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双色牛肝菌

Baorangia bicolor (Kuntze) G. Wu, Halling & Zhu L. Yang 2015

Comprehensive Description ( 英語 )

由North American Flora提供
Ceriomyces bicolor (Peck) Murrill, Mycologia 1 : 152. 1909
Boletus bicolor Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 24 : 78. 1872.
Boletus rubeus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2 : 102. 1874. (Type from Vermont.)
Boletus squamulosus EUis, Bull. Torrey Club 6: 77. 1876. (Type from New Jersey.) Not B.
squanzulosus Rostk. Boletus dichrous ElHs, Bull. Torrey Club 6 : 109. 1876.
Pileus somewhat irregular, firm, convex, 5-10 cm. broad ; surface dry, glabrous or finely tomentose or squamulose, at times rimose-areolate with age, apple-red or purplishred, often fading or becoming stained with yellow when old ; margin irregular, sometimes upturned : context flavous, changing slowly to blue at times when wounded, then back to flavous, taste mild ; tubes short, adnate, nearly plane, flavous when young, becoming ochraceous with age, changing slowly to blue or greenish-blue when wounded, mouths angular, of medium size, 2-3 to a mm.: spores fusiform, smooth, pale ochraceous-brown, 10-12 X 4-5//: stipe nearly equal, firm, solid, dark, usually yellow and sometimes slightly reticulated at the top, changing to greenish-blue when bruised, smooth, nearly glabrous, showing dark dots under a lens, solid, flavous within, changing slowly to blue, 4-10 cm. long, 0.7-1.5 cm. thick.
Type locality: Sandlake, New York. Habitat : Open woods.
Distribution : New England to North Carolina and west to Ohio and Kentucky.
書目引用
William Alphonso MurrilI, Gertrude Simmons BurIingham, Leigh H Pennington, John Hendly Barnhart. 1907-1916. (AGARICALES); POLYPORACEAE-AGARICACEAE. North American flora. vol 9. New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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North American Flora

Baorangia bicolor ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Baorangia bicolor, also known as the two-colored bolete or red and yellow bolete after its two-tone coloring scheme of red and yellow, is an edible fungus in the genus Baorangia. It inhabits most of eastern North America, primarily east of the Rocky Mountains and in season during the summer and fall months but can be found across the globe in China and Nepal. Its fruit body, the mushroom, is classed as medium or large in size, which helps distinguish it from the many similar appearing species that have a smaller stature. A deep blue/indigo bruising of the pore surface and a less dramatic bruising coloration change in the stem over a period of several minutes are identifying characteristics that distinguish it from the similar poisonous species Boletus sensibilis. There are two variations of this species, variety borealis and variety subreticulatus, and several other similar species of fungi are not poisonous.

Taxonomy and naming

Baorangia bicolor was originally named in 1807 by the Italian botanist Giuseppe Raddi.[2] American mycologist Charles Horton Peck named a species collected in Sandlake, New York, in 1870, Boletus bicolor. Although this naming is considered illegitimate due to article 53.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature,[3] Peck is still given as the authority in the Bessette et al. (2000) monograph of North American boletes.[4] Boletus bicolor (Raddi) is not a synonym of "Boletus bicolor" Peck.[1][5] Peck's Boletus bicolor describes the Eastern North American species that is the familiar "two-colored bolete", while Raddi's Boletus bicolor describes a separate European species that is lost to science.[6] This taxonomic conflict has yet to be resolved. In 1909 a species found in Singapore was named Boletus bicolor by George Edward Massee;[7] this naming is illegitimate and is synonymous with Boletochaete bicolor according to Singer.[8][9] Molecular studies found that Boletus bicolor was not closely related to the type species of Boletus, Boletus edulis, and in 2015 Alfredo Vizzini transferred Boletus bicolor to the genus Baorangia.[10][11][12] The original botanical name for this two-colored bolete was derived from the Latin words bōlētus, meaning "mushroom",[13] and bicolor, meaning "having two colors."[14]

Description

The pore surface of B. bicolor is bright yellow.

