’une zone à l’autre sans tenir compte de ces différences pourrait conduire à produire des populations désadaptées à leur environnement.
Voir aussi
Notes et références
Références taxonomiques
Notes et autres références
-
↑ a b c d e f et g Groupe espèces envahissantes, Plantes envahissantes pour les milieux naturels de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, Agence pour la prévention et l'indemnisation des calamités agricoles ou naturelles (APICAN), janvier 2012, 222 p., pp. 164-165
-
↑ https://jardin-secrets.com/cedrele-odorant-article-12177,190,fr.html
-
↑ Images sur gardenbreizh.org : [1], [2].
-
↑ a et b Bernard Suprin, Mille et une plantes en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, Editions Photosynthèse, 2013, 382 p. (ISBN 9782952731638), p. 211
-
↑ « Pourquoi le cèdre est-il utilisé pour la fabrication des caves à cigares ? », sur www.cigares.ch (consulté le 3 octobre 2018)
-
↑ Vanessa Hequet, Mickaël Le Corre, Frédéric Rigault, Vincent Blanfort, Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie, IRD, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, septembre 2009, 87 p. (lire en ligne), p. 17, p. 33
-
↑ Code de l'environnement de la Province Sud, Nouméa, 2019, 346 p. (lire en ligne), p. 147
-
↑ a et b S Cavers, C Navarro, A.J Lowe (2004), Targeting genetic resource conservation in widespread species : a case study of Cedrela odorata L. ; Dynamics and Conservation of Genetic Diversity in Forest Ecology ; Forest Ecology and Management ; Volume 197, Issues 1–3, 11 August 2004, Pages 285–294 ; https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.019 (résumé)
Cedrela odorata: Brief Summary
(
法語
)
由wikipedia FR提供
L'Acajou amer (Cedrela odorata) est une plante dicotylédone de la famille des Méliacées des régions tropicales d'Amérique : on le trouve du Mexique au Brésil en passant par les Caraibes et le Pérou.
C'est un arbre des forêts tropicales humides et des forêts sèches des plaines tropicales.
Wonjaty cedrelowc
(
上索布語
)
由wikipedia HSB提供
Wonjaty cedrelowc (Cedrela odorata) je štom ze swójby melijowcowych rostlinow (Meliaceae).
Wopisanje
Stejnišćo
Rozšěrjenje
Wužiwanje
Žórła
- Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
- Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
- Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
- Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
Wonjaty cedrelowc: Brief Summary
(
上索布語
)
由wikipedia HSB提供
Wonjaty cedrelowc (Cedrela odorata) je štom ze swójby melijowcowych rostlinow (Meliaceae).
Cedrela odorata
(
義大利語
)
由wikipedia IT提供
La Cedrela odorosa L., in italiano cedrella, cedrela, cedro spagnolo o cedro cubano[1], è una specie commercialmente importante di albero della famiglia delle bacche cinesi, le Meliaceae.
Classificazione
Il genere Cedrela ha conosciuto due revisioni sistematiche dal 1960. La più recente ha ridotto la revisione a sette (Styles, 1981). La più comune, la Cedrela odorata, ha altri 28 sinonimi, tra cui C. mexicana,
Distribuzione e habitat
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Il tronco visto da vicino
La cedrela è una pianta tipica dei tropici del Nuovo Mondo, presente nelle foreste umide tropicali e subtropicali dal 26º parallelo nord in giù. Esso è presente anche nella costa pacifica del Messico, in America Centrale e nei Caraibi, sino a 1200 metri di altitudine, giungendo come diffusione sino in Argentina. È divenuta una specie invasiva nelle Isole Galápagos.[2] La cedrela cresce su suoli a base di calce; tollera lunghi periodi di siccità ma non è in grado di crescere nelle aree delle grandi piogge dove esse superano i 3000 mm annui. Il mogano, una pianta strettamente imparentata, si trova spesso nei medesimi luoghi dove cresce la cedrela e come essa non resiste agli attacchi della Hypsipyla grandella.
