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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 22.5 years (captivity) Observations: One wild born animal was about 22-23 years when it died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Morphology ( 英語 )

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The hartebeest is a large ungulate ranging from 1.5 m to 2.45 m in length. Its tail is 300 to 700 mm and shoulder height is 1.1 to 1.5 m. It is characterized by a steeply sloping back, long legs, large glands below the eyes, a tufted tail, and a long, narrow rostrum. The body hair is about 25mm long and is quite fine in texture. It has paler patches of hair on most of its rump and chest and on parts of its face. It has been suggested that the pale hair on the rump may be presented in attracting mates or to ward off aggressors. There are several subspecies which are distinguished from each other by coat color, which varies from pale brown to brownish gray, and by horn shape. All subspecies have 2 horns, in both sexes, that rise from a single pedicel and are 450 to 700mm in length. Sexual maturity may occur as early as 12 months, but members of this species do not reach their maximum weight until 4 years of age (Kingdon 1989). The hartebeest has a lifespan of 11 to 20 years (Walker 1997; African Wildlife Foundation).

Range mass: 75 to 200 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: ornamentation

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Batty, K. 2002. "Alcelaphus buselaphus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alcelaphus_buselaphus.html
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Life Expectancy ( 英語 )

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
20.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
19.0 years.

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Batty, K. 2002. "Alcelaphus buselaphus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alcelaphus_buselaphus.html
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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A. buselaphus inhabits the savannahs and grasslands of Africa. It is tolerant of high grasses and may be found in woodland or scrubs areas more than other alcelaphines (Nowak 1997; Schaller 1972; African Wildlife Foundation).

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; scrub forest

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Distribution ( 英語 )

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The hartebeest, Alcelaphus buselaphus, was originally found in grasslands throughout the African continent (Walker 1997). It ranged from Morroco to northeastern Tanzania and, south of the Congo, it ranged from southern Angola to South Africa. Its range has been drastically reduced, however, due to hunting by humans, habitat destruction and foraging competition with domestic cattle. Now the hartebeest is found only in parts of Botswana, Namibia, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Kenya.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Trophic Strategy ( 英語 )

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Hartebeests are grazers that feed almost entirely on grass (African Wildlife Foundation). Greater than 95% of their food in the wet season (October to May) is grass and grass never comprises any less than 80% of their diet (Schuette 1998). Schuette determined that A. buselaphus in Burkina Faso, West Africa eats primarily Andropogon grass during the rainy season. Between seasons their diet is primarily Culms grass. It eats a small percentage of Hyparrhenia (a grass) and legumes throughout the year. Jasminium kerstingii is also part of its diet at the beginning of the rainy season. The hartebeest is exceptionally tolerant of poor-quality food. Schuette argues that the long rostrum in A. bucelaphus enhances mastication ability and allows it to crop grasses better than other bovids. Thus, when availibility of succulent grasses is limited, as in the dry season, the hartebeest is able to eat the tougher senescent grasses. It has been substantiated elsewhere that A. buselaphus is able to digest a higher percentage of its food than other bovids (Murray 1993).

Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Batty, K. 2002. "Alcelaphus buselaphus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alcelaphus_buselaphus.html
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Benefits ( 英語 )

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The hartebeest is a prized game animal both for its meat, which is recognized as having excellent flavor, and as a trophy. Presently, hunting travel packages that include seeking hartebeests are easy to come by on the internet (African Safari Consultants). Since it is fairly sedentary and easily visible, the hartebeest is fairly easy to hunt (Kingdon 1989).

Positive Impacts: food

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Benefits ( 英語 )

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The hartebeest competes with cattle for grazing land. Although their meat it desirable, hartebeests exhibit a complex social system and are hard to maintain in a closed environment. For this reason, they are not good candidates for domestication. They are rare at zoos because they are dangerous to people and each other if closely confined (Kingdon 1989).

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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

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Swayne's hartebeest (A. buselaphus swaynei) and the Tora hartebeest (A. buselaphus tora) are endangered because of small and continually declining populations. Four other subspecies are classified as lower risk by the IUCN, but will be rated threatened or endangered if ongoing conservation efforts are ended. The reasons for population declines are unknown but have been attributed to the expansion of cattle into hartebeest feeding territories and, to a lesser extent, habitat destruction and hunting. Kindon (1989) remarks that "the hartebeest has probably suffered the greatest contraction in range of all African ruminants." Once prolific in Africa it now has very limited territories.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Batty, K. 2002. "Alcelaphus buselaphus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alcelaphus_buselaphus.html
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Behavior ( 英語 )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Batty, K. 2002. "Alcelaphus buselaphus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Alcelaphus_buselaphus.html
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無標題 ( 英語 )

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There is evidence that the hartebeest once was domesticated by the ancient Egyptians and used as a sacrificial animal (Kingdon 1990 and African Wildlife Foundation).

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Reproduction ( 英語 )

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Breeding in A. buselaphus takes place in territories that are defended by single males, preferably in open areas on plateaus or ridges (African Wildlife Foundation). Territorial males sniff the female's genitalia. If she is estrous, the male follows her around with his ears depressed. He will occasionally position himself laterally to the female and attempt to block her way. Once the female stands still, she allows the male to mount her. Copulation is brief but may be repeated several times. Copulation is always interrupted if another male intrudes. The intruder is usually chased away (Kingdon 1989). Reproduction varies seasonally depending on the population or subspecies of Hartebeest involved. Nowak (1997) reports that there are birth peaks from October to November in South Africa, December to February in Ethiopia, and February to March in Nairobi National Park. Gestation is 214-242 days and usually a single calf is born. Females isolate themselves in scrub areas to give birth (Schaller 1972; African Wildlife Foundation). This is markedly different than the birthing habits of their close relative the wildebeest, which give birth in groups on the open plains. Female A. buselaphus then leave their young hidden in the scrub for a few weeks, coming back only to suckle. Young are weaned at four months (Kingdon 1989).

Breeding interval: Female hartebeest bear a single offspring no more than once per year.

Breeding season: Mating season varies in this species, depending on the location of the population.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 1.

Range gestation period: 7.13 to 8.07 months.

Range weaning age: 4 to 8 months.

Average weaning age: 4 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 9050 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
730 days.

Parental Investment: altricial ; post-independence association with parents

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Biology ( 英語 )

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The hartebeest feeds on grasses, its narrow head suited to selecting the lush grass leaves from amongst the poor quality stems and stalks (5). They are gregarious animals that are normally seen feeding in herds of around 20, but when there is an abundance of fresh grass, hundreds or even thousands may gather. In arid areas they will travel vast distances in search of fresh grass (4). Adult males are territorial and mark out an area with dung (2), with herds of females and their young moving between male territories and staying temporarily within those that contain the best quality grazing. Non-territorial males form loose bachelor herds and occupy the area around territories which often have poor quality grazing (4). In some areas, breeding occurs only during a short period during the rains and most males only become territorial during this time. In other areas, breeding occurs throughout the year and males defend territories continuously (2). A single young is born after an eight month gestation period and remains hidden until it is strong enough to keep up with the herd (2) (4). Hartebeest reach sexual maturity between one and four years of age and live for up to 19 years (2).
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Conservation ( 英語 )

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There are no known specific conservation measures in place for the hartebeest at present. However, it does occur in several protected areas throughout its range, including Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, a World Heritage Site (7), and this may offer some protection from the threats that are causing declines in the hartebeest. Survival of Swayne's hartebeest in Ethiopia does however depend on improved protection of the remaining populations. Surveys of the endangered tora hartebeest are also urgently required to determine its distribution, and subsequently to develop and implement protective measures (6).
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Description ( 英語 )

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This large, high-shouldered antelope is one of the grazing mammals that formerly ranged in huge herds, shaping the vast grasslands of sub-Saharan Africa (3). The hartebeest has long legs, a short neck, long, narrow face and long, pointed ears (2). Despite being a little ungainly in appearance, the hartebeest is actually a nimble and fast runner (4), capable of reaching speeds of 70 kilometres per hour (5). Its short coat varies considerably in colour, from red, black or tan to golden brown (2), and its tail has long dark brown to black hairs on the outer surface (4). Both the male and female have horns that are set close together at the base, curve slightly forward and outwards and then point back inwards. The bottom two-thirds of the horns have distinctive rings and those of the female are more slender. The taxonomy of the hartebeest is somewhat complex, with several living subspecies, all of which are more or less separated by their distribution, horn structure and coat colour (4).
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Inhabits open savanna country and wooded grassland, sometimes moving into more arid habitat after rains (4).
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Range ( 英語 )

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The hartebeest used to range over all African grasslands and savannas (2), but now has a fragmented distribution. A. b. major occurs in West Africa, from Senegal to western Chad; A. b. lelwel ranges from western Chad into East Africa, A. b. cokii is restricted to Kenya and Tanzania, and A. b. caama occurs in Angola, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. A. b. tora only occurs in eastern Sudan and adjoining northern Ethiopia, and the endangered A. b. swaynei has a limited range in Ethiopia and adjacent Somalia (4). A. b. buselaphus occurred in North Africa until its extinction in the 1920s (6).
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Status ( 英語 )

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Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1). Subspecies: Alcelaphus buselaphus caama and Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii are classified as Least Concern (LC), Alcelaphus buselaphus major is classified as Near Threatened (NT), Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel and Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei are classified as Endangered (EN), Alcelaphus buselaphus tora is classified as Critically Endangered (CR), and Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus is classified as Extinct (EX) (1).
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Threats ( 英語 )

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While many of the subspecies of the hartebeest still occur in substantial numbers, populations have declined (4), and the tora hartebeest (A. b. tora) and Swayne's hartebeest (A. b. swaynei) today occur at low levels and are in danger of extinction (1) (2). This has largely been the result of hunting and competition with cattle; the hartebeest is easy to hunt and is sought after for its tasty meat, and hartebeest populations have declined in areas of intensive cattle-keeping. The extinction of the bubal hartebeest (A. b. buselaphus) should serve as a warning about the vulnerability of this species to such threats (2).
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Búbal ( 加泰隆語 )

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El búbal (Alcelaphus buselaphus) és un antílop que viu als herbassars de l'Àfrica Occidental, Oriental i Meridional. És una de les tres espècies classificades al gènere Alcelaphus.[1]

El búbal fa gairebé 1,5 m d'alçada a l'espatlla i pot pesar entre 120 i 200 quilograms. Els mascles tenen un color marró fosc, mentre que les femelles són d'un marró groguenc. Ambdós sexes tenen banyes que poden assolir una mida de fins a 70 cm. Els búbals viuen en herbassars i boscos oberts, on s'alimenten d'herba. Són animals diürns i es passen el matí i el final de la tarda menjant. Els ramats contenen entre cinc i vint individus, però a vegades en poden contenir fins a 350.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Búbal Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3a edició), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2, 142 p. Disponible en línia


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Búbal: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

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El búbal (Alcelaphus buselaphus) és un antílop que viu als herbassars de l'Àfrica Occidental, Oriental i Meridional. És una de les tres espècies classificades al gènere Alcelaphus.

El búbal fa gairebé 1,5 m d'alçada a l'espatlla i pot pesar entre 120 i 200 quilograms. Els mascles tenen un color marró fosc, mentre que les femelles són d'un marró groguenc. Ambdós sexes tenen banyes que poden assolir una mida de fins a 70 cm. Els búbals viuen en herbassars i boscos oberts, on s'alimenten d'herba. Són animals diürns i es passen el matí i el final de la tarda menjant. Els ramats contenen entre cinc i vint individus, però a vegades en poden contenir fins a 350.

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Buvolec stepní ( 捷克語 )

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Buvolec stepní (Alcelaphus buselaphus) je velká antilopa, která obývá rozsáhlé travnaté savany i polopouště Západní, Východní a Jižní Afriky, je jediným druhem monotypického rodu (Alcelaphus).

Popis

 src=
Buvolci stepní v Národním parku Etosha.

Buvolec není na pohled právě elegantní zvíře, působí vychrtlým dojmem a hřbet se mu výrazně svažuje od svalnatých plecí k nepoměrně útlé a nízké zádi. Krk je dlouhý a tenký, hlava úzká, protáhlá s hrbolem na temeni. Poměrně silné a dlouhé, výrazně prohnuté rohy nosí obě pohlaví. Samci je mají obyčejně delší a silnější, mohou měřit až 70 cm. Délka a tvar rohů u jednotlivých poddruhů se poněkud liší. Zbarvení kolísá od čokoládově hnědé (buvolec Swayneův), přes červenohnědou (buvolec káma) až po pískově žlutou (b. lelwel, b. Cockův), samci mívají většinou poněkud tmavší zbarvení než samice a mláďata. Břicho má většina poddruhů buvolce světlejší, nejčastěji světle žluté, méně častěji bílé. U některých poddruhů (buvolec Swayneův, b. káma) se objevuje na kýtách, plecích, hlavě a někdy i na bocích černá nebo tmavohnědá kresba. Zadní končetiny bývají světlejší než přední. Oči jsou tmavě hnědé, poměrně malé a stíněné dlouhými řasami. Ocas měří 45-70 cm a podobá se ocasu skotu, je ukončen štětkou černých chlupů. Délka těla se pohybuje od 1,7 až do 2,4 m, hmotnost 120-200 kg a výška v kohoutku 125-145 cm. Nejmenší je buvolec tora, největší b. kanki (západoafrický).

Způsob života

Skupiny buvolců stepních obývají travnaté pláně subsaharské Afriky. Stáda jsou poměrně malá, jsou to spíše rodinné tlupy, čítající obvykle 5-30 jedinců. Tvoří je jeden samec s několika samicemi a jejich mláďaty. Samec na svou rodinu často dohlíží z vyvýšeného místa, nejčastěji z vrcholku termitiště. Výjimkou nejsou ani skupiny o 70 a více kusech. Často se pasou i ve smíšených stádech se zebrami, pštrosy nebo gazelami, přičemž pro svou ochranu využívají vynikajícího čichu zeber a zraku pštrosů. Buvolci mají denní aktivitu. Buvolec se vyznačuje mimořádnou skromností. Živí se především travinami, přičemž mohou spásat i uschlou trávu a tvrdá stébla, jimiž ostatní býložravci opovrhují. Příležitostně spásají i listy, zejména z akácií. Buvolci stepní dokáží vydržet dlouhou dobu bez vody, ale pokud mají možnost, rádi se napijí a válí se ve vodě. S chutí také olizují sůl.

Predátoři

Buvolec není příliš oblíbenou potravou šelem. Příležitostně ho loví lvi, hyeny a psi hyenovití. Buvolci jsou velmi rychlí a vytrvalí běžci, v běhu dovedou změnit směr, aniž by museli snížit rychlost. V případě potřeby se také dovedou účinně bránit rohy.

Rozmnožování

Námluvy probíhají zpravidla na konci období dešťů, samci při nich obhajují svá teritoria a bojují o samice. Souboje jsou velmi urputné, samci se přetlačují krky a rohy, často v kleče. Mnohdy při nich dojde ke zlomení rohu, ale vážná zranění častá nejsou. Samci se do sebe někdy rohy natolik zaklesnou, že s mohou uvolnit pouze za cenu zlomení rohu.Březost u buvolců stepních trvá 8 měsíců a samice rodí jediné mládě. To zůstává v rodinné tlupě celé tři roky. Poté mláďata matku opouští a sdružují se do samostatných stád, tzv. mládeneckých.

 src=
rozšíření poddruhů

Poddruhy

V roce 1996 byl buvolec stepní zapsán do Červeného seznamu IUCN v kategorii LR/cd (lower risk/conservation dependent - druh, který je závislý na ochraně).[2]

U buvolce stepního rozeznáváme několik poddruhů. Z toho je dominantní poddruh, buvolec severoafrický, již vyhuben a dva (buvolec Swaynův a buvolec tora) jsou v důsledku chorob, lovu i ničení přirozených stanovišť ohroženy.

Poddruh Stupeň ohrožení Rozšíření Stručný popis Buvolec kanki (západoafrický) (Alcelaphus buselaphus major) LR/cd [3] Západní Afrika od Senegalu po Čad. Největší, světle zbarvený poddruh, rohy zepředu připomínají písmeno U. Buvolec tora (Alcelaphus buselaphus tora) EN [4] Súdán a severní Etiopie. Malý, tmavě hnědý poddruh, rohy široké, zepředu se podobají ležaté složené závorce. Buvolec lelwel (Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel) LR/cd [5] Čad, Středoafrická republika, jižní Súdán, oblast Velkých jezer Středně velký, žlutorezavý poddruh s nápadně protáhlou hlavou. Rohy mají zepředu tvar písmene V. Drobnější buvolci z Ugandy a oblasti Velkých jezer někdy bývají vyčleněni jako samostatný poddruh buvolec Jacksonův (A. b. jacksoni). Buvolec severoafrický (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus) EX [6] Pobřeží Alžírska, Tuniska a Maroka, v historické době také Egypt a Palestina. V současnosti vyhuben, měl hustou světlou srst a rohy ve tvaru písmene U. Buvolec korkaj (Swayneův) (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei) EN [7] Východní Etiopie, severní Somálsko. Malý poddruh, rohy mají zepředu tvar ležaté složené závorky. Čokoládově hnědý s černými znaky na čele, kýtách a plecích. Buvolec kongoni (Cokův) (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii) (nebo cokei) LR/cd [8] Keňa a Tanzanie, Serengeti. Malý, pískově zbarvený se světlým břichem. Rohy podobné jako u buvolce tora, ale sevřenější. Buvolec káma (Alcelaphus (buselaphus) caama) LR/cd [9] Jihoafrická republika, Botswana, Namibie. Velký, rezavohnědý s černými znaky na hlavě, plecích a kýtách. Rohy mají odpředu tvar V. Někdy bývá klasifikován jako samostatný druh (Alcelapus caama). Buvolec nkonzi (Lichtensteinův) (Alcelaphus (buselaphus) lichtensteini) dříve (Sigmoceros lichtensteini) LR/cd [10] Kongo, Mozambik, Zambie, jižní Tanzanie. Středně velký, pískově zbarvený se světlým břichem. Rohy silně zahnuté, zepředu vytvářejí tvar kruhu nebo srdce. Někdy bývá vyčleňován jako samostatný druh (Alcelaphus lichtensteinii.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
  2. https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/811/all
  3. Antelope Specialist Group 1996. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. major. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  4. Antelope Specialist Group 1996. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. tora. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  5. Antelope Specialist Group 1996. Alcelaphus buselaphus spp. lelwel. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  6. Antelope Specialist Group 1996. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. buselaphus. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  7. Antelope Specialist Group 1996. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. swaynei. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  8. Antelope Specialist Group 1996. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. cokii. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  9. Antelope Specialist Group 1996. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. caama. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  10. Antelope Specialist Group 1996. Alcelaphus lichtensteini. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Literatura

Externí odkazy

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Buvolec stepní: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Buvolec stepní (Alcelaphus buselaphus) je velká antilopa, která obývá rozsáhlé travnaté savany i polopouště Západní, Východní a Jižní Afriky, je jediným druhem monotypického rodu (Alcelaphus).

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Koantilope ( 丹麥語 )

由wikipedia DA提供

Koantilopen (Alcelaphus buselaphus), også kaldet kongoni eller almindelig hartebeest, er en stor og kraftigt bygget antilope, der lever på tørre savanner i Afrika. Den er et populært jagtvildt på grund af det velsmagende kød.

Navnet hartebeest kommer fra afrikaans og betyder "hjortedyr", af hert/hart = hjort, beest = dyr.

Udseende

Koantilopen er en stor antilope med en skulderhøjde på lige over en meter og typisk 200-250 centimeter lang. Vægten er 100-200 kilogram. Halen, der er 40-60 cm, ender i en sort dusk.[2] Af andre markante træk kan nævnes de lange ben (ofte med sorte tegninger), et stort brystparti, skarpt skrånende ryg, en kort hals, langt smalt hoved og spidse ører.[3] Pelsen er generelt kort og skinnende. Farven varierer alt efter underart fra lysebrun til gråbrun. Begge køn har horn, der er spiralsnoede eller lyreformede, alt efter underart.

Udbredelse

Koantilopen forekom tidligere på savanner over hele Afrika, men i dag findes den kun med spredte populationer. Arten erstattes mod syd i Afrika af de nærtbeslægtede arter Lichtensteins koantilope (Alcelaphus lichtensteinii) og kaama (Alcelaphus caama). Den nordafrikanske underart A. b. buselaphus blev udryddet i 1900-tallet.[1]

Koantilopen er uddød i Algeriet, Egypten, Lesotho, Libyen, Marokko, Somalia og Tunesien, men er blevet genudsat i Swaziland og Zimbabwe.

