Ulmus procera Salisb.

Ulmus procera Salisb.. ye una especie d'árbol perteneciente a la familia de les ulmacees.

Historia

Ulmus procera foi, enantes de la llegada de la epidemia de grafiosis, unu de los árboles caducifolios de mayor y de más rápida crecedera n'Europa. Una investigación de diversidá xenética n'España, Italia y el Reinu Xuníu reveló que Ulmus procera son genéticamente idénticos, clones d'un namái árbol, la llamera que nel pasáu usóse llargamente para soporte de vides, y lleváu a les Islles Britániques polos romanos col propósitu de sirvir de soporte y endrechar les parres.^[1] Asina, a pesar de qu'n'inglés llamar English Elm, esto ye, "Llamera inglesa", l'orixe del árbol créese que ta n'Italia, anque ye posible que viniera de lo que güei ye Turquía, onde inda s'usa nel cultivu d'uves pases.^[2][3]

Carauterístiques

Fueyes

L'árbol de cutiu supera un altor de 40 m con un tueru de < 2 m de diámetru.^[4] L'exemplar más grande documentáu n'Inglaterra, en Forthampton Court, cerca de Tewkesbury, algamó los 46 m d'altu.^[5]

Les fueyes son de verde escuru, de forma casi orbicular, < 10 cm de llargu, ensin la pronunciada punta acuminada nel ápiz típica del xéneru Ulmus. Polinizada pol vientu, les pequeñes flores apétalas hermafroditas de color púrpura acoloratáu apaecen a principios de la primavera primero que les fueyes.

Enfermedaes

Por cuenta de la so homoxeneidá, l'árbol resultó ser particularmente susceptible de sufrir la grafiosis, pero los árboles inmaduros siguen siendo una traza común nel campu inglés. Esta llamera inglesa foi la primer llamera que foi diseñáu genéticamente p'aguantase a la enfermedá, na Universidá de Abertay Dundee.^[6] Foi un suxetu ideal p'asemeyáu esperimentu, cuidao que la so esterilidá significaba que nun había peligru del so introgresión nel campu.

Taxonomía

Ulmus procera foi descritu por Richard Anthony Salisbury y espublizóse en Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium 391. 1796.^[7]

Etimoloxía

Ulmus: nome xenéricu que ye'l nome clásicu griegu pa la llamera.^[8]

procera: epítetu llatín que significa "alto"^[9]

Sinonimia

• Ulmus atinia Walker
• Ulmus campestris L., Loudon, Planch., Moss
• Ulmus minor var. vulgaris Richens
• Ulmus sativa Mill.
• Ulmus suberosa Smith, Loudon, Lindley
• Ulmus surculosa Stokes var. latifolia Stokes, Llei ^[10]

Ver tamién

• Terminoloxía descriptiva de les plantes
• Cronoloxía de la botánica
• Hestoria de la Botánica

Referencies

Bibliografía

1. AFPD. 2008. African Flowering Plants Database - Base de Donnees des Plantes a Fleurs D'Afrique.
2. Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., O.S.D.A. Database of the O.S.D.A., Beltsville.
3. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
4. Gibbs Russell, G. Y., W. G. M. Welman, Y. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
5. Jørgensen, P. M., M. H. Nee & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 2014. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Bolivia, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 127(1–2): i–viii, 1–1744. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
6. Jørgensen, P. M., M. H. Nee & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 2015 d'equí p'arriba. Catalogo de les plantes vasculares de Bolivia (amiestes).
7. Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
8. Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Enllaces esternos

• Wikimedia Commons acueye conteníu multimedia sobre Ulmus procera.
• Esta obra deriva de la traducción de Ulmus procera de Wikipedia - inglés, espublizada polos sos editores baxo la Llicencia de documentación llibre de GNU y la Llicencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 3.0 Unported.
• Morton Arboretum Catalogue 2006

Planhigyn blodeuol a choeden golldaill sy'n tyfu oddi fewn i wledydd lle ceir hinsawdd dymherus yw Llwyfen Lloegr sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Ulmaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Ulmus procera a'r enw Saesneg yw English elm.^[1][2] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Llwyfen Gyffredin, Llwyf Cyffredin, Llwyfain Rhufain, Llwyfanen Britanaidd, Llwyfanen Gyffredin, Llwyfen a Dail Gwalltog.

