This species has no special conservation status.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
Giant tiger prawns have eyestalks on their heads which enable them to detect predators and search out prey. The eyes are called ommatidia, and are composed of clusters of photoreceptors. Since giant tiger prawns are nocturnal, they must have very good vision at night to detect predators and prey, but can also see well in daylight. Eyestalks have the ability to change their optical properties based on light-dark adaptations. In dark light, eyestalks receive light from a wide angle and create a superposition image, formed by mirrors in the sides of the cornea instead of by lenses. This superposition image is very effective at detecting movement. In bright light, eyestalks have the ability to see almost 360 degrees and form apposition images, a more efficient detector of light than superposition images. Molting Inhibition Hormone (MIH), which controls the molting cycle, is produced in the eyestalks; a recent study showed that when eyestalks are ablated, molting is accelerated. It is also known that ablating eyestalks in this species induces ovulation and jeopardizes growth. Giant tiger prawns also have flagellae on their antennae, which detect predators and prey through vibrations. These flagellae also have chemosensors, which detect amino acids and differences in pH, salinity and food stimulants.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: vibrations
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; vibrations ; chemical
This species is known by a variety of common names. The most common name is giant tiger prawn (shrimp). However, they are also called Asian prawn shrimp, ghost prawn, and grass shrimp.
Eggs begin development by slowly sinking to the bottom of outer littoral areas. Giant tiger prawns develop through a complex life cycle beginning with three larval stages. Naupilii hatch twelve to fifteen hours after spawning is completed and look like tiny spiders. Larvae at this stage do not feed, instead surviving on their yolks as they are carried by tidal currents from open ocean towards shore. Naupilii larvae pass through six quick molts, increasing their body size. Individuals in the next larval stage, called protozoea, are identified by increased body size and length, the appearance of feathery appendages and, though still planktonic, beginning to feed. After molting three more times, protozoea proceed into the mysis larval stage. At this stage, they begin to have characteristics of adult prawns including segmented bodies, eye stalks, and tails. Mysis larvae molt three more times, becoming postlarvae. At this point in the life cycle, they change from planktonic to benthic feeding. This entire process takes two to three weeks. Prawns continue to molt through a juvenile phase, lasting 1-6 months. Juveniles and adults are distinguished mainly by location and carapace length. Carapace lengths of juveniles range from 2.2-11 mm and they are found mainly in estuarine areas located at the mouth or middle of bays and mangroves while adults are found in outer littoral areas of full salinity, and have carapace lengths ranging from 37-81 mm.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
This species is invasive in waters around the United States. Diseases carried by giant tiger prawns are highly contagious and can infect native shrimp populations, harming local fishing industries.
It has been estimated that up to 38% of native mangrove forests in Asia have been destroyed to be converted into ponds for shrimp farming, triggering erosion and harming habitat for mollusks and many other species, including shorebirds. Farming pools are sprayed with many chemicals and antibiotics to maximize shrimp production and these chemicals can enter natural waterways, harming animals and humans alike. These pools are often abandoned after a few years and there is typically no effort to return these lands to their original conditions.
Farming of Giant tiger prawns constitutes 47% of total world shrimp production giving it significant economic importance, particularly in Asian countries. With a high demand in Asian and international markets, building and running farms to produce these shrimp can be highly profitable and create many jobs.
Positive Impacts: food
Giant tiger prawns are detritivores and consumers of small invertebrates. They also are prey for many species of fishes and invertebrates.
Giant tiger prawns are a host for a variety of viruses, all of which are extremely contagious within populations and cause high mortality rates. The Yellowhead virus, originally isolated from this species, causes the hepatopancreas and cephalothorax to become discoloured and swollen. WSSV (White Spot Syndrome Virus) causes white spot disease, symptoms of which include lesions and white deposits on the skin and connective tissue. There are two types of Baculovirus infections commonly seen in these prawns: Baculoviral Midgut Gland Necrosis, which affects mainly larvae, and Monodon baculovirus disease, which is typically followed by secondary bacterial infections. These diseases are of particular concern in aquaculture environments and in areas where this species has been introduced.
Giant tiger prawns are also host to a number of protozoan ectoparasites and endoparasites. Their ectoparasites attach themselves to the gills and limbs, potentially interfering with breathing and motility, while their endoparasites live in the gut and can affect nutrient absorption. This species is also known to host of a number of fungal microsporidians.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Throughout their lifetimes, giant tiger prawns face a variety of predators, including birds, comb jellies, crustaceans, and fishes. When adult prawns move from shallow inshore areas to deeper water, their rate of mortality drops.
Giant tiger prawns have developed a variety of defenses to protect themselves from predation. Prawns have spines on either end of their body (a rostrum above the mouth, and a telson located at the dorsal end of the body). Their distinctive stripes and body color, which is similar to their muddy environment, help to camouflage them from predators. These prawns also bury themselves in substrate, not only hiding their bodies but also masking their waste, which would otherwise likely be detected by potential fish predators' chemosensory systems.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Giant tiger prawns have a typical prawn body plan including a head, tail, five pairs of swimming legs (pleopods) and five pairs of walking legs (pereopods), as well as numerous head appendages. A carapace (hard exoskeleton) encloses the cephalothorax. Their heads have a rostrum (an extension of the carapace in front of the eyes) and six to eight dorsal teeth, as well as two to four sigmoidally-shaped ventral teeth. A posterior ridge called the adrostral carina extends from the rostrum to the edge of the epigastric spine, which reaches to the posterior end of the carapace. Their first three pairs of pereopods have claws and they are distinguished from other shrimp species by the lack of an exopod (an external branch) on their fifth pleopodia. The telson at the posterior end of the prawn is unarmed, with no spines.
Giant tiger prawns are identified by distinct black and white stripes on their backs and tails; on their abdomens, these stripes alternate black/yellow or blue/yellow. Base body color varies from green, brown, red, grey, or blue. These prawns are very large, reaching 330 mm or greater in length (largest individual found at 336 mm total length) and are sexually dimorphic, with females are larger than males. At sexual maturity, female carapace lengths range from 47-164 mm and their total lengths from 164-190 mm, while male carapace lengths fall between 37 and 71 mm, with total lengths of up to 134 mm. On average, females weigh 200-320 g and males weigh 100-170 g.
Females have a sperm receptacle (thyelycum) located ventrally on the last thoracic segment. After mating, sperm remain in this receptacle until eggs are released. Females have a pair of internal fused ovaries that extend almost the entire length of their bodies, from the cardiac region of the stomach to the anterior portion of the telson. Males have a copulatory organ (petasma, formed by the longitudinally folded endopods of the first pair of pleopods. The presence of an appendix masculina (an oval flap on the second pleopod) can distinguish males from females. Testes are unpigmented/translucent and are found dorsal to the hepatopancreas under the carapace. The vas deferens is also internal, and arises from the posterior margins of the main axis of the testes. Sperm are released through genital pores on the fifth pereopod.
Range mass: 100 to 320 g.
Range length: 37 to 174 mm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
The lifespan for wild and captive giant tiger prawns is about 2 years, though it has been suggested that individuals introduced into the Gulf of Mexico have a lifespan closer to 3 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 2 to 3 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 2 years.