The color of the cap of the two-colored bolete varies from light red and almost pink to brick red. The most common coloration is brick red when mature. The cap usually ranges from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 15 cm (5.9 in) in width, with bright yellow pores underneath. The two-colored bolete is one of several types of boletes that have the unusual reaction of the pore surface producing a dark blue/indigo when it is injured, although the reaction is slower than with other bluing boletes. When the flesh is exposed it also turns a dark blue, but less dramatically than the pore surface.[15] Young fruit bodies have bright yellow pore surfacesthat slowly turn a dingy yellow in maturity.

The stem of the two-colored bolete ranges from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 10 cm (3.9 in) in length and ranges from 1 cm (0.4 in) to 3 cm (1.2 in) in width. The stem coloration is yellow at the apex and a red or rosy red for the lower two thirds. When injured it bruises blue very slowly and may hardly change color at all in some cases. The stem lacks a ring and lacks a partial veil.[16]

Microscopic characteristics

The spore deposit of the two-colored bolete is olive-brown. Viewed with a microscope, the spores are slightly oblong to ventricose in face view; in profile view, the spores are roughly inequilateral to oblong, and have a shallow suprahilar depression. The spores appear nearly hyaline (translucent) to pale dingy ochraceous when mounted in potassium hydroxide solution (KOH), have a smooth surface, and measure 8–12 by 3.5–5 μm. The tube trama is divergent and gelatinous, originates from a single central strand, not amyloid, and will often stain yellow-brown when placed in dilute potassium hydroxide (KOH).[17]

Chemical tests

Further methods of identification are chemical tests. With the application of FeSO4 to the cap cuticle (pileipellis), it will turn a dark grey, almost black color and with the application of potassium hydroxide or NH4OH it has a negative coloration. The context stains a bluish grey to an olive green when FeSO4 is applied to it, a pale orange to a pale yellow with the application of KOH, and negative with the application of NH4OH.[16]

Edibility

The two-colored bolete is an edible mushroom, although some may have an allergic reaction after ingestion that results in stomach upset.[18] The mushroom has a very mild to no taste[19] although it is said to have a very distinctive taste like that of the king bolete. It can be cooked several ways, and the varying color of the cap can be used to determine if the mushroom is ready to be eaten. If the cap is a lighter red, then it is less mature and is in a stage where it is often larva infested or it can be soft fleshed, in some cases both. The cap should have a dark brick red color when safe to eat.[20] Drying the two-colored bolete is a good method for storage. It is important to note the time it takes for the two-colored bolete to bruise when identifying it for consumption; the mushroom should take several minutes to bruise compared to the instant bruising of Boletus sensibilis, which is poisonous and has many of the same visual characteristics of the two-colored bolete.[18]

Distribution and habitat

The two-colored bolete is distributed from southeastern Canada and the Great Lakes Region, primarily east of the Rocky Mountains, as far south as the Florida peninsula, and out to the Midwest as far as Wisconsin. It is commonly found in deciduous woodland and usually grows under or close to broad-leaved trees, especially oak.[15] It can be found in isolation and in groups or clusters, primarily during June through October.[21] The two-colored bolete is also found in China and Nepal, where it is one of the most used mushrooms of over 200 species of edible mushrooms used in Nepal.[22] This unusual distribution of the two-colored bolete and other mushrooms is known as the Grayan disjunction; the phenomenon is characterized by a species living in one continent or island and then also on the other side of the world with no specimens of the species living in between the specific habitats. The Grayan disjunction is not uncommon among fungi.[23]