Hon yw un o'r coed cyflymaf ei thwf drwy Ewrop. Nid yw'n frodorol o Loegr; gwyddom fod coed llawer hŷn yng ngogledd-orllewin Sbaen a gogledd Portiwgal,^[3][4] a chredir, bellach ei bod yn frodorol o'r Eidal.^[5][6]

Gweler hefyd

• Geiriadur rhywogaethau Gwefan Llên Natur

Cyfeiriadau

Mae gan Gomin Wikimedia
gyfryngau sy'n berthnasol i:

Llwyfen Lloegr

Allee mit Englischen Ulmen, Fitzroy Gardens, Melbourne.

Die Englische Ulme (Ulmus minor var. vulgaris) früher (U. procera)^[1], auch Haar-Ulme genannt, ist eine Varietät der Feldulme in der Familie der Ulmengewächse (Ulmaceae).

Beschreibung

Die Englische Ulme ist ein ungefähr 20 Meter breiter, laubabwerfender Baum, der Wuchshöhen von 1 bis zu 40 Meter erreicht und einen dicken, bis in die Baumkrone geraden Stamm aufweist. Die Rinde ist dunkelbraun und gefurcht. Die ovalen, behaarten Laubblätter sind bis 10 cm lang.

Die zahlreichen, winzigen Ulmenblüten wachsen in sehr kleinen rotbraunen doldigen Blütenständen dicht an den Zweigen und erscheinen bereits Ende Februar bis April noch vor den Blättern. Die unscheinbaren, grünen Blüten mit rotem Rand und braunen Staubgefäßen blühen nicht jedes Jahr gleich stark. Nach dem Blühen entwickeln sich schnell die kleinen, geflügelten Früchte die durch den Wind verbreitet werden.

Vorkommen

Die Englische Ulme findet in weiten Teilen Europas ihre Verbreitung und wächst in Wäldern und an Hecken. Dieser stattliche Baum kann gut fünfhundert Jahre alt werden und benötigt um seine volle Schönheit zu entfalten 150 Jahre. Heutzutage ist es aber schwierig ältere Haar-Ulmen zu finden, da die von Zeit zu Zeit stärker auftretende Holländische Ulmenkrankheit die Mehrheit (in ganz England sind über 10 Millionen Bäume durch diese Krankheit abgestorben) dieser Ulmenart zerstört hat.

Wichtige Inhaltsstoffe

Gerbstoffe, Phytosterin, Schleimstoffe, Bitterstoffe, Kalium, Kieselsäure

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ Handbuch der Ulmengewächse. Abgerufen am 29. September 2021.

The field elm (Ulmus minor) cultivar 'Atinia' ,^[1] commonly known as the English elm, formerly common elm and horse may,^[2] and more lately the Atinian elm^[3] was, before the spread of Dutch elm disease, the most common field elm in central southern England, though not native there, and one of the largest and fastest-growing deciduous trees in Europe. R. H. Richens noted that elm populations exist in north-west Spain and northern Portugal, and on the Mediterranean coast of France that "closely resemble the English elm" and appear to be "trees of long standing" in those regions rather than recent introductions.^[4][5] Augustine Henry had earlier noted that the supposed English elms planted extensively in the Royal Park at Aranjuez from the late 16th century onwards, specimens said to have been introduced from England by Philip II^[6] and "differing in no respects from the English elm in England", behaved as native trees in Spain. He suggested that the tree "may be a true native of Spain, indigenous in the alluvial plains of the great rivers, now almost completely deforested".^[7]

Richens believed that English elm was a particular clone of the variable species Ulmus minor, referring to it as Ulmus minor var. vulgaris.^[8] A 2004 survey of genetic diversity in Spain, Italy, and the UK confirmed that English elms are indeed genetically identical, clones of a single tree, said to be Columella's 'Atinian elm',^[9] once widely used for training vines, and assumed to have been brought to the British Isles by Romans for that purpose.^[10] Thus, despite its name, the origin of the tree is widely believed to be Atina, Lazio, in Italy,^[9][11] the home town of Columella, whence he imported it to his vineyards in Cadiz,^[12] although the clone is no longer found in Atina and has not yet been identified further east.^[13]

Max Coleman of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh writes: "The advent of DNA fingerprinting has shed considerable light on the question. A number of studies have now shown that the distinctive forms that Melville elevated to species and Richens lumped together as field elm are single clones, all genetically identical, that have been propagated by vegetative means such as cuttings or root suckers, as the flowers are completely sterile. This means that enigmatic British elms such as ... English elm have turned out to be single clones of field elm."^[14] Most flora and field guides, however, do not list English elm as a form of U. minor, but rather as U. procera.