Levevis

Koantilopen er aktiv om dagen og lever i flokke. Trods at for- og bagben er af forskellig længde kan den under flugten løbe med op til 80 km/t. Som hos flere andre antiloper er flokkene opdelt efter køn. Hunner og deres unger lever i flokke på op til 300 individer. Undertiden er flokkene endnu større, især i Serengeti nationalpark, hvor den er almindelig. Andre grupper udgøres af unge hanner. Når hannerne er tre eller fire år gamle kan de etablere et revir, hvor de tager kontrol over områdets hunner. Omkring otte år gamle mister hannerne deres territorium på grund af forringet styrke og undgår herefter kontakt med andre koantiloper. Koantilopen kan blive op til 20 år gammel, men de fleste dør inden de bliver ti år gamle.

Føden udgøres hovedsageligt af græs, men de æder også urter og blade fra buske. Om muligt drikker de regelmæssigt, men de kan klare sig længere tid uden vand.

Underarter

De seks underarter, hvoraf flere tidligere blev anset som selvstændige arter:

  • A. b. buselaphus, er nu uddød, levede nord for Sahara i bl.a. Marokko og Egypten. Den uddøde på grund af intensiv jagt.
  • A. b. major, vestafrikanske savanner. Listes af IUCN som næsten truet.[4]
  • A. b. tora, Etiopien og Eritrea. Listes som kritisk truet.[5]
  • A. b. swaynei, Somalia og i tilgrænsende dele af Etiopien. Listes som truet.[6]
  • A. b. lelwel, Tchad, DR Congo og Uganda. Listes som truet.[7]
  • A. b. cokii, Kenya og Tanzania. Underarten med den største bestand.

Noter

  1. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Alcelaphus buselaphus. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Hentet den 31. marts 2016.
  2. ^ Kingdon, J. (1989). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. Volume 3, Part D: Bovids. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-43725-6.
  3. ^ Macdonald, D (1987). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York, USA: Facts on File. s. 564-71. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  4. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Alcelaphus buselaphus major. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Hentet den 31. marts 2016.
  5. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Alcelaphus buselaphus tora. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Hentet den 31. marts 2016.
  6. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Hentet den 31. marts 2016.
  7. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Hentet den 31. marts 2016.

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

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Koantilope: Brief Summary ( 丹麥語 )

由wikipedia DA提供

Koantilopen (Alcelaphus buselaphus), også kaldet kongoni eller almindelig hartebeest, er en stor og kraftigt bygget antilope, der lever på tørre savanner i Afrika. Den er et populært jagtvildt på grund af det velsmagende kød.

Navnet hartebeest kommer fra afrikaans og betyder "hjortedyr", af hert/hart = hjort, beest = dyr.

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Alcelaphus buselaphus ( 蘇格蘭蓋爾語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

'S e seòrsa antalop no gobhar-fhiadhaich[2] (iolra:goibhrean-fiadhaich) a tha ann an Alcelaphus buselaphus (Beurla: bubal hartebeest , common hartebeest , hartebeest, Swayne's hartebeest )[1] (Afrikaans Hartebeest[1], hertebeest.[3]) (Arabais: بقر الوحش )[1] (Duitsis: hert (fiadh, (no Beurla hart)) + beest (béist)".[4]). (Fionnlannais: Kongoni, Lehmäantilooppi)[1] (Ruisis: Бубал обыкновенный , конгони )[1]

Àitichean-fuirich

Tha iad a' fuireach ann Angóla, Beinin, Botsuana, Buirciona Faso, Camarun, Poblachd Meadhan Afraga, An t-Siad, Poblachd Dheamocrach na Congo, Eartra, An Itiop, A' Ghaimbia, Gàna, Gini, Gini-Bissau, An Costa Ìbhri, Ceinia, Màili, Naimibia, Nìgeir, Nìgeiria, Seanagal, Afraga a Deas, Sudàn, Tansainìa, Togo, and Uganda.

 src=
Roinnean far a bheil Alcelaphus buselaphus cumanta

Coltas

San fharsaingeachd tha iad eadar 175 is 245 cm (5.8-8.1 troigh) a dh'fhaid agus tha iad eadar 120 is 145 cm (4-4.8 troigh) a dh'àirde aig an gualainn. Gu cumanta tha an t-earball aca eadar 45 is 70 cm (1.5-2.3 troigh) a dh'fhaid. Tha iad mu 120 is 200 kg (264-440 lb) de chuideam.[5]

Dealbhan

Fo-sheòrsa A. b. buselaphus

(Beurla: Bubal hartebeest)

Dealbhan

Fo-sheòrsa A. b. cokii

(Beurla: Coke's hartebeest no kongoni)

Dealbhan

Fo-sheòrsa A. b. lelwel

(Beurla: Lelwel hartebeest)

Dealbhan

Fo-sheòrsa A. b. major

(Beurla: western hartebeest)

Dealbhan

Fo-sheòrsa A. b. swaynei

(Beurla: Swayne's hartebeest)

Dealbhan

Fo-sheòrsa A. b. tora

(Beurla: Tora hartebeest)

Iomraidhean

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Hole, Jr, Robert: “Alcelaphus buselaphus Swayne's Hartebeest”. EOL Encyclopedia of Life. Air a thogail 13 Faoi. 2015.
  2. An Seotal: Briathrachas Gàidhlig air-loidhne airson teagasg tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig anns an àrd-sgoil. Leughte 9 Faoi. 2015
  3. Mares, M. A. (1999): Encyclopedia of Deserts. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, td. 265. ISBN 978-0-8061-3146-7.
  4. Llewellyn, E.C. (1936): “Chapter XIV The Influence of South African Dutch or Afrikaans on the English Vocabulary”, The Influence of Low Dutch on the English Vocabulary. London: Oxford University Press, td. 163.
  5. Huffman, B.: “Alcelaphus buselaphus Hartebeest”. Ultimate Ungulate. Air a thogail 13 Faoi. 2015.

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Alcelaphus buselaphus: Brief Summary ( 蘇格蘭蓋爾語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

'S e seòrsa antalop no gobhar-fhiadhaich (iolra:goibhrean-fiadhaich) a tha ann an Alcelaphus buselaphus (Beurla: bubal hartebeest , common hartebeest , hartebeest, Swayne's hartebeest ) (Afrikaans Hartebeest, hertebeest.) (Arabais: بقر الوحش ) (Duitsis: hert (fiadh, (no Beurla hart)) + beest (béist)".). (Fionnlannais: Kongoni, Lehmäantilooppi) (Ruisis: Бубал обыкновенный , конгони )

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Hartebeest ( 低地蘇格蘭語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

The hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) is an African species o gressland antelope, first describit bi Peter Simon Pallas in 1766.

References

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019). "Alcelaphus buselaphus (amended version of 2016 assessment)". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T811A143160967. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T811A143160967.en.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 674. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Archived frae the oreeginal on 2012-10-19. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
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Hartebeest: Brief Summary ( 低地蘇格蘭語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

The hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) is an African species o gressland antelope, first describit bi Peter Simon Pallas in 1766.

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Конгони ( 草原馬里語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Конгони (лат. Alcelaphus buselaphus ) – Африкын Bovidae йамагатын гыч кугу янлык.

Ӱлылтӱрлык

  • Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus caama
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus major
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus tora
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Конгони: Brief Summary ( 草原馬里語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Конгони (лат. Alcelaphus buselaphus ) – Африкын Bovidae йамагатын гыч кугу янлык.

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ቆርኬ ( 阿姆哈拉語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供
ለጨዋታው፣ ቆርኪ ይዩ።

ቆርኬ (ሮማይስጥAlcelaphus buselaphus) ኢትዮጵያአፍሪካ ውስጥ የሚገኝ አጥቢ እንስሳ ነው።

የእንስሳው ሳይንሳዊ ጸባይ

ቆርኬ አንድ ዝርያ ብቻ ሲሆን በዚህ ዝርያ ፰ ያህል ንዑስ ዝርያዎች አሉ፤ በስሜን ኢትዮጵያና ኤርትራ የተገኘው ንዑስ ዝርያ የቶራ ቆርኬ (A. buselaphus tora) ሊጠፋ እንደ ሆነ ይታስባል፤ 250 ብቻ እንደ ቀሩ ተብሏል።

ከኢትዮጵያ ወደ ደቡብ የሚገኘው ቆርኬ ሚዳቋ ወይም ኢምፓላ (Aepyceros melampus) ሌላ ዝርያ ነው።

አስተዳደግ

በብዛት የሚገኝበት መልክዓ ምድር እና ብዛቱ

የእንስሳው ጥቅም

ጥቅሙ ብዙውን ጊዜ ለቱሪስት መስህብነት ሲውል በተለይ በብዛት በደቡብ ኦሮሚያ ይገኛል፡፡

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Chengu ( 修納語 )

由wikipedia emerging_languages提供

Chengu kana dunguza (hartebeest) imhuka yesango inowanikwa muAfrica. Chengu dzinorama makore 11 kusvika 20 dziri musango asi padzinorerwa muhutapwa dzinorarama makore anokwana 19. Chengu imhuka dzinoda kugarisana pamwe, dzinofamba dziri mumatanga ane mhuka 20 kusvika 300. Nguva zhinji chengu imhuka yakadzikama asi inoviruka nehasha kana ichinge yadenhwa. Chengu dzinoyaruka zvokutanga kubereka pazera regore rimwe kusvika pamavari. Nzvari inotakura pamuviri kwemwedzi minomwe (8) ichizozvara mhuru imwe. Chengu dzinogara musavhana; mumafuro ari pamhene uye mune miti.

 src=
Danga rechengu
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Hartebeest ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The hartebeest (/ˈhɑːrtəˌbst/;[3] Alcelaphus buselaphus), also known as kongoni or kaama, is an African antelope. It is the only member of the genus Alcelaphus. Eight subspecies have been described, including two sometimes considered to be independent species. A large antelope, the hartebeest stands just over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) at the shoulder, and has a typical head-and-body length of 200 to 250 cm (79 to 98 in). The weight ranges from 100 to 200 kg (220 to 440 lb). It has a particularly elongated forehead and oddly-shaped horns, a short neck, and pointed ears. Its legs, which often have black markings, are unusually long. The coat is generally short and shiny. Coat colour varies by the subspecies, from the sandy brown of the western hartebeest to the chocolate brown of the Swayne's hartebeest. Both sexes of all subspecies have horns, with those of females being more slender. Horns can reach lengths of 45–70 cm (18–28 in). Apart from its long face, the large chest and the sharply sloping back differentiate the hartebeest from other antelopes. A conspicuous hump over the shoulders is due to the long dorsal processes of the vertebrae in this region.[4]

Gregarious animals, hartebeest form herds of 20 to 300 individuals. They are very alert and non-aggressive. They are primarily grazers, with their diets consisting mainly of grasses. Mating in hartebeest takes place throughout the year with one or two peaks, and depends upon the subspecies and local factors. Both males and females reach sexual maturity at one to two years of age. Gestation is eight to nine months long, after which a single calf is born. Births usually peak in the dry season. The lifespan is 12 to 15 years.

Inhabiting dry savannas and wooded grasslands, hartebeest often move to more arid places after rainfall. They have been reported from altitudes on Mount Kenya up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The hartebeest was formerly widespread in Africa, but populations have undergone a drastic decline due to habitat destruction, hunting, human settlement, and competition with livestock for food. Each of the eight subspecies of the hartebeest has a different conservation status. The Bubal hartebeest was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1994. While the populations of the red hartebeest are on the rise, those of the Tora hartebeest, already Critically Endangered, are falling. The hartebeest is extinct in Algeria, Egypt, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, and Tunisia; but has been introduced into Eswatini and Zimbabwe. It is a popular game animal due to its highly regarded meat.

Dutch word hertebeest,[5] literally deer beast,[3] based on the resemblance (to early Dutch settlers) of the antelope to deer.[6] The first use of the word "hartebeest" in South African literature was in Dutch colonial administrator Jan van Riebeeck's journal Daghregister in 1660. He wrote: "Meester Pieter ein hart-beest geschooten hadde (Master Pieter [van Meerhoff] had shot one hartebeest)".[7] Another name for the hartebeest is kongoni,[8] a Swahili word.[9] Kongoni is often used to refer in particular to one of its subspecies, Coke's hartebeest.[10]

Taxonomy

The scientific name of the hartebeest is Alcelaphus buselaphus. First described by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1766, it is classified in the genus Alcelaphus and placed in the family Bovidae.[2] In 1979, palaeontologist Elisabeth Vrba supported Sigmoceros as a separate genus for Lichtenstein's hartebeest, a kind of hartebeest, as she assumed it was related to Connochaetes (wildebeest).[11][12] She had analysed the skull characters of living and extinct species of antelope to make a cladogram, and argued that a wide skull linked Lichtenstein's hartebeest with Connochaetes.[13] However, this finding was not replicated by Alan W. Gentry of the Natural History Museum, who classified it as an independent species of Alcelaphus.[14] Zoologists such as Jonathan Kingdon and Theodor Haltenorth considered it to be a subspecies of A. buselaphus.[2] Vrba dissolved the new genus in 1997 after reconsideration.[15] An MtDNA analysis could find no evidence to support a separate genus for Lichtenstein's hartebeest. It also showed the tribe Alcelaphini to be monophyletic, and discovered close affinity between the Alcelaphus and the sassabies (genus Damaliscus)—both genetically and morphologically.[16]

Subspecies

Hartebeest subspecies: bubal hartebeest (centre); (clockwise from top-left corner) red hartebeest, Lelwel hartebeest, Swayne's hartebeest, western hartebeest, Neumann's hartebeest, Lichtenstein's hartebeest, Coke's hartebeest and tora hartebeest, from Great and Small Game of Africa

Eight subspecies are identified, of which two – A. b. caama and A. b. lichtensteinii – have been considered to be independent species. However, a 1999 genetic study by P. Arctander of the University of Copenhagen and colleagues, which sampled the control region of the mitochondrial DNA, found that these two formed a clade within A. buselaphus, and that recognising these as species would render A. buselaphus paraphyletic (an unnatural grouping). The same study found A. b. major to be the most divergent, having branched off before the lineage split to give a combined caama/lichtensteinii lineage and another that gave rise to the remaining extant subspecies.[17] Conversely a 2001 phylogenetic study, based on D–loop and cytochrome b analysis by Øystein Flagstad (of the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim) and colleagues, found that the southern lineage of A. b. caama and A. lichtensteinii diverged earliest.[12] Analysis of skull structure supports partition into three major divisions: A. b. buselaphus division (nominate, also including A. b. major division), A. b. tora division (also including A. b. cokii and A. b. swaynei) and A. b. lelwel division.[2] Another analysis of cytochrome b and D-loop sequence data shows a notable affinity between the A. b. lelwel and A. b. tora divisions.[18]

The eight subspecies, including the two controversial ones, are:[1][19]

Five hartebeest subspecies

Genetics and hybrids

In 2000, a study scrutinised two major populations of the Swayne's hartebeest, from the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary and the Nechisar National Park, for mitochondrial (D-loop) and nuclear (microsatellite) variability in an attempt to estimate the levels of genetic variation between the populations and within the subspecies. The results showed a remarkable differentiation between the two populations; that from the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary showed more genetic diversity than the one from the Nechisar National Park. Another revelation was that the translocation of the individuals from the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974 had not made a significant contribution to the gene pool of the Nechisar National Park. Additionally, the Swayne hartebeest populations were compared with a large red hartebeest population, and both subspecies were found to have a high degree of genetic variation. The study advocated in situ conservation of the Swayne's hartebeest and a renewed attempt at its translocation in order to conserve genetic diversity and increase its population in both the protected areas.[18]

The diploid number of chromosomes in the hartebeest is 40. Hybrids are usually reported from areas where ranges of two subspecies overlap.[8] Hybrids between the Lelwel and Tora hartebeest have been reported in eastern Sudan and western Ethiopia, in a stretch southward from the Blue Nile to about 9° N latitude.[30] A study proved a male hybrid of the red hartebeest and the blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus) to be sterile. Sterility of the hybrid was attributed to difficulties in segregation during meiosis, indicated by azoospermia and a low number of germ cells in its seminiferous tubules.[31]

Jackson's hartebeest

There are three well-defined hybrids between the subspecies:

  • Alcelaphus lelwel x cokii: Known as the Kenya Highland hartebeest or the Laikipia hartebeest. It is a cross between the Lelwel and Coke's hartebeest.[32] This hybrid is lighter in colour and larger than Coke's hartebeest. It is a light buff with reddish-tawny upper parts, and the head is longer than in Coke's hartebeest. Both sexes have horns, which are heavier as well as longer than those of the parents. It was formerly distributed throughout the western Kenyan highlands, between Lake Victoria and Mount Kenya, but is now believed to be restricted to the Lambwe Valley (south-west Kenya) and Laikipia and nearby regions of west-central Kenya.[33][34]
  • The Jackson's hartebeest does not have a clear taxonomic status. Like the form above, it is regarded as a hybrid between the Lelwel and Coke's hartebeest, and has a similar distribution. The African Antelope Database (1998) treats it as synonymous to the Lelwel hartebeest.[20] From Lake Baringo to Mount Kenya, the Jackson's hartebeest significantly resembles the Lelwel hartebeest, whereas from Lake Victoria to the southern part of the Rift Valley it tends to be more like the Coke's hartebeest.[35]
  • Alcelaphus lelwel x swaynei : Also known as the Neumann's hartebeest, named after traveller and hunter Arthur Henry Neumann.[35] This is considered to be a cross between the Lelwel hartebeest and Swayne's hartebeest.[32] The face is longer than that of the Swayne's hartebeest. The colour of the coat is a golden brown, paler towards the underparts. The chin has a hint of black and the tail ends in a black tuft. Both sexes have longer horns than the Swayne's hartebeest. The horns grow in a wide "V" shape, unlike the wide bracket shape of Swayne's hartebeest and the narrow "V" of Lelwel hartebeest, curving backward and slightly inward. It occurs in Ethiopia, in a small area to the east of Omo River and north of Lake Turkana, stretching north-east of Lake Chew Bahir to near Lake Chamo.[36]

Evolution

The genus Alcelaphus emerged about 4.4 million years ago in a clade whose other members were Damalops, Numidocapra, Rabaticeras, Megalotragus, Oreonagor, and Connochaetes. An analysis using phylogeographic patterns within hartebeest populations suggested a possible origin of Alcelaphus in eastern Africa.[37] Alcelaphus quickly radiated across the African savannas, replacing several previous forms (such as a relative of the hirola). Flagstad and colleagues showed an early split in the hartebeest populations into two distinct lineages around 0.5 million years ago – one to the north and the other to the south of the equator. The northern lineage further diverged into eastern and western lineages, nearly 0.4 million years ago, most probably as a result of the expanding central African rainforest belt and subsequent contraction of savanna habitats during a period of global warming. The eastern lineage gave rise to the Coke's, Swayne's, Tora and Lelwel hartebeest; and from the western lineage evolved the Bubal and western hartebeest. The southern lineage gave rise to Lichtenstein's and red hartebeest. These two taxa are phylogenetically close, having diverged only 0.2 million years ago. The study concluded that these major events throughout the hartebeest's evolution are strongly related to climatic factors, and that there had been successive bursts of radiation from a more permanent population—a refugium—in eastern Africa; this could be vital to understanding the evolutionary history of not only the hartebeest but also other mammals of the African savanna.[12]

The earliest fossil record dates back to nearly 0.7 million years ago.[8] Fossils of the red hartebeest have been found in Elandsfontein, Cornelia (Free State) and Florisbad in South Africa, as well as in Kabwe in Zambia.[38] In Israel, hartebeest remains have been found in northern Negev, Shephelah, Sharon Plain and Tel Lachish. This population of the hartebeest was originally limited to the open country of the southernmost regions of the southern Levant. It was probably hunted in Egypt, which affected the numbers in the Levant, and disconnected it from its main population in Africa.[39]

Description

A red hartebeest showing the dark face, black tail, white rump and V-shaped horns