Similar species

Hortiboletus rubellus

The two-colored bolete has several species that are similar to it and the differences are minute in most cases. Boletus sensibilis differs from the two-colored bolete in that it has an immediate bruising reaction and is poisonous, causing stomach upset if ingested, and in some cases a severe allergic reaction.[24][25] B. miniato-olivaceus has a full yellow stem and slightly lighter cap coloration. It also has a more immediate bruising reaction than the two-colored bolete and the stem is slightly longer in proportion to the cap.[26] B. peckii differs from the two-colored bolete by having a smaller average size, a rose red cap that turns almost brown with age, flesh that is paler in color, and a bitter taste. B. speciosus differs from the two-colored bolete by having a fully reticulated stem, more brilliant colors, and very narrow cylindrical spores.[27] Hortiboletus rubellus subsp. rubens and the two-colored bolete have been found to have almost no difference between them, and they cannot be distinguished by appearance alone.[26] Boletus bicoloroide is very similar to the two-colored bolete, the major differences between them being B. bicoloroide has only been found in Michigan and has larger spores. B. bicoloroide is also slightly larger than the two-colored bolete, around 1 cm (0.4 in) longer in the stem and 1 cm (0.4 in) in the cap. This species has not been as thoroughly researched as the two-colored bolete, thus macrochemical tests, edibility, distribution range, and the spore print color are all unknown.[28]

Varieties

There are two varieties of the two-colored bolete: borealis and subreticulatus.[29] Both varieties have a very similar habitat to that of the main species, except they appear to be limited to just the North American continent. Both varieties also have a slightly different coloration than that of the two-colored bolete, have deeper pores, and are not as often eaten or used in regional recipes.[17]

Variety borealis

Variety borealis has a slightly darker color scheme than the main species. The coloration in general is darker; the cap can vary from a bright apple red to a dark brick red with maturity, to almost purple in some instances. The pore surface has a varying coloration of orange red to red and becoming a dull brown red with age. The bruising coloration is a blue green and the spore print is olive brown. The distribution of variety borealis is relatively small, ranging from Michigan to the upper New England states. The similar distribution and coloration to Boletus carminiporus has caused the two to be confused.[17] New molecular evidence shows that borealis is not closely related to Baorangia bicolor var. bicolor.[10]

Variety subreticulatus

Variety subreticulatus, like variety borealis, has a generally darker coloration than the two-colored bolete, but varies much more than either. When fresh the coloration of the cap varies from a rose red, red, rose pink, dark red, and purple red. With age it changes to a cinnamon red or a rusty rose color, with yellowing toward the margin. The pore surface is similar to that of the main species–yellow when fresh and with age changing to a dull ochre yellow; the bruising coloration is blue but is much lighter and sometimes not appearing to stain when bruised at all. The spore print is olive brown.[17] The distribution of variety subreticulatus is very similar to the distribution of the two-colored bolete in North America, and appears north to eastern Canada and south to Florida, and west to Wisconsin.[17]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baorangia bicolor.