Synonyms (chronological)

• Ulmus sativa Mill.^[15]
• Ulmus campestris L. var. vulgaris Aiton^[16]
• Ulmus procera Salisb.^[17]
• Ulmus atinia J. Walker^[18]
• Ulmus surculosa Stokes^[19]
• [Ulmus suberosa Smith, Loudon, Lindley - disputed]
• Ulmus minor Mill. var. vulgaris (Aiton) Richens^[20]
• Ulmus minor Mill. subsp. procera (Salisb.) Franco.^[21]
• Ulmus procera 'Atinia'^[22]

Description

The tree often exceeded 40 m (about 130 ft) in height with a trunk less than 2 m (6.5 ft) in diameter at breast height (dbh).^[23] The largest specimen ever recorded in England, at Forthampton Court, near Tewkesbury, was 46 m (151 ft) tall.^[7] While the upper branches form a fan-shaped crown, heavy, more horizontal boughs low on the bole often give the tree a distinctive 'figure-of-eight' silhouette. The small, reddish-purple hermaphrodite apetalous flowers appear in early spring before the leaves. The samara is nearly circular.^[24][25] The leaves are dark green, almost orbicular, < 10 cm long, without the pronounced acuminate tip at the apex typical of the genus. They flush a lighter green in April, about a month earlier than most field elms. Since the tree does not produce long shoots in the canopy, it does not develop the markedly pendulous habit of some field elms. The bark of old trees was described by Richens as "scaly rather than longitudinally grooved".^[26] The bark of English elm suckers, like that of Dutch elm suckers and of some field elm, can be corky, but Dutch elm suckers may be distinguished from English by their straighter, stouter twigs, bolder 'herringbone' pattern, and later flushing.

The tree is both female- and male-sterile, natural regeneration being entirely by root suckers.^[8][27] Seed production in England was often unknown in any case.^[28] By the late 19th century, urban specimens in Britain were often grafted on to wych elm rootstock to eliminate suckering; Henry noted that this method of propagation seldom produced good specimens.^[7]

• 

  English Elm at Powderham, before 1913

• 

  English Elm, 1904

• 

  Bark of English elm

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  Leaves from a specimen tree in Sussex, England (2009)

• 

  Dried short-shoot leaves of mature trees in Edinburgh (August)

• 

  Juvenile leaves in hedgerow

Pests and diseases

Owing to its homogeneity, the tree has proven particularly susceptible to Dutch elm disease, but immature trees remain a common feature in the English countryside courtesy of the ability to sucker from roots. After about 20 years, these suckers, too, become infected by the fungus and killed back to ground level. English elm was the first elm to be genetically engineered to resist disease, at the University of Abertay Dundee.^[29] It was an ideal subject for such an experiment, as its sterility meant no danger exists for its introgression into the countryside.

In the United States, English elm was found to be one of the most preferred elms for feeding by the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica.^[30]

The leaves of the English elm in the UK are mined by Stigmella ulmivora.

Uses

English elms in hedgerow, Alfriston, East Sussex (1996)

The English elm was once valued for many purposes, notably as water pipes from hollowed trunks, owing to its resistance to rot in saturated conditions. It is also very resilient to crushing damage, and these two properties led to its widespread use in the construction of jetties, timber piers, lock gates, etc. It was used to a degree in furniture manufacture, but not to the same extent as oak, because of its greater tendency to shrink, swell, and split, which also rendered it unsuitable as the major timber component in shipbuilding and building construction. The wood has a density around 560 kg/m³.^[32]

However, English elm is chiefly remembered today for its aesthetic contribution to the English countryside. In 1913, Henry Elwes wrote, "Its true value as a landscape tree may be best estimated by looking down from an eminence in almost any part of the valley of the Thames, or of the Severn below Worcester, during the latter half of November, when the bright golden colour of the lines of elms in the hedgerows is one of the most striking scenes that England can produce".^[7]

