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Chelicerata

Chelicerata ( 南非語 )

由wikipedia AF提供

 src=
'n Spinnekop

Chelicerata is 'n subfilum van die geleedpotiges (Arthropoda). Die subfilum bestaan uit slegs twee biologiese klasse, naamlik Arachnida en Merostomata.

Arachnida (spinnekopagtiges) is 'n groot en suksesvolle grondlewende groep, wat die spinnekoppe, skerpioene en hul verwantes insluit.

Merostomata sluit die hoefysterkrap (Xiphosura) en die uitgestorwe see-skerpioene (Eurypterida) in. Die hoefysterkrap is 'n klein, ou groep wat vir miljoene jare relatief onveranderd oorleef het. Groepe soos hierdie word dikwels lewende fossiele genoem.

Die seespinnekoppe (Pycnogonida) kan moontlik aan die Chelicerata-subfilum behoort. Daar is genetiese bewyse wat dui dat hulle 'n ou sustergroep van al die ander lewende geleedpotiges kan wees.[1] Daar is ongeveer 1 300 seespinnekop-spesies.

Chelicerata het as seediere ontstaan. Die eerste bevestigde fossiele dateer 445 miljoen jaar terug tot die laat Ordovisium-tydperk. Hoewel net vier mariene spesies oorleef het, almal van hulle hoefysterkrappe, is daar meer as 77 000 spesies wat lug inasem, en daar kan soveel as 500 000 onbekende spesies wees.[2][3]

Chelicerata is grootliks karnivories. Sommiges is egter heterotrofies, en leef van materiale wat deur ander organismes vervaardig word.

Verwysings

  1. Regier J.C. et al (25 Februarie 2010). “Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences”. Nature 463 (7284): 1079–1083. doi:10.1038/nature08742.
  2. Margulis, Lynn and Schwartz, Karlene 1998. Five Kingdoms, an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth. 3rd ed, Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3027-8
  3. Ruppert E.E. Fox R.S. and Barnes R.D. 2004. Invertebrate Zoology 7th ed, Brooks/Cole.

Eksterne skakels

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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 南非語 )

由wikipedia AF提供
 src= 'n Spinnekop

Chelicerata is 'n subfilum van die geleedpotiges (Arthropoda). Die subfilum bestaan uit slegs twee biologiese klasse, naamlik Arachnida en Merostomata.

Arachnida (spinnekopagtiges) is 'n groot en suksesvolle grondlewende groep, wat die spinnekoppe, skerpioene en hul verwantes insluit.

Merostomata sluit die hoefysterkrap (Xiphosura) en die uitgestorwe see-skerpioene (Eurypterida) in. Die hoefysterkrap is 'n klein, ou groep wat vir miljoene jare relatief onveranderd oorleef het. Groepe soos hierdie word dikwels lewende fossiele genoem.

Die seespinnekoppe (Pycnogonida) kan moontlik aan die Chelicerata-subfilum behoort. Daar is genetiese bewyse wat dui dat hulle 'n ou sustergroep van al die ander lewende geleedpotiges kan wees. Daar is ongeveer 1 300 seespinnekop-spesies.

Chelicerata het as seediere ontstaan. Die eerste bevestigde fossiele dateer 445 miljoen jaar terug tot die laat Ordovisium-tydperk. Hoewel net vier mariene spesies oorleef het, almal van hulle hoefysterkrappe, is daar meer as 77 000 spesies wat lug inasem, en daar kan soveel as 500 000 onbekende spesies wees.

Chelicerata is grootliks karnivories. Sommiges is egter heterotrofies, en leef van materiale wat deur ander organismes vervaardig word.

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Chelicerata ( 阿斯圖里亞斯語 )

由wikipedia AST提供

Los quelicerados (Chelicerata, del griegu χελή khelé, "pinces" y κερατος kératos, "'portador", ) constitúin un subfilo del filu Arthropoda. Estremar de los demás artrópodos, ente otres carauterístiques, por escarecer d'antenes.

Morfoloxía

Tienen el cuerpu típicamente estremáu en dos región o Tagmas, una anterior denomada prosoma (o cefalotórax) y una posterior o opistosoma (abdome).

El prosoma componer del acron presegmentario y 6 segmentos, y de cutiu ta cubiertu por un escudu dorsal. Escarecen d'antenes y de quexales.[1] Presenten 6 pares d'apéndices, toos ellos multiarticulados y unirrameos: quelíceros (apéndices bucales), pedipalpos, y 4 pares de pates marchadoras.[1] Tienen güeyos compuestos llaterales y/o güeyos simples medianos.

El opistosoma, formáu por hasta 12 segmentos y el telson, presenta apéndices bien estremaos o bien escarez d'ellos, según los grupos. Los gonoporos abrir nel segundu segmentu.

Orixe evolutivu

Les rellaciones filoxenétiques d'esti grupu son pocu conocíes. Anque la mayoría de los sos representantes actuales son terrestres, aniciar nel mediu marín a principios del Cámbricu. Piénsase que podríen evolucionar a partir de trilobites bentónicos predadores.[ensin referencies]

Dellos autores consideren al fósil de Burgess Shale Sanctacaris como'l primera quelicerado, ente qu'otros prefieren considerar esta especie como un grupu hermano al restu de los quelicerados, yá que nun presenta quelíceros y los sos apéndices son birrámeos.

Diversidá

Los quelicerados inclúin cuatro clases, Arachnida, Xiphosura, Eurypterida y Pycnogonida, anque pa dellos especialistes estos postreros nun tendríen d'incluyir se. Los Xiphosura y los Eurypterida axúntense tradicionalmente nun solu grupu, Merostomata, al que se-y da con frecuencia'l rangu de superclase.

Conócense más de 70.000 especies actuales de quelicerados, cuasi toes pertenecientes a la clase de los arácnidos.


 src=
Un euriptérido.

Euriptéridos

Los euriptéridos son un grupu de quelicerados fósiles conocíos popularmente como escorpiones marinos, a pesar de nun tar direutamente rellacionaos con ellos. Son los artrópodos más grandes qu'esistieron, yá que algamaben 2,5 m de llargor.

Vivieron nos mares del Ordovícicu mediu al Pérmicu cimeru, onde fueron los depredadores más fuertes de la so dómina.


 src=
Un xifosuro.

Merostomata

Los Merostomata son un grupu bien antiguu que na actualidá entiende namái cuatro especies que pueden considerase como auténticos fósiles vivientes, supervivientes de dómines remotes. El telson ye llargu y estrechu, d'onde deriva'l so nome. Viven nos fondos marinos y pueden algamar los 50 cm de llargor. Son carnívoros y aliméntense de moluscos, anélidos y otros invertebraos marinos, d'animales muertos, que suxeten y espeñiquen colos quelíceros.


 src=
Un picnogónido.