References

  1. ^ a b "Boletus bicolor Peck, Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History, 24: 78, 1872". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
  2. ^ (Raddi 1807, pp. 62–345)
  3. ^ "Boletus bicolor Peck". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  4. ^ (Bessette, Roody & Bessette 2000, pp. 97–98)
  5. ^ "Boletus bicolor Raddi, Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica della Società Italiana di Scienze Residente in Modena, 13 (2): 352, t. 5:4, 1807". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  6. ^ Snell, W.H.; Dick, E.A. (1941). "Notes on Boletes. VI". Mycologia. 33 (1): 23–37. doi:10.2307/3754732. JSTOR 3754732. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
  7. ^ (Massee 1909, pp. 9–204)
  8. ^ Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Königstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 796. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
  9. ^ "Boletus bicolor Massee 1909". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  10. ^ a b Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AF, Halling RE, Hibbett DS (2013). "Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae". Fungal Biology. 117 (7–8): 479–511. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008. PMID 23931115.
  11. ^ Wu G, Feng B, Xu J, Zhu XT, Li YC, Zeng NK, Hosen MI, Yang ZL (2014). "Molecular phylogenetic analyses redefine seven major clades and reveal 22 new generic clades in the fungal family Boletaceae". Fungal Diversity. 69 (1): 93–115. doi:10.1007/s13225-014-0283-8. S2CID 15652037.
  12. ^ Vizzini A. (2015). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (235): 1. ISSN 2049-2375.
  13. ^ "bōlētus". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
  14. ^ "bicolor". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
  15. ^ a b (Wernert 1982)
  16. ^ a b (Bessette, Roody & Bessette 2000, p. 97)
  17. ^ a b c d e (Smith & Theirs 1971, p. 275)
  18. ^ a b Phillips, Roger. "Boletus bicolor". RogersMushrooms. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  19. ^ "Boletus bicolor". New Jersey Mycological Association. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  20. ^ Report, Mushroom. "Boletus bicolor". Mushroom Report. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  21. ^ (Bessette, Roody & Bessette 2000, p. 98)
  22. ^ (Christensen et al. 2008)
  23. ^ (Vasilyeva & Stephenson 2010, p. 284)
  24. ^ Kuo, Michael (2003). "Boletus bicolor". MushroomExpert.Com Web. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  25. ^ Lamoureux, Yves (2009). "Fungus Portraits No.2. Two-colored BoleteBoletus bicolor". Le Cercle des mycologues de Montréal (CMM). Le Mycologue. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  26. ^ a b (Coker 1974, p. 64)
  27. ^ (Coker 1974, p. 65)
  28. ^ (Bessette, Roody & Bessette 2000, p. 99)
  29. ^ (Smith & Theirs 1971, p. 278)
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Baorangia bicolor: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Baorangia bicolor, also known as the two-colored bolete or red and yellow bolete after its two-tone coloring scheme of red and yellow, is an edible fungus in the genus Baorangia. It inhabits most of eastern North America, primarily east of the Rocky Mountains and in season during the summer and fall months but can be found across the globe in China and Nepal. Its fruit body, the mushroom, is classed as medium or large in size, which helps distinguish it from the many similar appearing species that have a smaller stature. A deep blue/indigo bruising of the pore surface and a less dramatic bruising coloration change in the stem over a period of several minutes are identifying characteristics that distinguish it from the similar poisonous species Boletus sensibilis. There are two variations of this species, variety borealis and variety subreticulatus, and several other similar species of fungi are not poisonous.

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Baorangia bicolor ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Bolet bicolore

Baorangia bicolor, communément appelé Bolet bicolore, est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes de la famille des Boletaceae. Il doit son nom à sa coloration partagée entre le jaune vif et le rouge vineux. Il fait partie du groupe des bolets dont la chair devient bleue lorsqu'elle est froissée ou coupée, bien que ce phénomène soit moins rapide que chez d'autres espèces. Il pousse au pied des feuillus, dans l'est de l'Amérique du Nord, ainsi qu'en Chine et au Népal. C'est un champignon comestible très apprécié, mais qui peut provoquer des troubles digestifs chez certains individus et qui doit toujours être bien cuit.

Taxinomie

L'espèce est décrite pour la première fois en 1872 comme Boletus bicolor par Charles Horton Peck à partir d'un spécimen collecté dans l'État de New York. Bien que la plupart des ouvrages du XXe siècle reprennent ce nom, il est illégitime selon les règles du Code international de nomenclature pour les algues, les champignons et les plantes[2]. Il a en effet été utilisé en 1807 par le botaniste italien Giuseppe Raddi pour une espèce récoltée près de Florence[3], qui n'a jamais été revue depuis. C'est donc Suillus bicolor nommé par Otto Kuntze en 1898 et correspondant à l'espèce décrite par Peck qui est reconnu comme basionyme. L'épithète spécifique bicolor est en effet valide dans ce cas, puisque accolée à un autre genre[2]. En 1909, une troisième espèce découverte à Singapour, différente des précédentes, est nommée Boletus bicolor George Edward Massee (en)[4]. Elle est également illégitime et renommée Boletochaete bicolor par Rolf Singer en 1986.