Cultivation

The introduction of the Atinian elm to Spain from Italy is recorded by the Roman agronomist Columella.^[33] It has also been identified by Heybroek as the elm grown in the vineyards of the Valais, or Wallis, canton of Switzerland.^[34][35][36] Although no record has been found of its introduction to Britain from Spain,^[37] the tree has been long believed to have arrived with the Romans, a hypothesis supported by the discovery of pollen in an excavated Roman vineyard. Pliny, however, in his Natural History pointed out that the Atinian elm was not considered suitable for vineyards on account of its dense foliage.^[38][39] The tree was used as a source of leaf hay.^[13] Elms said to be English Elm, and reputedly brought to Spain from England by Philip II, were planted extensively in the Royal Park at Aranjuez and the Retiro Park, Madrid, from the late 16th century onwards.^[8][40]

More than a thousand years after the departure of the Romans from Britain, English elms found far greater popularity, as the preferred tree for planting in the new hawthorn hedgerows appearing as a consequence of the Enclosure movement, which lasted from 1550 to 1850. In parts of the Severn Valley, the tree occurred at densities over 1000 per km², so prolific as to have been known as the 'Worcester weed'.^[41] In the eastern counties of England, however, hedgerows were usually planted with local field elm, or with suckering hybrids.^[42] When elm became the tree of fashion in the 18th and 19th centuries, avenues and groves of English elm were often planted, among them the elm groves in The Backs, Cambridge.^[43] Perhaps the most famous English Elm avenue was the double row in the Long Walk, Windsor Great Park, Berkshire,^[44] planted in the 1680s^[45] on the advice of John Evelyn, and described by Elwes as "one of the finest and most imposing avenues in the world".^[46] The elms were felled in 1943.^[47]

English elm was introduced into Ireland,^[48] and as a consequence of Empire has been cultivated in eastern North America and widely in south-eastern Australia and New Zealand. It is still commonly found in Australia and New Zealand, where it is regarded at its best as a street or avenue tree.^[49][50][51] Some old specimens labelled 'English elm' in Australia, however, have unplated, more vertically furrowed bark^[52][53][54] and less rounded leaves than common English elm,^[55] and appear to be a different clone. English elm was also planted as a street tree on the American West Coast, notably in St Helena, California,^[56] and it has been planted in South Africa.^[57]

• 

  St Peter's Church, Preston Village, Brighton, English elms regrowing after lopping (1951)

• 

  Hourglass-shaped English elm, Preston Park, Brighton (1992)

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  English elm, Preston Park, Brighton (2004)

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  Winter silhouette of English elm, Brighton (2009)

• 

  English elms on Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne (2012)

• 

  English elms in Cootamundra, New South Wales, one trimmed for power line (2015)

Notable trees

Mature English elms are now only very rarely found in the UK beyond Brighton and Edinburgh. One large tree survives in Leicester in Cossington Street Recreation Ground. Several survive in Edinburgh (2015): one in Rosebank Cemetery (girth 3 m), one in Founders Avenue, Fettes College, and one in Inverleith Park (east avenue), while a majestic open-grown specimen (3 m) in Claremont Park, Leith Links, retains the dense, fan-vaulted crown iconic in this cultivar. An isolated mature English elm is in the cemetery at Dervaig, Isle of Mull, Scotland.

Some of the most significant remaining stands are to be found overseas, notably in Australia, where they line the streets of Melbourne, protected by geography and quarantine from disease.^[58][59] An avenue of 87 English Elms, planted around 1880, lines the entrance to the winery of All Saints Estate, Rutherglen, Victoria;^[60] a double avenue of 400 English Elms, planted in 1897 and 1910–15, lines Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne.^[61][62][63] Large free-standing English Elms in Tumut, New South Wales,^[64] and Traralgon, Victoria,^[65] show the 'un-English' growth-form of the tree in tropical latitudes.^[66] However, many of the Australian trees, now over 100 years old, are succumbing to old age, and are being replaced with new trees raised by material from the older trees budded onto Wych Elm Ulmus glabra rootstock.^[67] In New Zealand a "massive individual" stands at 36 Mt Albert Road, Auckland.^[49] In the United States, several fine trees survive at Boston Common, Boston, and in New York City,^[68] notably the Hangman's Elm in Washington Square Park.^[69] A large old specimen, the Goshen Elm (bole-girth 236 in.) stands (2021) in Gaithersburg, Maryland.^[70][71] In Canada four 130-year English Elms, inoculated against disease, survive on the Back Campus field of the University of Toronto.^[72] An English Elm planted c.1872 (girth 5.1 m) stands in Kungsparken, Malmö, Sweden.^[73]