Descrizione
L'albero è monoico semi-deciduo e può raggiungere l'altezza di 10-30 metri. Il tronco ha una corteccia grigio-marrone con fratture irregolari verticali. Le foglie, composte e lanceolate, sono raggruppate alla fine di ciascun ramo (lunghi massimo 50 cm) in misure da 7-15 cm × 3-5 cm asimmetriche.
Usi
La Cedrela odorata è il legno più importante a livello commerciale del genere Cedrela. Noto come cedro spagnolo in inglese, il legno aromatico è tra i più richiesti in quanto resistente alle termiti ed alla marcescenza. Legno leggero (ha un peso specifico di 0,4) è utilizzato essenzialmente come legno da lavorazione per mobili data la sua duttilità, la facilità di lavorazione e la repulsione degli insetti dannosi, oltre al gradevole profumo che emana. La pianta è utilizzata anche per la produzione di miele e per la costruzione di humidor da sigari. È talvolta utilizzata per la produzione di chitarre elettriche e, tradizionalmente, per il manico di chitarre da flamenco o classiche.[3]
Note
Cedrela odorata: Brief Summary
(
義大利語
)
由wikipedia IT提供
La Cedrela odorosa L., in italiano cedrella, cedrela, cedro spagnolo o cedro cubano, è una specie commercialmente importante di albero della famiglia delle bacche cinesi, le Meliaceae.
Vestindisk seder
(
挪威語
)
由wikipedia NO提供
Vestindisk seder (Cedrela odorata) er et løvtre i mahognifamilien.
Det blir opptil 40 m høyt, mer sjeldent 60 m. Stammen har en diameter på opptil 120 cm og er ofte uten greiner opp til 25 m høyde. Barken er gråbrun. Bladene er finnete med 6–12 par småblad. Trærne er sambu med adskilte hann- og hunnblomster på samme tre. De femtallige blomstene sitter mange sammen i endestilte blomsterstander. Frukten er en rødbrun kapsel som sprekker opp med fem fliker.[2]
Vestindisk seder hører hjemme i de tropiske delene av den nye verden og kan vokse i mange ulike klimasoner. Den finnes både i skog med jevn nedbør og skog med tørketid. Arten er løvfellende og har årringer, noe som viser at den er best tilpasset områder med tørketid. Den trives ikke der årsnedbøren er høyere enn 3000 mm, eller jorda er mettet med vann. Utbredelsen strekker seg fra 26° nord på Mexicos stillehavskyst gjennom Karibia og Mellom- og Sør-Amerika til 28° sør i Argentina.[3]
Det verdifulle trevirket er motstandsdyktig mot både råte og termitter. Det har en duft som minner om egentlig seder (Cedrus). Virket er mest kjent for det anvendes i sigarkasser, men brukes også blant annet til møbler, finér, dører, musikkinstrumenter og båter. Overdreven hogst har gjort at Cedrela odorata er blitt ganske sjelden i vill tilstand. Treet plantes som skyggetre langs gater og på kaffe- og kakaoplantasjer både i Amerika og i Afrika og Sørøst-Asia.[2][3]
Referanser
Eksterne lenker
Vestindisk seder: Brief Summary
(
挪威語
)
由wikipedia NO提供
Vestindisk seder (Cedrela odorata) er et løvtre i mahognifamilien.
Det blir opptil 40 m høyt, mer sjeldent 60 m. Stammen har en diameter på opptil 120 cm og er ofte uten greiner opp til 25 m høyde. Barken er gråbrun. Bladene er finnete med 6–12 par småblad. Trærne er sambu med adskilte hann- og hunnblomster på samme tre. De femtallige blomstene sitter mange sammen i endestilte blomsterstander. Frukten er en rødbrun kapsel som sprekker opp med fem fliker.
Vestindisk seder hører hjemme i de tropiske delene av den nye verden og kan vokse i mange ulike klimasoner. Den finnes både i skog med jevn nedbør og skog med tørketid. Arten er løvfellende og har årringer, noe som viser at den er best tilpasset områder med tørketid. Den trives ikke der årsnedbøren er høyere enn 3000 mm, eller jorda er mettet med vann. Utbredelsen strekker seg fra 26° nord på Mexicos stillehavskyst gjennom Karibia og Mellom- og Sør-Amerika til 28° sør i Argentina.