Young giant tiger prawns are most commonly found in estuaries, lagoons and mangroves; they are very tolerant to a range of salinity levels from 2-30 ppt. Adults move into deeper waters and live on rocky or muddy bottoms, ranging in depth from 0-110 m (most commonly at 20-50 m). These shrimps may bury themselves in the substrate during the day, emerging to feed at night. They live in waters ranging from 28-33°C and are unlikely to survive in waters colder than 13°C.
Range depth: 0 to 110 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; coastal ; brackish water
Other Habitat Features: estuarine ; intertidal or littoral
Giant tiger prawns are native to the coasts of the Arabian peninsula and the Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts of Australia, Indonesia, south and southeast Asia, and South Africa. They were accidentally introduced to the United States off the coast of South Carolina in 1988, by an unexpected release from an aquaculture center. They had spread as far south as Florida's coastline by 1990 and, since 2006, have been found in the Gulf of Mexico; they are found along the coastlines of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced ); palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); australian (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Introduced ); pacific ocean (Native )
In their first larval stage, giant tiger prawns feed on their yolk reserves. Later larval stages filter feed on plankton, diatoms, and other small organisms in the water column before becoming benthic feeders with a diet composed of organisms such as polycheate worms (Sabellaridae, Spionidae, Unicidae), as well as detritus. In the wild, adult giant tiger prawns feed on mollusks (including squid, blood clams (Arca sp.) and oysters), small crustaceans (including isopods, crabs and their eggs, and young penaeid prawns, including their own species). In aquaculture, these prawns feed on artificial diets consisting mainly of fishmeal; it has been noted that individuals grow more quickly when fed this diet.
Animal Foods: fish; eggs; carrion ; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates
Plant Foods: phytoplankton
Other Foods: detritus
Foraging Behavior: filter-feeding
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore , Vermivore, Scavenger ); omnivore ; planktivore ; detritivore
Giant tiger prawns are known to mate prior to ovarian maturation; females store sperm in sacs within their closed thelycum until eggs are fully mature. Although little is known regarding specific mating behaviors, it has been noted that this species mates nocturnally, in off-shore waters, shortly after females have molted and their carapaces are still soft (males typically still have hard carapaces during breeding). Copulation begins with a male swimming parallel to a female. The male bends his body and first pair of pleopods with the petasma (caught by the appendix masculina) stretched vertically down, in order to facilitate the forward swinging of the second pair of pleopods. The first pair of pleopods pulls apart the petasmal halves, preventing the loss of sperm during copulation. The pair then takes an abdomen-to-abdomen position. The female exerts pressure on the male's petasma using her 4th pair of pereiopods and a spermatophore (sac of sperm) is thrust into her thyelycum, after which the pair separate. A majority of adult individuals copulate more than once; females are known to spawn 4 times during their lives, at carapace lengths of 50, 62, 66, and 72 mm.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
It is difficult to estimate age at sexual maturity, but males become mature upon reaching an average carapace size of 37 mm, females at 47 mm. Females can produce 248,000-810,000 eggs at a time and are known to spawn up to four times during their lifespan. Once eggs are mature, they are expelled in a greenish-white cloud, along with stored spermatophores, into the ocean where external fertilization occurs. Eggs range in size from 0.27-0.31 mm.
Breeding interval: Females spawn 4 times during their lifespan at carapace lengths of 50, 62, 66, and 72 mm. It is unknown how many times males mate.
Breeding season: This species breeds year round.
Range number of offspring: 248,000 to 810,000.
Range gestation period: 12 to 15 hours.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); broadcast (group) spawning; oviparous ; sperm-storing ; delayed fertilization
Males exhibit no parental involvement after mating. Females invest by yolking and protecting eggs while they are still in their bodies. They exhibit no further parental involvement once eggs and sperm have been released.
Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female)
Penaeus monodon és una gamba comestible molt estesa en aqüicultura. La seva distribució natural és a la zona indopacífica des de la costa oriental africana a Aràbia, sud-est d'Asia al mar del Japó arribant a l'est d'Austràlia. En petits nombres ha colonitzat el Mediterrani a través del canal de Suez. També ho ha fet a Hawaii, Florida, Geòrgia i Carolina del Sud)
Mascle i femella arriben afer uns 36 cm de llargada i les femelles arriben a pesar 650 grams essent la gamba més grossa del món. P. monodon és molt cultivada en aqüicultura però està essent desplaçada per la gamba Litopenaeus vannamei. Se'n consumeixen unes 900.000 tones cada any, ls dues terceres parts de piscifactories especialment el sud-est asiàtic.
El 2010, Greenpeace afegí Penaeus monodon a la seva llista vermella.[2]
Penaeus monodon és una gamba comestible molt estesa en aqüicultura. La seva distribució natural és a la zona indopacífica des de la costa oriental africana a Aràbia, sud-est d'Asia al mar del Japó arribant a l'est d'Austràlia. En petits nombres ha colonitzat el Mediterrani a través del canal de Suez. També ho ha fet a Hawaii, Florida, Geòrgia i Carolina del Sud)
Mascle i femella arriben afer uns 36 cm de llargada i les femelles arriben a pesar 650 grams essent la gamba més grossa del món. P. monodon és molt cultivada en aqüicultura però està essent desplaçada per la gamba Litopenaeus vannamei. Se'n consumeixen unes 900.000 tones cada any, ls dues terceres parts de piscifactories especialment el sud-est asiàtic.
El 2010, Greenpeace afegí Penaeus monodon a la seva llista vermella.