• 

  One of three English elms (lower branches removed) around which the Crystal Palace was built for the Great Exhibition, 1851^[74]

• 

  A coloured lithograph of the same tree (1851)

• 

  English elm avenue in Fitzroy Gardens, Melbourne (2006)

• 

  Hangman's Elm, Washington Square Park, New York (2007)

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  One of two large English elms near Trophy Point at West Point, NY (2009)

• 

  The Upper Swell elms (2010) currently undergoing tests by the Conservation Foundation^[75]

• 

  One of the last old English elms in Edinburgh (2016)

Brighton and the cordon sanitaire

Although the English elm population in Britain was almost entirely destroyed by Dutch elm disease, mature trees can still be found along the south coast Dutch Elm Disease Management Area in East Sussex. This cordon sanitaire, aided by the prevailing southwesterly onshore winds and the topographical niche formed by the South Downs, has saved many mature elms. Amongst these were possibly the world's oldest surviving English elms, known as the 'Preston Twins' in Preston Park, both with trunks exceeding 600 cm in circumference (2.0 m dbh), though the larger tree lost two limbs in August 2017 following high winds,^[76] and was felled in December 2019 after succumbing to DED.^[77][78]

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  Sign on A27 road, Brighton, England

• 

  The oldest known English elms in the UK, the 'Preston Twins', Brighton, 2008

• 

  The larger of the twins, 2006

Cultivars

A small number of putative cultivars have been raised since the 18th and early 19th centuries,^[79] three of which are now almost certainly lost to cultivation: 'Acutifolia', 'Atinia Pyramidalis', 'Atinia Variegata', 'Folia Aurea', 'Picturata'. Though usually listed as an English Elm cultivar, Ulmus 'Louis van Houtte' "cannot with any certainty be referred to as Ulmus procera [ = 'Atinia'] " (W. J. Bean).^[23] In Sweden, U. × hollandica 'Purpurascens', though not a form of English Elm, is known as Ulmus procera 'Purpurea'.^[80]

Hybrids, hybrid cultivars, and mutations

Crossability experiments conducted at the Arnold Arboretum in the 1970s apparently succeeded in hybridizing English elm with U. glabra and U. rubra, both also protogynous species. However, the same experiments also shewed English elm to be self-compatible, which in the light of its proven female-sterility, must cast doubt on the identity of the specimens used.^[81] A similar doubt must hang over Henry's observation that the 'English elms' at Aranjuez (see Cultivation above) "produced every year fertile seed in great abundance",^[82] seed said to have been taken "all over Europe", presumably in the hope that it would grow into trees like the royal elms of Spain.^[83] Given that English elm is female-sterile, the Aranjuez elms either were not after all English elm, or by the time Henry collected seed from them, English elms there had been replaced by intermediates or by other kinds. At higher altitudes in Spain, Henry noted, such as in Madrid and Toledo, the 'English elm' did not set fertile seed.^[84]

The 2004 study, which examined "eight individuals classified as English elm" collected in Lazio, Spain, and Britain, noted "slight differences among the Amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting profiles of these eight samples, attributable to somatic mutations".^[9] Since 'Atinia', though female infertile, is an efficient producer of pollen and should be capable of acting as a pollen parent; it is compatible with the 2004 findings that in addition to a core population of genetically virtually identical trees deriving from a single clone, intermediate forms of U. minor exist, of which that clone was the pollen parent. These might be popularly or even botanically regarded as 'English elm', though they would be genetically distinct from it, and in these, the female infertility could have gone. The "smooth-leaved form" of English elm mentioned by Richens (1983),^[8] and the "northern and Irish form" seen by Oliver Rackham in Edinburgh and Dublin and said by him (1986) to have been introduced to New England,^[85] are possible examples of 'Atinia' mutations or intermediates.