Det verdifulle trevirket er motstandsdyktig mot både råte og termitter. Det har en duft som minner om egentlig seder (Cedrus). Virket er mest kjent for det anvendes i sigarkasser, men brukes også blant annet til møbler, finér, dører, musikkinstrumenter og båter. Overdreven hogst har gjort at Cedrela odorata er blitt ganske sjelden i vill tilstand. Treet plantes som skyggetre langs gater og på kaffe- og kakaoplantasjer både i Amerika og i Afrika og Sørøst-Asia.
Cedrzyk wonny
(
波蘭語
)
由wikipedia POL提供
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Cedrzyk wonny, cedrówka wonna, cedrela wonna (Cedrela odorata) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny meliowatych. Pochodzi z terenów Ameryki Środkowej, od Meksyku po Antyle.
![src=]()
Uskrzydlony owoc cedrzyka wonnego
Morfologia
Wysokie drzewo do 30 m z szarobrązową korą. Pierzaste liście złożone są z 14-18 par podłużnych listków. Listki jajowatokształtne. Kwiaty drobne w kolorze żółtawobiałym. Owocem jest torebka z uskrzydlonymi nasionami.
Zastosowanie
Miękkie i lekkie drewno o korzennym zapachu używane jest m.in. w przemyśle meblarskim. Ze względu na specyficzne właściwości drewno nie jest atakowane przez szkodniki.
Przypisy
Bibliografia
- Zbigniew Podbielkowski: Słownik roślin użytkowych. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1989. ISBN 83-09-00256-4.
Cedrzyk wonny: Brief Summary
(
波蘭語
)
由wikipedia POL提供
Cedrzyk wonny, cedrówka wonna, cedrela wonna (Cedrela odorata) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny meliowatych. Pochodzi z terenów Ameryki Środkowej, od Meksyku po Antyle.
![src=]()
Uskrzydlony owoc cedrzyka wonnego
Cedro-cheiroso
(
葡萄牙語
)
由wikipedia PT提供
O cedro-cheiroso (Cedrela odorata), também conhecido pelos nomes vulgares de acaju, cedro-fêmea, cedro-rosa, cedro-espanhol, cedro-vermelho, cedro-mogno e cedro-brasileiro[1] é uma árvore da família das meliáceas, com uma ampla distribuição natural, ocorrendo do México a Argentina. No Brasil ocorre na Floresta Atlântica, na Amazônia e mesmo na Caatinga.
Características
Chega a atingir 35 m de altura e 150 cm de diâmetro.
As suas folhas são compostas.
Possui caule rugoso.
As flores são amarelo-pálidas e aparecem de janeiro a maio. Os frutos são capsulares deiscentes com 2,0 a 3,5 cm de comprimento, encontram-se maduros de março a setembro. Suas folhas possuem formato de lâmina e 7 pares de folíolos e 11 folíolos opostos.[2]
A madeira caracteriza-se pelo seu cerne vermelho e é muito utilizada e apreciada na produção de mobília. É utilizada na produção de óleo essencial utilizado em perfumaria.
Em virtude de sua madeira de excelente qualidade, o cedro está ameaçado de extinção resultante da exploração excessiva. Pode ser utilizada para fins de carpintaria, construção naval e aeronáutica. Também é uma ótima aliada para restauração de florestas.
Seu sistema de reprodução é através do sistema sexual monóico e sua polinização é feita principalmente por mariposas e insetos[3].
O cedro brasileiro não deve ser confundido com o cedro do Líbano, que é uma Gimnosperma do gênero Cedrus. Provavelmente, Cedrela odorata recebeu o mesmo nome que o cedro (Cedrus) devido à boa qualidade da sua madeira e ao odor característico desta, semelhante ao do cedro-do-líbano.
Distribuição Geográfica
A espécie possui ampla distribuição. No Brasil, encontra-se nos biomas de Floresta Amazônica e Mata Atlântica principalmente no Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo.