Penaeus monodon (englisch Giant Tiger Prawn) ist ein Zehnfußkrebs aus der Familie der Penaeidae. Diese aus dem westlichen Indopazifik stammende Garnele zählt zu den wichtigsten Zuchtgarnelen und wird weltweit verkauft. Sie wird unter dem Namen Black Tiger Garnele vermarktet.[1]
Penaeus monodon kann eine maximale Körperlänge von bis zu 33 cm erreichen und ist somit die längste Art der Penaeidae.[2] Weibchen sind in der Regel größer als Männchen.[3] Das Gewicht reicht dabei bis 130 g.[4]
In Abhängigkeit von der Beschaffenheit des besiedelten Meeresbodens, Ernährung und Wassertrübung, variiert die Körperfärbung von grün, braun, rot, grau bis blau. Die quer verlaufenden Farbbänder auf Carapax und Abdomen alternieren zwischen blau oder schwarz und gelb.[3] Die Antennen haben eine einheitlich bräunlich-pinke Färbung. Schreitbeine und Pleopoden haben cremefarbene Punkte, meist die gleiche Farbe wie der Körper oder sind etwas dunkler. Die Uropoden sind braun, grünlich-grau oder bläulich, mit einem hellgelben, quer verlaufenden Band. Juvenile haben im Gegensatz zu Adulten eine eher einheitliche Färbung und nur auf dem ersten, dritten und letzten abdominalen Segment die typischen quer verlaufenden Farbbänder.[2]
Das Rostrum ist gut entwickelt und besitzt sieben bis acht rückenseitige und drei bis vier, selten nur zwei, bauchseitige Zähne. Der vom Rostrum nach hinten verlaufenden Grat sowie die Vertiefungen, reichen nicht über die Mitte des Carapax hinaus. Der Carapax ist glatt und besitzt keine längs oder quer verlaufenden Nähte. Hinter den Augen, an den Flanken des Carapax, befinden sich stets typische Grate und Vertiefungen sowie zwei Stacheln. Das fünfte Paar der Schreitbeine besitzt stets keinen Exopodit. Das Petasma der Männchen ist symmetrisch und besitzt einen dünnen, mittig gelegenen Lobus. Weibchen haben den geschlossenen Typ des Thelycum.[2][3]
Ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet besitzt Penaeus monodon an den Küsten des westlichen Indopazifik. Es reicht von Südafrika über Pakistan und Indien, über Japan bis Nordaustralien.[5] Dort lebt die Garnele als Benthont in Tiefen von 0 bis 150 m auf schlammigem oder sandigem Grund.[2] Juvenile leben überwiegend in Ästuaren bzw. im Brackwasser, Adulte im Allgemeinen marin.[4] Penaeus monodon wird außerhalb ihres Verbreitungsgebietes gezüchtet. Von jenen Aquakulturen gelangten in den USA und wahrscheinlich auch in Westafrika Individuen in das offene Meer. Während sich die Garnele in Westafrika wahrscheinlich nicht etablierte, wird Penaeus monodon regelmäßig in nordamerikanischen Gewässern gefangen. Als Neozoon hat sie nun eine Verbreitung an den Küsten von North Carolina bis in den Golf von Mexiko sowie um Hawaii.[6]
Penaeus monodon ist nachtaktiv und versteckt sich tagsüber im Meeresgrund. Nachts verlassen sie ihr Versteck, um Nahrung zu suchen bzw. zu jagen. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Garnelen sind sie eher Prädatoren als omnivore Aasfresser.[3]
Männchen werden bei einem Gewicht von etwa 35 g geschlechtsreif, die Weibchen bei 70 g. Die Begattung erfolgt in der Nacht, kurz nachdem sich das Weibchen gehäutet hat. Die Spermatophoren werden in das Thelycum der Weibchen übertragen und dort gespeichert. Ausgewachsene Weibchen von Penaeus monodon können relativ hohe Mengen an Eiern produzieren, der Rogen kann zwischen 500.000 und 750.000 Eier umfassen. Das Laichen erfolgt ebenfalls nachts, die Befruchtung extern, während der Laich in das Wasser entlassen wird. Etwa zwölf bis 15 Stunden nach der Befruchtung schlüpfen die Larven als frei schwimmende Nauplien. In diesem Stadium fressen sie noch nicht und häuten sich insgesamt sechsmal. Die Larven durchlaufen anschließend über sechs weitere Häutungen die planktischen Stadien Protozoea, Mysis und Postlarve, während der sie mit der Strömung zur Uferzone getrieben werden. Als Letztere erfolgt der Übergang zu einer benthischen Lebensweise.[3]
Penaeus monodon wurde von Johann Christian Fabricius im Jahr 1798 erstbeschrieben. Der Holotypus wurde von Dagobert Carl de Daldorff wahrscheinlich auf einem Fischmarkt in Tharangambadi erstanden. Er gilt heute als verschollen, weshalb Lipke Holthuis ein aus Jakarta stammendes Männchen als Neotypus bestimmte.[7] Synonyme sind u. a. Penaeus bubulus Kubo, 1949, Penaeus coeruleus Stebbing, 1905, Penaeus carinatus Dana, 1852 und Penaeus monodon monodon Burkenroad, 1959. Die ehemals als Unterart beschriebene Penaeus monodon manillensis Villaluz & Arriola, 1938 wird heute als eigene Art, Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844, angesehen.[8] Penaeus monodon ist Typspezies der Gattung Penaeus.[7]
Penaeus monodon ist eine weltweit vermarktete Garnele, die sowohl in Aquakulturen gezüchtet, als auch wild gefangen wird. Die größten Produzenten von Penaeus monodon aus Aquakulturen sind Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesien, Indien, die Philippinen, Malaysia und Myanmar. Während der 1980er Jahre stieg die so produzierte Menge von 21.000 t auf 200.000 t im Jahr 1988. Seit dem Jahr 2000 liegt die Menge bei über 500.000 t. Im Jahr 2011 wurden 662.453 t im Wert von 3.468.674.000 US$ gezüchtet. Man geht davon aus, dass die Zuchtmenge stagnieren oder abfallen wird, da vielerorts Penaeus monodon von Litopenaeus vannamei als Zuchtgarnele ersetzt wird.[3] In Thailand etwa sank die produzierte Menge von Penaeus monodon zwischen 2001 und 2006 von 280.000 t auf unter 50.000 t, während Litopenaeus vannamei erst 2002 in Thailand eingeführt und bereits 2006 eine Menge von fast 400.000 t gezüchtet wurde. Grund für den Wechsel ist vor allem die wesentlich geringere Anfälligkeit von Litopenaeus vannamei auf Krankheitserreger, weshalb ein größerer Profit möglich ist.[9]
Gefischt wird Penaeus monodon überwiegend in Indien und Indonesien von kleineren Trawlern mittels Grundschleppnetzen. Die Fangmenge betrug im Jahr 2011 221.674 Tonnen.[5]
In den Handel gelangt Penaeus monodon überwiegend gefroren, mit oder ohne Kopf, meist auch geschält. Hauptabnehmer sind die USA, die EU und Japan. Zusätzlich wird die Garnele bereits vorgekocht, paniert, gespießt oder anderweitig präpariert angeboten. Nicht für den Export bestimmte Garnelen machen weniger als 10 % der insgesamt gefangenen und gezüchteten Garnelen aus. Lebende Penaeus monodon, die vor allem von chinesischen Restaurants nachgefragt werden, machen weniger als 2 % aus.[3]
Penaeus monodon (englisch Giant Tiger Prawn) ist ein Zehnfußkrebs aus der Familie der Penaeidae. Diese aus dem westlichen Indopazifik stammende Garnele zählt zu den wichtigsten Zuchtgarnelen und wird weltweit verkauft. Sie wird unter dem Namen Black Tiger Garnele vermarktet.
Ing paro sakdagul, (Penaeus monodon), a giant tiger prawn o Asian tiger shrimp king Ingles, sugpo king Tagalug, ampong langostino jumbo king Castila, [1][2] [3][4], metung yang crustacean a mabibye king dayatmalat at sesesen de kareng dakal a lugal para pamangan.
Ing paro sakdagul, (Penaeus monodon), a giant tiger prawn o Asian tiger shrimp king Ingles, sugpo king Tagalug, ampong langostino jumbo king Castila, , metung yang crustacean a mabibye king dayatmalat at sesesen de kareng dakal a lugal para pamangan.
Penaeus monodon, commonly known as the giant tiger prawn,[1][2] Asian tiger shrimp,[3][4] black tiger shrimp,[5][6] and other names, is a marine crustacean that is widely reared for food.