Picnogónidos

Los picnogónidos, conocíos como arañes de mar, son un grupu d'estraños artrópodos puramente marinos, clasificaos tradicionalmente dientro de los quelicerados, pero con rellaciones filoxenétiques inciertes. Tienen un cuerpu bien estrechu del que parten de cuatro a seis pares de llargues pates. Polo xeneral miden unos pocos centímetros, pero delles especies abisales pueden algamar un valumbu de mediu metro. Viven no fondero por onde caminen coles sos llargues pates en busca de preses, yá que son depredadores (o carroñeros) d'animales bentónicos.


 src=
Una araña.

Arácnidos

Los arácnidos son el grupu predominante de quelicerados actuales. Inclúi unes 70.000 especies. Son, xuntu colos inseutos y los vertebraos amniotas, los animales que meyor afixéronse a tierra firme. Destaquen les arañes, que representen más de la metá de les especies (unes 38.000) y los ácaros, con 30.000; tamién atopamos los escorpiones, tarrecibles pola so picadura, y los opiliones, paecíos a arañes de pates bien delgaes y llargues; otros grupos con menos especies son los solífugos, los vinagrillos y los amblipigios, toos ellos inofensivos a pesar del so aspeutu agresivu.

Referencies

  1. 1,0 1,1 Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor (ed.): «Chelicerata. Spiders, mites, scorpions, and relatives» (en) (2001). Archiváu dende l'orixinal, el 1 d'agostu de 2015. Consultáu'l 24 d'agostu de 2015.


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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 阿斯圖里亞斯語 )

由wikipedia AST提供

Los quelicerados (Chelicerata, del griegu χελή khelé, "pinces" y κερατος kératos, "'portador", ) constitúin un subfilo del filu Arthropoda. Estremar de los demás artrópodos, ente otres carauterístiques, por escarecer d'antenes.

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Xeliserlilər ( 亞塞拜然語 )

由wikipedia AZ提供

Xeliserlilər (lat. Chelicerata) — Buğumayaqlılar tipinə aid yarımtip.

Ümumi məlumat

Xeliserlilərin əksəriyyəti quru mühitində yaşayır. Onlarda antenna və antenulla tamamilə itmiş və əvəzində xeliser adlanan orqan əmələ gəlmişdir (xeliserlilər-qısqacbığcıqlılar deməkdir). Xeliser bir cüt olub, qısqaclara malikdir və ağzın önündə yerləşmişdir. Xeliserlilərin bədəni iki hissədən - baş-döş və qarıncıqdan ibarətdir. Quruda yaşayan xeliserlilərdə (hörümçəkkimilərdə) qarıncıq buğumlarının birləşməsi prosesi getmişdir, hətta buğumluluq tamamilə itmişdir. Suda yaşayan xeliserlilərdə qarıncığın ön şöbəsi qəlsəmələrlə təchiz olunmuş 6 cüt ətrafa malikdir, dal qarıncıq buğumları isə ətraflardan məhrumdur. Quruda yaşayanlarda isə qarıncıq ətrafları şəklini dəyişərək, tənəffüs orqanlarına - ağciyərlərə, tor ziyillərinə və s. çevrilmişdir[1].

Təsnifatı

Sinifləri:

Mənbə

İstinad

  1. Ağayev B.İ., Zeynalova Z.A. Onurğasızlar zoologiyası. Bakı: Təhsil, 2008, (568 s.) səh. 349-350
Bu şablona bax Müasir buğumayaqlıların yarımtip və sinifləri Aləmi: Heyvanlar · Yarımaləm: Eumetazoa · Bölmə: Bilateriallar · Yarımbölmə: İlkağızlılar · Tipüstü: EcdysozoaXeliserlilər yarımtipi Hörümçəkkimilər · Merostomata · PantopodlarÇoxayaqlılar yarımtipi Dodaqayaqlılar · İkicütayaqlılar · Pauropodlar · SimfillərAltıayaqlılar yarımtipi Həşəratlar · GizliçənəlilərXərçəngkimilər yarımtipi Ayaqqəlsəməlilər · Daraqayaqlılar · Sefalokaridlər · Çənəayaqlılar · Çanaqlı xərçənglər · Ali xərçənglər Trilobitkimilər yarımtipi Trilobitlər Marellokimilər yarımtipi Açerkostrakalar · Çiklinalar · Marrellinalar · Mimetasteridalar
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Xeliserlilər: Brief Summary ( 亞塞拜然語 )

由wikipedia AZ提供

Xeliserlilər (lat. Chelicerata) — Buğumayaqlılar tipinə aid yarımtip.

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Quelicerats ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Els quelicerats (Chelicerata) són un grup d'animals, considerats actualment un subembrancament del embrancament dels artròpodes (Arthropoda). Es divideixen en tres grans classes: els aràcnids (aranyes, escorpins, àcars, etc.), els euriptèrids (grup extingit, que incloïa els anomenats escorpins de mar) i els xifosurs (grup petit eminentment fòssil que comprèn només quatre espècies actuals conegudes com a cassoles o crancs de les Moluques).

Alguns estudis suggereixen que els picnogònids (Pycnogonida) podrien ser també quelicerats, però és una hipòtesi encara no confirmada. D'altra banda, alguns arbres filogenètics tradicionals agrupen els euriptèrids i els xifosuris en una sola classe anomenada Merostomata, però actualment es tendeix a abandonar aquesta ordenació, ja que no sembla haver-hi cap relació especial més propera entre aquests dos grups que amb la resta de quelicerats, de manera que seria un grup parafilètic.

Característiques

Els quelicerats comparteixen una mateixa organització anatòmica, amb el cos dividit en dues parts, a diferència dels insectes que es divideixen en tres parts o tagmes. La part frontal, anomenada prosoma té sis segments, cada un amb una parella d'apèndixs: la primera parella són els quelícers (les pinces per triturar l'aliment), la segona són els pedipalps (apèndixs sensorials) i la resta són apèndixs ambulatoris, a vegades modificats. El prosoma acostuma a posseir ulls i la boca s'acostuma a trobar-se entre el segon i tercer segments. La part posterior, anomenada opistosoma, està formada per dotze segments més una mena de cua anomenada tèlson, que en el cas dels escorpins ha donat lloc a l'agulló.

 src=
Diferents tipus de quelícers. A: quelícers en navalla; B: quelícers en tisora; C: quelícers triarticulats en pinça

Els quelícers, que donen nom al grup, són una mena de pinces per sostenir, immobilitzar i triturar l'aliment, en lloc de les mandíbules dels crustacis, miriàpodes i insectes. La majoria de quelicerats no poden ingerir matèria sòlida (excepte els opilions i alguns àcars), de manera que trituren l'aliment i hi escupen o injecten enzims digestius que liqüen l'aliment per després absorbir-lo, o bé injecten directament els enzims dins de les seves preses, com algunes aranyes. La majoria de quelicerats són depredadors, però alguns són carronyers (com els opilions), alguns són herbívors i una bona part són paràsits (els àcars, especialment).