A large antelope with a particularly elongated forehead and oddly shaped horns, the hartebeest stands just over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) at the shoulder, and has a typical head-and-body length of 200 to 250 cm (79 to 98 in). The weight ranges from 100 to 200 kg (220 to 440 lb). The tail, 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 in) long, ends in a black tuft.[40] The other distinctive features of the hartebeest are its long legs (often with black markings), short neck, and pointed ears.[41] A study correlated the size of hartebeest species to habitat productivity and rainfall.[42] The western hartebeest is the largest subspecies, and has a characteristic white line between the eyes.[43] The red hartebeest is also large, with a black forehead and a contrasting light band between the eyes.[44] The large Lelwel hartebeest has dark stripes on the front of its legs.[30] Coke's hartebeest is moderately large, with a shorter forehead and longer tail in comparison to the other subspecies.[45] Lichtenstein's hartebeest is smaller, with dark stripes on the front of the legs, as in the Lelwel hartebeest.[46] The Swayne's hartebeest is smaller than the Tora hartebeest, but both have a shorter forehead and similar appearance.[47]

Generally short and shiny, the coat varies in colour according to subspecies.[48] The western hartebeest is a pale sandy-brown, but the front of the legs are darker.[43] The red hartebeest is a reddish-brown, with a dark face. Black markings can be observed on the chin, the back of the neck, shoulders, hips and legs; these are in sharp contrast with the broad white patches that mark its flanks and lower rump.[44][49] The Lelwel hartebeest is a reddish tan.[30] Coke's hartebeest is reddish to tawny in the upper parts, but has relatively lighter legs and rump.[45] Lichtenstein's hartebeest is reddish brown, though the flanks are a lighter tan and the rump whitish.[46] The Tora hartebeest is a dark reddish brown in the upper part of the body, the face, the forelegs and the rump, but the hindlegs and the underbelly are a yellowish white.[29][50] The Swayne's hartebeest is a rich chocolate brown with fine spots of white that are actually the white tips of its hairs. Its face is black save for the chocolate band below the eyes. The shoulders and upper part of the legs are black.[47] Fine textured, the body hair of the hartebeest is about 25 mm (1 in) long.[11] The hartebeest has preorbital glands (glands near the eyes) with a central duct, that secrete a dark sticky fluid in Coke's and Lichtenstein's hartebeest, and a colourless fluid in the Lelwel hartebeest.[48]

A close head-shot of a red hartebeest

Both sexes of all subspecies have horns, with those of females being more slender. Horns can reach lengths of 45–70 cm (18–28 in); the maximum horn length is 74.9 cm (29+12 in), recorded from a Namibian red hartebeest.[40] The horns of the western hartebeest are thick and appear U-shaped from the front and Z-shaped from the sides, growing backward at first and then forward, ending with a sharp backward turn.[43] The horns of the red and the Lelwel hartebeest are similar to those of the western hartebeest, but appear V-shaped when viewed from the front.[30][44] The Lichtenstein's hartebeest has thick parallel ringed horns, with a flat base. Its horns are shorter than those of other subspecies, curving upward then sharply forward, followed by an inward turn at an angle of about 45° and a final backward turn.[46] The horns of Swayne's hartebeest are thin and shaped like parentheses, curving upward and then backward.[47] The horns of the Tora hartebeest are particularly thin and spread out sideways, diverging more than in any other subspecies.[50]

Apart from its long face, the large chest and the sharply sloping back differentiate the hartebeest from other antelopes.[5] The hartebeest shares several physical traits with the sassabies (genus Damaliscus), such as an elongated and narrow face, the shape of the horns, the pelage texture and colour, and the terminal tuft of the tail. The wildebeest have more specialised skull and horn features than the hartebeest.[48] The hartebeest exhibits sexual dimorphism, but only slightly, as both sexes bear horns and have similar body masses. The degree of sexual dimorphism varies by subspecies. Males are 8% heavier than females in Swayne's and Lichtenstein's hartebeest, and 23% heavier in the red hartebeest. In one study, the highest dimorphism was found in skull weight.[51] Another study concluded that the length of the breeding season is a good predictor of dimorphism in pedicle (the bony structures from which the horns grow) height and skull weight, and the best predictor of the horn circumference.[52]

Ecology and behaviour

Active mainly during daytime, the hartebeest grazes in the early morning and late afternoon, and rests in shade around noon. Gregarious, the species forms herds of up to 300 individuals. Larger numbers gather in places with abundant grass. In 1963, a congregation of 10,000 animals was recorded on the plains near Sekoma Pan in Botswana.[48] However, moving herds are not so cohesive, and tend to disperse frequently. The members of a herd can be divided into four groups: territorial adult males, non-territorial adult males, young males, and the females with their young. The females form groups of five to 12 animals, with four generations of young in the group. Females fight for dominance over the herd.[40] Sparring between males and females is common.[8] At three or four years of age, the males can attempt to take over a territory and its female members. A resident male defends his territory and will fight if provoked.[51] The male marks the border of his territory through defecation.[40]

A herd of hartebeest

Hartebeest are remarkably alert and cautious animals with highly developed brains.[53][54] Generally calm in nature, hartebeest can be ferocious when provoked. While feeding, one individual stays on the lookout for danger, often standing on a termite mound to see farther. At times of danger, the whole herd flees in a single file after an individual suddenly starts off.[40] Adult hartebeest are preyed upon by lions, leopards, hyenas and wild dogs; cheetahs and jackals target juveniles.[40] Crocodiles may also prey on hartebeest.[55]

The thin long legs of the hartebeest provide for a quick escape in an open habitat; if attacked, the formidable horns are used to ward off the predator. The elevated position of the eyes enables the hartebeest to inspect its surroundings continuously even as it is grazing. The muzzle has evolved so as to derive maximum nutrition from even a frugal diet.[8] The horns are also used during fights among males for dominance in the breeding season;[52] the clash of the horns is loud enough that it can be heard from hundreds of metres away.[8] The beginning of a fight is marked with a series of head movements and stances, as well as depositing droppings on dung piles. The opponents drop onto their knees and, after giving a hammer-like blow, begin wrestling, their horns interlocking. One attempts to fling the head of the other to one side to stab the neck and shoulders with his horns.[51] Fights are rarely serious, but can be fatal if they are.[48]

Like the sassabies, hartebeest produce quiet quacking and grunting sounds. Juveniles tend to be more vocal than adults, and produce a quacking call when alarmed or pursued.[40] The hartebeest uses defecation as an olfactory and visual display.[48] Herds are generally sedentary, and tend to migrate only under adverse conditions such as natural calamities.[56] The hartebeest is the least migratory in the tribe Alcelaphini (which also includes wildebeest and sassabies), and also consumes the least amount of water and has the lowest metabolic rate among the members of the tribe.[48]

Parasites and diseases

Several parasites have been isolated from the hartebeest.[57][58] These parasites regularly alternate between hartebeest and gazelles or wildebeest.[59] Hartebeest can be infected with theileriosis due to Rhipicephalus evertsi and Theileria species.[60] South of the Sahara, common parasites include Loewioestrus variolosus, Gedoelstia cristata and G. hassleri. The latter two species can cause serious diseases such as encephalitis.[61] However, parasites are not always harmful – 252 larvae were found in the head of one Zambian individual without any pathogenicity.[58] Nematodes, cestodes, paramphistomes; and the roundworm Setaria labiatopapillosa have also been isolated from the hartebeest.[62][63] In 1931, a red hartebeest in Gobabis (southwestern Africa) was infected with long, thin worms. These were named Longistrongylus meyeri after their collector, T. Meyer.[64]

Hartebeest feed primarily on grasses.

Diet

Hartebeest are primarily grazers, and their diets consist mostly of grasses.[65] A study in the Nazinga Game Ranch in Burkina Faso found that the hartebeest's skull structure eased the acquisition and chewing of highly fibrous foods.[66] The hartebeest has much lower food intake than the other members of Alcelaphini. The long thin muzzle of the hartebeest assists in feeding on leaf blades of short grasses and nibbling off leaf sheaths from grass stems. In addition to this, it can derive nutritious food even from tall senile grasses. These adaptations of the hartebeest enable the animal to feed well even in the dry season, which is usually a difficult period for grazers.[8] For instance, in comparison with the roan antelope, the hartebeest is better at procuring and chewing the scarce regrowth of perennial grasses at times when forage is least available.[66] These unique abilities could have allowed the hartebeest to prevail over other animals millions of years ago, leading to its successful radiation across Africa.[8]

Grasses generally comprise at least 80 percent of the hartebeest's diet, but they account for over 95 percent of their food in the wet season, October to May. Jasminum kerstingii is part of the hartebeest's diet at the start of the rainy season. Between seasons, they mainly feed on the culms of grasses.[66] A study found that the hartebeest is able to digest a higher proportion of food than the topi and the wildebeest.[67] In areas with scarce water, it can survive on melons, roots, and tubers.[48]

In a study of grass selectivity among the wildebeest, zebra, and the Coke's hartebeest, the hartebeest showed the highest selectivity. All animals preferred Themeda triandra over Pennisetum mezianum and Digitaria macroblephara. More grass species were eaten in the dry season than in the wet season.[68]

Reproduction

Two red hartebeest juveniles in a grassland

Mating in hartebeest takes place throughout the year, with one or two peaks that can be influenced by the availability of food.[65] Both males and females reach sexual maturity at one to two years of age. Reproduction varies by the subspecies and local factors.[11] Mating takes place in the territories defended by a single male, mostly in open areas.[65] The males may fight fiercely for dominance,[51] following which the dominant male smells the female's genitalia, and follows her if she is in oestrus. Sometimes a female in oestrus holds out her tail slightly to signal her receptivity,[48] and the male tries to block the female's way. She may eventually stand still and allow the male to mount her. Copulation is brief and is often repeated, sometimes twice or more in a minute.[48] Any intruder at this time is chased away.[40] In large herds, females often mate with several males.[48]

Gestation is eight to nine months long, after which a single calf weighing about 9 kg (20 lb) is born. Births usually peak in the dry season, and take place in thickets – unlike the wildebeest, which give birth in groups on the plains.[48] Though calves can move about on their own shortly after birth, they usually lie in the open in close proximity of their mothers.[32] The calf is weaned at four months,[32] but young males stay with their mothers for two and a half years, longer than in other Alcelaphini.[48] Often the mortality rate of male juveniles is high, as they have to face the aggression of territorial adult males and are also deprived of good forage by them.[40] The lifespan is 12 to 15 years.[65]

Habitat

Hartebeest inhabit dry savannas, open plains and wooded grasslands,[11] often moving into more arid places after rainfall. They are more tolerant of wooded areas than other Alcelaphini, and are often found on the edge of woodlands.[65] They have been reported from altitudes on Mount Kenya up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[1] The red hartebeest is known to move across large areas, and females roam home ranges of over 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi), with male territories 200 km2 (77 sq mi) in size.[69] Females in the Nairobi National Park (Kenya) have individual home ranges stretching over 3.7–5.5 km2 (1+382+18 sq mi), which are not particularly associated with any one female group. Average female home ranges are large enough to include 20 to 30 male territories.[41]

Status and conservation

Coke's hartebeest in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
Red hartebeest in Etosha National Park, Namibia
Western hartebeest in Pendjari National Park, Benin

Each hartebeest subspecies is listed under a different conservation status by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The species as a whole is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.[1] The hartebeest is extinct in Algeria, Egypt, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, and Tunisia.[1]

Relationship with humans

Hartebeest are popular game and trophy animals as they are prominently visible and hence easy to hunt.[40][65] Pictorial as well as epigraphic evidence from Egypt suggests that in the Upper Palaeolithic age, Egyptians hunted hartebeest and domesticated them. The hartebeest was a prominent source of meat,[79] but its economic significance was lower than that of gazelles and other desert species.[50] However, from the beginning of the Neolithic age, hunting became less common and consequently the remains of the hartebeest from this period in ancient Egypt, where it is now extinct, are rare.[79]

In a study on the effect of place and sex on carcass characteristics, the average carcass weight of the male red hartebeest was 79.3 kg (174+34 lb) and that of females was 56 kg (123 lb). The meat of the animals from Qua-Qua region had the highest lipid content—1.3 g (20 gr) per 100 g (3+12 oz) of meat. Negligible differences were found in the concentrations of individual fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals. The study considered hartebeest meat to be healthy, as the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was 0.78, slightly more than the recommended 0.7.[80]

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  29. ^ a b Hildyard, A. (2001). Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World. New York, USA: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 674–5. ISBN 978-0-7614-7199-8.
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  31. ^ Robinson, T. J.; Morris, D. J.; Fairall, N. (1991). "Interspecific hybridisation in the Bovidae: Sterility of Alcelaphus buselaphus × Damaliscus dorcas F1 progeny". Biological Conservation. 58 (3): 345–56. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90100-N.
  32. ^ a b c d Castelló, J. R. (2016). Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press. pp. 537–9. ISBN 978-0-691-16717-6.
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  41. ^ a b Macdonald, D. (1987). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York, USA: Facts on File. pp. 564–71. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
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  44. ^ a b c "Cape or Red Hartebeest". Big Game Hunting Records – Safari Club International Online Record Book. Safari Club International. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  45. ^ a b "Coke Hartebeest". Big Game Hunting Records – Safari Club International Online Record Book. Safari Club International. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  46. ^ a b c "Lichtenstein Hartebeest". Big Game Hunting Records – Safari Club International Online Record Book. Safari Club International. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  47. ^ a b c "Swayne Hartebeest". Big Game Hunting Records – Safari Club International Online Record Book. Safari Club International. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Estes, R. D. (2004). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates (4th ed.). Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. pp. 133–42. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
  49. ^ Firestone, M. (2009). Watching Wildlife: Southern Africa; South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia (2nd ed.). Footscray, Australia: Lonely Planet. pp. 228–9. ISBN 978-1-74104-210-8.
  50. ^ a b c Heckel, J. O. (2007). The present status of the hartebeest subspecies with special focus on north-east Africa and the Tora hartebeest (PDF) (Report). Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority. pp. 1–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  51. ^ a b c d Capellini, I. (2007). "Dimorphism in the hartebeest". In Fairbairn, D. J.; Blanckenhorn, W. U.; Székely, T. (eds.). Sex, Size and Gender Roles: Evolutionary Studies of Sexual Size Dimorphism. London, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 124–32. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208784.003.0014. ISBN 978-0-19-954558-2.
  52. ^ a b Capellini, I.; Gosling, L. M. (2006). "The evolution of fighting structures in hartebeest" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology Research. 8: 997–1011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
  53. ^ Oboussier, H. (1970). "Information on Alcelaphini (Bovidae-Mammalia) with special reference to the brain and hypophysis. Results of research trips through Africa (1959–1967)". Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch. 114 (3): 393–435. PMID 5523305.
  54. ^ Schaller, G. B. (1976). The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. pp. 461–5. ISBN 978-0-226-73640-2.
  55. ^ Eltringham, S. K. (1979). The Ecology and Conservation of Large African Mammals (1st ed.). London, UK: MacMillan. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-333-23580-5.
  56. ^ Verlinden, A. (1998). "Seasonal movement patterns of some ungulates in the Kalahari ecosystem of Botswana between 1990 and 1995". African Journal of Ecology. 36 (2): 117–28. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.00112.x. S2CID 85774858.
  57. ^ Boomker, J.; Horak, I. G.; De Vos, V. (1986). "The helminth parasites of various artiodactylids from some South African nature reserves". The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 53 (2): 93–102. PMID 3725333.
  58. ^ a b Howard, G. W. (1977). "Prevalence of nasal bots (Diptera: Oestridiae) in some Zambian hartebeest". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 13 (4): 400–4. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-13.4.400. PMID 24228960. S2CID 27306683.
  59. ^ Pester, F. R. N.; Laurence, B. R. (2009). "The parasite load of some African game animals". Journal of Zoology. 174 (3): 397–406. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb03167.x.
  60. ^ Spitalska, E.; Riddell, M.; Heyne, H.; Sparagano, O.A. (2005). "Prevalence of theileriosis in red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama) in Namibia". Parasitology Research. 97 (1): 77–9. doi:10.1007/s00436-005-1390-y. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 15986252. S2CID 23721115.
  61. ^ Spinage, C. A. (2012). African Ecology: Benchmarks and Historical Perspectives. Berlin, Germany: Springer. p. 1176. ISBN 978-3-642-22872-8.
  62. ^ Belem, A. M. G.; Bakoné, É. U. (2009). "Parasites gastro-intestinaux d'antilopes et de buffles (Syncerus caffer brachyceros) du ranch de gibier de Nazinga au Burkina Faso" [Gastro-intestinal parasites of antelopes and buffaloes (Syncerus caffer brachyceros) from the Nazinga game ranch in Burkina Faso]. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement (in French). 13 (4): 493–8. ISSN 1370-6233. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2016-04-07. open access
  63. ^ Hoberg, E. P.; Abrams, A.; Pilitt, P. A. (2009). "Robustostrongylus aferensis gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in kob (Kobus kob) and hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus jacksoni) (Artiodactyla) from sub-Saharan Africa, with further ruminations on the Ostertagiinae". The Journal of Parasitology. 95 (3): 702–17. doi:10.1645/ge-1859.1. PMID 19228080. S2CID 7641994. Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
  64. ^ Le Roux, P. L. (1931). "On Longistrongylus meyeri gen. and sp. nov., a trichostrongyle parasitizing the Red Hartebeest Bubalis caama". Journal of Helminthology. 9 (3): 141. doi:10.1017/S0022149X00030376. S2CID 86009616.
  65. ^ a b c d e f "Hartebeest". African Wildlife Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  66. ^ a b c Schuette, J. R.; Leslie, D. M.; Lochmiller, R. L.; Jenks, J. A. (1998). "Diets of hartebeest and Roan antelope in Burkina Faso: Support of the long-faced hypothesis". Journal of Mammalogy. 79 (2): 426–36. doi:10.2307/1382973. JSTOR 1382973. S2CID 83671165.
  67. ^ Murray, M. G. (1993). "Comparative nutrition of wildebeest, hartebeest and topi in the Serengeti". African Journal of Ecology. 31 (2): 172–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1993.tb00530.x.
  68. ^ Casebeer, R. L.; Koss, G. G. (1970). "Food habits of wildebeest, zebra, hartebeest and cattle in Kenya Masailand". African Journal of Ecology. 8 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1970.tb00827.x.
  69. ^ a b Mills, G.; Hes, L. (1997). The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-947430-55-9.
  70. ^ Yadav, P. R. (2004). Vanishing and Endangered Species. New Delhi, India: Discovery Publishing House. pp. 139–40. ISBN 978-81-7141-776-6.
  71. ^ Mallon, D. P.; Kingswood, S. C. (2001). Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISBN 978-2-8317-0594-1.
  72. ^ Harper, F. (1945). Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Old World. New York, USA: American Committee for International Wildlife Protection. pp. 642–8.
  73. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. cokii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T815A50181521. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T815A50181521.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  74. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. lichtensteinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T812A50181339. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T812A50181339.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  75. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. tora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T810A50180985. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T810A50180985.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  76. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. swaynei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T809A3145291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T809A3145291.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  77. ^ Datiko, D.; Bekele, A. (2011). "Population status and human impact on the endangered Swayne's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei) in Nechisar Plains, Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia". African Journal of Ecology. 49 (3): 311–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2011.01266.x.
  78. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. major". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T817A50181578. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T817A50181578.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  79. ^ a b Van Neer, W.; Linseele, V.; Friedman, R. F. (2004). "Animal burials and food offerings at the elite cemetery HK6 of Hierakonpolis". In Hendrickx, S.; Friedman, R; Ciałowicz, K.; Chłodnicki, M. (eds.). Egypt at its Origins: Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 138. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers. p. 111. ISBN 978-90-429-1469-8. Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  80. ^ Hoffman, L. C.; Smit, K.; Muller, N. (2010). "Chemical characteristics of red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama) meat". South African Journal of Animal Science. 40 (3): 221–8. doi:10.4314/sajas.v40i3.6.