Though Ulmus × hollandica hybrid elms introduced to Australia from England are "commonly and erroneously referred to [in Australia] as 'English Elm' ",^[86] Melbourne Botanic Gardens were able to raise seedlings from the "few" viable seeds of what was believed to be a "type" old English Elm in the collection, producing "highly variable" offspring.^[87] "This seedling variation," wrote Roger Spencer (Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia, 1995), "suggests one possible source of the variation to be found in these trees [so-called 'English elm' ^[52][55][54]] in Australia."^[87] The extent to which elms in Australia have been propagated by seed rather than by cloning is unclear, but Melville believed that there were Ulmus procera × Ulmus minor hybrids present in Victoria.^[87] "Chance hybridisation," wrote Spencer, "has resulted in a mix of elms rather different from that in England".^[88]

In art and photography

The elms in the Suffolk landscape paintings and drawings of John Constable were not English elm, but "most probably East Anglian hybrid elms ... such as still grow in the same hedges" in Dedham Vale and East Bergholt,^[89] while his Flatford Mill elms were U. minor.^[90] Constable's Study of an elm tree (circa 1821) is, however, thought to depict the bole of an English elm with its bark "cracked into parched-earth patterns".^[91] Among artists who depicted English Elms were Edward Seago^[92] and James Duffield Harding. English elm features in oil paintings by contemporary artist David Shepherd, either as the main subject (Majestic elms [14]) or more often as the background to nostalgic evocations of farming scenes.^[93]

Among classic photographs of English elm are those by Edward Step and Henry Irving in Wayside and Woodland Trees, A pocket guide to the British sylva (1904).^[94]

• 

  Constable, Study of an elm tree (around 1821)

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  Figure-of-eight-shaped English elms, Hyde Park: James Duffield Harding's The Great Exhibition of 1851

• 

  The Cam near Trinity College, Cambridge (unknown artist): a grove of mainly English elms on The Backs^[95]

Accessions

North America

• Longwood Gardens, US. Acc. no. L-2507.
• Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 211-40, 756-60, 351-70.

Europe

• Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection.^[96] UK champion: Preston Park, 15 m high (storm damaged), 201 cm d.b.h. in 2001.^[97] Brighton & Hove has some 700 trees; the most notable examples are at Preston Park, South Victoria Gardens, Royal Pavilion Gardens, The Level, Holmes Avenue, University of Sussex Campus; Preston Road (A23) and Hanover Crescent.
• Grange Farm Arboretum, Sutton St James, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 518.
• Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. As Ulmus procera. Acc. no. 20081448.^[98]
• Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. Acc. no. not known.
• Strona Arboretum, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. No details available.
• University of Copenhagen, Botanic Garden, Denmark. One specimen, no details available.
• Westonbirt Arboretum,^[99] Tetbury, Glos., UK. Four trees, listed as U. minor var. vulgaris; no acc. details available.

Australasia

• Avenue of Honour, Ballarat, Australia. Details not known.
• Eastwoodhill Arboretum,^[100] Gisborne, New Zealand. 12 trees, details not known.
• Waite Arboretum,^[101] University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. No details available.

See also

• The Elm and the Vine

References

Ulmus procera Salisb.. es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las ulmáceas.

Historia

Ulmus procera fue, antes de la llegada de la epidemia de grafiosis, uno de los árboles caducifolios de mayor y de más rápido crecimiento en Europa. Una investigación de diversidad genética en España, Italia y el Reino Unido reveló que Ulmus procera son genéticamente idénticos, clones de un solo árbol, el olmo que en el pasado se usó ampliamente para soporte de vides, y llevado a las Islas Británicas por los romanos con el propósito de servir de soporte y enderezar las parras.^[1]​ Así, a pesar de que en inglés lo llaman English Elm, o sea, "Olmo inglés", el origen del árbol se cree que está en Italia, aunque es posible que viniera de lo que hoy es Turquía, donde todavía se usa en el cultivo de uvas pasas.^[2]​^[3]​

Características

Hojas

El árbol a menudo supera una altura de 40 m con un tronco de [4]​ El ejemplar más grande documentado en Inglaterra, en Forthampton Court, cerca de Tewkesbury, alcanzó los 46 m de alto.^[5]​

Las hojas son de verde oscuro, de forma casi orbicular, género Ulmus. Polinizada por el viento, las pequeñas flores apétalas hermafroditas de color púrpura rojizo aparecen a principios de la primavera antes que las hojas.