Produção de Mudas
Após colher os frutos diretamente da árvore já abertos, colocá-los sob o sol para abertura e posteriormente liberação de sementes. Um quilo pode chegas a ter cerca de 33 mil sementes. Em seguida, deve-se semear canteiros em locais que cheguem luz solar e as sementes com uma fina camada de substrato. Esta espécie produz muitas plântulas nas cabrucas que podem ser colocadas diretamente em saquinhos para a produção de mudas.[4]
Referências
-
↑ «Brazilian cedar, British Guiana cedar, British Honduras cedar, Cedar, Cedre rouge, Cedro, Cedro oloroso, Cedro red, Central American cedar, Cigar box cedar, Epi, Guyana cedar, Honduras cedar, Jamaican cedar, Kapere, Mexican cedar - Cedrela odorata - Information on the Wood's Characteristics» (php) (em inglês). Woodworkerssource.com. Consultado em 13 de setembro de 2011 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos
|língua2= (ajuda) -
↑ «Flora do Brasil 2020». reflora.jbrj.gov.br. Consultado em 16 de julho de 2018
-
↑ «Cedrela odorata L. Cedro-cheiroso | Compêndio Online Gerson Luiz Lopes». sites.unicentro.br. Consultado em 16 de julho de 2018
-
↑ Garate-Navarro, Mar Asunción; Arévalo-Gardini, Enrique; do Bomfim-Costa, Larissa Correa; da Costa-Silva, Delmira (1 de abril de 2017). «Pro-embrionary Somatic Structure of Three Cacao Genotypes (Theobroma Cacao l.) Using Staminodes». International Annals of Science. 2 (1): 28–32. ISSN 2456-7132. doi:10.21467/ias.2.1.28-32
Fontes
Cedro-cheiroso: Brief Summary
(
葡萄牙語
)
由wikipedia PT提供
O cedro-cheiroso (Cedrela odorata), também conhecido pelos nomes vulgares de acaju, cedro-fêmea, cedro-rosa, cedro-espanhol, cedro-vermelho, cedro-mogno e cedro-brasileiro é uma árvore da família das meliáceas, com uma ampla distribuição natural, ocorrendo do México a Argentina. No Brasil ocorre na Floresta Atlântica, na Amazônia e mesmo na Caatinga.
Cedrela odorata
(
越南語
)
由wikipedia VI提供
Cedrela odorata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Meliaceae. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1759.[2]
Hình ảnh
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
Cedrela odorata: Brief Summary
(
越南語
)
由wikipedia VI提供
Cedrela odorata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Meliaceae. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1759.
Цедрела душистая
(
俄語
)
由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
Мелкие, редко ветвящиеся соцветия короче листьев. Цветки двуполые, с двойным околоцветником, имеют 5 лепестков, мелкие, от продолговатой до эллипсоидной формы. Пять чашелистиков срастаются, редко покрыты нежным опушением. Пять свободных белых лепестков достигают около 8 мм в длину, эллиптической формы. 5 свободных тычинок располагаются кругом на верху цветоложа. Пять плодолистиков срастаются в голую 5-гнёздную завязь. В каждом гнезде находятся 12 семязачатков. Рыльце неопушённое.
Плод — неопушённая вскрывающаяся коробочка длиной 4 см, от продолговатой до эллипсоидной формы, имеет крупные чечевички.
Распространение и местообитание
Произрастает в тропиках Нового Света, во влажных, сезонно пересыхающих лесах, от 26° с.ш. на тихоокеанском побережье Мексики, в Центральной Америке и на островах Карибского моря, до низин и подножий холмов на большей части территории Южной Америки на высоте до 1200 м над уровнем моря, с южной границей около 28° ю.ш. в Аргентине. В природе растёт на хорошо дренированных почвах, но не исключительно на известняке. Растение переносит сухой сезон, однако не цветёт в регионах с уровнем осадков свыше 3000 мм, а также на тяжёлых или заболоченных почвах. Отдельные деревья обычно разбросаны в полувечнозелёных или полулистопадных лесах, в которых доминируют другие виды. Махагони, близкий родственник цедрелы душистой, часто растёт вместе с ней. Оба растения страдают от схожего вредителя, древоточца Hypsipyla grandella.