Penaeus monodon was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798. That name was overlooked until 1949, when Lipke Holthuis clarified to which species it referred.[7] Holthuis also showed that P. monodon had to be the type species of the genus Penaeus.[7]
Females can reach about 33 cm (13 in) long, but are typically 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long and weigh 200–320 g (7–11 oz); males are slightly smaller at 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long and weighing 100–170 g (3.5–6.0 oz).[1] The carapace and abdomen are transversely banded with alternative red and white. The antennae are grayish brown. Brown pereiopods and pleopods are present with fringing setae in red.[8]
Its natural distribution is the Indo-Pacific, ranging from the eastern coast of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, as far as Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and northern Australia.[9]
It is an invasive species in the northern waters of the Gulf of Mexico[4] and the Atlantic Ocean off the Southern U.S.[10]
The first occurrence of P. monodon in the U.S. was in November 1988. Close to 300 shrimp were captured off the Southeastern shore after an accidental release from an aquaculture facility. This species can now be caught in waters from Texas to North Carolina. Although P. monodon has been an invasive species for many years, it has yet to grow large, established populations.[11] Escapes in other parts of the world, though, have led to established P. monodon populations, such as off West Africa, Brazil, and the Caribbean.[12][13]
P. monodon is suited to inhabit a multitude of environments.[14] They mainly occur in Southeastern Asia, but are widely found.[14] Juveniles of P. monodon are generally found in sandy estuaries and mangroves, and upon adulthood, they move to deeper waters (0- 110 m) and live on muddy or rocky bottoms.[15] The P. monodon has shown to be nocturnal in the wild, burrowing into substrate during the day, and coming out at night to feed.[16] P. monodon typically feed on detritus, polychaete worms, mollusks, and small crustaceans.[16][17] They feed on algae, as well. Due to their nutrient-rich diet, these shrimp are unable to consume phytoplankton because of their feeding appendages, but they are able to consume senescent phytoplankton.[18] They also commence mating at night, and can produce around 800,000 eggs.[14]
P. monodon is the second-most widely cultured prawn species in the world, after only whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In 2009, 770,000 tonnes were produced, with a total value of US$3,650,000,000.[1] P. monodon makes up nearly 50% of cultured shrimp alone.[19]
The prawn is popular to culture because of its tolerance to salinity and very quick growth rate,[11] but they are very vulnerable to fungal, viral, and bacterial infections.[20] Diseases such as white spot disease and yellowhead disease have led to a great economic impact in shrimp industries around the globe.[21] They can receive transmitted diseases from other crustaceans such as the Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), which is susceptible to yellowhead disease and has shown to transmit it to P. monodon in Thailand.[22]
Black tiger shrimp's susceptibility to many diseases engenders economic constraints towards the black tiger shrimp food industry in Australia, which is farm-raised. To confront such challenges, attempts have been made to selectively breed specific pathogen-resistant lines of thee species.[23]
P. monodon has been farmed throughout the world, including West Africa, Hawaii, Tahiti, and England.[12] For optimal growth, P. monodon is raised in waters between 28 and 33°C. Characteristically for the Penaeus genus, P. monodon has a natural ability to survive and grow in a wide range of salinity, though its optimal salinity is around 15-25 ppt.[24] While in a farm setting, the shrimp are typically fed a compound diet, which is produced in dried pellets.[17] By mixing the diet to have compound feeds and fresh feed, P. monodon was shown to have better reproductive performance.[17]
In 2010, Greenpeace added P. monodon to its seafood red list – "a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries". The reasons given by Greenpeace were "destruction of vast areas of mangroves in several countries, overfishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply farms, and significant human-rights abuses".[25]
In an effort to understand whether DNA repair processes can protect crustaceans against infection, basic research was conducted to elucidate the repair mechanisms used by P. monodon.[26] Repair of DNA double-strand breaks was found to be predominantly carried out by accurate homologous recombinational repair. Another, less accurate process, microhomology-mediated end joining, is also used to repair such breaks.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Penaeus monodon, commonly known as the giant tiger prawn, Asian tiger shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and other names, is a marine crustacean that is widely reared for food.
Tiger prawns displayed in a supermarket
El langostino jumbo o langostino tigre (Penaeus monodon) es un crustáceo decápodo marino ampliamente criado para alimentación. Su área de distribución natural es Indo-Pacífica, desde las costas orientales de África, Arabia, alcanzando el sudeste asiático y el Mar de Japón. También se puede encontrar en Australia, y un pequeño número ha colonizado el mar Mediterráneo vía el canal de Suez. Además poblaciones han invadido Hawái y el océano Atlántico costas de Estados Unidos (Florida, Georgia y Carolina del sur).
Ambos sexos alcanzan unos 36 cm de longitud, y las hembras pueden alcanzar un peso de 650 g, constituyendo el langostino más grande del mundo.
P. monodon es el segundo langostino más criado del mundo.[cita requerida]
Penaeus monodon Penaeidae familiako itsas krustazeo espeziea da, Asiako itsasoetan bizi dena. Jateko oso ona da eta 20 eta 30 cm. arteko luzera du.[1]
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Penaeus monodon Penaeidae familiako itsas krustazeo espeziea da, Asiako itsasoetan bizi dena. Jateko oso ona da eta 20 eta 30 cm. arteko luzera du.
Penaeus monodon
La crevette géante tigrée (Penaeus monodon)[1] est une espèce de crevette géante de la famille des Pénaeidés.
Les deux sexes ont une taille de 20 à 36 cm de long ; les femelles peuvent peser plus de 650 g, faisant de cette espèce la plus grande espèce de crevette.
Cette crevette vit dans les océans Indien et Pacifique.
La crevette géante tigrée ne porte pas ses œufs jusqu'à l'éclosion ; elle les disperse dans l'eau.
En raison de sa taille, P. monodon est l'espèce de crevettes la plus largement élevée dans le monde, mais parfois décimée dans les élevages (Crevetticulture) par des maladies virales ou bactériennes, ce qui explique qu'elle perd peu à peu du terrain face à la crevette à pattes blanches (Litopenaeus vannamei) moins sujette aux maladies liées à l'élevage.
Plus de 900 000 tonnes sont consommées chaque année, les deux-tiers de celui-ci provenant de l'aquaculture, principalement dans le sud-est de l'Asie. On peut la trouver sous le nom de Black Tiger.
Les conditions de promiscuité et d'hygiène qui sont celles des élevages industriels facilitent la contagion virale[2]. Dès les années 1990, on a essayé de comprendre la génétique de ces virus[3], pour mieux les maîtriser.
Cinq principaux virus ont été identifiés[4] comme source de mortalités importantes dans les élevages en Asie du Sud-Est. Ainsi, la production taïwanaise après avoir fait un bond spectaculaire (passant de 270 tonnes en 1976 à 95 000 t en 1987), a ensuite chuté à 30 000 t en raison de mortalité importante dans les élevages (Lio et al. 1992). Depuis, les éleveurs taiwanais n'ont jamais réussi à retrouver la même productivité[4]. Des mortalités de masse, d'origine virale ont aussi été constatée dans des pays réputés très avancés technologiquement et en matière d'élevage animal, comme au Japon en 1993[5].
Certains de ces virus sont des pathogènes plutôt généralistes (affectant d'autres crevettes pénéides et plus largement d'autres espèces de crustacés) y compris jusqu'en Australie en Occident. D'autres semblent plus spécifiquement affecter cette espèce.