En 2015, une équipe de mycologues chinois propose la création d'un nouveau genre de Boletaceae, Baorangia. En chinois, Bao signifie « fin » et rang « hyménium », car ces bolets se distinguent par la finesse de leur hyménophore[5]. Les auteurs demandent de renommer le bolet bicolore en Baorangia rubelloides pour régler le conflit taxinomique lié à l'épithète bicolor, mais cette proposition n'est pas retenue[2].

Description

 src=
Les pores du bolet bicolore sont jaune vif et presque invisibles.

Comme son nom l'indique, le Bolet bicolore est entièrement teinté de jaune et de rouge. C'est un champignon à la silhouette plutôt trapue, dont le chapeau mesure entre 4 et 15 cm de diamètre et le pied de 5 à 10 cm de long pour 1 à 3 cm d'épaisseur[6]. Dans le jeune âge, le chapeau est convexe, finement velouté et rouge vineux. Il s'étale en vieillissant, devient lisse et se décolore parfois pour prendre une teinte jaune rosé. Les tubes sont d'abord jaunes puis jaune olivâtre et plus courts que la plupart des bolets. Ils sont adnés, puis échancrés, et leurs pores sont si petits qu'on les distingue difficilement chez les jeunes spécimens. Ils sont concolores aux tubes et bleuissent au froissement[7]. Le stipe est souvent clavé vers la base, plein et glabre. Il est rouge vineux teinté de jaune vers l'apex[6]. La chair est jaune pâle, plus foncée dans le pied, et elle bleuit lentement à la coupe (mais plus faiblement que les pores). Sa saveur est douce et son odeur indistincte. La sporée est brun olive[7].

Distribution et habitat

 src=
Spécimens de différents âges. On remarque notamment les pores jaunes (qui bleuissent au toucher) virant à l'olivâtre à maturité.

Le Bolet bicolore est présent en Amérique du Nord, où sa zone de distribution s'étend du sud-est du Canada et de la région des Grands Lacs, principalement à l'est des montagnes Rocheuses, jusqu'en Floride au sud, et dans le Midwest jusqu'au Wisconsin[8]. On le rencontre également en Chine et au Népal[9]. Cette distribution qui semble illogique est en réalité un phénomène observé pour de nombreuses plantes et animaux, et connue sous le nom de « disjonction d'Asa Gray ». Des fragments similaires de vestiges de flore tertiaire sont ainsi retrouvés à la fois dans l'est de l'Amérique du Nord et en Asie de l'Est[10].

C'est une espèce mycorhizienne que l'on trouve principalement au pied des chênes et des hêtres[6]. Au Québec, sa saison de fructification s'étend de juin à septembre et se concentre entre la mi-juillet et la mi-août. Il est occasionnel, bien que plus fréquent dans le sud de la province[7].

Comestibilité

Le bolet bicolore est un excellent comestible, qui peut toutefois causer des troubles digestifs chez certaines personnes, surtout s'il n'est pas suffisamment cuit. Sa chair est à la fois ferme et tendre, et son parfum est marqué par des effluves salés et épicés qui rappellent le bouillon de poulet ou le curry[7].