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Hartebeest: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The hartebeest (/ˈhɑːrtəˌbiːst/; Alcelaphus buselaphus), also known as kongoni or kaama, is an African antelope. It is the only member of the genus Alcelaphus. Eight subspecies have been described, including two sometimes considered to be independent species. A large antelope, the hartebeest stands just over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) at the shoulder, and has a typical head-and-body length of 200 to 250 cm (79 to 98 in). The weight ranges from 100 to 200 kg (220 to 440 lb). It has a particularly elongated forehead and oddly-shaped horns, a short neck, and pointed ears. Its legs, which often have black markings, are unusually long. The coat is generally short and shiny. Coat colour varies by the subspecies, from the sandy brown of the western hartebeest to the chocolate brown of the Swayne's hartebeest. Both sexes of all subspecies have horns, with those of females being more slender. Horns can reach lengths of 45–70 cm (18–28 in). Apart from its long face, the large chest and the sharply sloping back differentiate the hartebeest from other antelopes. A conspicuous hump over the shoulders is due to the long dorsal processes of the vertebrae in this region.

Gregarious animals, hartebeest form herds of 20 to 300 individuals. They are very alert and non-aggressive. They are primarily grazers, with their diets consisting mainly of grasses. Mating in hartebeest takes place throughout the year with one or two peaks, and depends upon the subspecies and local factors. Both males and females reach sexual maturity at one to two years of age. Gestation is eight to nine months long, after which a single calf is born. Births usually peak in the dry season. The lifespan is 12 to 15 years.

Inhabiting dry savannas and wooded grasslands, hartebeest often move to more arid places after rainfall. They have been reported from altitudes on Mount Kenya up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The hartebeest was formerly widespread in Africa, but populations have undergone a drastic decline due to habitat destruction, hunting, human settlement, and competition with livestock for food. Each of the eight subspecies of the hartebeest has a different conservation status. The Bubal hartebeest was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1994. While the populations of the red hartebeest are on the rise, those of the Tora hartebeest, already Critically Endangered, are falling. The hartebeest is extinct in Algeria, Egypt, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, and Tunisia; but has been introduced into Eswatini and Zimbabwe. It is a popular game animal due to its highly regarded meat.

Dutch word hertebeest, literally deer beast, based on the resemblance (to early Dutch settlers) of the antelope to deer. The first use of the word "hartebeest" in South African literature was in Dutch colonial administrator Jan van Riebeeck's journal Daghregister in 1660. He wrote: "Meester Pieter ein hart-beest geschooten hadde (Master Pieter [van Meerhoff] had shot one hartebeest)". Another name for the hartebeest is kongoni, a Swahili word. Kongoni is often used to refer in particular to one of its subspecies, Coke's hartebeest.

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Alcelaphus buselaphus ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El alcélafo o búbalo común (Alcelaphus buselaphus) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la subfamilia Alcelaphinae. En algunos casos también se les denomina erróneamente ñu rojo.[cita requerida]

El alcelafo está relacionado con los damaliscos, el ñu y el antílope de Hunter. Existen evidencias que hacen suponer que el alcelafo fue domesticado por los antiguos egipcios y fue utilizado como animal para sacrificios.[2][3]

Descripción

Con un largo entre 1,5 a 2,4 m, una altura a la cruz de 1,2 a 1,5 m y un peso entre los 120 a 200 kg es este un antílope de gran tamaño. Se caracterizan por tener las patas delanteras notablemente más largas que las traseras, a la manera de las jirafas, de forma que su cabeza sobresale sobre las hierbas altas de las sabana. Sus cabezas son muy largas y estrechas, y poseen grandes glándulas bajo sus ojos. Ambos sexos poseen cuernos anillados que llegan a medir hasta 70 cm y que nacen sobre sus alargadas frentes. Esto contribuye a su aspecto estrambótico. Los machos son de color marrón oscuro, mientras que las hembras son de un marrón más claro.

Las varias subespecies se distinguen entre sí por el color de su pelaje, el cual varía desde un marrón oscuro a un gris amarronado, y por la forma de sus cornamentas. Todas las subespecies tienen cuernos en ambos sexos.

Hábitos

Los alcelafos son antílopes muy rápidos y resistentes; prefieren las hierbas secas y ralas, y una dieta escasa en agua. Al igual que otras especies de la sabana, suelen asociarse con las cebras y los ñues para detectar a sus predadores. Son de hábitos diurnos y ocupan la mañana y el atardecer pastando. Los rebaños contienen entre cinco a veinte individuos y ocasionalmente se han visto grupos de hasta 350 individuos.

Distribución y hábitat

El alcelafo, inicialmente habitaba en las llanuras a través del continente africano (Walker 1997). Se los encontraba desde Marruecos hasta el noreste de Tanzania y, al sur del Congo, desde la zona sur de Angola hasta Sudáfrica. Sin embargo el hombre ha reducido su hábitat en forma drástica, mediante su caza, destrucción de su hábitat y competencia con el ganado doméstico por las pasturas. Hoy en día el alcefalo mora solo en partes de Botsuana, Namibia, Etiopía, Tanzania y Kenia.

Habita en la sabana y pastizales de África. Tolera bien la zona de pastizales altos y también se lo encuentra en bosquecillos y zonas de arbustos en mayor medida que otros alcelafos.[3]

Reproducción

Alcanzan la madurez sexual a los 12 meses, pero alcanzan su peso máximo a la edad de 4 años. El período de gestación dura de 214 a 242 días.[4]​ La hembra pare una única cría, una vez por año.[2]

Alimentación

Los alcelafos se alimentan prácticamente en forma exclusiva de pasto.[3]​ Un gran porcentaje de su alimentación durante la temporada húmeda (octubre a mayo) es pasto, el cual nunca representa menos del 80% de su dieta.[5]​ El alcefalo es excepcionalmente tolerante a la comida de baja calidad, lo cual probablemente se debe a las características de su masticación. Por lo tanto durante la temporada seca, cuando se ve limitada la disponibilidad de pasturas suculentas puede alimentarse de los pastos más duros.[6]

Subespecies

 src=
Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus (Zoológico de Londres, 1895).

Se admiten seis subespecies de Alcelaphus buselaphus:[7]

Una séptima subespecie, Alcelaphus buselaphus caama, es considerada ahora una especie independiente (Alcelaphus caama).[7]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). «Alcelaphus buselaphus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 14 de octubre de 2010.
  2. a b Kingdon, A. (1989). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa Volume III Part D (Bovids). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  3. a b c http://www.awf.org/animals/hartebst.html "African Wildlife Foundation"
  4. Hanák, Vladimír y Mazák, Vratislav (1991). Enciclopedia de los Animales, Mamíferos de todo el Mundo. Madrid: Susaeta. pp. 304-305. ISBN 84-305-1967-X.
  5. Schuette, J., D. Leslie Jr., R. Lochmiller, J. Jenks. (1998). Diets of Hartebeest and Roan Antelope in Burkina Faso: Support of the Long-Faced Hypothesis. Journal of Mammalogy, 79 (2): 426-436.
  6. Murray, M. June (1993). Compariative nutrition of wildebeest, hartebeest and topi in the Serengeti. African Journal of Ecology, 31 (2): 172-177.
  7. a b Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
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Alcelaphus buselaphus: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El alcélafo o búbalo común (Alcelaphus buselaphus) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la subfamilia Alcelaphinae. En algunos casos también se les denomina erróneamente ñu rojo.[cita requerida]

El alcelafo está relacionado con los damaliscos, el ñu y el antílope de Hunter. Existen evidencias que hacen suponer que el alcelafo fue domesticado por los antiguos egipcios y fue utilizado como animal para sacrificios.​​

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Alcelaphus buselaphus ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Alcelaphus buselaphus Alcelaphus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Alcelaphinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Pallas (1766) Misc. Zool. 7. or..
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Alcelaphus buselaphus: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Alcelaphus buselaphus Alcelaphus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Alcelaphinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago

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Punalehmäantilooppi ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Punalehmäantilooppi eli lehmäantilooppi (Alcelaphus buselaphus) on afrikkalainen lehmäantilooppien alaheimoon kuuluva sorkkaeläin.

Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta ehdotti vuonna 2008 lajille uutta suomenkielistä nimeä kongoni.[2]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

Punalehmäantiloopin säkäkorkeus on 1,1–1,5 metriä. Uros on tummanruskea, naaras kellanruskea.

Alalajit

Punalehmäantiloopilla on kuusi alalajia, joista yksi on kuollut sukupuuttoon.[3] Myös kontsiantilooppi (Alcelaphus lichtensteinii) ja kaama-antilooppi (Alcelaphus caama) on toisinaan luokiteltu punalehmäantiloopin alalajeiksi,[1] mutta nykyisin ne katsotaan yleensä omiksi lajeikseen.[3]

Alalajit:[3][4][5]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Punalehmäantiloopit elävät ruohosavanneilla ja pärjäävät pitkänkin heinän keskellä. Lajia tavattiin aiemmin laajoilla alueilla Afrikassa, mutta nykyisin sitä on jäljellä enää osissa Botswanaa, Namibiaa, Etiopiaa, Tansaniaa ja Keniaa.[6] Sukupuuttoon kuolleen pohjanpunalehmäantiloopin levinneisyys ulottui pohjoisessa mahdollisesti Palestiinaan saakka[7].

Lähteet

  1. a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group: Alcelaphus buselaphus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.3. 2016. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 26.2.2018. (englanniksi)
  2. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta: Maailman nisäkkäiden suomenkieliset nimet (vahvistamaton ehdotus nisäkkäiden nimiksi) koivu.luomus.fi. 2008. Viitattu 26.2.2018.
  3. a b c Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (toim.): Alcelaphus Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). 2005. Johns Hopkins University Press. Viitattu 13.2.2012. (englanniksi)
  4. Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Maailman eläimet: Nisäkkäät 2, s. 131. (Englanninkielinen alkuteos The Encyclopedia of Mammals 2, sarjassa World of animals). Helsinki: Tammi, 1987. ISBN 951-30-6531-6. (alalajien suomenkielisten nimien lähde)
  5. Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 2. Iilimato–Leopardit, s. 804. Helsinki: Otava, 1974. ISBN 951-1-01422-6. (alalajien suomenkielisten nimien lähde)
  6. Batty, K.: Alcelaphus buselaphus (hartebeest) Animal Diversity Web. 2002. Viitattu 26.2.2018. (englanniksi)
  7. Koivisto, Ilkka; Sarvala, Maija; Liukko, Ulla-Maija (toim.): Maailman uhanalaiset eläimet 3. Nisäkkäät, Matelijat, s. 200. Weilin+Göös, 1991. ISBN 951-35-4689-6.
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Punalehmäantilooppi: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Punalehmäantilooppi eli lehmäantilooppi (Alcelaphus buselaphus) on afrikkalainen lehmäantilooppien alaheimoon kuuluva sorkkaeläin.

Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta ehdotti vuonna 2008 lajille uutta suomenkielistä nimeä kongoni.

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Bubale ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Les Bubales sont un genre d'antilopes africaines de la famille des Bovidae. Huit taxons ont été décrits et sont généralement considérés comme des sous-espèces de l'unique espèce Alcelaphus buselaphus. Certains auteurs ont proposé de les reconnaître comme des espèces à part entière, mais cette position ne fait pas consensus.

Étymologie

Le bubale est cité par les auteurs grecs, dont Aristote (en grec ancien βουϐαλος), puis par les auteurs romains dont Pline (en latin būbalus).

Description

Le bubale est une grande antilope, qui mesure de 1,5 à 2,45 m de long, pour une hauteur au garrot de 1,1 à 1,5 m. Il se caractérise par un dos fortement incliné, de longues pattes, de grandes glandes sous les yeux, une queue en touffe et un rostre long et étroit. Les poils du corps mesurent environ 25 mm de long et sont de texture assez fine. Les différentes sous-espèces se distinguent les unes des autres par la couleur du pelage, qui varie du brun pâle au gris brunâtre, et par la forme des cornes. Celles-ci sont au nombre de deux chez les deux sexes, s'élèvent à partir d'un seul pédicelle et mesurent de 450 à 700 mm de long[1].

Systématique

Histoire

Liste des sous-espèces

 src=
Têtes de bubales. Voir la liste des sous-espèces pour la légende.

D'après Mammals of Africa (2013)[2] :

Répartition

 src=
Carte de répartition des sous-espèces de bubales en Afrique.

Les bubales montrent un rare exemple de distribution panafricaine pour un grand mammifère, qui pourrait être liée à certaines adaptations alimentaires critiques. La clé de leur succès est peut-être leur capacité à extraire une nourriture de haute qualité des hautes herbes et à survivre avec des apports relativement faibles. Grâce à leur museau long et fin, les bubales peuvent extraire le limbe et même grignoter la gaine des feuilles. Cette caractéristique leur permet de se nourrir avec succès pendant la saison sèche, une période particulièrement critique pour les antilopes. Elle les aurait amené à occuper de vastes zones herbeuses à travers l'Afrique, sur une grande variété de régimes climatiques, et à déplacer les formes précédentes[3].

Menaces et conservation

Le bubale est un animal qui supporte mal la captivité. On le trouve donc rarement dans les élevages ou les zoos. Il fait concurrence aux troupeaux domestiqués lorsqu'il broute l'herbe locale. Sa chasse est organisée couramment comme une attraction touristique promettant de beaux trophées et une viande savoureuse aux amateurs de safari. Cependant cette activité humaine a considérablement fait diminuer les populations[1].

Notes et références

Annexes

Références biologiques

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Bubale: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Les Bubales sont un genre d'antilopes africaines de la famille des Bovidae. Huit taxons ont été décrits et sont généralement considérés comme des sous-espèces de l'unique espèce Alcelaphus buselaphus. Certains auteurs ont proposé de les reconnaître comme des espèces à part entière, mais cette position ne fait pas consensus.

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Hartaibéist ( 愛爾蘭語 )

由wikipedia GA提供

Damh-antalóp atá gaolmhar leis an toipí. Dath donn éadrom uirthi.

 src=
Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Hartaibéist: Brief Summary ( 愛爾蘭語 )

由wikipedia GA提供


Ainmhí Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Alcelaphus buselaphus ( 加利西亞語 )

由wikipedia gl Galician提供

 src=
A. buselaphus cokii no cráter do Ngorongoro, Tanzania.

Alcelaphus buselaphus, coñecido vulgarmente como alcálafo busélafo ou alcélafo común, é unha especie de mamífero artiodáctilo ruminante da familia dos bóvidos, subfamilia dos alcelafinos e tribo dos alcelafininos, polo que é un parente próximo dos damaliscos, os ñus e o antílope de Hunter.

É un antílope de tamaño grande que antigamente habitaba nas chairas de todo o continente africano,[1] encontrándose desde Marrocos até o nordeste de Tanzania e, ao sur das selvas do Congo, desde o sur de Angola até Suráfrica. Porén o home reduciu a súa área de dispersión de forma drástica, mediante a caza, a destrución do seu hábitat e pola competencia co gando doméstico polos pastos.

Hai evidencias que fan supoñer que o alcélafo foi domesticado polos antigos exipcios e utilizado como animal para sacrificios.[2][3]

Taxonomía

Descrición

A especie foi descrita por primeira vez en 1766 polo médico, zoólogo e botánico alemán Peter Simon Pallas na súa obra Miscellanea zoologica, quibus novæ imprimis atque obscuræ animalum species describuntur et observationibus iconibusque illustrantur, publicada na Haia, baixo o nome de Antilope buselaphus.[4]

Etimoloxía

O nome específico, buselaphus, está formado pola unión das voces do grego antigo βοῦς boûs, 'boi', 'touro', e ἔλαφος élaphos, 'cervo'.[5]

Unha complicada e discutida taxonomía

Artigo principal: Alcelaphus.

Antilope buselaphus foi reclasificada dentro do xénero Alcelaphus, que creara en 1816 o naturalista francés Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, na súa obra Prodrome d'une nouvelle distribution systématique du règne animal, publicada no Bulletin de la Société Philomatique de Paris, Vol. 8.

Moitos taxons incluíronse entre os sintipos de Antilope buselaphus Pallas, 1766 ao longo do tempo, polo que era necesaria a designación dun lectotipo. Até seis especies foron recoñecidas por autores antigos (Alcelaphus buselaphus, A. cokii, A. lelwel, A. major, A. swaynei, A. tora) foron asignadas a Alcelaphus buselaphus, pero, posteriormente, comprobáronse hibridacións entre algunhas delas (Ruxton & Schwarz, 1929).
Alcelaphus caama foi incluída máis tarde (Ellerman et al., 1953: 202), e tamén foi incluída A. lichtensteinii (Haltenorth, 1963: 102; Kingdon, 1997: 429) (aínda que algúns non a admiten).

As especies poden repartirse en dúas "divisións":

  • A denominada "división buselaphus" (incluíndo tamén A. major), e na división lelwel e
  • A "división tora" (incluíndo tamén A. cokii e A. swaynei) sobre a base da morfoloxía do cranio, pero datos da secuencia do citocromo b bucles de desprazamento (D-loop) do ADN suxiren unha estreita afinidade entre as divisións lelwel e tora (Flagstad et al., 2000).[6]

Subespecies

Segundo Mammal Species of the World (MSW), de Wilson & Reeder, o xénero Alcelaphus comprende na actualidade estas tres especies viventes:[7]

 src=
A. buselaphis cokii no P. N. do Serengeti, Tanzania.
 src=
Distribución das subspecies de A. buselaphus (segundo a UICN).

Sendo as subespecies admitidas dentro da especie:[4]

  • Especie Alcelapuhs buselaphus
    • Alcelapuhs buselaphus buselaphus
    • Alcelapuhs buselaphus cokii
    • Alcelapuhs buselaphus lelwel
    • Alcelapuhs buselaphus major
    • Alcelapuhs buselaphus swaynei
    • Alcelapuhs buselaphus tora

Esta clasificación é a admitida pola maioría das bases de datos de taxonomía.

Porén, segundo a Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza (UICN), o xénero sería monoespecifico:[8]

Segundo a UICN, nesta única especie distínguense as seguintes oito subespecies:[8]

  • Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. buselaphus
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. caama (admitida como especie Alcelaphus caama por MSW)
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. cokii
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. lelwel
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. lichtensteinii (admitida como especie Alcelaphus lichtensteinii por MSW)
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. major
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. swaynei
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. tora

A subespecie A. buselaphus buselaphus, o búbalo do norte de África, está hoxe extinguida.[8]

Características

As principais características do alcélafo son:[9]

  • Antílope grande co aspecto típìco dos alcelafinos: agullas ou cruz (articulacións das extremidades anteriores) moi altas, bastante máis que as ancas, e a cara —a miúdo longa e estreita— cunha aparencia ruda, pouco bovina.
  • Lonxitde corporal entre 1,5 a 2,4 m; altura na cruz de 1,2 a 1,5 m, e peso entre os 120 e os 200 kg.
  • Cabeza moi longa e estreita, coroada por unha especie de prolongamento no que se insiren os cornos, presentes en ambos os sexos, anelados, de até 70 cm de lonxitude.
  • Os cornos son moi variados en canto a forma e desenvolvemento se refire, dependendo das subespecies, cunha dupla curvatura, medrando primeiro cara fóra ou cara atrás, despois curvados cara fóra, ou cara adiante e cara rriba e, finalmente, curvados abruptamente cara atrás ou carta arriba.
  • Coloración xeral do corpo case uniforme, variando desde unha cor parda amarelada areosa até unha avermellada brillante, máis intensa na metade do lombo, e máis clara nos cuartos traseiros.
  • As femias son similares aos machos, pero cos cornos máis delgados e usualmente de coloración máis pálida.

Bioloxía

Hábitat e distribución

A especie vive en paraxes abertas e con matogueiras claras, particularmente en paisaxes onduladas; ás veces, en sabanas arboradas, pero nunca en bosques densos ou nos bordos subarbustivos do Sáhara.[9]

Antigamente o alcélafo habitaba en todas as chairas de case todo o continente africano,[1] encontrándose desde Marrocos até o nordeste de Tanzania e, ao sur da selva do Congo, dese o sur de Angola até Suráfrica. Porén, o home reduciu a súa área de dispersión de forma drástica, mediante a caza, a destrución dp seu hábitat e debido á competencia co gando doméstico polos pastos. Hoxe en día vive só en partes de Botsuana, Namibia, Etiopía, República Centroafricana, Sudán do Sur, Tanzania, Kenya e os sur de Angola.