Хозяйственное значение и применение
Цедрела душистая является наиболее широко распространённым и важным с коммерческой точки зрения видом рода. Его душистая древесина (отсюда название) находит широкий спрос в тропиках Америки, поскольку обладает хорошей устойчивостью к поеданию термитами и гнили. Умеренно лёгкая древесина (плотность 400 кг/м³) применяется в основном для обшивки зданий. Ядровая древесина этого дерева содержит насекомоотпугивающую смолу, по запаху напоминающую запах настоящего кедра (поэтому это растение ещё именуют испанским кедром). Получаемая из этого дерева фанера могла бы найти более широкое применение, если бы оно успешнее выращивалось искусственно.
Растение часто используют для производства мёда (в пчеловодстве) и в местах хранения табака.
Изредка цедрелу душистую используют в некоторых электрогитарах. Древесина традиционно применяется для изготовления классических гитар.
История классификации
С 1960 года род цедрела (Cedrela) прошёл две крупные систематические ревизии. В ходе последней из них в вид Cedrela odorata включили 28 других видов, включая C. mexicana. Таким образом, сейчас в различных популяциях представители Cedrela odorata имеют большое число вариаций.
Охрана
В настоящий момент, по данным МСОП, этот вид имеет статус «уязвимого» в связи с вырубкой для производства фанеры и других деревянных изделий.
Синонимика
Примечания
Цедрела душистая: Brief Summary
(
俄語
)
由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
![src=]()
Плоды Мелкие, редко ветвящиеся соцветия короче листьев. Цветки двуполые, с двойным околоцветником, имеют 5 лепестков, мелкие, от продолговатой до эллипсоидной формы. Пять чашелистиков срастаются, редко покрыты нежным опушением. Пять свободных белых лепестков достигают около 8 мм в длину, эллиптической формы. 5 свободных тычинок располагаются кругом на верху цветоложа. Пять плодолистиков срастаются в голую 5-гнёздную завязь. В каждом гнезде находятся 12 семязачатков. Рыльце неопушённое.
Плод — неопушённая вскрывающаяся коробочка длиной 4 см, от продолговатой до эллипсоидной формы, имеет крупные чечевички.
西班牙柏木
(
漢語
)
由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Cedrela odorataL. 西班牙柏木（学名：Cedrela odorata），又名南美香椿或煙洋椿，是一種南美楝屬植物。
分類
西班牙柏木屬於南美楝属，南美楝属自1960年以來就進行過兩次重要的改組。最近一次的是將大部份的物種減少，只餘下7種。[2]西班牙柏木包攬了其他28個物種，包括墨西哥洋椿（C. mexicana），這使西班牙柏木成為了有多個變種的物種。