Enfermedades

Debido a su homogeneidad, el árbol ha resultado ser particularmente susceptible de sufrir la grafiosis, pero los árboles inmaduros siguen siendo un rasgo común en el campo inglés. Este olmo inglés fue el primer olmo que fue diseñado genéticamente para resistirse a la enfermedad, en la Universidad de Abertay Dundee.^[6]​ Fue un sujeto ideal para semejante experimento, dado que su esterilidad significaba que no había peligro de su introgresión en el campo.

Taxonomía

Ulmus procera fue descrito por Richard Anthony Salisbury y publicado en Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium 391. 1796.^[7]​

Etimología

Ulmus: nombre genérico que es el nombre clásico griego para el olmo.^[8]​

procera: epíteto latíno que significa "alto"^[9]​

Sinonimia

• Ulmus atinia Walker
• Ulmus campestris L., Loudon, Planch., Moss
• Ulmus minor var. vulgaris Richens
• Ulmus sativa Mill.
• Ulmus suberosa Smith, Loudon, Lindley
• Ulmus surculosa Stokes var. latifolia Stokes, Ley ^[10]​

Véase también

• Terminología descriptiva de las plantas
• Anexo:Cronología de la botánica
• Historia de la Botánica

Referencias

Bibliografía

1. AFPD. 2008. African Flowering Plants Database - Base de Donnees des Plantes a Fleurs D'Afrique.
2. Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
3. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
4. Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
5. Jørgensen, P. M., M. H. Nee & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 2014. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Bolivia, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 127(1–2): i–viii, 1–1744. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
6. Jørgensen, P. M., M. H. Nee & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 2015 en adelante. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia (adiciones).
7. Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
8. Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Ingeles zumarra (Ulmus procera) hosto-erorkorreko zuhaitza da, 40 m-rainoko altuera izan dezakeena. Europa osotik hedatuta dago.

Grafiosi agertu baino lehen, Europa espezierik hedatuenetariko bat izan zen. Bere izen arruntak kontrakoa dioen arren, litekeena da Italiako edo Turkiakoa jatorriz izatea.^[1][2]

Erreferentziak

Is crann é an leamhán gallda.

De Engelse veldiep (Ulmus procera) is een boom uit de iepenfamilie (Ulmaceae) die voornamelijk te vinden is in het Verenigd Koninkrijk. In de rest van Europa wordt de boom zo nu en dan aangeplant.

Kenmerken

De Engelse veldiep kan 35 meter hoog worden. De boom is zeer gevoelig voor de iepziekte.

De kroon is hoog, smal en koepelvormig. De dikke, gedraaide takken groeien hoog aan de stam. De Engelse veldiep heeft een donkerbruine of grijze schors die diep gegroefd is. De boom heeft lange, slanke twijgen met een roodachtig bruine kleur en dichte beharing. De knoppen zijn puntig, eivormig en donkerbruin.

De Engelse veldiep heeft eironde of ronde bladeren met een scheve bladvoet. De bladranden zijn dubbelgetand. De bladsteel is donzig en circa 5 mm lang. De bladeren zijn donkergroen en zijn voorzien van ruwe haartjes aan de bovenzijde. De herfstkleur is geel of goudkleurig.

De Engelse veldiep heeft donkerrode bloemen met groepjes meeldraden. Ze verschijnen al voordat de bladeren aan de bomen komen. Het zaad zit in een vleugel, dicht bij de inkeping. Eerst zijn deze bleekgroen, later worden ze bruin.

Gebruik

De Engelse veldiep levert roodachtig bruin hout dat sterk, stevig en zwaar is en niet snel splijt. Het wordt vooral gebruikt voor binnen- en buitenmeubels en voor doodskisten. Daarnaast is het geschikt voor bruggen, heipalen, boten, enzovoort. De bast bevat looistof.

Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

L'Ulmus procera a l'é n'erbo.
Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.

Distribussion

Da finì.

Notissie

Da finì.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

• Ulmus procera Salisb.

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