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e et f BioLib, consulté le 26 juin 2020
  2. a b et c (en) Timothy J. Baroni, Mushrooms of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada, Timber Press, 2017, 600 p. (ISBN 978-1-60469-814-5 et 1-60469-814-4, OCLC , lire en ligne), p. 367.
  3. (it) Giuseppe Raddi, « Delle specie nuove di Funghi ritrovatanei contorni di Firenze », Atti della Societá dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena, vol. 13,‎ 1807, p. 345–362.
  4. (en) George Edward Massee, « Fungi exotici, IX », Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informations of the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, vol. 1909, no 5,‎ 1909, p. 205 (DOI , JSTOR , lire en ligne).
  5. (en) Gang Wu, Kuan Zhao, Yan-Chun Li, Nian-Kai Zeng, Bang Feng, Roy E. Halling et Zhu Liang Yang, « Four new genera of the fungal family Boletaceae », Fungal Diversity, vol. 81, no 1,‎ février 2015, p. 1–24 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 26 mars 2020).
  6. a b et c Roland Labbé, « Baorangia bicolor / Bolet bicolore », sur Mycoquébec.org, juillet 2019 (consulté le 26 mars 2020).
  7. a b c et d Yves Lamoureux et Matthieu Sicard, Connaître, cueillir et cuisiner les champignons sauvages du Québec, Fides, 2005, 365 p. (ISBN 2-7621-2617-7 et 978-2-7621-2617-4, OCLC , lire en ligne), p. 119-120.
  8. Susan J. Wernert, Reader's Digest North American wildlife, Reader's Digest Association, 1982 (ISBN 0-89577-102-0, 978-0-89577-102-5 et 0-7621-0020-6, OCLC , lire en ligne).
  9. (en) Morten Christensen, Sanjeeb Bhattarai, Shiva Devkota et Helle O. Larsen, « Collection and Use of Wild Edible Fungi in Nepal », Economic Botany, vol. 62, no 1,‎ mai 2008, p. 12–23 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 26 mars 2020).
  10. (en) Larissa N. Vasilyeva et Steven L. Stephenson, « Biogeographical patterns in pyrenomycetous fungi and their taxonomy. 1. The Grayan disjunction », Mycotaxon, vol. 114, no 1,‎ 11 février 2011, p. 281–303 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 26 mars 2020).

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wikipedia FR

Baorangia bicolor: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Bolet bicolore

Baorangia bicolor, communément appelé Bolet bicolore, est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes de la famille des Boletaceae. Il doit son nom à sa coloration partagée entre le jaune vif et le rouge vineux. Il fait partie du groupe des bolets dont la chair devient bleue lorsqu'elle est froissée ou coupée, bien que ce phénomène soit moins rapide que chez d'autres espèces. Il pousse au pied des feuillus, dans l'est de l'Amérique du Nord, ainsi qu'en Chine et au Népal. C'est un champignon comestible très apprécié, mais qui peut provoquer des troubles digestifs chez certains individus et qui doit toujours être bien cuit.

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Boletus bicolor ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Boletus bicolor Peck, 1897 è un fungo commestibile appartenente alla famiglia Boletaceae[1]. È diffuso in Nord America, e appare soprattutto a est delle Montagne Rocciose durante l'estate e l'autunno, ma si può incontrare anche in Cina e in Nepal. Il suo corpo fruttifero è di dimensioni medio-grandi, e questa caratteristica aiuta a distinguerlo da molte specie simili ma di dimensioni ridotte. Di questa specie esistono due varietà: B. bicolor var. borealis e B. bicolor var. subreticulatus. Può essere confuso con B. sensibilis, specie velenosa, e con altre specie innocue.

Il suo nome deriva dal latino Boletus, che significa "fungo"[2], e bicolor, di due colori[3].

Descrizione

 src=
Pori di B. bicolor
Caratteristiche morfologiche
Boletus bicolor Cappello convesso icona.svg
Cappello convesso Pores icon.png
Imenio pori Adnate gills icon2.svg
Lamelle adnate Olive spore print icon.png
Sporata oliva Bare stipe icon.png
Velo nudo Virante icona.svg
Carne virante Mycorrhizal ecology icon.png
Micorrizico Foodlogo.svg
Commestibile

Il colore del cappello di questa specie varia dal rosso chiaro, quasi rosato, al rosso mattone, più frequente negli adulti. Il diametro varia dai 5 ai 15 cm; i pori sono di un giallo abbastanza acceso.

In questa specie avviene un fenomeno inusuale, comune solo a poche altre specie del suo genere, dove è più marcato: la superficie dei pori, se danneggiata, vira verso il blu-violaceo. Quando la carne di questo fungo viene esposta all'aria, inoltre, vira verso il blu, ma questo cambiamento è meno evidente che nei pori[4]. Il colore dei pori negli esemplari più vecchi è giallo sporco e pallido.