分佈
西班牙柏木分佈在由北緯26°墨西哥太平洋海岸的亞熱帶或熱帶潮濕及季節性乾旱的森林開始，遍及整個中美洲及加勒比地區，至南緯28°南美洲阿根廷的低地及海拔1200米的山腳處。它們喜歡生長在排水良好的土壤，經常在石灰岩上。它們可以忍耐長的乾旱季節，但卻在雨量高於3000毫米的地區不怎麼茂盛。它們一般會散佈在半常綠或半落葉的森林。其近親的桃花心木很多時會與它們一同生長，且同樣面對同一害蟲的破壞。
特徵
西班牙柏木是雌雄同體的半落葉樹，高10-30米。樹皮呈深灰褐色，有不規則的橫粒狀紋。葉子呈羽狀，組合至樹枝末端，長15-50厘米，成對的小葉子呈鐮刀狀，長7-15厘米，闊3-5厘米，基部並不對稱。
木材
西班牙柏木是最廣泛分佈的南美楝屬物種，也是最重要的木材。其有香味的木材，天生具抗白蟻及腐壞的能力，故需求甚殷。其木材的外觀吸引，略為輕身（比重只有0.4），主要用在存放衣物的傢俱上。其心材含有有香味及抗昆蟲的樹脂。處理西班牙柏木很容易，可以做出品質優良的膠合板及薄片，若能加以種植，則會更廣泛使用。它們也會被用在養蜂的結構上，有時在樂器上也可以見到它們的薄片。
參考
外部連結
西班牙柏木: Brief Summary
(
漢語
)
由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
西班牙柏木（学名：Cedrela odorata），又名南美香椿或煙洋椿，是一種南美楝屬植物。
セドロ
(
日語
)
由wikipedia 日本語提供
セドロ
Cedrela odorata
保全状況評価[1] VULNERABLE (IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001)) 
ワシントン条約附属書III
[2] （ブラジル、ボリビア）
分類（APG III） 界 :
植物界 Plantae 階級なし :
被子植物 angiosperms 階級なし :
真正双子葉類 eudicots 階級なし :
コア真正双子葉類 core eudicots 階級なし :
バラ類 rosids 階級なし :
アオイ類 malvids 目 :
ムクロジ目 Sapindales 科 :
センダン科 Meliaceae 属 :
Cedrela 種 :
Cedrela odorata 学名 Cedrela odorata L. 和名 セドロ
[注 1] 英名 Spanish cedar
[3], West Indian cedar
[3], Cedro
[3] セドロ(Cedro,学名:Cedrela odorata、別名:ニシインドチャンチン[4]、英語名:Spanish cedar, Mexican cedar, Cigar-box cedar, Cedro-cheiroso) は、経済的に重要なセンダン科の樹木である。
セドロは、樹高30mから37m[3]、胸高直径は60cmに及ぶ[5]落葉性の高木である[5]。葉は偶数または奇数羽状複葉、長さは15-50cm。10-22枚の小葉をつけ、小葉の長さは4.5-14cm、幅は2-4.5cm。[5] 花は黄緑色で円錐花序をなす[5]。萼は杯形で、縁は不規則な歯状であり、無毛。花弁の長さは幅の約3倍。[6] 雌雄同株であり、雄花と雌花は同じ花序につくが、雌性先熟であり、雌花が先に開花する[7]。メキシコでは5月から8月に開花し、翌年の1月から3月にかけての乾期に成熟する[5]。果実は、長さ17.1mmから44.8mm、幅は14.0mmから21.1mmの長楕円形または楕円形のさく果で裂開する。各果実は13から34個の成熟した種子を含む[5]。
セドロは熱帯アメリカにおいて、先史時代から木材として利用されてきた。スペインの探検家は、この木が旧世界のtrue cedars(マツ類)に似た芳香を持つことにちなんでこの木をcedroと呼んだ。初期の論文においてはこの属はCedrusとされた。[8] 1756年にPatrick Browneが出版した"Civil and Natural History of Jamaica"において、Cedrelaが属名として制定された。同書の図版10に描かれた花と果実、および種子は間違い無くセドロのものであり、Browneのコメントもそれを裏付ける。[8] リンネは、Browneの図版をCedrela属および本種のタイプという位置づけで引用し、1759年にCedrela odorataとして発表した(Syst. Nat. ed. 10:490)[9][10]。
それ以降、アメリカ大陸、インド、東南アジア、オーストラリア産の69の種が同属に分類された。1960年にSmithは、同属の再構成を行い、アジアやオーストラリア原産のものをチャンチン属(Toona)として分離し、Cedrela属にはアメリカ原産の種のみを残した。[11] Smithは、広く分布しているC.odorataとC.fissilisおよびC. angustifoliaが自然に交雑していること、またそのように仮定すればこれらの種の広範な表現形の多様性を説明できることを示唆した[12]。この仮説を支持もしくは否定する実験的証拠はまだ得られていない[7]。