Ces virus sont (par impact décroissant pour l'industrie thaïlandaise) :
Comme d'autres animaux élevés dans des fermes aquacoles, ces crevettes sont également susceptibles aux vibrioses, majoritairement causées par Vibrio harveyi ou V. alginolyticus Selon les espèces et les sites d'élevage, le taux de mortalité varie de quelques pour-cent à 100 %, surtout aux stades post-larvaire et juvéniles. Toutes les régions du monde sont touchées, avec un point chaud dans le sous continent indien et en Asie du sud-est. Les traitements antibiotiques utilisés conduisent souvent à l'apparition de résistance. Des essais fondés sur des techniques de suppression des signaux bactériens contrôlant la virulence des souches bactériennes semblent donner des résultats prometteurs.
Observation générales : Les symptômes varient en fonction du type d’infection - lésions cuticulaires noires ou brunes, opacité de la musculature, filaments ramifiés durs et noirs (jusqu’à 2 mm de largeur) dans le tissu conjonctif des segments de la queue, organe (Oka) lymphoïde noir, mélanisation des terminaisons des appendices.
Cette crevette figure sur un timbre du Bangladesh de 1991 (valeur faciale : 6 t.).
Penaeus monodon
La crevette géante tigrée (Penaeus monodon) est une espèce de crevette géante de la famille des Pénaeidés.
A gamba xigante[3] (Penaeus monodon) é unha especie de crustáceo decápodo mariño da familia dos peneidos, amplamente criado en acuicultura para a alimentación, e unha das coñecidas en castelán nos supermercados como langostino tigre ou langostino jumbo.
Máis de 900 000 t deste crustáceo consómense cada ano, dous terzos das cales proveñen da acuicultura, principalmente do sueste asiático.
A especie Penaeus monodon foi descrita por primeira vez por Johan Christian Fabricius en 1798. Porén, este nome foi esquecido durante moito tempo, até 1949, cando Lipke Holthuis aclarou que especies se refería.[4]
Holthuis tamén demostrou que P. monodon era a especie tipo do xénero Penaeus.[4]
Ambos os sexos alcanzan uns 36 cm de lonxitude, e as femias poden alcanzar un peso de 650 g, polo que é o lagostino máis grande do mundo.
A súa área de distribución natural é a rexión Indo-Pacífica, desde as costas orientais de África e Arabia, até o sueste asiático e o mar do Xapón.
Tamén pode acharse en Australia, e un pequeno número de espécimes colonizou o mar Mediterráneo vía canal de Suez.
Ademais algunhas poboaciones invadiron as costas de Hawai e o océano Atlántico, nas costas de Estados Unidos (Florida, Xeorxia e Carolina do Sur).
Lahuerta e Vázquez, no seu Vocabulario multiligüe propoñen como nome galego para esta especie o de gamba tigre jumbo, co sinónimo gamba xigante.[5]
Penaeus monodon é especie de lagostino máis amplamente cultiuvada no mundo, aínda que pouco a puoco está perdendo terreo fronte a Litopenaeus vannamei.[2]
En 2009 producíronse un total de 770 000 t, que alcanzaron un valor no mercado de 3.650.000.000 dólares.
As condicións de promiscuidade e de hixiene da cría industrial facilitan o contaxio viral.[6]
Desde os anos 1990 tratouse de comprender a xenética destes virus, para poder reprimilos.[7]
Foron identificados cinco virus principais como causa de mortandades importantes nos cultivos do sueste asiático.[8]
Así, a produción taiwanesa, despois de ter un espectacular aumento (pasando de 270 t en 1976 a 95 000 t en 1987), caeu a 30 000 t en razón da importante mortandade nos cultivos a finais dos anos 1980. Desde entón, os acuicultores taiwaneses non lograron alcanzar a mesma produtividade.[8]
Mortandades en masa de orixe viral tamén se produciron en países moi avanzados tecnoloxicamente e tamén en materia de acuicultura.[9]
Algúns destes virus son patóxenos bastante xeralistas (afectan a outros peneidos, e tamén a moitas especies de moluscos). Outros parecen que afectan máis especificamente a esta especie.
En 2010, Greenpeace engadiu a Penaeus monodon na súa lista vermella de mariscos —unha lista dos peixes, moluscos e crustáceos que comunmente se venden nos supermercados de todo o e que teñen un risco moi alto de seren orixinarios de pesca insustentábel.[10]
As razóns esgrimidas por Greenpeace foron "a destrución de vastas áreas de mangleiros en varios países, exceso de pesca de individuos xuvenís salvaxes para a subministración de granxas de cultivo".[10]
A gamba xigante (Penaeus monodon) é unha especie de crustáceo decápodo mariño da familia dos peneidos, amplamente criado en acuicultura para a alimentación, e unha das coñecidas en castelán nos supermercados como langostino tigre ou langostino jumbo.
Máis de 900 000 t deste crustáceo consómense cada ano, dous terzos das cales proveñen da acuicultura, principalmente do sueste asiático.
Giant tiger atau Penaeus monodon di Indonesia disebut udang windu. Udang windu saat ini tidak berkembang lagi karena terserang berbagai macam penyakit udang diantaranya yang ganas adalah white spot atau virus bintik putih . Petambak udang di Indonesia saat ini banyak memelihara udang putih atau Litopenaeus vannamei.
Nama lain meliputi (udang harimau raksasa, semacam udang harimau hitam, semacam udang pemimpin, sugpo dan semacam udang rumput) adalah suatu binatang laut, binatang berkulit keras yang secara luas dibesarkan untuk makanan. distribusi yang alami di Pasifik barat Indonesia, berkisar antara pantai Afrika, dari Semenanjung Arab sampai Asia Tenggara, dan Laut Jepang. Mereka dapat juga ditemukan di Australia, dari Austria timur, dan sejumlah kecil mempunyai koloni di Laut Tengah melalui Terusan Suez. penyeberangan populasi lebih lanjut di Hawaii dan Lautan Atlantik termasuk Amerika Serikat ( Florida, Georgia dan South Carolina).
Giant tiger atau Penaeus monodon di Indonesia disebut udang windu. Udang windu saat ini tidak berkembang lagi karena terserang berbagai macam penyakit udang diantaranya yang ganas adalah white spot atau virus bintik putih . Petambak udang di Indonesia saat ini banyak memelihara udang putih atau Litopenaeus vannamei.
Nama lain meliputi (udang harimau raksasa, semacam udang harimau hitam, semacam udang pemimpin, sugpo dan semacam udang rumput) adalah suatu binatang laut, binatang berkulit keras yang secara luas dibesarkan untuk makanan. distribusi yang alami di Pasifik barat Indonesia, berkisar antara pantai Afrika, dari Semenanjung Arab sampai Asia Tenggara, dan Laut Jepang. Mereka dapat juga ditemukan di Australia, dari Austria timur, dan sejumlah kecil mempunyai koloni di Laut Tengah melalui Terusan Suez. penyeberangan populasi lebih lanjut di Hawaii dan Lautan Atlantik termasuk Amerika Serikat ( Florida, Georgia dan South Carolina).