Excepte els quelicerats més petits, que respiren amb intercanvi directe de gasos a través del tegument, tots posseeixen aparell respiratori d'algun tipus, pulmons en llibre o tràquees. En els aràcnids que tenen pulmons en llibre la substància encarregada del transport d'oxigen en la sang no és l'hemoglobina, sinó l'hemocianina, que conté coure en lloc de ferro. Aquesta característica (també present en els cefalòpodes) els impedeix grans activitats que requereixin un considerable desgast energètic, ja que l'hemocianina no pot subministrar oxigen als teixits tan ràpidament com l'hemoglobina. És per això que la majoria d'aràcnids són força passius i només s'activen en moments molt puntuals. No és així, en canvi, amb els aràcnids que posseeixen tràquees, que són molt més actius.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Quelicerats Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Quelicerats: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Els quelicerats (Chelicerata) són un grup d'animals, considerats actualment un subembrancament del embrancament dels artròpodes (Arthropoda). Es divideixen en tres grans classes: els aràcnids (aranyes, escorpins, àcars, etc.), els euriptèrids (grup extingit, que incloïa els anomenats escorpins de mar) i els xifosurs (grup petit eminentment fòssil que comprèn només quatre espècies actuals conegudes com a cassoles o crancs de les Moluques).

Alguns estudis suggereixen que els picnogònids (Pycnogonida) podrien ser també quelicerats, però és una hipòtesi encara no confirmada. D'altra banda, alguns arbres filogenètics tradicionals agrupen els euriptèrids i els xifosuris en una sola classe anomenada Merostomata, però actualment es tendeix a abandonar aquesta ordenació, ja que no sembla haver-hi cap relació especial més propera entre aquests dos grups que amb la resta de quelicerats, de manera que seria un grup parafilètic.

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Klepítkatci ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Klepítkatci (Chelicerata) jsou podkmen členovců. V současné době zahrnují jednu velkou třídu (pavoukovci), jednu menší (nohatky) a jednu téměř vymřelou (hrotnatci). Jsou pravděpodobně suchozemskými pokračovateli vyhynulých trojlaločnatců. Je jich známo asi 36 000 druhů.

Anatomie

  • Hlavová část (složená z čelního článku a dalších čtyř článků těla) je srostlá se dvěma články hrudi v kompaktní útvar nazývaný hlavohruď, zbývající články tvoří zadeček. Před ústy se nachází pár končetin nazývaných chelicery, které vývojově odpovídají druhému páru tykadel korýšů. Za ústy se nachází pár končetin nazývaných jako pedipalpy – odpovídají kusadlům korýšů a vzdušnicovců.
  • Klepítkatci mají čtyři páry noh, jež se člení v základní články: kyčel (coxa), příkyčlí (trochanter), stehno (femur), koleno (patella), holeň (tibia) a články chodidla rozlišené někdy na nárt (metatarsus) a chodidlo (tarsus) zakončené dvěma nebo třemi drápky.
  • Zadeček je vždy bez noh, končetiny, které jsou na něm přítomny, mají různé funkce (smyslová funkce – hřebínky u štírů, u pavouků jsou přetvořeny ve snovací bradavky). Zadeček může být k hlavohrudi připojen stopkou (u pavouků), nebo na ni nasedá celou šíří, přičemž někdy ztrácí původní článkovitost, takže tělo má tvar kompaktního váčku (roztoči).
  • Vylučování zajišťují buď kyčelní žlázy, nebo malphigické trubice na konci žaludku.
  • Dýchání obstarávají plicní vaky, keříčkovité vzdušnice. U roztočů je možné dýchání povrchem těla.

Systém

Tradiční systém recentních klepítkatců zahrnuje 3 třídy:[1]

Podle moderních fylogenetických poznatků) jsou však pavoukovci parafyletičtí, hrotnatce a pavoukovce nahrazuje přirozený klad Euchelicerata Weygoldt & Paulus, 1979.

Fylogeneze

Představy o vzájemné příbuznosti jednotlivých skupin klepítkatců se, tak jako u ostatních členovců, výrazně měnily v závislosti na rostoucích datech získaných sekvencováním genomů. Fylogenetická studie z r. 2019[2] v podstatě potvrdila překvapivé závěry studie z r. 2014[3], zejména nepřirozenost klasického vymezení pavoukovců. Závěry lze shrnout do několika bodů:

  • Sesterskou skupinou klepítkatců jsou kusadlovci (Mandibulata), které tvoří stonožkovci a Pancrustacea (korýši a hmyz).
  • Bazální větví fylogenetického stromu recentních klepítkatců jsou nohatky (Pycnogonida), ostatní skupiny tvoří přirozený klad Euchelicerata.
  • Ostrorepi (Xiphosura) nejsou sesterskou skupinou pavoukovců, ale odvětvují se uvnitř nich, jako sesterská skupina roztočovců (Ricinulei). Znamená to, že pavoukovci (Arachnida) v klasickém vymezení jsou parafyletičtí a přirozeným kladem na stejné pozici jsou Euchelicerata.
  • Podtřída roztoči v klasickém vymezení (Acari) pravděpodobně také není přirozenou skupinou, uvnitř ní se asi odvětvují štírci a štírenky, a to v sousedství nadřádu Parasitiformes; nadřád Acariformes asi tvoří bazální větev takto rozšířené skupiny nebo přímo jako bazální klad euchelicerat. Opilioacariformes asi nejsou na úrovni předchozích dvou nadřádů, ale mohou být vnitřní větví Parasitiformes (kteří by tak byli v klasickém vymezení parafyletičtí).
  • Sesterské linie pavouci (Araneae) a Pedipalpi tvoří přirozenou skupinu Tetrapulmonata a ta spolu se sesterskými štíry (Scorpiones) velký klad Arachnopulmonata.
  • Sekáči (Opiliones) jsou přirozeným kladem nepatřícím do pavouků, ale odvětvují se dokonce ještě bazálněji než ostrorepi a roztočovci.
  • Dosud není plně vyjasněné postavení krátkochvostů (Schizomida), štírků (Pseudoscorpiones/Pseudoscorpionida), štírenek (Palpigradi) a solifug (Solifugae); prvními dvěma skupinami se poslední studie z r. 2019 nezabývala. S nižší podporou vycházejí štírci a štírenky jako vnitřní větve roztočů odvětvující se blízko Parasitiformes, štírci však v jiných studiích vycházejí jako sesterští k solifugám. Solifugy mohou být sesterskou skupinou kladu ostrorepi + roztočovci, v jiných studiích vycházejí jako sesterské k Acariformes. Krátkochvosti jsou patrně součástí bičnatců (Uropygi) jakožto sesterská skupina vlastních bičnatců (Thelyphonida); bičnatci a jim sesterští krabovci (Amblypygi) pak tvoří přirozený klad Pedipalpi.