Cedrela属の分類に関する最も新しい研究では、同属の種は7種に減らされている[7]。この「セドロ」(common cedro)ことCedrela odorata L.には、C. mexicana M. J. Roem. を含む28の他の名の種が統合された。この結果として、再構成されたC. odorataは、高度な個体群多様性を持つ種となった[7]。
セドロは、メキシコ北部から西インド諸島、アルゼンチンに至る中南米の広範囲で、標高1200m以下の、季節的に乾燥する湿潤な熱帯・亜熱帯林に分布する[7][11]。チアパス州のOcosingoでは、1800m地点まで観測される[11]。ボリビアでは標高3000m付近でも発見された[11]。北限は北緯26°にあるメキシコのシナロア州から南限は南緯26°にあるアルゼンチンのトゥクマン州である[7][11]。
この種はまた、南フロリダ、ナイジェリア、タンザニア、ギアナ、シエラレオネ、フィジー諸島[5]、 サモア、バハマ、クック諸島、南アフリカ、トンガ、ニューカレドニア[13]などにも導入されている。
また、コートジボアール、ガーナ、マダガスカル、マレーシア、南アフリカ、フィリピン、ウガンダ、タンザニア、サモア、インドネシア、ソロモン諸島、スリランカなど各地のプランテーションに導入されている[13]。さらにまた、マレーシア、パプア・ニューギニア、タイなどの小規模、試験的プランテーションにも導入されている[13]。この樹木は非常に広範に導入・栽培されているため、出自を確認することはしばしば困難である[13]。
セドロは、ガラパゴス諸島においては外来種として問題になっている[14]。
成育環境[編集]
セドロは自然界では常に水捌けの良い土壌で見付かる[15]。 長い乾季にも耐えるが、3000ミリ以上の降雨地域、あるいは高密度の土壌や水分の多い土壌では繁殖しない。[15]
セドロは、年間降水量1200mm〜2400mmで、2ヶ月から5ヶ月の乾季があるような環境でもっともよく成長する[7]。 木の成長と生殖は雨期の始まりと同期する[7]。
セドロはまた、年間降水量1000mm以下の環境でも生息できるが、成長は遅く、ねじれた姿になる。年間降水量3500mmを越えるような地域にも散発的に生息するが、非常に水捌けのよい土地に限られる。[7]
セドロの土壌条件に対する要求は厳しいが、その詳細は明らかでない。西インド諸島、トリニダード、メキシコや中央アメリカなどの調査では、セドロがよく見られる場所や良好に成育する場所では、共通して土壌の水捌けが良好であることが示されている[7] 。 ある試験によれば、セドロは二次林での火災後の遺骸で富栄養化された土壌においてよりよく成長したので、土壌肥沃度もまた重要であると思われる[7]。
セドロは、Cedrela属の中で、商業的にもっとも重要であり広範に分布する樹木である。セドロの心材は芳香と虫除け効果のある樹脂を含み、それは英語圏におけるスパニッシュシダー(スペイン杉)という一般名の由来でもある。[7]この芳香のある木材は、熱帯アメリカにおいて需要が多い。なぜならそれは、無加工でもシロアリや腐朽菌に対する耐性を持つためである。[7]
セドロの木材は、葉巻の貯蔵箱の材料としてよく知られ、葉巻の保存はこれに限るとされる[16]。 材の乾燥は早く、乾燥後も安定している[17]。加工は容易で、耐久性もあるが、辺材はヒラタキクイムシの害を受けやすい[17]。内装建具、羽目板[16][17]、テーブル[16]、ボートやカヌーデッキ[17]などにも利用される。また、飛行機のプロペラとしても利用された[18]。
その他の利用[編集]
セドロは西インド諸島や南米では街路樹(Avenue)や緑蔭樹(shade tree)として重要であり、アフリカにも輸入されている。また、トリニダードではコーヒーやカカオのための緑陰樹として利用されている。[7]
マツタケとの共生[編集]
2013年2月、日本の森林総合研究所は、セドロを宿主としてマツタケを培養することに成功したと発表した[19][20]。
マツタケの菌糸はアカマツなどの松の根を覆って菌根を形成し、そこから塊状の菌糸集団(シロ)を作り、シロから子実体(キノコ)を発生させる。人工的にこのような条件を整えることは困難なため、マツタケの栽培化は実現していない。[19] 発表によれば、セドロにマツタケを接種し培養したところ、セドロに菌根ができシロも構成され、マツタケのシロ独特の香りがした。また、マツタケのシロを生成したセドロは、シロのないものより良好な成長を続けた。[19]
-
^ Americas Regional Workshop ("Cedrela odorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2014年9月28日閲覧. Check date values in:
|date= (help)
-
^ (PDF) Appendices I, II and III (Report). CITES. (2014-09-14). p. 42. http://www.cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/app/2014/E-Appendices-2014-09-14.pdf
- ^ a b c d 『熱帯植物要覧』(1986), p. 251
-
^ 世界有用植物事典 (1989), p. 233
- ^ a b c d e f g Rocas (2002)