Il gambo è alto dai 5 ai 10 cm, e largo da 1 a 3. Alla base la colorazione è rossastra o violacea, mentre vicino al cappello il gambo diventa rosato e poi giallastro. Non è presente nessun anello, mentre c'è un sottile velo parziale[5].

Caratteristiche microscopiche

La sporata è bruna-olivacea. Se viste al microscopio, le spore appaiono oblunghe e con una superficie liscia. Misurano circa 8–12 e 3.5–5 µm. La carne si macchia di giallo o di marrone e le spore diventano color ocra se trattate con Idrossido di potassio (KOH)[6].

Reazioni chimiche

Un metodo per identificare questa specie sono le reazioni chimiche. La pileipellis, se trattata con il solfato ferroso, diventa grigiastra o quasi nera. La carne, invece, diventa bluastra o verde oliva, e se trattata con KOH diventa arancione o gialla pallida[5].

Tassonomia

Una specie fu denominata Boletus bicolor per la prima volta nel 1807 dal botanico italiano Giuseppe Raddi[7]. Però, nel 1870, Charles Horton Peck descrisse con quel nome una specie raccolta da lui nel 1870. Questa denominazione, secondo l'articolo 53.1 del Codice internazionale per la nomenclatura delle alghe, funghi e piante sarebbe illegittima[8]. Boletus bicolor (Raddi) non è un sinonimo di Boletus bicolor Peck[9], perché la prima descrive una specie europea a sé, ma questo conflitto tassonomico deve essere ancora risolto.

Nel 1909 fu invece chiamata Boletus bicolor una specie raccolta a Singapore, ma divenne un sinonimo di Boletochaete bicolor[10].

Commestibilità

Questa specie è commestibile, anche se in alcune persone può causare allergie o disturbi allo stomaco[11]. Il sapore è molto debole[12]. Spesso il colore del cappello aiuta a capire quando questo fungo può essere mangiato; infatti quando esso è chiaro il fungo sta spesso attraversando una fase durante la quale è attaccato da larve; gli individui con il cappello rosso scuro sono invece meno giovani ma possono essere mangiati[13]. Può essere distinto dal congenere B. sensibilis, molto simile ma velenoso, grazie alla carne che se intaccata cambia colore molto più lentamente[11].

Distribuzione e habitat

Il suo areale si estende dal sud-est del Canada fino alla Florida. È comune negli Stati Uniti medio occidentali, soprattutto in Wisconsin. Cresce in boschi decidui, solitamente associato a querce[14]. Può essere trovato sia solitario che in gruppi, soprattutto tra giugno e ottobre[5]. Si trova anche in Cina e Nepal, dove è uno dei funghi consumati più frequentemente[15].

Specie simili

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Xerocomellus rubellus

Ci sono diverse specie che si differenziano da questa solo per piccoli particolari. B. sensibilis si distingue grazie alla carne che cambia immediatamente colore se danneggiata[16] ed al fatto che è tossico, infatti può causare gravi reazioni allergiche e mal di stomaco[17]. B. miniato-olivaceus ha invece il gambo completamente giallo ed il cappello più chiaro. Anche in quest'ultimo la carne vira rapidamente verso il violaceo se danneggiata. B. peckii è mediamente più piccolo; la sua carne è pallida e ha un sapore amaro. B. speciosus ha il gambo reticolato e le spore cilindriche[18]. Tra Xerocomellus rubellus e B. bicolor ci sono pochissime differenze, e per questo il primo può essere distinto solo osservandone le caratteristiche microscopiche. Anche B. bicoloroide è molto simile, ma cresce solo nel Michigan, ha le spore ed il corpo fruttifero più grandi. Però B. bicoloroide non è ancora stato accuratamente studiato, quindi molte sue caratteristiche sono sconosciute[19].