Aktuální (r. 2019) představy o příbuznosti recentních klepítkatců ukazuje následující fylogenetický strom (P? značí potenciálně nepřirozené skupiny, ? nedostatečně potvrzenou pozici):

klepítkatci

nohatky


Euchelicerata (P?)

Acariformes



(P?)

Parasitiformes včetně Opilioacariformes


?

štírci


?

štírenky






sekáči



(P?) ?

solifugy




ostrorepi



roztočovci




Arachnopulmonata

štíři


Tetrapulmonata

pavouci


Pedipalpi

krabovci (syn. bičovci)


bičnatci

vlastní bičnatci


?

krátkochvosti










Reference

  1. BioLib.cz – podkmen klepítkatci. Dostupné online
  2. BALLESTEROS, Jesús A.; SHARMA, Prashant P. A Critical Appraisal of the Placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with Account of Known Sources of Phylogenetic Error. Systematic Biology [online]. Oxford University Press, 14. únor 2019. S. 1-62. Online před tiskem. Dostupné online. PDF [1]. ISSN 1076-836X. DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syz011. (anglicky)
  3. SHARMA, Prashant P.; KALUZIAK, Stefan T.; PÉREZ-PORRO, Alicia R.; GONZÁLEZ, Vanessa L.; HORMIGA, Gustavo; WHEELER, Ward C.; GIRIBET, Gonzalo. Phylogenomic Interrogation of Arachnida Reveals Systemic Conflicts in Phylogenetic Signal. Molecular Biology and Evolution [online]. Oxford University Press, 8. srpen 2014. Svazek 31, čís. 11, s. 2963–2984. Dostupné online. Dostupné také na: [2]. ISSN 1537-1719. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msu235. PMID 25107551. (anglicky)
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Klepítkatci: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

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Klepítkatci (Chelicerata) jsou podkmen členovců. V současné době zahrnují jednu velkou třídu (pavoukovci), jednu menší (nohatky) a jednu téměř vymřelou (hrotnatci). Jsou pravděpodobně suchozemskými pokračovateli vyhynulých trojlaločnatců. Je jich známo asi 36 000 druhů.

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Chelicerata ( 丹麥語 )

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Klosaksdyr (Chelicerata) er en større underrække af leddyr. Den største undergruppe er spindlere (Arachnida), der består af edderkopper, mejere, skorpioner, mider, mosskorpioner, solifuger, piskeskorpioner og et par mindre grupper. Til klosaksdyrene hører også havedderkopper og dolkhaler samt den uddøde gruppe havskorpioner.

Kroppen er todelt i en forreste prosoma med otte segmenter og en bagerste opistoma med tolv segmenter. Munden er mellem 2. og 3. segment på prosoma, og på 3. segment sidder klosaksene (chelicerae) der har givet dem navn. De har ikke antenner og mandibler.

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Kieferklauenträger ( 德語 )

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Als Kieferklauenträger, Fühlerlose oder Cheliceraten (Chelicerata) wird eine Gruppe von Gliederfüßern (Arthropoda) bezeichnet, die sich durch den Besitz einer spezifisch umgewandelten Extremität des ersten Kopfsegmentes[1] auszeichnet. Diese als Cheliceren bezeichneten Extremitäten stellen bei ihnen auch die ersten Extremitäten des Körpers dar. Antennen, wie sie bei den Krebstieren und den Tracheentieren vorkommen und den Cheliceren und Pedipalpen homolog sind, fehlen ihnen.

Zu den Cheliceraten gehören weltweit gut 100.000 bekannte Arten,[2] darunter die Pfeilschwanzkrebse und die zu den Spinnentieren gehörenden Skorpione, Webspinnen, Weberknechte und Milben. Auch die ausgestorbenen Seeskorpione, die die größten jemals lebenden Gliederfüßer darstellten, gehören in diese Gruppe. Bis auf die Pfeilschwanzkrebse und die Asselspinnen leben alle rezenten Arten dieser Gruppe auf dem Land oder sind nachträglich wieder ins Wasser gegangen (etwa die Wassermilben oder die Wasserspinne).

Merkmale

 src=
Gemeiner Holzbock (Ixodes ricinus), Kieferklauen

Die Kieferklauenträger sind eine sehr formenreiche Gruppe innerhalb der Gliederfüßer, weshalb es schwierig ist, gemeinsame Merkmale der Arten zu benennen. Als wichtigstes gemeinsames Merkmal besitzen sie die bereits erwähnten Cheliceren, die am ersten Kopfsegment entspringen[1][3] (nicht am dritten, wie jahrzehntelang vermutet). Das nächste Extremitätenpaar stellt bei den Pfeilschwanzkrebsen bereits das erste Laufbeinpaar dar, bei allen anderen Gruppen übernimmt es als Pedipalpen verschiedene Aufgaben. Die folgenden vier Extremitätenpaare sind bei allen Gruppen primär als Laufbeine ausgebildet. Bei den Geißelskorpionen und Geißelspinnen wurde das erste Laufbeinpaar sekundär zu Tastorganen, den sogenannten Fühlerbeinen, umgebildet.

Der Körper der Kieferklauenträger ist meist in zwei Abschnitte (Tagmata) geteilt, einen Vorderkörper (Prosoma) und einen Hinterleib (Opisthosoma). Alle oben aufgeführten Extremitäten sowie die wichtigsten Sinnesorgane befinden sich bei den Tieren am Vorderkörper, die Extremitäten des Hinterleibs sind meist vollkommen umgebildet und haben gänzlich andere Funktionen (Geschlechtsorgane, Spinndrüsen, Fächerlungen). Im Opisthosoma sind die Verdauungsorgane, die inneren Geschlechtsorgane und das Schlauchherz untergebracht.

Ursprünglich hatten die Fühlerlosen Komplexaugen, diese sind jedoch nur noch bei den Pfeilschwanzkrebsen vorhanden. Die anderen Gruppen besitzen maximal fünf Paar Einzelaugen.

Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung

Auch bei der Fortpflanzung gibt es diverse Variationen. Da die meisten Arten landlebend sind, gibt es sehr häufig eine innere Befruchtung durch penisähnliche Strukturen (etwa bei den Spinnen, bei denen die männlichen und weiblichen Geschlechtsorgane wie beim Schlüssel-Schloss-Prinzip ineinander passen). Die Männchen anderer Gruppen wie etwa den Skorpionen sowie die meisten Milben legen Spermienpakete (Spermatophoren) ab, die von den Weibchen aufgenommen werden.

Systematik

Gemeinhin werden die Kieferklauenträger als Schwestergruppe der Mandibeltiere (Krebstiere und Tracheentiere) betrachtet.