-
^ Smith (1960), p. 307
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cintron (1990)
- ^ a b Smith (1960), p. 297
-
^ Smith (1960), p. 298
-
^ Smith (1960), p. 314
- ^ a b c d e Fernando (1997)
-
^ Smith (1960), pp. 310
- ^ a b c d Cites CoP14 Prop.33, p. 3
-
^ http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/SA/Ecuador/Galapagos/ScalesiaSantaCruz.htm
- ^ a b Cites CoP14 Prop.33, p. 6
- ^ a b c 原色木材大事典170種 (2008), p. 101
- ^ a b c d 世界木材図鑑 (2006), p. 71
-
^ 世界樹木字彙 (1977), p. 99
- ^ a b c 村田、他 (2013)
-
^ Murata et al.(2013)
参考文献[編集]
- 熱帯植物研究会 『熱帯植物要覧』 養賢堂、ISBN 4-924395-03-X。
- 『世界有用植物事典』 堀田 満、緒方 健、新田 あや、星川 清親、柳 宗民、山崎 耕宇、平凡社、ISBN 4-582-11505-5。
- 村山忠親 『原色木材大事典170種』 誠文堂新光社、ISBN 9784416808610。
- 『世界木材図鑑』 エイダン・ウォーカー、乙須敏紀訳、産調出版、ISBN 9784882824701。
- 『改訂 世界樹木字彙』 渡辺全、第一書房、1936年）、復刻版。
-
村田仁,下川知子,根田仁,丸山毅,大平辰朗「広葉樹をマツタケの宿主にすることに成功 (PDF) 」 、『森林総合研究所 平成25年版 研究成果選集』、独立行政法人 森林総合研究所、2014年10月7日閲覧。
- “広葉樹をマツタケの宿主にすることに成功”, ニュース2013年 (独立行政法人 森林総合研究所), (2013-02-05), http://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/news/2013/20130205/index.html
-
Hitoshi Murata, Akiyoshi Yamada, Tsuyoshi Maruyama, Naoki Endo, Kohei Yamamoto, Tatsuro Ohira, Tomoko Shimokawa (2013). “Root endophyte interaction between ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake and arbuscular mycorrhizal tree Cedrela odorata, allowing in vitro synthesis of rhizospheric “shiro””. Mycorrhiza (Springer-Verlag) 23 (3): 235-242. doi:10.1007/s00572-012-0466-7.
- Barbara B. Cintron (1990), “Cedro Hembra, Spanish-Cedar”, in Burns Russell M., Honkala, Barbara H., Silvics of North America: 2. Hardwoods, Agriculture Handbook, 654, U.S. Depertment of Agriculture, Forest Service, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/cedrela/ordota.htm
外部リンク[編集]
セドロ: Brief Summary
(
日語
)
由wikipedia 日本語提供
セドロ(Cedro,学名:Cedrela odorata、別名:ニシインドチャンチン、英語名:Spanish cedar, Mexican cedar, Cigar-box cedar, Cedro-cheiroso) は、経済的に重要なセンダン科の樹木である。
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ワシントン条約附属書III[2] 分類（APG III） 界 : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 eudicots 階級なし : コア真正双子葉類 core eudicots 階級なし : バラ類 rosids 階級なし : アオイ類 malvids 目 : ムクロジ目 Sapindales 科 : センダン科 Meliaceae 属 : Cedrela 種 : Cedrela odorata 学名 Cedrela odorata L. 和名 セドロ[注 1] 英名 Spanish cedar[3], West Indian cedar[3], Cedro[3] 