Varietà

Di questa specie esistono due varietà: B. bicolor var. borealis e B. bicolor var. subreticulatus[6]. Entrambe appaiono solo in America e hanno una colorazione leggermente diversa.

Varietà borealis

Rispetto alla specie principale, questa varietà ha una colorazione più scura, e il cappello a volte tende al viola. I pori sono arancioni, e possono diventare opachi o marroni con l'età. Ha un areale ristretto, che comprende Michigan e parte della Nuova Inghilterra. Viene facilmente confuso con B. carminiporus[6].

Varietà subreticulatus

Anche questa varietà è più scura, ma la sua colorazione è più variabile. Con l'età, comunque, il margine del cappello tende ad ingiallire. I pori sono inizialmente gialli, poi ocra, mentre la sporata è color oliva[6]. La distribuzione di questa varietà è molto simile alla distribuzione di B. bicolor in Nord America.

Note

  1. ^ Catalogue of life, su catalogueoflife.org. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2013.
  2. ^ bōlētus, su Perseus Digital Library. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2013.
  3. ^ bicolor, su Perseus Digital Library. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2013.
  4. ^ Wernert.
  5. ^ a b c Bessette, p. 97.
  6. ^ a b c d Bessette, p. 275.
  7. ^ Raddi, G.F., Delle specie nuove di Funghi ritrovata nei contorni di Firenze, in Atti della Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena, vol. 13, 1807, pp. 345–62.
  8. ^ Boletus bicolor Peck, su Index Fungorum. CAB International. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2013.
  9. ^ Boletus bicolor Raddi, Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica della Società Italiana di Scienze Residente in Modena, 13 (2): 352, t. 5:4, 1807, su MycoBank, International Mycological Association. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2013.
  10. ^ Boletus bicolor Massee 1909, su MycoBank, International Mycological Association. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2013.
  11. ^ a b Phillips, R, Boletus bicolor, su RogersMushrooms. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2013.
  12. ^ Boletus bicolor, su New Jersey Mycological Association. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2013.
  13. ^ Boletus bicolor, su Mushroom Report. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2013.
  14. ^ Wernert Susan J., Reader's Digest North American Wildlife, Pleasantville, NY, Reader's Digest Association, 1982, ISBN 0-89577-102-0.
  15. ^ Christensen Morten, Bhattarai Sanjeeb, Devkota Shiva, Larsen Helle, Collection and Use of Wild Edible Fungi in Nepal, in Economic Botany, vol. 62, 2008, DOI:10.1007/s12231-007-9000-9. URL consultato il 13 febbraio 2021 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 dicembre 2015).
  16. ^ Lamoureux Yves, Fungus Portraits No.2. Two-colored BoleteBoletus bicolor, su Le Cercle des mycologues de Montréal (CMM), Le Mycologue, 2009. URL consultato l'11 dicembre 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 2 ottobre 2011).
  17. ^ Kuo Michael, Boletus bicolor, su MushroomExpert.Com Web, 2003. URL consultato l'11 dicembre 2013.
  18. ^ Coker William, Beers Alma, The Boleti of North Carolina, New York, NY, Courier Dover Publications, 1972, ISBN 0-486-20377-8.
  19. ^ Bessette, p.99.

Bibliografia

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Boletus bicolor: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

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Boletus bicolor Peck, 1897 è un fungo commestibile appartenente alla famiglia Boletaceae. È diffuso in Nord America, e appare soprattutto a est delle Montagne Rocciose durante l'estate e l'autunno, ma si può incontrare anche in Cina e in Nepal. Il suo corpo fruttifero è di dimensioni medio-grandi, e questa caratteristica aiuta a distinguerlo da molte specie simili ma di dimensioni ridotte. Di questa specie esistono due varietà: B. bicolor var. borealis e B. bicolor var. subreticulatus. Può essere confuso con B. sensibilis, specie velenosa, e con altre specie innocue.

Il suo nome deriva dal latino Boletus, che significa "fungo", e bicolor, di due colori.

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