Tolera ben as zonas de pasteiros altos e tamén encóntrase en zonas arbustivas en maior medida que outros alcélafos.[3]

Costumes

Os alcélafos busélafos son animais sociais que habitualmente forman grupos de 4 a 15 individuos, ás veces até 30. Excepcionalmente poden congregasrse até 350 cabezas, e antigamente téñese rexistrado mandas de milleiros de animais. Na África Oriental asócianse a miúdo con cebras e ñus, como o fan outros antílopes, para detectaren mellor aos depredadore. Os machos vellos adoitan levar unha vida solitaria; os machos novos poden formar grupos só de machos solteiros. Cada grupo normal está formado por un macho dominante, as femias e as súas crías. A estrutura do grupo é a mesma durante todo o ano. O macho defende o seu territorio colocándose a miúdo nun lugar máis elevado para vixiar ao seu grupo e detectar a aproximación dalgún inimigo potencial.

Nalgunhas zonas os grupos despräzanse a grandes distancias segundo as estacións, pero alí onde a herba é adecuada e hai abundancia de auga, son os máis sedentarios de todos os grandes antílopes.[9]

Alimentación

Os alcélafos son de hábitos diúrnos e ocupan a mañá e o atardecer pastando. Prefieren as herbas secas e ralas, e a súa dieta é escasa en auga. Aliméntanse practicamente en forma exclusiva de herba.[3] Unha gran porcentaxe da súa alimentación durante a tempada húmida (outubre a maio) é herba, a cal nunca representa menos do 80 % da súa dieta.[10]

O alcéfalo busélafo é excepcionalmente tolerante ao alimento de baixa calidade, o cal probabelmente se debe ás características da súa mastigación. Polo tanto durante a tempada seca, cando se ve limitada a dispoñibilidade de pastos suculentos, pode alimentarse dos pastos máis secos.[11]

Reprodución

Alcanzan a madurez sexual aos 12 meses, pero alcanzan o seu peso máximo á idade de 4 anos. O período de xestación dura de 214 a 242 días.[12] A femia pare unha única cría, unha vez por ano.[2]

Poboación e status

En 1999 East estimou a poboación total de Alcelaphuis buselaphus nuns 362.000 animais (incluída a de A. b. lichtensteinii = Alcelaphus lichtensteinii). Porén, este total está claramente influído polo número de A. b. caama (Alcelaphus caama) que viven en Suráfrica, que East estimou nuns 130.000 individuos (co 40 % en terreos privados e o 25 % en áreas protexidas).[13]

En contraste, menos de 600 Alacelaphis busalaphis swaynei sobreviven en Etiopía, coa inmensa maioría da poboación no Santuario de Senkelle e no P. N. Mazie.[14]

As estimaciónes do tamaño das poboacións das subespecies restantes son: 36.000 Alcelaphus buselaphus major (máis do 95 % en áreas protexidas e nos seus arredores); 70.000 Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel (cerca do 40 % en áreas protexidas); 3.500 Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii en Kenya (o 6 % en áreas protexidas e a maoría en granxas); 82.000 A. b. lichtensteinii e 42.000 A. b. cokii (ao redor do 70 % en áreas protexidas). O número de sobrevivintes de A b. tora descoñécese, pero é probabel que sexa tan só duns centos de individuos.[8]

A. b. lelwel pode que sufrira un descenso importante desde os anos oitenta, cando o seu número total se estimaba que era de máis de 285.000, principalmente na República Centroafricana e no Sudán do Sur.[13] Recentes estudos realizados na estación seca estiman en 1.070 e 115 animais no P. N. do Sur e no P. N. Boma, respectivamente.[15] O último dato representa unha diminución significativa dos máis de 50.000 individuos estimados na tempada seca en 1980 por Fryxell.[8]

Tendo en conta estes datos, e tamén o feito de que a UICN considera, como quedou dito máis arriba, a Alcelaphus buselaphus como a única especie do xénero, esta institución considera o seu status como LC (pouco preocupante).[8]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 Nowak, R. M. (ed.) (1991).
  2. 2,0 2,1 Kingdon, A. (1990): East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa Volume III Part D (Bovids). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 African Wildlife Foundation.
  4. 4,0 4,1 Wilson & Reeder (2005): Mammal Species of the World.
  5. Alcelaphus buselaphus; en Alcelaphus Arquivado 08 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine. en Animlalia, Etymology of animal names.
  6. Alcelaphus buselaphus Arquivado 28 de outubro de 2014 en Wayback Machine. en Smithsonian. National Museum of History Natural. Datos tirados de Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World. 3rd Edition.
  7. Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M. (editors) (2005): Mammal Species of the World — A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 Alcelaphus buselaphus na Lista vermella da UICN.
  9. 9,0 9,1 9,2 Dorst, J. & Dandelot, P. (1973), pp. 222-223.
  10. Schuette, J.; D. Leslie Jr.; R. Lochmiller & J. Jenks. (1998): "Diets of Hartebeest and Roan Antelope in Burkina Faso: Support of the Long-Faced Hypothesis". Journal of Mammalogy 79 (2): 426-436.
  11. Murray, M. (1993): "Compariative nutrition of wildebeest, hartebeest and topi in the Serengeti. African Journal of Ecology 31 (2): 172-177.
  12. Hanák, Vladimír & Mazák, Vratislav (1991): Enciclopedia de los animales amíferos de todo el mundo. Madrid: Editorial Susaeta ISBN 84-305-1967-X.
  13. 13,0 13,1 East, R. (1999): African Antelope Database 1999. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  14. Refera, B. (2005): "Population status of Swayne’s hartebeest in Ethiopia". En: S. Monfort & T. Correll (eds.) Report of the Fifth Annual Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group Meeting.
  15. Fay, M.; Elkan, P.; Marjan, M. & Grossman, F. (2007): "Aerial Surveys of Wildlife, Livestock, and Human Activity in and around Existing and Proposed Protected Areas of Southern Sudan, Dry Season 2007". WCS – Southern Sudan Technical Report.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Dorst, J. & Dandelot, P. (1973): Guía de campo de los mamíferos salvajes de África, Barcelona: Ediciones Omega, S. A.
  • Groves, Colin & Peter Grubb (2011): 'Tribe Alcelaphini in Wallace, 1876 en Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8.
  • Haltenorth, T. & Diller, H. (1986): A Field Guide of the Mammals of Africa including Madagascar. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-00-219778-2.
  • Kingdon, J. (1989): East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa Volume 3, Part D: Bovids. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-43725-6.
  • Kingdon, J. (1997): The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, London and New York: NaturalWorld.
  • Nowak, R. M. (ed.) (1991): Walker's Mammals of the World. Fifth Edition. Baltimore, Maryland, USA:: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Rodríguez de la Fuente, F. (1970): Enciclopedia Salvat de la fauna. Tomo I. África (Región etiópica). Pamplona: Salvat, S. A. de Ediciones, pp. 112–123.
  • Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M. (editors) (2005): Mammal Species of the World — A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopskins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

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wikipedia gl Galician

Alcelaphus buselaphus: Brief Summary ( 加利西亞語 )

由wikipedia gl Galician提供
 src= A. buselaphus cokii no cráter do Ngorongoro, Tanzania.

Alcelaphus buselaphus, coñecido vulgarmente como alcálafo busélafo ou alcélafo común, é unha especie de mamífero artiodáctilo ruminante da familia dos bóvidos, subfamilia dos alcelafinos e tribo dos alcelafininos, polo que é un parente próximo dos damaliscos, os ñus e o antílope de Hunter.

É un antílope de tamaño grande que antigamente habitaba nas chairas de todo o continente africano, encontrándose desde Marrocos até o nordeste de Tanzania e, ao sur das selvas do Congo, desde o sur de Angola até Suráfrica. Porén o home reduciu a súa área de dispersión de forma drástica, mediante a caza, a destrución do seu hábitat e pola competencia co gando doméstico polos pastos.

Hai evidencias que fan supoñer que o alcélafo foi domesticado polos antigos exipcios e utilizado como animal para sacrificios.

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Alcelaphus buselaphus ( 克羅埃西亞語 )

由wikipedia hr Croatian提供

Alcelaphus buselaphus je vrsta antilope, koja živi na travnjacima u zapadnoj, istočnoj i južnoj Africi.

To je jedan od triju vrsta iz roda Alcelaphus.[1]

Opis

To su prilično velike antilope, visine od gotovo 1,5 m u ramenima. Težina ženki varira od 100 do 185 kg, dok mužjaci mogu težiti od 125 do 255 kg. Dužina tijela može biti u rasponu 150-230 cm, a duljina repa može varirati od 30 do 70 cm.[2]

Mužjaci su tamnosmeđe boje, dok su ženke žutosmeđe. Oba spola imaju rogove, koji mogu dostići dužinu i do 70 cm.

Žive na travnjacima i u otvorenim šumama, gdje pasu travu. Dnevne su životinje, hrane se ujutro i kasno popodne. Stada se sastoje od pet do dvadeset jedinki, ali može povremeno sadržavati i do 350 jedinki.

Izvori

  1. Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (urednici). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3. izd.), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 str.
  2. Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005.), ISBN 0789477645
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Alcelaphus buselaphus: Brief Summary ( 克羅埃西亞語 )

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Alcelaphus buselaphus je vrsta antilope, koja živi na travnjacima u zapadnoj, istočnoj i južnoj Africi.

To je jedan od triju vrsta iz roda Alcelaphus.

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Alcelaphus buselaphus ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

L'alcelafo (Alcelaphus buselaphus Pallas, 1766) è una specie di antilope africana di prateria, descritta per la prima volta da Peter Simon Pallas nel 1766. Gli adulti misurano poco più di 1 m al garrese. I maschi pesano 125–218 kg, e le femmine sono leggermente più piccole. Il colore del manto varia a seconda della sottospecie, da quello color sabbia dell'alcelafo occidentale a quello quasi nero dell'alcelafo di Swayne. Le corna sono presenti in entrambi i sessi; misurano 45–70 cm di lunghezza, e la loro forma varia moltissimo da una sottospecie all'altra. Gli alcelafi possono vivere 11-20 anni in natura, e fino a 19 in cattività.

Gli alcelafi sono animali sociali che formano branchi di 20-300 individui. Di indole generalmente tranquilla, gli alcelafi possono diventare aggressivi quando vengono provocati. La loro dieta consiste prevalentemente di erba, alla quale si aggiungono, in ogni periodo dell'anno, piccole quantità di parti verdi e baccelli di erbe del genere Hyparrhenia. L'epoca della riproduzione varia in base alle stagioni, e dipende sia dalla sottospecie che dalla popolazione. Gli alcelafi raggiungono la maturità sessuale a uno o due anni di età. Dopo un periodo di gestazione di otto mesi, nasce un unico piccolo. L'alcelafo vive in savane, aree boschive e distese aperte.

Ognuna delle otto sottospecie di alcelafo ha un differente stato di conservazione. L'alcelafo bubalo è stato dichiarato estinto dall'Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura (IUCN) nel 1994. In passato l'alcelafo era presente in gran parte dell'Africa, ma le varie popolazioni hanno subito un drastico declino a causa della distruzione dell'habitat, della caccia, dell'espansione degli insediamenti umani e della competizione con i bovini domestici per il cibo. L'alcelafo è estinto in Algeria, Egitto, Lesotho, Libia, Marocco, Somalia e Tunisia. È stato introdotto in Swaziland e Zimbabwe. Costituisce una preda molto ambita per i cacciatori a causa della sua carne molto apprezzata.

Etimologia

«Alcelafo» è l'italianizzazione del termine latino Alcelaphus, a sua volta forma composta derivata dal greco ἄλκη, «alce», e ἔλαϕος, «cervo». Il nome inglese della specie, hartebeest, deriva invece dall'afrikaans hertebeest[3]. Tale nome gli venne attribuito dai boeri, che avevano notato la sua somiglianza con il cervo[4]. In olandese, la parola hert significa «cervo», e beest significa «bestia»[4]. Il termine venne utilizzato per la prima volta nella letteratura sudafricana nel diario Daghregister dell'amministratore coloniale olandese Jan van Riebeeck nel 1660. Egli scrisse: «Meester Pieter ein hart-beest geschooten hadde (Il Signor Pieter [van Meerhoff] aveva abbattuto un alcelafo)»[5].

Evoluzione

Il genere Alcelaphus fece la sua comparsa circa 4,4 milioni di anni fa, in un clade comprendente anche i generi Damalops, Numidocapra, Rabaticeras, Megalotragus, Oreonagor e Connochaetes[6]. Un'analisi effettuata sulla base di aspetti filogeografici ha suggerito la possibile comparsa della specie nell'Africa orientale. Si ritiene che da lì essa si sia successivamente diffusa al resto del continente. Le analisi filogenetiche hanno mostrato una prima e più antica diversificazione genetica avvenuta all'interno delle popolazioni meridionali e settentrionali di alcelafo. La linea evolutiva settentrionale si suddivise a sua volta in due ulteriori lignaggi, orientale e occidentale, probabilmente in seguito all'espansione della fascia di foreste pluviali nell'Africa centrale e alla conseguente contrazione degli habitat di savana durante un periodo di riscaldamento globale. Questi importanti eventi avvenuti durante l'evoluzione dell'alcelafo sono strettamente correlati a fattori climatici, che potrebbero aver giocato un ruolo di primaria importanza nella storia evolutiva della specie[7]. Resti fossili di alcelafo rosso sono stati rinvenuti a Elandsfontein, Cornelia e Florisbad in Sudafrica, nonché a Kabwe in Zambia[8].

L'alcelafo è ben rappresentato in siti risalenti alle epoche natufiana e neolitica, nonché all'età del bronzo e del ferro. In Israele, resti di alcelafo esposti su terreno aperto sono stati trovati nel Negev e nelle pianure di Shephelah e di Sharon. I fossili più recenti sono stati rinvenuti a Tel Lachish. In epoca storica la specie era limitata alle distese aperte delle regioni più meridionali del Levante meridionale. Con tutta probabilità l'alcelafo veniva cacciato in Egitto, e ciò potrebbe aver portato alla diminuzione degli esemplari del Levante, separandoli dalla popolazione principale africana[9].

Tassonomia

Descritto per la prima volta dallo zoologo e botanico tedesco Peter Simon Pallas nel 1766, l'alcelafo viene ancora indicato con il suo nome scientifico originario, Alcelaphus buselaphus. È l'unica specie del genere Alcelaphus[2]. La specie può essere suddivisa in tre gruppi principali sulla base della struttura del cranio: il gruppo A. b. buselaphus (comprendente anche A. b. major), il gruppo A. b. tora (comprendente anche A. b. swaynei, A. b. cokii e A. b. lelwel) e il gruppo A. b. lichtensteinii (comprendente anche A. b. caama). Analisi genetiche più dettagliate indicano una maggiore affinità tra i gruppi A. b. buselaphus e A. b. tora[2].

La posizione tassonomica dell'alcelafo di Lichtenstein viene discussa da tempo. Gli zoologi Jonathan Kingdon e Theodor Haltenorth lo consideravano una sottospecie di A. buselaphus[10]. Nel 1979, la paleontologa Elisabeth Vrba istituì un nuovo genere, Sigmoceros, appositamente per questo alcelafo[11], basandosi sulle sue maggiori affinità con il genere Connochaetes; in seguito, nel 1997, fu la stessa studiosa, dopo ulteriori studi, ad accantonare il nuovo genere[12]. L'analisi del DNA mitocondriale non ha riscontrato alcuna prova tale da giustificare l'istituzione di un genere a parte. Nel corso della stessa analisi è stato dimostrato che la sottofamiglia degli Alcelafini è monofiletica, ed è stata scoperta una stretta affinità tra i generi Alcelaphus e Damaliscus - sia da un punto di vista genetico che morfologico[13].

Sottospecie

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Distribuzione delle sottospecie.

Molti taxa sono stati considerati sintipo di questa specie, e per questo motivo è stato necessario stabilire un lectotipo. Le sei specie di alcelafo riconosciute dai vecchi autori sono state successivamente considerate sottospecie, quando si è dimostrata possibile l'ibridazione tra alcune di loro[2]. Le sottospecie riconosciute attualmente sono le seguenti[1][2]:

  • A. b. buselaphus † (Pallas, 1766), l'alcelafo bubalo o alcelafo settentrionale[14], era diffuso in passato nell'Africa settentrionale. L'ultimo esemplare venne abbattuto in Algeria, ed è stato dichiarato estinto nel 1996 dalla IUCN[15][16].
  • A. b. caama (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803), l'alcelafo rosso o alcelafo del Capo, è molto popolare tra gli appassionati di caccia grossa[17]. È ampiamente diffuso e comune in Africa e il numero di esemplari è in aumento[18]. Talvolta viene considerato come specie a parte, Alcelaphus caama[2].
  • A. b. cokii Günther, 1884, l'alcelafo di Coke o kongoni, è originario di Kenya e Tanzania[19].
  • A. b. lelwel (Heuglin, 1877), l'alcelafo lelwel, è diffuso in Repubblica Centrafricana, Ciad meridionale, Repubblica Democratica del Congo nord-orientale, Etiopia sud-occidentale, Kenya, Sudan del Sud, estremità nord-occidentale della Tanzania e Uganda settentrionale e occidentale[20]. La drastica diminuzione della popolazione ha confinato la maggior parte degli individui all'interno delle aree protette[21].
  • A. b. lichtensteinii (Peters, 1849), l'alcelafo di Lichtenstein, abita le aree boschive di miombo dell'Africa orientale e meridionale. È stato considerato anche come specie separata[22]. È originario di Angola, Repubblica Democratica del Congo, Malawi, Mozambico, Sudafrica, Tanzania, Zambia e Zimbabwe[23].
  • A. b. major (Blyth, 1869), l'alcelafo occidentale, è diffuso in una fascia di territorio compresa tra il Senegal e il Camerun settentrionale[24].
  • A. b. swaynei (P. L. Sclater, 1892), l'alcelafo di Swayne, viene spesso confuso con l'alcelafo torà a causa dell'aspetto fisico molto simile[25]. È diffuso solamente in Etiopia e il numero di esemplari è in diminuzione[26].
  • A. b. tora Gray, 1873, l'alcelafo torà, è diffuso in Etiopia nord-occidentale ed Eritrea[27].

L'alcelafo di Jackson, un altro tipo di alcelafo, non ha una posizione tassonomica ben definita. Il primo esemplare noto di questo alcelafo fu quello ospitato allo zoo del Bronx (USA) nel 1913[28]. Viene considerato un ibrido tra l'alcelafo lelwel e quello di Coke. Gli studiosi dell'IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group (ASG) riferiscono che le antilopi nate dagli incroci tra un alcelafo del Kenya e un alcelafo lelwel dell'Uganda sono del tutto identiche nell'aspetto all'alcelafo di Jackson[28]. L'African Antelope Database (1998) considera l'alcelafo di Jackson come un sinonimo dell'alcelafo lelwel[29]. Questo alcelafo è presente nelle zone dove gli areali dell'alcelafo lelwel e di Coke si sovrappongono - nel Kenya occidentale e nel distretto di Karamoja (Uganda nord-occidentale)[28]. A ovest del Nilo è rimpiazzato dall'alcelafo lelwel[30].

Genetica e ibridi

Sia nell'alcelafo rosso che nelle popolazioni di alcelafo di Swayne del santuario naturale di Senkele e del parco nazionale di Nechisar è stato riscontrato un alto grado di variabilità genetica. Anche tra le popolazioni di alcelafo di Swayne, quelli del santuario naturale di Senkele hanno mostrato una maggiore diversità genetica di quelli del parco nazionale di Nechisar. Molti aplotipi mitocondriali e alleli microsatelliti presenti con elevata frequenza tra gli esemplari di Senkele non erano presenti tra gli individui di Nechisar. Per questo motivo, i programmi di conservazione e riproduzione devono tenere conto di questo aspetto allo scopo di mantenere pura la diversità genetica di queste popolazioni[31].

Il numero diploide di cromosomi nell'alcelafo è 40. È risultata possibile la nascita di un maschio sterile frutto dell'ibridazione tra un alcelafo rosso e un blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus), il cui numero diploide di cromosomi è 38. Si ritiene che la sterilità dell'ibrido sia dovuta a problemi nella segregazione incorsi durante la meiosi. Altre possibili cause tirate in ballo per spiegare questa disfunzione sono l'azoospermia e un numero inferiore di cellule germinali nella sezione trasversale dei tubuli seminiferi[32].

Due forme ibride frutto di incrocio tra diverse sottospecie vengono riconosciute da alcune agenzie organizzatrici di battute di caccia grossa.

  • Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel × cokii. L'alcelafo dell'altopiano del Kenya è frutto di un incrocio tra l'alcelafo lelwel e quello di Coke. Rispetto all'alcelafo di Coke questo ibrido presenta una colorazione più chiara e dimensioni maggiori. Il manto è color camoscio chiaro, e la testa è più lunga di quella dell'alcelafo di Coke. Le corna, presenti in entrambi i sessi, sono più pesanti e lunghe di quelle dei genitori. Diffuso in passato lungo tutti gli altopiani occidentali del Kenya, tra il lago Vittoria e il Monte Kenya, oggi è relegato alla valle di Lambwe (Kenya sud-occidentale) e a Laikipia e alle zone vicine nel Kenya centro-occidentale[33].
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel × swaynei. L'alcelafo di Neumann è così chiamato in onore del viaggiatore e sportivo A. H. Neumann. È il frutto dell'incrocio tra l'alcelafo lelwel e l'alcelafo di Swayne. Secondo lo zoologo statunitense Edmund Heller sarebbe un incrocio tra A. b. nakura, una sottospecie descritta dallo stesso autore, e A. b. lelwel[34]. La faccia è più lunga di quella dell'alcelafo di Swayne. Il colore del manto è bruno-dorato, più chiaro verso le regioni inferiori. Il mento è nerastro e il ciuffo della coda nero. Entrambi i sessi hanno corna più lunghe dell'alcelafo di Swayne. Le corna si sviluppano a formare una «V» allargata e sono diverse da quelle a forma di parentesi allargata dell'alcelafo di Swayne a da quelle a «V» ristretta dell'alcelafo lelwel. Diffuso in Etiopia, è presente in una piccola area a est del fiume Omo e a nord del lago Turkana estesa tra la zona a nord-est del lago Chew Bahir e il vicino lago Chamo[35].

Descrizione

 src=
Sottospecie di alcelafo: alcelafo rosso (7), alcelafo lelwel (8), alcelafo di Swayne (5), alcelafo torà (3), alcelafo bubalo (1), alcelafo occidentale (2), alcelafo di Coke (6), alcelafo di Lichtenstein (9) e alcelafo di Neumann (4), da Great and Small Game of Africa.

L'alcelafo è alto poco più di 1 m al garrese, e misura 150–245 cm di lunghezza[36]. Le femmine pesano 116–185 kg, i maschi 125–218 kg[37]. La coda, lunga 30–70 cm, termina con un ciuffo nero[36]. Le altre caratteristiche principali dell'alcelafo sono le lunghe zampe (che presentano spesso macchie nere)[14], il collo breve e le orecchie appuntite[37]. Oltre che per la lunga faccia, l'alcelafo si può distinguere da altre antilopi anche per il grande petto e per la schiena molto inclinata, più alta alla regione del garrese che alla groppa[3]. Può vivere 11-20 anni in natura e fino a 19 anni in cattività[36]. L'alcelafo condivide alcune caratteristiche fisiche con i damalischi (genere Damaliscus), quali la faccia stretta e allungata, la forma delle corna, la consistenza e la colorazione del mantello e il ciuffo terminale di peli della coda. Lo gnu, invece, ha cranio e corna più specializzate rispetto all'alcelafo[38].

Il manto è generalmente breve e lucente[38]. La sua colorazione varia a seconda della sottospecie; il grosso alcelafo occidentale ha un manto chiaro e uniforme, color bruno-sabbia[24], mentre quello dell'alcelafo torà è scuro[27]. L'alcelafo rosso, come indica il nome, ha un manto completamente di questo colore[39]. L'alcelafo di Coke è fulvo-rossastro sulle regioni superiori e di colore più chiaro su quelle inferiori[40]. L'alcelafo lelwel è bruno-rossastro[20]. Nell'alcelafo di Lichtenstein le regioni superiori sono bruno-rossastre, ma i fianchi sono marroncini e il posteriore biancastro[41]. Presenta inoltre strisce scure sulle zampe anteriori[14][41]. Gli alcelafi di Swayne e torà sono molto simili nell'aspetto, ed entrambi possiedono testa piccola, manto scuro e corna simili. L'alcelafo di Swayne è il più piccolo dei due e ha corna leggermente più corte e pesanti[25][38]. I peli che ricoprono il corpo, di trama fine, sono lunghi circa 25 mm[11]. L'alcelafo possiede ghiandole preorbitali con un dotto centrale. Esse secernono un fluido maleodorante scuro negli alcelafi di Coke e di Lichtenstein, mentre nell'alcelafo lelwel producono una secrezione incolore[38].

In tutte le sottospecie entrambi i sessi sono muniti di corna, ma quelle delle femmine sono più sottili[37]. Le corna possono raggiungere 45–70 cm di lunghezza[36]. Esse sono leggermente incurvate all'esterno e, verso la punta, all'interno. Quasi tutta la parte basale delle corna presenta dei caratteristici anelli[37]. La forma delle corna varia da una sottospecie all'altra. L'alcelafo rosso ha corna a forma di «Z»[39], mentre quello di Lichtenstein le ha a forma di «S» spiegazzata[41]. Sia l'alcelafo di Swayne che quello torà hanno corna a forma di lira[27]. Quelle dell'alcelafo lelwel sono spesse e a forma di «V»[20] e quelle dell'alcelafo di Coke sono corte, spesse e a forma di parentesi[40]. L'alcelafo occidentale ha imponenti corna a forma di «U»[24]. Le corna vengono usate per difendersi dai predatori e nei combattimenti tra maschi per il predominio durante la stagione degli amori[42].

L'alcelafo mostra un dimorfismo sessuale poco marcato, in quanto entrambi i sessi possiedono le corna e hanno dimensioni simili. Il grado di dimorfismo sessuale varia a seconda della sottospecie. I maschi pesano l'8% in più delle femmine negli alcelafi di Swayne e di Lichtenstein, e il 23% in più nell'alcelafo rosso. Nel corso di uno studio, il maggiore dimorfismo è stato riscontrato nel peso del cranio[43]. Nel corso di un altro studio, la durata della stagione degli amori è risultata correlata con l'altezza dei peduncoli (le strutture ossee sulle quali crescono le corna) e il peso del cranio, nonché con la circonferenza delle corna[42].

Biologia

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Un branco di alcelafi.

Come la maggior parte delle antilopi, l'alcelafo è un animale diurno. Pascola di primo mattino e nel tardo pomeriggio, e riposa all'ombra durante le ore più calde del giorno. È un animale sociale, e forma branchi composti anche da 300 esemplari. Le mandrie più numerose si incontrano nei luoghi maggiormente ricchi di erba[37]. Il branco più numeroso di cui siamo a conoscenza era composto da 10.000 animali. I membri di un branco possono essere suddivisi in quattro gruppi: maschi adulti territoriali, maschi adulti non territoriali, maschi giovani, e femmine con i piccoli. Le femmine formano gruppi di 5-12 animali, nei quali si possono trovare fino a quattro generazioni di piccoli. Le femmine combattono per il predominio del branco[44]. Litigi tra maschi e femmine sono comuni[28]. A tre o quattro anni di età, i maschi possono cercare di ottenere la supremazia su un territorio e un branco di femmine. Un maschio residente difende il proprio territorio e può attaccare i suoi simili se viene provocato[43]. Il maschio marca i confini del territorio con cumuli di escrementi[28]. L'inizio di un combattimento è segnato da una serie di movimenti della testa e di posture, nonché dalla deposizione di escrementi in apposite pile. Gli avversari si lasciano cadere sulle ginocchia e, dopo essersi colpiti con la testa, iniziano a lottare, con le corna incastrate. Ognuno cerca di piegare la testa dell'avversario da un lato per pugnalare il collo e le spalle con le corna[43]. I maschi generalmente perdono il controllo del proprio territorio dopo sette od otto anni[36]. Il caso documentato di un alcelafo che ha dato una testata a un ciclista è stato interpretato come un comportamento territoriale[45].

Durante il pascolo, un esemplare rimane di guardia, spesso salendo su un termitaio per poter spingere lo sguardo più lontano. Nei momenti di pericolo, tutto il branco fugge disponendosi in fila indiana non appena il primo esemplare inizia a correre[44]. L'alcelafo è più vigile e cauto di altri ungulati[46]. Gli alcelafi adulti vengono predati da leoni, leopardi, iene e licaoni; ghepardi e sciacalli catturano solamente i giovani[44]. Sia gli alcelafi che i damalischi producono deboli brontolii e grugniti. L'alcelafo utilizza i cumuli di escrementi come segnale olfattivo e visivo[38]. I branchi migrano solamente nei periodi di estrema necessità, come durante calamità naturali e siccità[47]. L'alcelafo è il più stanziale degli Alcelafini[38]. Consuma inoltre minori quantità di acqua e ha il tasso metabolico più basso di tutti i membri della sottofamiglia[38].

Parassiti

Dall'alcelafo sono stati isolati vari parassiti. Un alcelafo rosso del parco nazionale Kalahari Gemsbok ospitava specie di Cooperia, Impalaia nudicollis, Parabronema e Trichostrongylus[48]. In nove alcelafi di Lichtenstein furono ritrovati esemplari di Estrini. Larve appartenenti ai generi Gedoelstia, Oestrus e Kirkioestrus vennero isolate dalle cavità nasali e dai seni paranasali. Nella testa di un unico animale venne rinvenuto un massimo di 252 larve, ma non venne riscontrata nessuna patogenicità[49]. A Gobabis (Africa sud-occidentale) venne trovato un alcelafo rosso infestato da lunghi vermi sottili. Questi furono battezzati Longistrongylus meyeri in onore del loro scopritore, T. Meyer, e classificati nel genere Longistrongylus[50]. In un altro caso, un alcelafo rosso era colpito da una teileriosi dovuta a parassiti di Rhipicephalus evertsi e del genere Theileria[51]. I parassiti dell'alcelafo si possono rinvenire anche in gazzelle e gnu[52]. A sud del Sahara, l'alcelafo può essere infestato da Loewioestrus variolosus, Gedoelstia cristata e G. hassleri. Le ultime due specie possono causare gravi patologie come la «malattia degli occhi sporgenti», che può portare a encefaliti[53]. Negli anni sessanta, Robustostrongylus aferensis, un nematode dell'abomaso, venne scoperto in un kongoni dell'Uganda[54]. Nematodi come Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei e Cooperia curticei, cestodi come Moniezia expansa, Avitellina centripunctata e Stilesia globipunctata e paramfistomi come Setaria labiato-papillosa sono stati rinvenuti nel tratto digerente di un alcelafo occidentale[55].

Alimentazione

Gli alcelafi sono erbivori, e la loro dieta consiste prevalentemente di erba[56]. In uno studio effettuato nel Nazinga Game Ranch in Burkina Faso si è scoperto che la struttura del cranio dell'alcelafo facilita l'acquisizione e la masticazione di cibi altamente fibrosi. Rispetto all'antilope roana, l'alcelafo è meglio adattato per procurarsi e masticare la scarsa ricrescita di erbe perenni nei periodi in cui il foraggio è meno disponibile. L'erba costituisce generalmente almeno l'80% della dieta dell'alcelafo, ma durante la stagione secca, da ottobre a maggio, tale valore può salire fino a oltre il 95%. Il Jasminium kerstingii fa parte della dieta dell'alcelafo all'inizio della stagione delle piogge. Tra le due stagioni, gli alcelafi si nutrono soprattutto di erba del genere Culms. In ogni periodo dell'anno consumano piccole quantità di parti verdi e baccelli di erbe del genere Hyparrhenia[57]. L'alcelafo può digerire una maggiore quantità di cibo rispetto ad altri bovidi[58]. Nelle aree dove l'acqua è scarsa, può mangiare meloni, radici e tuberi[38].

In uno studio volto a stabilire la selettività alimentare di gnu, zebra e alcelafo di Coke, quest'ultimo è risultato essere il più selettivo. Tutti e tre gli animali preferivano la Themeda triandra al Pennisetum mezianum e alla Digitaria macroblephara. Durante la stagione secca veniva consumato un numero maggiore di specie di erba rispetto alla stagione delle piogge[59].

Riproduzione

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Un piccolo con la madre.

Gli alcelafi possono accoppiarsi in ogni periodo dell'anno. Dei picchi possono essere influenzati dalla disponibilità di cibo[56]. Sia i maschi che le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale a uno o due anni di età. La riproduzione varia a seconda della sottospecie e della popolazione nel periodo degli accoppiamenti[36]. Gli accoppiamenti hanno luogo nei territori difesi da un singolo maschio, per lo più in aree aperte degli altopiani o su crinali[56]. I maschi possono combattere ferocemente per il predominio[43]. Il maschio dominante annusa i genitali della femmina e, se essa è in estro, la segue. Talvolta una femmina sventola leggermente la coda per segnalare che è in calore[38]. Il maschio cerca di bloccare la strada alla femmina. Quando essa si ferma, consente al maschio di montarla. L'accoppiamento avviene in modo rapido, e spesso viene ripetuto, anche due o più volte al minuto[38]. In questo periodo ogni intruso viene cacciato via[44]. Nei branchi numerosi, la femmina si accoppia con vari maschi[38]. La gestazione dura circa 240 giorni, trascorsi i quali nasce un unico piccolo. Il neonato pesa circa 9 kg. Le femmine partoriscono nella boscaglia, diversamente da quelle degli gnu, che partoriscono in gruppo nelle pianure. Il piccolo è svezzato a quattro mesi[36]. I giovani maschi accompagnano la madre per due anni e mezzo, più a lungo di altri Alcelafini[38].

Distribuzione e habitat

Gli alcelafi abitano in savane aride e praterie boscose[11], e spesso si spostano verso aree più aride dopo le precipitazioni[37]. Tollerano maggiormente le aree boschive di altri Alcelafini, e spesso si incontrano ai margini delle foreste[56]. Sul Monte Kenya sono stati trovati alcelafi fino a 4000 m di quota[1]. L'alcelafo rosso è noto per spostarsi su vaste aree, e le femmine vagabondano su territori di oltre 1000 km², mentre i territori dei maschi misurano circa 200 km² di estensione[60]. Nel parco nazionale di Nairobi (Kenya) le femmine occupano territori individuali di 3,7-5,5 km², che non sono associati in modo particolare con alcun gruppo di femmine. In media i territori delle femmine sono grandi abbastanza da includere perfino quelli di 20-30 maschi[14].

In passato l'alcelafo era molto diffuso in Africa. Il numero di esemplari è diminuito drasticamente a causa della distruzione dell'habitat, della caccia, dell'espansione degli insediamenti umani e della competizione per il cibo con i bovini domestici[1][36]. Le dimensioni delle varie sottospecie erano correlate con la produttività dell'habitat e con le precipitazioni[61]. L'alcelafo è presente in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Camerun, Repubblica Centrafricana, Ciad, Repubblica Democratica del Congo, Eritrea, Etiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Costa d'Avorio, Kenya, Mali, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudafrica, Sudan, Sudan del Sud, Tanzania, Togo e Uganda. È estinto in Algeria, Egitto, Lesotho, Libia, Marocco, Somalia e Tunisia, ed è stato introdotto in Swaziland e Zimbabwe[1]. Gli areali delle varie sottospecie di alcelafo differiscono molto tra di loro. Dopo essere stato reintrodotto in aree protette e fattorie, l'alcelafo rosso è divenuto molto diffuso, ed è l'unico alcelafo con una popolazione in aumento[1]. È diffuso in quasi tutta l'Africa meridionale[1]. Tutte le sottospecie di alcelafo, tranne l'alcelafo rosso (con una popolazione in aumento)[18] e l'alcelafo di Lichtenstein (con una popolazione stabile)[23], sono in diminuzione, e tre di esse sono in pericolo di estinzione: l'alcelafo torà, il lelwel e quello di Swayne. L'alcelafo torà è confinato all'Eritrea e all'Etiopia, l'alcelafo di Swayne a quattro aree protette, e l'alcelafo lelwel a poche aree protette[1].

Conservazione

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Alcelafi di Coke nel parco nazionale del Serengeti.

Ciascuna sottospecie di alcelafo viene classificata sotto un differente stato di conservazione dall'Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura (IUCN). Tuttavia, nel complesso, la specie viene classificata tra quelle a «rischio minimo»[1]. L'alcelafo rosso è quello più diffuso, e dopo la sua reintroduzione in aree protette e private il numero di esemplari è in aumento[1]. Classificato tra le specie a «rischio minimo», la sua popolazione è stimata a oltre 130.000 esemplari[18], diffusi per lo più nell'Africa meridionale[60]. L'alcelafo bubalo è stato dichiarato estinto nel 1994[15]. L'esploratore tedesco Heinrich Barth, nei suoi scritti del 1857, citò le armi da fuoco e l'intrusione degli europei tra le motivazioni alla base della diminuzione del numero di esemplari di questa sottospecie[62]. Scomparve in Tunisia alla fine del XIX secolo[63] e l'ultimo esemplare venne abbattuto tra il 1945 e il 1954 in Algeria[15].

L'alcelafo di Coke è attualmente classificato tra le specie a «rischio minimo». Il numero di appartenenti a questa sottospecie è diminuito notevolmente a causa della distruzione dell'habitat, e oggi sono presenti circa 42.000 esemplari nella regione del Mara, nel parco nazionale del Serengeti e nel parco nazionale del Tarangire in Tanzania e nel parco nazionale dello Tsavo orientale in Kenya. La popolazione è in diminuzione, e il 70% degli esemplari vive in aree protette[64]. L'alcelafo occidentale è considerato «prossimo alla minaccia»; ne rimangono circa 36.000 esemplari. Più del 95% degli esemplari vive in aree protette (come il Parco nazionale del Comoé) o nei loro dintorni, ma il numero di individui è in diminuzione perfino in queste zone[65]. L'alcelafo di Lichtenstein è attualmente considerato a «rischio minimo», ed è presente in aree protette quali la Riserva di caccia del Selous e allo stato selvatico in Tanzania meridionale e occidentale e nello Zambia[23].

Le sottospecie più minacciate sono l'alcelafo torà, lelwel e di Swayne. L'alcelafo torà è classificato tra le specie «in pericolo critico», dal momento che ne rimangono meno di 250 esemplari adulti. Probabilmente scomparso in Sudan, sopravvive in numero ridotto in Eritrea ed Etiopia[66]. L'alcelafo di Swayne è classificato tra le specie «in pericolo», ma rischia di essere riclassificato tra quelle «in pericolo critico». Ne rimangono in tutto meno di 600 esemplari, tra cui circa 250 esemplari adulti, confinati in quattro aree protette principali: il santuario naturale di Senkele, il parco nazionale di Nechisar, il parco nazionale d'Awash e il parco nazionale di Mazie[67]. Gli alcelafi di Senkele sono costretti a competere con gli animali domestici del popolo Oromo[26]. Uno studio effettuato nel parco nazionale di Nechisar nel 2009 e 2010 ha indicato il notevole incremento del bestiame degli Oromo (aumentato del 49,9% e del 56,5% nel 2006 e nel 2010, rispettivamente), lo sfruttamento illegale di risorse naturali e la perdita dell'habitat come maggiori minacce per la sopravvivenza delle popolazioni di alcelafi di Swayne ivi presenti[68]. L'alcelafo lelwel è considerato «in pericolo», e il numero di esemplari è diminuito notevolmente dagli anni ottanta, quando se ne contavano oltre 285.000. All'epoca era diffuso prevalentemente nella Repubblica Centrafricana e nell'attuale Sudan del Sud[64]. Oggi ne rimangono meno di 70.000[21]. Questo alcelafo è presente in alcune zone dell'Omo meridionale, in Etiopia[69].

Importanza economica

Gli alcelafi sono prede molto popolari tra gli appassionati di caccia grossa e di trofei a causa della loro carne, che è molto apprezzata. Pacchetti di viaggio per la caccia all'alcelafo sono disponibili online[36]. L'alcelafo è facile da cacciare a causa della sua visibilità[44]. In uno studio effettuato sugli esemplari abbattuti, tenendo conto del luogo e del sesso degli animali, il peso medio di carne ricavata dai maschi di alcelafo rosso catturati era di 79,3 kg e quello della carne ricavata dalle femmine di 56 kg. La carne degli animali provenienti dalla regione di Qua-Qua presentava il maggiore contenuto lipidico - 1,3 g ogni 100 g di carne. Differenze trascurabili vennero riscontrate nelle concentrazioni individuali di acidi grassi, amminoacidi e sali minerali. Lo studio considerò la carne di alcelafo molto sana, dal momento che presentava un rapporto tra acidi grassi polinsaturi e saturi di 0,78, leggermente superiore allo 0,7 raccomandato[70].