Rujukan Penaeus monodon
Il gambero gigante indopacifico[1][2] (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) è un crostaceo decapode marino appartenente alla famiglia Penaeidae[3]. È importante per l'alimentazione umana ed è facilmente reperibile nella grande distribuzione; proviene soprattutto da allevamenti nel sud est asiatico[4].
È un gambero di grandi dimensioni, il più grande tra quelli comunemente in commercio: può pesare fino a 130 g[5] e gli esemplari maschili, più piccoli delle femmine, raggiungono i 33 cm[6]. La colorazione pur mantenendosi piuttosto scura[6] è abbastanza variabile, ma presenta sempre striature verticali chiare, di solito giallastre, e nere[4] (da cui derivano i nomi comuni inglesi giant tiger prawn e black tiger shrimp). Le antenne sono marroni, talvolta tendenti al grigio. Il cibo, il substrato e l'acqua dove l'animale vive sembrano influenzare la colorazione[4].
Questa specie ha una caratteristica particolare che si nota nel quinto paio di pereiopodi (appendici con funzione locomotoria) che è privo di esopoditi[4].
Il rostro presenta denti sia nella parte ventrale che in quella dorsale (dove sono fino a 8). Questa caratteristica, insieme al telson appuntito, agli ultimi 4 pereiopodi sviluppati, e all'assenza di una spina post-orbitale, è tipica dei crostacei appartenenti alla famiglia Penaeidae[7]. Dal primo al sesto segmento dell'addome sono presenti le appendici utilizzate durante il nuoto, i pleopodi, la cui colorazione varia dal bluastro al marrone[8]; il settimo, formato da uropodi e telson, serve al gambero per saltare[6].
L'ecdisi avviene ogni 21 giorni[9].
È una specie prevalentemente notturna, che ha l'abitudine di nutrirsi durante la notte e nascondersi nella sabbia durante il giorno[4].
Ha una dieta molto varia, prevalentemente carnivora, composta sia da invertebrati acquatici, tra cui altri crostacei e molluschi, che da alghe[10].
È spesso preda di Terapon jarbua e Saurida tumbil[11].
Si riproduce durante la notte. La fecondazione è esterna; le spermatofore, che racchiudono lo sperma prodotto dal maschio (prodotte fin da quando raggiunge circa i 35 cm), vengono inserite nel telico della femmina, che può deporre fino a 750 000 uova[4]. Queste ultime si schiudono dopo meno di un giorno[6]. Durante la deposizione, la femmina espelle lo sperma dal telico[4].
Le larve sono planctoniche e non hanno bisogno di nutrirsi finché non terminano le riserve contenute nel tuorlo[4].
In cattività sono nati ibridi con Penaeus esculentus[12].
È una specie tipica delle acque tropicali. Vive nelle zone con fondali fangosi dell'oceano Pacifico e dell'oceano Indiano[13], ma è stato introdotto anche nell'oceano Atlantico, lungo le coste di Brasile, Ecuador, Venezuela, Repubblica Dominicana e anche in Nigeria[3]. Questa specie potrebbe portare malattie oltre a entrare in competizione con altre specie di gamberi autoctoni[3][14].
Inizialmente era diffuso in Mozambico, Sudafrica, Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania, Somalia, Senegal, Pakistan, Cambogia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Thailandia, Malaysia, Filippine, Réunion, Mauritius, Giappone e Australia[3].
Gli esemplari adulti sono esclusivamente marini e vivono fino a 110 m di profondità[15], anche se di solito non superano i 60[8]; gli esemplari giovanili sono più comuni negli estuari dei fiumi[4].
Fu descritto nel 1798 da Johan Christian Fabricius[3]. Nel 1810, Pierre André Latreille[16] lo fece specie tipo del genere Penaeus[3].
Il gambero gigante indopacifico è una specie molto importante in Asia, sia per l'acquacoltura che per la pesca. Dalla Thailandia e dall'India esemplari privati della testa, spesso congelati, vengono esportati negli Stati Uniti; in Europa vengono di solito importati gamberi ancora con la testa[4].
Penaeus monodon viene allevato con diversi tipi di acquacoltura, quella estensiva, comune in India, Bangladesh, Filippine, Indonesia e Myanmar, quella intensiva, prevalentemente in Thailandia, Malesia e Australia, e quella semi-intensiva[4].
A partire dal 1970 furono condotti degli studi sulla riproduzione di P. monodon in cattività, anche se nel sud-est asiatico l'allevamento veniva praticato già da tempo[4]. Successivamente, in Taiwan, gli allevamenti di questo gambero aumentarono, ma nel 1987-1988 furono danneggiati da una malattia. Da quel momento la Thailandia divenne il produttore principale di P. monodon[4].
In alcuni allevamenti è stato sostituito con Penaeus vannamei, dal prezzo più basso e meno sensibile alle malattie[4].
Viene pescato in grandi quantità in India, Australia e Filippine, mentre è di interesse secondario in Pakistan e nella costa orientale dell'Africa. Viene di solito catturato con reti a strascico[15].
Il gambero gigante indopacifico (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) è un crostaceo decapode marino appartenente alla famiglia Penaeidae. È importante per l'alimentazione umana ed è facilmente reperibile nella grande distribuzione; proviene soprattutto da allevamenti nel sud est asiatico.
Udang harimau ("Penaeus monodon") merupakan spesies udang, iaitu haiwan laut krustacean yang banyak diternak sebagai makanan. Taburan semulajadinya adalah di Indo-Barat-pasifik, dari persisiran timur Afrika, Semenanjung Arab, sehingga sejauh Asia Tenggara, dan Laut Jepun. Ia boleh didapati di timur Australia, dan sejumlah kecil menduduki Laut Mediterranean melalui Terusan Suez. Tambahan lagi populasi invesif telah menetap di Hawaii dan persisiran Laut Atlantik USA (Florida, Georgia dan South Carolina).
Kedua jantina mencapai sekitar 36 cm panjang, dan betina mampu mencecah berat sehingga 650 g, menjadikannya antara spesies udang terbesar di dunia.
Udang harimau ("Penaeus monodon") merupakan spesies udang, iaitu haiwan laut krustacean yang banyak diternak sebagai makanan. Taburan semulajadinya adalah di Indo-Barat-pasifik, dari persisiran timur Afrika, Semenanjung Arab, sehingga sejauh Asia Tenggara, dan Laut Jepun. Ia boleh didapati di timur Australia, dan sejumlah kecil menduduki Laut Mediterranean melalui Terusan Suez. Tambahan lagi populasi invesif telah menetap di Hawaii dan persisiran Laut Atlantik USA (Florida, Georgia dan South Carolina).
Kedua jantina mencapai sekitar 36 cm panjang, dan betina mampu mencecah berat sehingga 650 g, menjadikannya antara spesies udang terbesar di dunia.
De grote tijgergarnaal of reuzen-tijgergarnaal (Penaeus monodon) is een tienpotigensoort uit de familie van de Penaeidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1798 door Fabricius.
Van oorsprong komt Penaeus monodon voor de Indische en de Grote Oceaan aan de oostkust van Afrika, rond het Arabisch Schiereiland tot en met Zuidoost-Azië en de noordkust van Australië. Als exoot wordt de soort ook gevonden in de Golf van Mexico en de Atlantische kust van de Zuidelijke Verenigde Staten.