Die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen innerhalb der Cheliceraten sind noch weitgehend ungeklärt und Gegenstand kontroverser Diskussionen. Besonders über die Einordnung der morphologisch stark abgewandelten Asselspinnen ist man sich nicht einig, schon zur Einordnung innerhalb der Spinnentiere gibt es mehrere alternative Auffassungen. Im Folgenden ist die Systematik der Chelicerata im klassischen phylogenetischen System nach Weygoldt und Paulus (1979) dargestellt:

Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse innerhalb der Chelicerata nach Ballesteros und Sharma (2019).[4]
Chelicerata

Asselspinnen (Pycnogonida, Pantopoda)




Parasitiformes



Acariformes


Pseudoskorpione (Pseudoscorpiones)





Weberknechte (Opiliones)




Walzenspinnen (Solifugae)



Kapuzenspinnen (Ricinulei)


Pfeilschwanzkrebse (Xiphosura)





Webspinnen (Araneae)


Skorpione (Scorpiones)







Literatur

  • D. T. Anderson: Invertebrate Zoology. 2. Auflage. Oxford Univ. Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-551368-1, Kap. 14, S. 325.
  • R. S. K. Barnes, P. Calow, P. J. W. Olive, D. W. Golding, J. I. Spicer: The invertebrates - a synthesis. 3. Auflage. Blackwell, 2001, ISBN 0-632-04761-5, Kap. 8.4, S. 174.
  • R. C. Brusca, G. J. Brusca: Invertebrates. 2. Auflage. Sinauer Associates, 2003, ISBN 0-87893-097-3, Kap. 19, S. 653.
  • J. Moore: An Introduction to the Invertebrates. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-77914-6, Kap. 14, S. 207.
  • E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, R. P. Barnes: Invertebrate Zoology - A functional evolutionary approach. Brooks/Cole, 2004, ISBN 0-03-025982-7, Kap. 18, S. 554.

Wissenschaftliche Literatur

  • U. W. Hwang, M. Friedrich, D Tautz, C. J. Park, W. Kim: Mitochondrial protein phylogeny joins myriapods with chelicerates. In: Nature. 413, 2001, S. 154.
  • P. Weygoldt: Evolution and systematics of the Chelicerata. In: Experimental and Applied Acarology. 22, 1998, S. 63.
  • W. C. Wheeler, C. Y. Hayashi: The phylogeny of the extant chelicerate orders. In: Cladistics. 14, 1998, S. 173.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Maximilian J. Telford & Richard H. Thomas: Expression of homeobox genes shows chelicerate arthropods retain their deutocerebral segment. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA. Vol. 95, 1998, S. 10671–10675.
  2. Arthur D. Chapman: Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World. 2. Auflage. Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study. Canberra 2009, ISBN 978-0-642-56861-8. (online)
  3. (PDF) Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata. Abgerufen am 26. September 2020 (englisch).
  4. Jesús A. Ballesteros & Prashant P. Sharma: A Critical Appraisal of the Placement of Xiphosura(Chelicerata) with Account of Known Sources of Phylogenetic Error. Systematic Biology, Volume 68, Issue 6, November 2019, S. 896–917, doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syz011

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Kieferklauenträger: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Als Kieferklauenträger, Fühlerlose oder Cheliceraten (Chelicerata) wird eine Gruppe von Gliederfüßern (Arthropoda) bezeichnet, die sich durch den Besitz einer spezifisch umgewandelten Extremität des ersten Kopfsegmentes auszeichnet. Diese als Cheliceren bezeichneten Extremitäten stellen bei ihnen auch die ersten Extremitäten des Körpers dar. Antennen, wie sie bei den Krebstieren und den Tracheentieren vorkommen und den Cheliceren und Pedipalpen homolog sind, fehlen ihnen.

Zu den Cheliceraten gehören weltweit gut 100.000 bekannte Arten, darunter die Pfeilschwanzkrebse und die zu den Spinnentieren gehörenden Skorpione, Webspinnen, Weberknechte und Milben. Auch die ausgestorbenen Seeskorpione, die die größten jemals lebenden Gliederfüßer darstellten, gehören in diese Gruppe. Bis auf die Pfeilschwanzkrebse und die Asselspinnen leben alle rezenten Arten dieser Gruppe auf dem Land oder sind nachträglich wieder ins Wasser gegangen (etwa die Wassermilben oder die Wasserspinne).

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Celiserato ( 新共同語言 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

La celiseratos es un sufilo de la filo de artropodos, e inclui esta clases:

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Chelicerata ( 爪哇語 )

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 src=
Chelicarata

Chelicerata inggih punika salah satunggaling subfilum saking kéwan avertebrata ingkang kalebet ing filum Rrthropoda.[1] Subfilum Chelicerata kawangun saking arachnida (mangga lan kalajengking), eurypterids ingkang sampun cures, kaliyan kepiting tapal jaran ingkang taksih dianggep dados fosil ingkang gesang.[1]

Ciri-ciri

  1. Anggadhahi piranti tutuk wujud chelicerata ingkang kawangun saking kalih segmen[2]
  2. Padatanipun gadhah suku ingkang gunggungipun wolu[2]
  3. Tuladha kéwan saking subfilum chelicerata inggih punika mangga, kalajengking, mimi, lan mintuno[2]
  4. Boten gadhah rahang kaliyan antena[3]
  5. Ambegan kanthi cara angsang buku, paru-paru buku, utawi trakea[3]

Sapunika gunggungipun jinis ingkang kawentar taksih gesang lan sampun dipuntemkaken langkung saking 10.000 jinis lan ugi ingkang sampun diparingi nama.[4] Kalebet ing salebetipun jinis ingkang mega-diverse sanget inggih menka Acari lan mangga (Araneae) ingkang sansaya dangu gunggungipun temonan jinis énggal mindhak terus kanthi rikat.[4] sapunika sampun dipuntepangi wonten watawis 2000 jinis fosil Chelicerata lan amèh langkung saking 3/4 gunggungipun inggih punika golongan saking Arachnida.[4]

Fosil

Fosil-fosil ingkang pinanggih ing sawatawis panggénan migunani sanget kanggé mangertosi umur paling sepuh saking golongan takson satunggal ing golongan Chelicerata, utawi mawi cara wiyaripun sadaya makluk gesang ing bumi punika.[5]

Tuladhanipun, fosil kalajengking pinanggih watawis 430 yuta taun kepengker sanadyan temonan punika saged langkung sepuh saking ingkang dimangertosi sapunika. Saking kasil temonan fosil ing satunggal lapisan tartamtu, saged pikantuk informasi umur saking trah golongan kasebat utawi umur kanca celakipun. Boten mangertos takson gadhah umur langkung enèm utawi sabotenipun sami sepuhipun kaliyan golongan takson ingkang dimangertosi fosilipun wau.[5]