Nel corso di uno studio del 2013 sono stati analizzati campioni di carne di selvaggina in vendita in supermercati, all'ingrosso e in altri punti vendita. Lo studio ha rivelato che alcuni tipi di biltong di «cudù», «antilope saltante» o «struzzo» contenevano in realtà carne di alcelafo. Su 146 etichette, 100 presentavano una dicitura erronea, il che ha rivelato un problema importante nell'etichettatura della carne in Sudafrica[71].

È nota la proverbiale alta vitalità delle specie africane cacciabili, soprattutto nell'ambito delle varie antilopi. L'alcefalo (o "hartebeest" come è più comunemente conosciuto in lingua inglese), è una delle antilopi più resistenti ai colpi di arma da fuoco, per cui la sua caccia richiede calibri robusti e non di rado più colpi per l'abbattimento.

Note

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Alcelaphus buselaphus: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

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L'alcelafo (Alcelaphus buselaphus Pallas, 1766) è una specie di antilope africana di prateria, descritta per la prima volta da Peter Simon Pallas nel 1766. Gli adulti misurano poco più di 1 m al garrese. I maschi pesano 125–218 kg, e le femmine sono leggermente più piccole. Il colore del manto varia a seconda della sottospecie, da quello color sabbia dell'alcelafo occidentale a quello quasi nero dell'alcelafo di Swayne. Le corna sono presenti in entrambi i sessi; misurano 45–70 cm di lunghezza, e la loro forma varia moltissimo da una sottospecie all'altra. Gli alcelafi possono vivere 11-20 anni in natura, e fino a 19 in cattività.

Gli alcelafi sono animali sociali che formano branchi di 20-300 individui. Di indole generalmente tranquilla, gli alcelafi possono diventare aggressivi quando vengono provocati. La loro dieta consiste prevalentemente di erba, alla quale si aggiungono, in ogni periodo dell'anno, piccole quantità di parti verdi e baccelli di erbe del genere Hyparrhenia. L'epoca della riproduzione varia in base alle stagioni, e dipende sia dalla sottospecie che dalla popolazione. Gli alcelafi raggiungono la maturità sessuale a uno o due anni di età. Dopo un periodo di gestazione di otto mesi, nasce un unico piccolo. L'alcelafo vive in savane, aree boschive e distese aperte.

Ognuna delle otto sottospecie di alcelafo ha un differente stato di conservazione. L'alcelafo bubalo è stato dichiarato estinto dall'Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura (IUCN) nel 1994. In passato l'alcelafo era presente in gran parte dell'Africa, ma le varie popolazioni hanno subito un drastico declino a causa della distruzione dell'habitat, della caccia, dell'espansione degli insediamenti umani e della competizione con i bovini domestici per il cibo. L'alcelafo è estinto in Algeria, Egitto, Lesotho, Libia, Marocco, Somalia e Tunisia. È stato introdotto in Swaziland e Zimbabwe. Costituisce una preda molto ambita per i cacciatori a causa della sua carne molto apprezzata.

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Galvijinė antilopė ( 立陶宛語 )

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Binomas Alcelaphus buselaphus

Galvijinė antilopė (lot. Alcelaphus buselaphus, angl. Hartebeest, vok. Hartebeest) – dykaraginių (Bovidae) šeimos žinduolis.


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Galvijinė antilopė: Brief Summary ( 立陶宛語 )

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Galvijinė antilopė (lot. Alcelaphus buselaphus, angl. Hartebeest, vok. Hartebeest) – dykaraginių (Bovidae) šeimos žinduolis.


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Hartenbeest ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

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Het hartenbeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) is een grote, algemene antilope uit de Afrikaanse grasvlakten. De naam "hartebeest" is aan het dier gegeven door de Boeren, die het dier vonden lijken op een hert.

Kenmerken

Het hartenbeest is een grote antilope met een korte nek, een lang smal gezicht en grote gepunte oren. De rug loopt schuin af, doordat de schouders hoger liggen dan de achterzijde. De vacht is zandkleurig geel tot donkerbruin van kleur, lichter op de achterzijde. De kleur kan echter verschillen per ondersoort. De buik en romp is wittig van kleur. De staart is middellang met zwarte haren aan het uiteinde. Beide geslachten hebben hoorns. Deze zijn sikkelvormig en diep geringd. Ze kunnen 45 tot 83 centimeter lang worden. De hoorns van het vrouwtje zijn kleiner en smaller.

Het hartenbeest heeft een kop-romplengte van 160 tot 215 centimeter, een staartlengte van 30 tot 70 centimeter en een schouderhoogte van 107 tot 150 centimeter. Vrouwtjes wegen 116 tot 185 kilogram, mannetjes 125 tot 218 kilogram.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Het hartenbeest leeft in open, droge graslanden en savannes. Vroeger kwam hij in bijna alle grasvlakten en savannes van Afrika voor, maar de soort is tegenwoordig uitgestorven in Noord-Afrika. Hij leeft zowel op vlakten als in heuvelachtig gebied, zowel in open gebied als in meer beboste en met struiken begroeide gebieden.

Leefwijze

Het hartenbeest is voornamelijk 's ochtends, laat in de middag en 's avonds actief. Op het heetst van de dag zoeken ze de schaduw op. Hij leeft voornamelijk van grassen en kruiden. Bladeren vormen een klein onderdeel van het dieet. Als water aanwezig is, drinkt hij iedere dag, maar hij kan in de droge tijd overleven op het vocht uit zijn voedsel.

Hij leeft in kudden die soms uit duizenden dieren kunnen bestaan. Vooral in de droge tijd leeft hij in grote groepen. Ze leven vaak samen met andere grote hoefdieren. Oude mannetjes leven solitair in een territorium, jonge mannetjes zonder territorium leven in vrijgezellengroepen. In sommige gebieden hebben mannetjes het gehele jaar door een vast territorium, in andere gebieden hebben mannetjes enkel in de bronsttijd een territorium, en leven de dieren de rest van de tijd in vrijgezellengroepen. Een territorium wordt afgebakend met mest. In de bronsttijd vechten de mannetjes hevig, waarbij soms doden kunnen vallen, voornamelijk als dieren in hoge dichtheden leven.

Voortplanting

Één kalf wordt geboren na een draagtijd van acht maanden. De moeder verdedigt haar jong fel tegen predatoren. Sommige dieren zijn al na een jaar geslachtsrijp, anderen pas na vier jaar. Het hartenbeest wordt tot negentien jaar oud.

Ondersoorten

Er zijn zeven ondersoorten. Het verspreidingsgebied van sommige van deze ondersoorten overlappen, en in deze overlappingszones komen hybrides voor, die soms als aparte ondersoorten worden gezien. Soms wordt ook Lichtensteins hartenbeest (Alcelaphus lichtensteini) als een ondersoort van het hartenbeest gezien, maar meestal wordt dit beschouwd als een aparte soort.

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Hartenbeest: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Het hartenbeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) is een grote, algemene antilope uit de Afrikaanse grasvlakten. De naam "hartebeest" is aan het dier gegeven door de Boeren, die het dier vonden lijken op een hert.

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Bawolec krowi ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons
 src=
Bawolce w Parku Narodowym Etosha

Bawolec krowi[3], dawniej także: bawolec[4][5], antylopa krowia[4] (Alcelaphus buselaphus) – gatunek dużego ssaka z rodziny wołowatych[6].

Nazwa zwyczajowa

We wcześniejszej polskiej literaturze zoologicznej dla określenia gatunku używana była nazwa zwyczajowa bawolec[4][5], antylopa krowia[4]. Ostatecznie w wydanej w 2015 roku przez Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk publikacji „Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata” nazwę bawolec przypisano rodzajowi Alcelaphusa gatunkowi nadano oznaczenie bawolec krowi[3].

Występowanie

Pierwotnie Afryka Środkowa i Południowa. Zasięg występowania bawolca został drastycznie ograniczony na skutek polowań, niszczenia siedlisk i wypierania przez rolnictwo (hodowla zwierząt). Obecnie spotykany jest wyłącznie w Botswanie, Namibii, Etiopii, Ugandzie,Tanzanii i Kenii[7]. Zasiedla sawanny i stepy na terenach równinnych i górzystych.

Charakterystyka

Bawolec krowi należy do największych przedstawicieli podrodziny Alcelaphinae. Osiąga długość ciała od 150-245 cm i masę 75-200 kg. Długość ogona wynosi 30-70 cm, a wysokość w kłębie od 1,1-1,5 m. Samice są nieznacznie mniejsze od samców. Skóra bawolców pokryta jest długimi do 25 mm włosami, a ich głowa wąska i wydłużona. Ubarwienie, w zależności od podgatunku, od jasno- do szaro-brązowego. Przedstawiciele obojga płci posiadają lirowato, lub łukowato wygięte rogi o długości od 45-70 cm. Dojrzałość płciową osiągają ok. 1 roku życia. Po ciąży trwającej 214-242 dni samica rodzi jedno młode. Bawolce krowie żyją od 11 do 20 lat.

Są zwierzętami społecznymi. Tworzą zorganizowane stada, które mogą się składać z 300 osobników.

Rogi tych zwierząt różnią się nieznacznie w zależności od podgatunku, jednak wszystkie są ciężkie i charakterystycznie wykrzywione. Służą głównie do walk o terytorium oraz do obrony przed drapieżnikami. Powstają bardzo wcześnie i występują u obu płci. Zwierzęta te mają bardzo umięśnione odnóża. W przypadku ucieczki potrafią rozpędzić się do 80 km/h.

Ekologia

Bawolce krowie są zwierzętami tworzącymi duże stada osiągające nawet do 300 osobników. Samica w ciągu jednej ciąży wydaje na świat jedno młode. Okres godowy jest zależny od miejsca występowania danego osobnika. Ciąża trwa od 214 do 242 dni. Młode niezależnie od płci zostaje z matką do 3 lat od urodzenia lecz najczęściej odłącza się od niej znacznie wcześniej. Młode samce dołączają do dorosłych samców by pilnować terytorium. Samice natomiast towarzyszą matce najczęściej do momentu, aż same będą w stanie wydać potomstwo. Samce Alcelaphus buselaphus bywają bardzo agresywne, zwłaszcza kiedy dochodzi do wejścia innego samca na ich terytorium. Odbywają się wtedy walki na rogi. Podobne zachowanie dostrzeżono u samic, dotyczyło jednak ono obrony własnego potomstwa.

Bawolce krowie są zwierzętami roślinożernymi. Ich głównym pożywieniem są trawy, przy czym są one różne w zależności od pory roku. W ciągu pory deszczowej głównym składnikiem ich pożywienia są trawy Andropogon, w mniejszym stopniu trawy Hyparrhenia i rośliny strączkowe. W czasie pory suchej, kiedy pożywienia jest mniej, są zdolne do jedzenia roślinności suchej i starzejącej się.

Znaczenie dla gospodarki

Zwierzęta te zabijane są dla pozyskiwania mięsa i rogów. W niektórych krajach takie polowania są uznawane jako atrakcja turystyczna, w której każdy za odpowiednią opłatą może wziąć udział. Bawolce są zwierzętami, które ciężko spotkać w zoo ze względu na ich agresywną naturę.

Podgatunki

Wyróżniono kilka podgatunków, m.in.: kongoni i tora[6]. Niektóre czasem klasyfikowane są jako odrębne gatunki (kama i konzi).

Podgatunek Kategoria zagrożenia Alcelaphus buselaphus major LC[8] Alcelaphus buselaphus tora – tora CR[9] Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel EN[10] Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus EX[11] Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei EN[12] Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii (lub cokei) – kongoni LC[13]

Zagrożenia i ochrona

W 1996 Alcelaphus buselaphus został wpisany do Czerwonej Księgi IUCN w kategorii LC[2] (najmniejszej troski).

Przypisy

  1. Alcelaphus buselaphus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Alcelaphus buselaphus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. a b c d Kazimierz Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), Adam Krzanowski, Henryk Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Mały słownik zoologiczny: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
  5. a b Zygmunt Kraczkiewicz: SSAKI. Wrocław: Polskie Towarzystwo Zoologiczne - Komisja Nazewnictwa Zwierząt Kręgowych, 1968, s. 81, seria: Polskie nazewnictwo zoologiczne.
  6. a b Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Alcelaphus buselaphus. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 13 czerwca 2010]
  7. K. Batty: Alcelaphus buselaphus (ang.). Animal Diversity Web. [dostęp 28 lipca 2007].
  8. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. major [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] [dostęp 2010-06-13] (ang.).
  9. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. tora [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] [dostęp 2010-06-13] (ang.).
  10. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. lelwel [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] [dostęp 2010-06-13] (ang.).
  11. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. buselaphus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] [dostęp 2010-06-13] (ang.).
  12. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. swaynei [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] [dostęp 2010-06-13] (ang.).
  13. Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. cokii [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] [dostęp 2010-06-13] (ang.).

Bibliografia

  1. Komosińska Halina, Podsiadło Elżbieta: Ssaki kopytne. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2002. ISBN 83-01-13806-8.
  2. K. Batty: Alcelaphus buselaphus (ang.). Animal Diversity Web. [dostęp 28 lipca 2007].
  3. Kingdon A.1989. East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa Volume III Part D (Bovids).Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  4. Schuette, J., D., Leslie, Jr., R., Lochmiller, J., Jenks. 1998. Diets of Hartebeest and Roan Antelope in Burkina Faso: Support of the Long-Faced Hypothesis. Journal of Mammalogy, 79 (2): 426-436.
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Bawolec krowi: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

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 src= Bawolce w Parku Narodowym Etosha

Bawolec krowi, dawniej także: bawolec, antylopa krowia (Alcelaphus buselaphus) – gatunek dużego ssaka z rodziny wołowatych.

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Alcelaphus buselaphus ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

A vaca-do-mato, cujo nome científico é Alcelaphus buselaphus, é uma espécie de antílope africano.[3][4][5]

A espécie tem oito variedades (subespécies), duas das quais eram até há pouco tempo consideradas espécies separadas: a caama (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama, antes Alcelaphus caama) e a gondonga (Alcelaphus buselaphus lichtensteinii, antes Alcelaphus lichtensteinii).[6]

A vaca-do-mato (Alcelaphus buselaphus) tem uma coloração amarronzada, focinho comprido e chifres com anéis em relevo presentes nos dois sexos.

É conhecida pelo nome inglês de hartebeest, e, na Guiné-Bissau, pelo nome em crioulo da Guiné-Bissau tancon.[7]

Referências

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. «Alcelaphus buselaphus». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2019: e.T811A143160967
  2. a b Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 674. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494
  3. «Alcelaphus buselaphus (Hartebeest)». www.iucnredlist.org. Consultado em 21 de outubro de 2016
  4. Tropical, Lisbon (Portugal) Instituto de Medicina (1950). Anais. [S.l.: s.n.]
  5. «Definição de 'vaca-do-mato' no Dicionário Estraviz». estraviz.org. Consultado em 29 de novembro de 2017
  6. «Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. lichtensteinii (Lichtenstein's Hartebeest)». www.iucnredlist.org. Consultado em 21 de outubro de 2016
  7. Mensário administrativo. [S.l.]: Centro de Informação e Turismo de Angola. 1955
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Alcelaphus buselaphus: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

A vaca-do-mato, cujo nome científico é Alcelaphus buselaphus, é uma espécie de antílope africano.

A espécie tem oito variedades (subespécies), duas das quais eram até há pouco tempo consideradas espécies separadas: a caama (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama, antes Alcelaphus caama) e a gondonga (Alcelaphus buselaphus lichtensteinii, antes Alcelaphus lichtensteinii).

A vaca-do-mato (Alcelaphus buselaphus) tem uma coloração amarronzada, focinho comprido e chifres com anéis em relevo presentes nos dois sexos.

É conhecida pelo nome inglês de hartebeest, e, na Guiné-Bissau, pelo nome em crioulo da Guiné-Bissau tancon.

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Hartebeest ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供
 src=
Hartebeest i Namibia

Hartebeest eller koantilop (Alcelaphus buselaphus) hör till de större, kraftigt byggda antiloperna. Namnet kommer från språket Afrikaans och betyder "hjortdjur (hert/hart) djur (beest) ".

Kännetecken

Hartebeeste utmärker sig genom att kroppen sluttar från den oformligt höga bogen ned emot länden och att huvudet är starkt förlängt, samt med de i form av en lyra vridna hornen. Hornen finns hos båda könen. Denna antilop är ungefär 2 meter lång och 130 centimeter hög. Vikten kan nå 200 kilogram. Kroppsfärgen är ljust rödbrun och pannan mörkbrun. Två svarta band går på fram- och bakbenen. Horn förekommer hos bägge kön. Hornen har en gemensam bas och påminner i utseende om en lyra.

Utbredning och habitat

Hartebeesten förekom tidigare på savanner över hela Afrika men idag finns bara några områden med populationer kvar. I Europas djurparker lyckades några djur att fortplantat sig. Arten saknas bara i de allra sydöstligaste delar av Afrika där den ersättas av den närbesläktade arten Lichtensteins hartebeest (Alcelaphus lichtensteinii).

Levnadssätt

Koantilopen är aktiv på dagen och lever i flockar. Trots att främre och bakre extremiteter har olika längd kan den under flykten springa med upp till 80 km/t. Som hos flera andra antiloper är flockarna uppdelad efter kön. Honor och deras ungdjur lever i flockar med i genomsnitt 300 individer. Ibland är flockarna mycket större, särskilt i Serengeti nationalparken där det finns 18 000 hartebeest. Andra grupper med omkring 100 individer bildas av unga hannar. När hannarna är fyra år gamla lever de ensamma och etablerar ett revir där de tar kontroll över alla honor. Åtta år gamla hannar mister sitt territorium på grund av svaghet och undviker efteråt kontakt med andra koantiloper. Livslängden uppgår ibland till 20 år men de flesta dör innan de blir tio år gamla.

Födan utgörs huvudsakligen av gräs men de äter även örter och blad från buskar. Om möjligt dricker de regelbundet men de kan klara sig längre tider utan vatten.

Underarter

Alcelaphus buselaphus caama

Denna underart lever i södra Afrika och är geografisk skild från de andra underarterna. Den har en kännetecknande rödbrun pälsfärg. Dessutom finns svarta teckningar i ansiktet och vid benen. Underarten var nästan utrotad men efter inrättningen av olika nationalparker har den återhämtad sig. Wilson & Reeder (2005) listar den sydafrikanska koantilopen som självständig art, Alcelaphus caama.

Nordliga underarter

Flera av dessa underarter listades tidigare som självständiga arter:

  • A. b. buselaphus, underarten levde norr om Sahara i Marocko och Egypten. Den dog ut under 1920-talet på grund av intensiv jakt.
  • A. b. major, i västafrikanska savanner.
  • A. b. tora, förekommer i Etiopien och Eritrea och listas av IUCN som stark hotad.
  • A. b. swaynei, lever i Somalia och i angränsande regioner av Etiopien, listas likaså som stark hotad.
  • A. b. lelwel, i Tchad, Kongo-Kinshasa och Uganda.
  • A. b. cokii, förekommer i Kenya och Tanzania. Underarten har den största populationen.

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 7 oktober 2008.
Small Sketch of Owl.pngDen här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från Nordisk familjebok, Antiloper (Kamal), 1904–1926.

Noter

  1. ^ Alcelaphus buselaphus på IUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Antelope Specialist Group (2008), besökt 22 november 2008.

Tryckta källor

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Hartebeest: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供
 src= Hartebeest i Namibia

Hartebeest eller koantilop (Alcelaphus buselaphus) hör till de större, kraftigt byggda antiloperna. Namnet kommer från språket Afrikaans och betyder "hjortdjur (hert/hart) djur (beest) ".