Penaeus monodon is wereldwijd de op één na meest gekweekte garnalensoort (na Litopenaeus vannamei). In 2009 werd er naar schatting 770.000 ton geproduceerd met een waarde van meer dan 3 miljard Euro. In Nederland is de garnaal verkrijgbaar onder de naam tijgergarnaal of cocktailgarnaal.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesPenaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798)]. Food and Agriculture Organization (2017). Geraadpleegd op 2017-06-09.
De grote tijgergarnaal of reuzen-tijgergarnaal (Penaeus monodon) is een tienpotigensoort uit de familie van de Penaeidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1798 door Fabricius.
Penaeus monodon er den mest kjente av tigerrekene.
Den kan bli opptil 336 mm lang og veier 60–130 g. Den lever på bløt bunn i havet på dybde 0–110 m. Unge eksemplarer vandrer opp i elvemunninger. Utbredelsen omfatter det vestlige indopasifiske området fra Sør-Afrika og Pakistan til Japan og Nord-Australia.
Arten har stor økonomisk betydning i India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Filippinene og Taiwan. Det drives både fiske etter ville bestander og oppdrett av arten. I 2011 var den globale fangsten 221 674 tonn og produksjonen i akvakultur 662 453 tonn.
Penaeus monodon er den mest kjente av tigerrekene.
Den kan bli opptil 336 mm lang og veier 60–130 g. Den lever på bløt bunn i havet på dybde 0–110 m. Unge eksemplarer vandrer opp i elvemunninger. Utbredelsen omfatter det vestlige indopasifiske området fra Sør-Afrika og Pakistan til Japan og Nord-Australia.
Arten har stor økonomisk betydning i India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Filippinene og Taiwan. Det drives både fiske etter ville bestander og oppdrett av arten. I 2011 var den globale fangsten 221 674 tonn og produksjonen i akvakultur 662 453 tonn.
Systematyka Domena eukarionty Królestwo zwierzęta Typ stawonogi Podtyp skorupiaki Gromada pancerzowce Rząd dziesięcionogi Rodzina Penaeidae Rodzaj Penaeus Gatunek Krewetka tygrysia olbrzymia[1] Krewetka tygrysia (Penaeus monodon) – morski skorupiak z rzędu dziesięcionogów, największy gatunek krewetek z rodzaju Penaeidae, zaliczany do owoców morza, znany pod handlową nazwą "Black Tiger" [2] i poławiany na dużą skalę. Również w hodowli[1] w wodzie morskiej w Indonezji, Tajlandii, Indiach i Ameryce Południowej[3].
Ocean Indyjski od południowej Afryki po wybrzeże północnej Australii[4] i Pacyfik.
Ciało wydłużone, samce osiągają do 33 cm długości[5]. W stanie surowym mięso o barwie niebieskawej, po obróbce termicznej różowe.
Krewetka tygrysia (Penaeus monodon) – morski skorupiak z rzędu dziesięcionogów, największy gatunek krewetek z rodzaju Penaeidae, zaliczany do owoców morza, znany pod handlową nazwą "Black Tiger" i poławiany na dużą skalę. Również w hodowli w wodzie morskiej w Indonezji, Tajlandii, Indiach i Ameryce Południowej.
Penaeus monodon conhecido como camarão-tigre-gigante, é uma espécie de camarão peneídeo originária das águas costeiras da região Indo-Pacífica, que pode atingir um comprimento de 33 cm[1].
De acordo com a FAO, a captura desta espécie subiu de cerca de 100 000 t em 1990 para cerca de 240 000 em 2007, enquanto que a sua produção aquícola, que começou na década de 1970, cresceu exponencialmente até fins da década de 1990, atingiu um máximo de mais de 700 000 t em 2003 e baixou para menos de 600 000, em 2007, devido à substituição pelo camarão-de-patas-brancas. O preço do camarão de cultura variou, entre 2000 e 2004, de 4,7 a 9 dólares na Europa, para tamanhos pequenos, comercializados com a cabeça, até 9-14 dólares no Japão, para camarões grandes, sem cabeça[1][2].
Penaeus monodon apresenta um rostro bem desenvolvido, com dentes nas faces dorsal e ventral; carapaça sem suturas transversais, nem longitudinais, mas com sulcos cervicais e orbito-antenais que não atingem a parte média, e espinhos hepáticos e antenais pronunciados; os dois primeiros pares de pereópodes têm espinhos basais, enquanto que os primeiros quatro pares têm exópodes; o telson não possui espinhos fixos subapicais. A cor do corpo depende das características do substrato, alimentação e turbidez da água e varia de esverdeado, castanho, avermelhado ou azulado, com bandas transversais, tanto na carapaça, como no abdómen, alternadamente azuis ou pretas
A espécie Penaeus monodon foi introduzida, geralmente para fins de aquicultura, para muitos países fora da sua área de distribuição, incluindo o Brasil e a Itália[3][4].
Penaeus monodon conhecido como camarão-tigre-gigante, é uma espécie de camarão peneídeo originária das águas costeiras da região Indo-Pacífica, que pode atingir um comprimento de 33 cm.
De acordo com a FAO, a captura desta espécie subiu de cerca de 100 000 t em 1990 para cerca de 240 000 em 2007, enquanto que a sua produção aquícola, que começou na década de 1970, cresceu exponencialmente até fins da década de 1990, atingiu um máximo de mais de 700 000 t em 2003 e baixou para menos de 600 000, em 2007, devido à substituição pelo camarão-de-patas-brancas. O preço do camarão de cultura variou, entre 2000 e 2004, de 4,7 a 9 dólares na Europa, para tamanhos pequenos, comercializados com a cabeça, até 9-14 dólares no Japão, para camarões grandes, sem cabeça.
Tôm sú (tên khoa học: Penaeus monodon) là một loài động vật giáp xác đại dương được nuôi để dùng làm thực phẩm.
Phân bổ tự nhiên của loài này là khu vực Ấn-Tây-Thái Bình Dương, trải từ bờ đông châu Phi, bán đảo Ả Rập, đến tận Đông Nam Á và biển Nhật Bản. Ở đông Úc cũng có loài này, và một lượng nhỏ tôm sú cũng đi vào Địa Trung Hải qua kênh đào Suez. Ngoài ra còn có ở Hawaii và bờ biển Đại Tây Dương của Mỹ (Florida, Georgia và Nam Carolina).
Cả con đực lẫn con cái đều đạt tới kích thước khoảng 36 cm chiều dài, con cái có thể nặng tới 650 g, khiến nó trở thành loài tôm pan đan lớn nhất thế giới.
P. monodon là loài tôm pan đan được nuôi rộng rãi nhất trên thế giới, mặc dù loài tôm thẻ chân trắng Litopenaeus vannamei ngày càng chiếm ưu thế. Hàng năm hơn 900.000 tấn tôm sú được tiêu thụ, hai phần ba số đó đến từ các trại tôm ở Đông Nam Á.
Bài viết Giáp xác mười chân này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Tôm sú (tên khoa học: Penaeus monodon) là một loài động vật giáp xác đại dương được nuôi để dùng làm thực phẩm.
Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798[1]
Синонимы
Penaeus monodon (лат.) — вид десятиногих раков из подотряда Dendrobranchiata. Распространён в тёплых водах Индийского и Тихого океанов[2]. В развитии тигровых креветок присутствует планктонная личинка науплиус, что делает представителей этого и некоторых родственных видов удобными объектами для разведения. C 90-х годов XX века мировая добыча тигровых креветок составляет около 800—900 тысяч тонн в год, причём свыше двух третей продукции обеспечивают креветочные фермы[2].
Естественный ареал: восточные берега Африки, Аравийский полуостров, Юго-Восточная Азия и Японское море. Также может встречаться в восточной Австралии, некоторые особи вселились в Средиземное море через Суэцкий канал.
Своё название креветка получила благодаря черным полоскам по всему телу. В длину тела они могут достигать 36 см, а по весу — 650 грамм, что делает эту креветку самым крупным представителем подотряда Dendrobranchiata.
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Penaeus monodon (лат.) — вид десятиногих раков из подотряда Dendrobranchiata. Распространён в тёплых водах Индийского и Тихого океанов. В развитии тигровых креветок присутствует планктонная личинка науплиус, что делает представителей этого и некоторых родственных видов удобными объектами для разведения. C 90-х годов XX века мировая добыча тигровых креветок составляет около 800—900 тысяч тонн в год, причём свыше двух третей продукции обеспечивают креветочные фермы.
草蝦（学名：Penaeus monodon）或稱斑節對蝦、黑虎虾、鬼虾、牛形对虾，是對蝦屬下的一種蝦。是对虾科中的最大种，最大体长可达33厘米。
草蝦分佈于印度洋-太平洋海域，東至日本海、西至非洲西海岸和阿拉伯半島、南至澳大利亞。[2]
雌性個體最長可達33厘米（13英寸），不過一般只有25～30厘米（9.8～11.8英寸）長，重200～320克（7.1～11.3盎司），雄性個體較小，長達20～25厘米（7.9～9.8英寸），重100～170克（3.5～6.0盎司）。[5]
草蝦是一種十分常見的養殖蝦。[5] 對於疾病的抵抗能力較優於其它蝦，在运输中不易死亡。其壳較厚，可食用的部分比例和东方对虾相較之下較少。
2010年，綠色和平將草蝦列入海產品紅色名單。[6] 原因是草蝦的養殖摧毀了數個國家的紅樹林，并有過度捕撈的趨向。[6]
Penaeus monodon由約翰·克里斯蒂安·法布里丘斯在1798年首次描述，這一名稱長期為人所忽視。直到1949年，Lipke Holthuis[7] 才將其確定為對蝦屬的模式種。.[7]
ウシエビ（牛海老）、学名 Penaeus monodon は、十脚目クルマエビ科に属するエビの一種。インド太平洋の熱帯・亜熱帯域に広く分布する大型のエビである。食用として世界各地で利用されており、ブラックタイガー[1]という別名でよく知られている。漁業や養殖の重要種である。
成体の体長は30cmほどで、クルマエビ科でも最大の部類に入る。最大で体長36cm・体重600gという記録もある。体は前後に細長く、額角の鋸歯は上縁に7-8歯、下縁に2-3歯がある。頭胸甲背面中央には額角から続く隆起があるが、両側の側溝は前半部だけに限られる[2][3]。体色は全体的に灰褐色で、不明瞭な黒い縞模様がある。ただし新鮮な個体では腹節や歩脚・腹脚に黄色の縞模様が入る。
クルマエビに似ているが、生体は全身の黒みが強く黒の縞模様も不明瞭なこと、額角の鋸歯の数が異なること、頭胸甲背面中央の側溝が前半部しかないことで区別できる。
西日本、オーストラリア北岸、南アフリカ東岸まで、インド太平洋の熱帯・亜熱帯域に広く分布する。日本では東京湾以南に分布するが、分布域の北限にあたり個体数が少なく、日本産・天然もののウシエビが市場に流通することはまずない[2][4]。
浅い海の砂泥底に生息するが、汽水域、さらには淡水域にも適応する[2]。食性は雑食性で、藻類や貝類、多毛類などを食べる。
食用として重要な種類である。東南アジアを中心とした分布域各地でさかんに養殖され、日本を含む世界中に流通する[2]。日本のエビの輸入量の4割前後を占める重要種で、主な輸入元はインドネシア、インド、ベトナムである。クルマエビ科の中では大型に成長し、成長も早い。
クルマエビに比べると生の状態では黒っぽいが、熱を通すと一様に薄紅色になる。日本では国産クルマエビよりも安価に流通し、エビフライ、天ぷら、塩ゆで等様々な料理に使われる。
しかし熱帯地域では本種の大量養殖によるマングローブや汽水域の環境破壊・排水による環境汚染が問題視されている。また高密度で飼育するため伝染病が蔓延しやすいこと、伝染病予防のため使用する抗生物質、エビ流通に係る関税等の諸問題もあり、これらへの対策も含めて世界中で研究が続いている[5]。
台湾では1968年に廖一久がウシエビの種苗生産に成功し、エビ養殖の基礎を築いた。養殖産業は1980年代に急速に発展し、一時は日本にも1年で約4万トンが輸入されていた。しかしウイルスの蔓延により台湾のエビ養殖は崩壊状態に追い込まれ、その後はタイやインドネシアからの輸入が増えた。それらの国へ養殖技術を普及させたのは台湾の技術者だったと言われている[5]。 しかしタイでも1995年以降ウイルス病の被害によりウシエビの養殖量が減少しており現在はバナメイエビ（Whiteleg shrimp）がエビ養殖の主力となっている。[6]
また日本では、「東南アジアのエビ養殖場に出資すれば利益になる」とし金を騙し取る大規模な詐欺事件が起こった（ワールドオーシャンファーム詐欺事件）。
ウシエビ（牛海老）、学名 Penaeus monodon は、十脚目クルマエビ科に属するエビの一種。インド太平洋の熱帯・亜熱帯域に広く分布する大型のエビである。食用として世界各地で利用されており、ブラックタイガーという別名でよく知られている。漁業や養殖の重要種である。
블랙타이거(giant tiger prawn)는 식용 갑각류의 일종이다.
암컷은 최대 33 센티미터까지 자랄 수도 있지만 평균적인 크기는 25-30 센티미터 정도이고, 체중은 200-320 그램 정도다. 수컷이 암컷보다 작아서 신장 20-25 센티미터, 체중 100-170 그램이다. 배와 부속지에 호랑이처럼 붉고 흰 줄무늬가 있다. 촉각은 회색끼가 도는 갈색이다.
인도태평양이 원산지로, 아프리카 동해안에서 아라비아 반도를 거쳐 동남아시아와 호주 북부에 이르기까지 널리 서식한다. 멕시코 만과 대서양에도 침입종으로 서식 중이다.
왕새우 종류 중 세계적으로 가장 널리 식용되는 종으로서, 이 종보다 더 많이 식용되는 종은 흰다리새우 하나밖에 없다. 2009년 기준 연간 770,000 톤이 식품으로 생산되며, 그 가치는 미화 36억 5000만 불에 이른다.