Kanthi studi filogèni ingkang ngrembaka sapunika molekuler utawi pendekatan tradhisional lumantar morfologi, saged ditindakaké satunggaling pendekatan superimposed ing wit filogèni ingkang dipunkasilaken. Saking kasil punika dèrèng saged dimangertosi fosil. Kasil saking kombinasi wit evolusi kaliyan cathetan fosil saged dipun-ginakaken minangka metode kalibrasi molekuler clock ingkang kathah dipun-ginakaken ing pendekatan molekuler. Kajawi minangka piranti kalibrasi, saking kombinasi punika saged dipun-ginakaken kanggé ngira-ngira divergence time kang dikasilaké saka penandha molekuler. Sanadyan kados makaten, pertentangan antawisipun kasil temonan fosil ing satunggaling lapisan stratigrafi lan kasil panggénan takson ing wit filogèni boten saged diindhari.[5]

Minangka tuladhanipun, kalajengking ingkang minangka salah satunggaling takson ingkang paling sepuh ingkang naté pinanggih tanpa rangu-rangu. Ing sawatawis studi ngengingi evolusi Chelicerata, kalajengking inggih punika takson dhasar ingkang paling primitif kaliyan moyang saking sadaya trah ingkang wonten ing golongan Chelicerata. Nanging ing kajian ingkang bènten, golongan kalajengking ingkang dipunyakini minangka golongan paling sepuh malah dados golongan ingkang luwih majeng. Pertentangan kasil kados punika ingkang taksh kathah pinanggih, saéngga kedah kathah panalitiyan babagan data-data ingkang saged ngrampungaken masalah wau.[5]

Ugi pirsani

Cathetan suku

  1. a b Chelicerata(diundhuh 28 Oktober 2012)
  2. a b c Ciri-ciri Chelicerata(dipunundhuh 28 Oktober 2012)
  3. a b Ciri Chelicerata(dipunundhuh 29 Oktober 2012)
  4. a b c [A. Pratiwi, Sri Maryati, Srikini, Suharno, Bambang S.] (2007). BIOLOGI SMA Jilid 1 untuk Kelas X Berdasarkan Standar Isi 2006. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. ISBN 979-781-726-1. Priksa gandra |author-link1= (pitulung)
  5. a b c d Biotagua.org Sejarah géologi Chelicerata. Diundhuh 19 Fèbruari 2011
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Chelicerata ( 奧克語(1500年後) )

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Classificacion Classica

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Chelicerata ( 他加祿語 )

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Ang subphylum na Chelicerata ay bumubuo sa isa sa mga pangunahing subdibisyon ng philum Arthropoda. Naglalaman ito ng mga crab ng horseshoe, mga spider ng dagat, at mga arachnid (kasama ang mga alakdan at mga gagamba).


Usbong Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

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Chelicerata ( 低地蘇格蘭語 )

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The subphylum (or phylum[1]) Chelicerata (/kəˌlɪsəˈrtə/ or /kəˌlɪsəˈrɑːtə/; New Laitin, frae French chélicère, frae chél "claw, chela" an -cère frae the Greek keras, meanin "horn") constitutes ane o the major subdivisions o the phylum (or superphylum[1]) Arthropoda, an includes horseshae crabs, scorpions, speeders, mites, harvestmen, ticks, an Solifugae.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Margulis, Lynn; Schwartz, Karlene (1998), Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth (third ed.), W.H. Freeman and Company, ISBN 0-7167-3027-8
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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 低地蘇格蘭語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

The subphylum (or phylum) Chelicerata (/kəˌlɪsəˈreɪtə/ or /kəˌlɪsəˈrɑːtə/; New Laitin, frae French chélicère, frae chél "claw, chela" an -cère frae the Greek keras, meanin "horn") constitutes ane o the major subdivisions o the phylum (or superphylum) Arthropoda, an includes horseshae crabs, scorpions, speeders, mites, harvestmen, ticks, an Solifugae.

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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 爪哇語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供
 src= Chelicarata

Chelicerata inggih punika salah satunggaling subfilum saking kéwan avertebrata ingkang kalebet ing filum Rrthropoda. Subfilum Chelicerata kawangun saking arachnida (mangga lan kalajengking), eurypterids ingkang sampun cures, kaliyan kepiting tapal jaran ingkang taksih dianggep dados fosil ingkang gesang.

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Keevklauendregers ( 低地德語 )

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As Keevklauendregers oder Cheliceraten (Chelicerata) warrt en Grupp vun Liddfööt (Arthropoda) betekent, de an dat tweete Koppsegment en sünnerlich ümwannelte Extremität wiesen doot. Dat sünd de „Keevklauen“ oder „Chelicere“. Bi de Keevklauendregers sünd dat de eersten Extremitäten an dat ganze Liev, vunwegen dat Föhlspriete bi jem fehlen doot (anners as bi Kreefte un Tracheendeerter).

To de Keevklauendregers höört över de ganze Welt hen bi 60.000 Aarden, dormank de Pielsteertkreeften un de Spinnen. To de Spinnen höört nu wedder de Skorpionen, de Weevspinnen, de Schoosters un de Mieten. Ok de Seeskorpionen, de midderwielen utstorven sünd, höört to düsse Grupp mit to. Dat sünd de gröttsten Liddfööt, de dat jemols geven hett. Bit up de Pielsteertkreeften un de Seespinnen leevt al Aarden vun düsse Grupp up Land, oder sünd vun dat Land ut denn eerst wedder in dat Water „inwannert“. So weer dat bi de Watermieten un bi de Waterspinn.

Systematik

De Keevklauendregers weert tomeist as Süsterngrupp vun de Mandibeldeerter (Kreeften un Tracheendeerter) ankeken.

De Verwandtschop vun de Keevklauendregers ünner'nanner is wiethen noch nich klaar stellt. Dor warrt noch över streden. Sünnerlich, wat de Asselspinnen angeiht, is gor nich klaar, wo de henhöörn doot, man ok mank de Spinnen warrt de Saak mol so un mol so ankeken. Hier folgt nu dat „klassische“ System vun de Verwandtschop, so as Weygold un Paulus (1979) dat dorstellt hefft. An un for sik warrt dat noch an'n meisten gellen laten.

 src=
Keevklauen bi en Weevspinn
 src=
Keevklauen vun en Schaapteek (Ixodes ricinus)