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Конгоні ( 烏克蘭語 )

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Список
  • A. b. buselaphus (Pallas, 1766)
    * A. b. cokii (Günther, 1884)
    * A. b. lelwel (Heuglin, 1877)
    * A. b. major (Blyth, 1869)
    * A. b. swaynei (P. L. Sclater, 1892)
    * A. b. tora (Gray, 1873)
    * A. b. caama (Saint-Hilaire, 1803)
    * A. b. lichtensteinii (Peters, 1849)
Синоніми * Antilope bubalis (Pallas, 1767)
  • Antilope buselaphus (Pallas, 1766)
  • Bubalis buselaphus (Lichtenstein, 1814)
Посилання Commons-logo.svg Вікісховище: Alcelaphus buselaphus Wikispecies-logo.svg Віківиди: Alcelaphus buselaphus EOL logo.svg EOL: 308529 ITIS logo.svg ITIS: 625077 IUCN logo.svg МСОП: 811 US-NLM-NCBI-Logo.svg NCBI: 59517 Fossilworks: 149623

Конгоні (Alcelaphus buselaphus) — вид парнокопитних ссавців родини бикових (Bovidae).

Поширення

У минулому конгоні зустрічалися по всій Африці (за винятком лісів басейну Конго) і навіть на Аравійському півострові. Зараз підвид, що населяв Сахару і Аравію, вимер. Трохи краще становище конгоні в Південній Африці. В наш час конгоні винищені в більшій частині свого первісного ареалу. У помітних кількостях ця антилопа збереглася тільки в національних парках і резерватах. Конгоні мешкають переважно в безлісих місцевостях, рівнинних або горбистих, порослих чагарником або порівняно відкритих. Це типові мешканці африканської савани.

Опис

Довжина тіла становить 2-2,5 м. Висота в холці доходить до 1,3 м. Вага варіюється в межах 100-200 кг. Довжина хвоста 40-60 см. Закінчується чорною китичкою. Ноги довгі з чорними мітками. Шия коротка, вуха загострені, форма голови подовжена. Роги є і у самиць, і у самців. Їх довжина доходить до 70 см.

Найбільшими є тварини, що живуть на заході африканського континенту. Колір шерсті варіюється від світло-сірого до червоно-коричневого залежно від підвиду. У червоного бубала лоб чорний і є контрастна світла смуга між очей. У інших підвидів теж є характерні індивідуальні риси. Це довжина хвоста, темні смуги, більш пологі лоби.

Спосіб життя

Живляться тварини трав'янистою рослинністю, часто пасуться на місцях колишніх пожеж. Вони регулярно відвідують водопої, але можуть кілька днів обходитися без води. Великими стадами конгоні зустрічаються рідко: зазвичай можна спостерігати групи по 10-20 тварин. Самиці і самці тримаються окремо.

Шлюбний ритуал відрізняється від інших антилоп. Зазвичай самець, піднявши хвіст, витягнувши вперед шию і притиснувши вуха, спрямовується назустріч самиці, яка перейшла межі його ділянки, потім повертається і робить кілька кроків геть, до центру ділянки, як би запрошуючи самицю слідувати за собою. Якщо самиця скористається запрошенням, партнери стають парою. Вагітність триває близько 8 місяців, а пологи збігаються з початком сезону дощів. Самиця народжує щороку одне дитинча.

Загрози

Конгоні часто стають жертвою левів, гієнових собак та інших хижаків, проте головний їхній ворог - людина. М'ясо конгоні за смаком значно перевершує м'ясо більшості африканських копитних, і переслідування конгоні мисливцями завжди було досить інтенсивним. Судячи з давніх фресок, єгиптяни тримали конгоні північноафриканської підвиду як напівдомашню тварину.

Засухи і хвороби можуть швидко скоротити популяцію конгоні, особливо якщо є конкуренція з боку інших стад антилоп.

Примітки

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Alcelaphus buselaphus: інформація на сайті МСОП (англ.) 11 February 2009

Література

  • Chris & Tilde Stuart: Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Afrika. Struik, 2000, ISBN 1-86872-534-0
  • Jean Dorst и Pierre Dandelot: Säugetiere Afrikas, Paul Parey Verlag, 1970. ISBN 3-490-01018-3
  • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. 3-е издание. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.


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Конгоні: Brief Summary ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Конгоні (Alcelaphus buselaphus) — вид парнокопитних ссавців родини бикових (Bovidae).

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Alcelaphus buselaphus ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Alcelaphus buselaphus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1766.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Alcelaphus buselaphus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 2 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Alcelaphus buselaphus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (ấn bản 3). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. tr. 674. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Alcelaphus buselaphus tại Wikimedia Commons


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wikipedia VI

Alcelaphus buselaphus: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Alcelaphus buselaphus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1766.

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Конгони ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Подотряд: Жвачные
Семейство: Полорогие
Подсемейство: Бубалы
Род: Конгони
Вид: Конгони
Международное научное название

Alcelaphus buselaphus (Pallas, 1766)

Дочерние таксоны
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus caama
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus major
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei
  • Alcelaphus buselaphus tora
Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
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ITIS 625077NCBI 59517EOL 308529FW 149623

Конго́ни[1][2][3][4], или обыкновенный бубал[1][3], или коровья антилопа[3], или степной бубал[5] (лат. Alcelaphus buselaphus) — вид антилоп семейства полорогих подсемейства бубалов (Alcelphinae).

Внешность

Длина тела у этого крупного вида составляет 2 м, высота в холке около 130 см, а вес достигает почти 200 кг. Шерсть в зависимости от подвида имеет окраску от светло-серой до красно-коричневой. Характерен чёрный рисунок в посередине длинной морды и на ногах. Рога, присущие обоим полам, которые вследствие этого трудноразличимы, растут из общей основы и выгибаются в форме полумесяца наружу и наверх. Их длина достигает 70 см.

Ареал

Ранее конгони были широко распространены в засушливых саваннах Африки, от Средиземного моря до мыса Доброй Надежды. Согласно легендам, они встречались и в Палестине, однако доказательств этому пока нет. На юге Восточной Африки конгони отсутствуют, вместо них там водится бубал Лихтенштейна. В наши дни конгони истреблены в большей части своего первоначального ареала.

Образ жизни

 src=
Бегущее стадо конгони

Конгони активны в дневное время и живут в стадах. Хотя их походка из-за различной длины передних и задних ног выглядит несколько неуклюже, убегая от хищника эти антилопы могут достигать почти 80 км/ч. Как и у многих других видов стада разделены по половому признаку. Самки и молодняк обитают в стадах, насчитывающих до 300 особей. Эти стада могут быть ещё значительно крупнее, прежде всего в Национальном парке Серенгети, где существует около 18 тысяч конгони.

Молодые самцы образуют собственные холостяцкие стада, в которых живут около ста особей. В возрасте четырёх лет самцы начинают жить поодиночке в собственном ареале, который они обороняют против соперников, претендуя на всех находящихся в нём самок. В возрасте восьми лет самцы становятся слишком слабы, чтобы побеждать молодых претендентов на их ареал и теряют его. После этого они скитаются в одиночку и пытаются избегать встреч с другими самцами.

Продолжительность жизни может достигать двадцать лет, однако лишь немногие особи становятся старше, чем десять лет. Конгони являются типичными травоядными животными, которые однако время от времени питаются также листвой с кустарников. По возможности они стараются регулярно пить, однако могут выживать долгое время без воды.

Угрозы

Засухи и болезни могут быстро сократить популяцию конгони, особенно если в наличии конкуренция со стороны других стад антилоп. В некоторых местностях угрозу составляет интенсивная охота.

Подвиды

Южноафриканские конгони

 src=
Южноафриканский конгони

Каама[1][2] (A. b. caama) — географически отделены от других подвидов. Между обеими популяциями обитает родственный конгони бубал Лихтенштейна, выделяемый иногда в отдельный род Sigmoceros. Южноафриканские конгони отличаются красно-коричневой шерстью, а также чёрными рисунками на морде и ногах. Они были почти истреблены, однако смогли выжить в заповедниках и с тех пор встречаются чаще. Wilson и Reeder (2005) классифицируют южноафриканских конгони как отдельный вид Alcelaphus caama.

Северные подвиды

Многие подвиды ранее рассматривались как отдельные виды:

  • Североафриканский конгони A. b. buselaphus — истреблён в 1920-х годах в результате интенсивной охоты. Был распространён к северу от Сахары от Марокко до Египта;
  • Западноафриканский конгони A. b. major — распространён в саваннах Западной Африки;
  • Конгони тора[2][4] (A. b. tora) — распространён в Эфиопии и Эритрее, оценивается МСОП как состоящий под серьёзной угрозой
  • Конгони Свайне[2][4] (A. b. swaynei) — также весьма угрожаемый подвид. Однажды обитал в Сомали, сегодня разрозненные популяции в эфиопско-сомалийском пограничье
  • Лелвел[1] (A. b. lelwel) — встречается в Чаде, Конго и Уганде
  • Конгони A. b. cokii — живёт в саваннах Кении и Танзании. Является наиболее распространённым подвидом, давшим виду своё название.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 4 Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 474. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
  2. 1 2 3 4 Фишер Д., Саймон Н., Винсент Д. Красная книга. Дикая природа в опасности / пер. с англ., под ред. А. Г. Банникова. — М.: Прогресс, 1976. — С. 208—209. — 478 с.
  3. 1 2 3 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 128. — 10 000 экз.
  4. 1 2 3 Соколов В. Е. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Млекопитающие : Справ. пособие. — М. : Высшая школа, 1986. — С. 409—410. — 519 с., [24] л. ил. — 100 000 экз.
  5. Бубал степной // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
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Конгони: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Конго́ни, или обыкновенный бубал, или коровья антилопа, или степной бубал (лат. Alcelaphus buselaphus) — вид антилоп семейства полорогих подсемейства бубалов (Alcelphinae).

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狷羚 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Alcelaphus buselaphus
Pallas, 1766

狷羚(學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus)是一種生活在草原地帶的羚羊,出沒在西非東非南非等地區。牠也是唯一歸入狷羚属的動物。

狷羚立高約為1.5,體重約120-200公斤。雄性狷羚為深褐色,雌性則為黃褐色。雄性及雌性狷羚的角的形狀也是先向外曲,再向前,並且向後尖。角的長度可達70厘米。

狷羚生活在草原或一些灌木林地,以短草為食物。牠們是日間活動,在早上及黃昏時段覓食。族群數目約5-20頭,有些甚至達到350頭的數目。族群由一頭雄性狷羚所帶領,領袖的狷羚是經過打鬥而產生的。

在狷羚下,有以下7個亞種

  • 北非狷羚(Bubal Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus,已絕種。)
  • 披紅狷羚(Red (Cape) Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus caama。)
  • 柯氏狷羚(Coke Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii。)
  • Lelwel Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel
  • Western Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus major
  • Swayne Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei
  • Tora Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus tora

另外,亦有發現部份亞種互相交配混種所生的品種:

  • Kenya Highland Hartebeest:是由Lelwel Hartebeest與柯氏狷羚混種而生。
  • Neumann Hartebeest:於伊索匹亞發現,是Lelwel Hartebeest與Swayne Hartebeest混種所生。

除了以上的亞種外,部份學者把利氏麋羚(Lichtenstein's Hartebeest)分類為狷羚的一個亞種,並以Alcelaphus lichtensteinii命名。

轉角牛羚屬中,有兩個品種亦被稱為狷羚的:

  • 鄂氏牛羚(Korrigum或稱Senegal Hartebeest,其學名為Damaliscus lunatus korrigum。)
  • Tiang (Tiang Hartebeest),其學名為Damaliscus lunatus tiang

參考

外部連結

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wikipedia 中文维基百科

狷羚: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

狷羚(學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus)是一種生活在草原地帶的羚羊,出沒在西非東非南非等地區。牠也是唯一歸入狷羚属的動物。

狷羚立高約為1.5,體重約120-200公斤。雄性狷羚為深褐色,雌性則為黃褐色。雄性及雌性狷羚的角的形狀也是先向外曲,再向前,並且向後尖。角的長度可達70厘米。

狷羚生活在草原或一些灌木林地,以短草為食物。牠們是日間活動,在早上及黃昏時段覓食。族群數目約5-20頭,有些甚至達到350頭的數目。族群由一頭雄性狷羚所帶領,領袖的狷羚是經過打鬥而產生的。

在狷羚下,有以下7個亞種

北非狷羚(Bubal Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus,已絕種。) 披紅狷羚(Red (Cape) Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus caama。) 柯氏狷羚(Coke Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii。) Lelwel Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel。 Western Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus major。 Swayne Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei。 Tora Hartebeest,學名為Alcelaphus buselaphus tora。

另外,亦有發現部份亞種互相交配混種所生的品種:

Kenya Highland Hartebeest:是由Lelwel Hartebeest與柯氏狷羚混種而生。 Neumann Hartebeest:於伊索匹亞發現,是Lelwel Hartebeest與Swayne Hartebeest混種所生。

除了以上的亞種外,部份學者把利氏麋羚(Lichtenstein's Hartebeest)分類為狷羚的一個亞種,並以Alcelaphus lichtensteinii命名。

轉角牛羚屬中,有兩個品種亦被稱為狷羚的:

鄂氏牛羚(Korrigum或稱Senegal Hartebeest,其學名為Damaliscus lunatus korrigum。) Tiang (Tiang Hartebeest),其學名為Damaliscus lunatus tiang。
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ハーテビースト ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供
ハーテビースト Alcelaphus buselaphus, Ngorongoro, Tanzania.jpg 保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ウシ目(偶蹄目)Artiodactyla : ウシ科 Bovidae 亜科 : ハーテビースト亜科 Alcelaphinae : ハーテビースト属 Alcelaphus : ハーテビースト A. buselaphus 学名 Alcelaphus buselaphus (Pallas, 1766) 英名 Hartebeest 亜種

ハーテビーストは、哺乳綱ウシ目(偶蹄目)ウシ科ハーテビースト亜科の動物アフリカ大陸各地の草原に生息する。ペーター・ジーモン・パラスによって1766年に初めて記述された。現在までに絶滅したキタハーテビーストを含む8亜種が知られている。[1][2]レイヨウ」の一種で、シカレイヨウ、シカカモシカ(鹿羚羊)とも呼ばれる。

成体の体高は1メートル強、体長は150~245センチメートル。オスの体重は125~218キログラム、メスの体重は116~185キログラム。体色は、砂色のニシハーテビーストWestern hartebeest)から大部分が黒いスウェインハーテビーストSwayne’s hartebeest)まで、亜種によって様々に異なる。両性とも45~70センチメートルまで成長する角を持ち、形は体色と同様亜種によって大きく異なる。野生環境では11~20年の寿命を持ち、飼育下では19年まで生きる。[3][4]

ハーテビーストは社会的動物として知られ、20~300頭の群れを形成する。通常は温和であるが刺激されると獰猛になる。イネ科キビ亜科の植物や豆果を餌とする。ハーテビーストは1~2歳で性的な成熟を迎え、8ヶ月の妊娠期を経て1頭の子供を産む。繁殖期は亜種や群によって異なる。[3][5]

種の保全状況は亜種によって異なり、キタハーテビーストは1994年に国際自然保護連合(IUCN)によって絶滅が宣言された。他のハーテビーストはアフリカ大陸各地に広く分布しているが、生息地の減少・ハンティング・人間入植家畜との餌の奪い合いなどによって個体数は減少傾向にある。現在では、アルジェリアエジプトレソトリビアモロッコソマリアチュニジアでは絶滅したが、スワジランドジンバブエには人為的に導入されている。[1]

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Alcelaphus buselaphus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
  2. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (2005). Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 674. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  3. ^ a b Batty, K. "Alcelaphus buselaphus". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  4. ^ Hartebeest fact file". Wildscreen. Arkive. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  5. ^ Capellini, I. (2007). "Dimorphism in the hartebeest". Sex, Size and Gender Roles: 124–32. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208784.003.0014. ISBN 978-0-19-920878-4.
 src= ウィキスピーシーズにハーテビーストに関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ハーテビーストに関連するカテゴリがあります。
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ハーテビースト: Brief Summary ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供

ハーテビーストは、哺乳綱ウシ目(偶蹄目)ウシ科ハーテビースト亜科の動物アフリカ大陸各地の草原に生息する。ペーター・ジーモン・パラスによって1766年に初めて記述された。現在までに絶滅したキタハーテビーストを含む8亜種が知られている。「レイヨウ」の一種で、シカレイヨウ、シカカモシカ(鹿羚羊)とも呼ばれる。

成体の体高は1メートル強、体長は150~245センチメートル。オスの体重は125~218キログラム、メスの体重は116~185キログラム。体色は、砂色のニシハーテビーストWestern hartebeest)から大部分が黒いスウェインハーテビーストSwayne’s hartebeest)まで、亜種によって様々に異なる。両性とも45~70センチメートルまで成長する角を持ち、形は体色と同様亜種によって大きく異なる。野生環境では11~20年の寿命を持ち、飼育下では19年まで生きる。

ハーテビーストは社会的動物として知られ、20~300頭の群れを形成する。通常は温和であるが刺激されると獰猛になる。イネ科キビ亜科の植物や豆果を餌とする。ハーテビーストは1~2歳で性的な成熟を迎え、8ヶ月の妊娠期を経て1頭の子供を産む。繁殖期は亜種や群によって異なる。

種の保全状況は亜種によって異なり、キタハーテビーストは1994年に国際自然保護連合(IUCN)によって絶滅が宣言された。他のハーテビーストはアフリカ大陸各地に広く分布しているが、生息地の減少・ハンティング・人間入植家畜との餌の奪い合いなどによって個体数は減少傾向にある。現在では、アルジェリアエジプトレソトリビアモロッコソマリアチュニジアでは絶滅したが、スワジランドジンバブエには人為的に導入されている。

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사슴영양 ( 韓語 )

由wikipedia 한국어 위키백과提供

사슴영양 또는 하테비스트(Bangweulu tsessebe, 학명: Damaliscus superstes)는 우제목/경우제목 소과에 속하는 영양의 일종이다. 아프리카 초원에 서식하는 영양의 일종으로 1766년 팔라스(Peter Simon Pallas)가 처음 기술했다. 다 자랐을 때 어깨 높이는 1m 정도이다. 수컷 몸무게는 125~218kg이며 암컷은 수컷보다 약간 가볍다. 털 색깔은 서부하테비스트의 연한 갈색부터 스웨인하테비스트의 거의 검은색까지 아종에 따라서 다양한 색깔을 띤다. 암수 모두 47~70cm 길이의 뿔을 갖고 있으며, 아종에 따라서 형태가 아주 다양하다. 하테비스트의 수명은 야생에서 11~20년, 사육 상태에서 최대 19년이다. 하테비스트는 20마리에서 300마리까지 떼어 지어 생활하는 사회적 동물이다. 평상시에는 일반적으로 조용하지만 자극을 받으면 난폭해지기도 한다.

아종

  • A. b. buselaphus (Pallas, 1766)
  • 코크하테비스트 (A. b. cokii) (Günther, 1884)
  • 잭슨하테비스트 (A. b. lelwel) (Heuglin, 1877)
  • 서부사슴영양 또는 서부하테비스트 (A. b. major) (Blyth, 1869)
  • 스웨인사슴영양 또는 스웨인하테비스트 (A. b. swaynei) (P. L. Sclater, 1892)
  • 토라하테비스트 (A. b. tora) (Gray, 1873)
  • 붉은하테비스트 (A. b. caama) (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)
  • 리히텐슈타인하테비스트 (A. b. lichtensteinii) (Peters, 1849)

각주

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019). “Alcelaphus buselaphus (amended version of 2016 assessment)”. 《The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species》 2019: e.T811A143160967. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T811A143160967.en.
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wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

사슴영양: Brief Summary ( 韓語 )

由wikipedia 한국어 위키백과提供

사슴영양 또는 하테비스트(Bangweulu tsessebe, 학명: Damaliscus superstes)는 우제목/경우제목 소과에 속하는 영양의 일종이다. 아프리카 초원에 서식하는 영양의 일종으로 1766년 팔라스(Peter Simon Pallas)가 처음 기술했다. 다 자랐을 때 어깨 높이는 1m 정도이다. 수컷 몸무게는 125~218kg이며 암컷은 수컷보다 약간 가볍다. 털 색깔은 서부하테비스트의 연한 갈색부터 스웨인하테비스트의 거의 검은색까지 아종에 따라서 다양한 색깔을 띤다. 암수 모두 47~70cm 길이의 뿔을 갖고 있으며, 아종에 따라서 형태가 아주 다양하다. 하테비스트의 수명은 야생에서 11~20년, 사육 상태에서 최대 19년이다. 하테비스트는 20마리에서 300마리까지 떼어 지어 생활하는 사회적 동물이다. 평상시에는 일반적으로 조용하지만 자극을 받으면 난폭해지기도 한다.

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版權
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wikipedia 한국어 위키백과