De Verwandtschop vun de Keevklauendregers

Literatur

  • Anderson, DT (2001): Invertebrate Zoology, 2nd Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, Kap. 14, S. 325, ISBN 0-19-551368-1
  • Barnes, RSK, Calow, P., Olive, PJW, Golding, DW, Spicer, JI (2001): The invertebrates - a synthesis, 3rd ed., Blackwell, Kap. 8.4, S. 174, ISBN 0-632-04761-5
  • Brusca, RC, Brusca, GJ (2003): Invertebrates, 2nd Ed., Sinauer Associates, Kap. 19, S. 653, ISBN 0-87893-097-3
  • Moore, J (2001): An Introduction to the Invertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Kap. 14, S. 207, ISBN 0-521-77914-6
  • Ruppert, EE, Fox, RS, Barnes, RP (2004), Invertebrate Zoology - A functional evolutionary approach, Brooks/Cole, Kap. 18, S. 554, ISBN 0-03-025982-7

Wetenschoppliche Literatur

  • Hwang, UW, Friedrich, M, Tautz, D, Park, CJ, Kim, W (2001): Mitochondrial protein phylogeny joins myriapods with chelicerates, Nature 413, S. 154
  • Weygoldt, P (1998): Evolution and systematics of the Chelicerata, Experimental and Applied Acarology, 22, S. 63
  • Wheeler, WC, Hayashi, CY (1998): The phylogeny of the extant chelicerate orders, Cladistics, 14, S. 173
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Keevklauendregers: Brief Summary ( 低地德語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

As Keevklauendregers oder Cheliceraten (Chelicerata) warrt en Grupp vun Liddfööt (Arthropoda) betekent, de an dat tweete Koppsegment en sünnerlich ümwannelte Extremität wiesen doot. Dat sünd de „Keevklauen“ oder „Chelicere“. Bi de Keevklauendregers sünd dat de eersten Extremitäten an dat ganze Liev, vunwegen dat Föhlspriete bi jem fehlen doot (anners as bi Kreefte un Tracheendeerter).

To de Keevklauendregers höört över de ganze Welt hen bi 60.000 Aarden, dormank de Pielsteertkreeften un de Spinnen. To de Spinnen höört nu wedder de Skorpionen, de Weevspinnen, de Schoosters un de Mieten. Ok de Seeskorpionen, de midderwielen utstorven sünd, höört to düsse Grupp mit to. Dat sünd de gröttsten Liddfööt, de dat jemols geven hett. Bit up de Pielsteertkreeften un de Seespinnen leevt al Aarden vun düsse Grupp up Land, oder sünd vun dat Land ut denn eerst wedder in dat Water „inwannert“. So weer dat bi de Watermieten un bi de Waterspinn.

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Клештари ( 馬其頓語 )

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Поттипот клештари (односно Chelicerata) е древна група на членконоги која ги вклучува и истребените Eurypterida (морски скорпии). Главни карактеристики по кои видовите од овој поттип се разликуваат од останатите членконоги се отсуството на антени и присуството на хелицери (клештовидни структури) како прв пар на екстремитети.

Првите древни клештари најверојатно еволуирале пред околу 600 милиони години. Тие сега се разликуваат од другите членконожни видови по тоа што имаат најмалку шест пара на телесни додатоци: обично четири екстремитети за одење, како и пар на хелицери и пар на педипалпи. Исто така, тие не поседуваат мандибула, немаат антени и телото е поделено на две (а не три) дела, исто како кај Uniramia:

  • прозом (главограден регион) и
  • опистозом (стомачен регион).

Клештарите се обично билатерално симетрични, имаат целосен дигестивен систем, поседуваат унирамни додатоци, имаат неваровников егзоскелет и се гонохористи.

Хелицератите немаат типични вилици за гризење и џвакање, туку ја цицаат храната во течна или полутечна форма. Но, оваа храна може да биде растргана од хелицерите пред ингестијата. Повеќето видови имаат екстерна дигестија, што значи дека тие секретираат дигестивни сокови на храната како што таа се приближува кон устата или инјектираат дигестивни сокови во телото на пленот, по што ја цицаат резултирачката супа.

Вклучувањето на класата Pycnogonida (морски пајаци) во клештарите е генерално прифатено, но не е научно докажано, бидејќи фосилниот фонд за морските пајаци е многу мал и тие многу се разликуваат од другите клештари.

Поттипот на клештари содржи повеќе од 80,000 видови познати на науката, од кои повеќето се арахниди поделени речиси еднакво меѓу пајаците и дерматофагоидите.

Копитести краби (Merostomata) Пајаковидни (Arachnida) Морски пајаци (Pycnogonida) 5 вида 80,000 вида 1,000 вида
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Хелицералуулар ( 吉爾吉斯語 )

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 src=
Nymphon hispidum.

Хелицералуулар (лат. Chelicerata) - омурткасыздардын муунак буттуулар тибинин типчеси. Уз. 0,05 ммден 1,8 ммге чейин (казылып алынгандары) жетет.

Башы менен 6 сегменттүү көкүрөгү биригип, баш-көкүрөк бөлүгүн түзөт. Курсагы 12 сегменттен турат. Баш-көкүрөгүндө 6 жуп буту (хелицералары) - оозунун алды жагында, арт жагында педипальдтар (тинтүүрлөрү) жана 4 жуп басып жүрүүчү буттары бар. Курсагында түрүн өзгөрткөн буттары (бакалоор, өпкө, ж. б.) болот. 2 классы (меростомалар, жөргөмүш сымалдар), 54 миң азыркы жана бир нече мин казылып алынган түрү белгилүү.

Колдонулган адабияттар

  • «Кыргызстан». Улуттук энциклопедия: 7-том / Башкы ред. Ү. А. Асанов. К 97. Б.: «Кыргыз энциклопедиясы» башкы редакциясы, 2015. - 832 б., илл. ISBN 978-9967-14-125-4
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Хелицералуулар: Brief Summary ( 吉爾吉斯語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供
 src= Nymphon hispidum.

Хелицералуулар (лат. Chelicerata) - омурткасыздардын муунак буттуулар тибинин типчеси. Уз. 0,05 ммден 1,8 ммге чейин (казылып алынгандары) жетет.

Башы менен 6 сегменттүү көкүрөгү биригип, баш-көкүрөк бөлүгүн түзөт. Курсагы 12 сегменттен турат. Баш-көкүрөгүндө 6 жуп буту (хелицералары) - оозунун алды жагында, арт жагында педипальдтар (тинтүүрлөрү) жана 4 жуп басып жүрүүчү буттары бар. Курсагында түрүн өзгөрткөн буттары (бакалоор, өпкө, ж. б.) болот. 2 классы (меростомалар, жөргөмүш сымалдар), 54 миң азыркы жана бир нече мин казылып алынган түрү белгилүү.

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केलीसेराटा ( 印地語 )

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केलीसेराटा (Chelicerata) एक प्राणी उपसंघ है जो आर्थ्रोपोडा संघ का एक मुख्य उपविभाग है। इसमें अश्वनाल केकड़ा, समुद्री मकड़ी और अष्टपाद (मसलन बिच्छु और मकड़ी) शामिल हैं।[1][2]

इन्हें भी देखें

सन्दर्भ

  1. Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S.; Barnes, R. D. (2004), Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.), Brooks/Cole, ISBN 0-03-025982-7
  2. Margulis, Lynn; Schwartz, Karlene (1998), Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth (third ed.), W.H. Freeman and Company, ISBN 0-7167-3027-8
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केलीसेराटा: Brief Summary ( 印地語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

केलीसेराटा (Chelicerata) एक प्राणी उपसंघ है जो आर्थ्रोपोडा संघ का एक मुख्य उपविभाग है। इसमें अश्वनाल केकड़ा, समुद्री मकड़ी और अष्टपाद (मसलन बिच्छु और मकड़ी) शामिल हैं।

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Chelicerata ( 英語 )

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The subphylum Chelicerata (from Neo-Latin, from French chélicère, from Ancient Greek χηλή (khēlḗ) 'claw, chela', and κέρας (kéras) 'horn')[1] constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda. It contains the sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, and arachnids (including harvestmen, scorpions, spiders, solifuges, ticks, and mites, among many others), as well as a number of extinct lineages, such as the eurypterids (sea scorpions) and chasmataspidids.

The Chelicerata originated as marine animals in the Middle Cambrian period; the first confirmed chelicerate fossils, belonging to Sanctacaris, date from 508 million years ago.[2] The surviving marine species include the four species of xiphosurans (horseshoe crabs), and possibly the 1,300 species of pycnogonids (sea spiders), if the latter are indeed chelicerates. On the other hand, there are over 77,000 well-identified species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.

Like all arthropods, chelicerates have segmented bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a cuticle made of chitin and proteins. The chelicerate body plan consists of two tagmata, the prosoma and the opisthosoma, except that mites have lost a visible division between these sections. The chelicerae, which give the group its name, are the only appendages that appear before the mouth. In most sub-groups, they are modest pincers used to feed. However, spiders' chelicerae form fangs that most species use to inject venom into prey. The group has the open circulatory system typical of arthropods, in which a tube-like heart pumps blood through the hemocoel, which is the major body cavity. Marine chelicerates have gills, while the air-breathing forms generally have both book lungs and tracheae. In general, the ganglia of living chelicerates' central nervous systems fuse into large masses in the cephalothorax, but there are wide variations and this fusion is very limited in the Mesothelae, which are regarded as the oldest and most basal group of spiders. Most chelicerates rely on modified bristles for touch and for information about vibrations, air currents, and chemical changes in their environment. The most active hunting spiders also have very acute eyesight.

Chelicerates were originally predators, but the group has diversified to use all the major feeding strategies: predation, parasitism, herbivory, scavenging and eating decaying organic matter. Although harvestmen can digest solid food, the guts of most modern chelicerates are too narrow for this, and they generally liquidize their food by grinding it with their chelicerae and pedipalps and flooding it with digestive enzymes. To conserve water, air-breathing chelicerates excrete waste as solids that are removed from their blood by Malpighian tubules, structures that also evolved independently in insects.[3]

While the marine horseshoe crabs rely on external fertilization, air-breathing chelicerates use internal but usually indirect fertilization. Many species use elaborate courtship rituals to attract mates. Most lay eggs that hatch as what look like miniature adults, but all scorpions and a few species of mites keep the eggs inside their bodies until the young emerge. In most chelicerate species the young have to fend for themselves, but in scorpions and some species of spider the females protect and feed their young.

The evolutionary origins of chelicerates from the early arthropods have been debated for decades. Although there is considerable agreement about the relationships between most chelicerate sub-groups, the inclusion of the Pycnogonida in this taxon has recently been questioned (see below), and the exact position of scorpions is still controversial, though they were long considered the most basal of the arachnids.[4]

Venom has evolved three times in the chelicerates; spiders, scorpions and pseudoscorpions, or four times if the hematophagous secretions produced by ticks are included. In addition there have been undocumented descriptions of venom glands in Solifugae.[5] Chemical defense has been found in whip scorpions, shorttailed whipscorpions, harvestmen, beetle mites and sea spiders.[6][7][8]

Although the venom of a few spider and scorpion species can be very dangerous to humans, medical researchers are investigating the use of these venoms for the treatment of disorders ranging from cancer to erectile dysfunction. The medical industry also uses the blood of horseshoe crabs as a test for the presence of contaminant bacteria. Mites can cause allergies in humans, transmit several diseases to humans and their livestock, and are serious agricultural pests.

Description

Four types of arthropods showing the acron and 9 head and/or body segments. Trilobites and chelicerates are shown with 7 head segments, and crustaceans and tracheates with 5 head segments. Of these, the first head segment of chelicerates and the second head segment of trachates is lost in development. All four start with an acron at the anterior end bearing compound eyes. All have nephridia on some or all head segments, some of which are lost in development in chelicerates. All—other than chelicerates—have antennae on the first head segment, and crustaceans also have antennae on the second head segment. Only chelicerans have chelicera, on the second head segment and first body segment, and pedipalps, on the third body segment. Crustaceans have mandibles on the third head segment and maxillae on each of the fourth and fifth head segments. Trilobites and chelicerates bear legs on all remaining head segments, but crustaceans and tracheates have legs on the anterior body segments.
A
L
L
L
L
L
L
x
C
P
L
L
L
L
Ci
A
A
Mnd
Mx
Mx
L
L
L
L
L
A
x
Mnd
Mx
Mx
L
L
L
L
= acron
= segments contributing to the head
= body segments
x = lost during development
= eyes
O = nephridia lost during development
L = Leg
Mnd = Mandible
Mx = Maxilla
Four types of arthropods showing the acron and 9 head and/or body segments. Trilobites and chelicerates are shown with 7 head segments, and crustaceans and tracheates with 5 head segments. Of these, the first head segment of chelicerates and the second head segment of trachates is lost in development. All four start with an acron at the anterior end bearing compound eyes. All have nephridia on some or all head segments, some of which are lost in development in chelicerates. All—other than chelicerates—have antennae on the first head segment, and crustaceans also have antennae on the second head segment. Only chelicerans have chelicera, on the second head segment and first body segment, and pedipalps, on the third body segment. Crustaceans have mandibles on the third head segment and maxillae on each of the fourth and fifth head segments. Trilobites and chelicerates bear legs on all remaining head segments, but crustaceans and tracheates have legs on the anterior body segments.
Formation of anterior segments across arthropod taxa based on previous hypothesis.[9] Note the antenna-bearing somite 1 was thought to be lost in Chelicerata.
Formation of anterior segments across arthropod taxa based on gene expression and neuroanatomical observations,[10][11] Note the chelicera(Ch) and chelifore(Chf) arose from somite 1 and thus correspond to the first antenna(An/An1) of other arthropods.

Segmentation and cuticle

The Chelicerata are arthropods as they have: segmented bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a cuticle made of chitin and proteins; heads that are composed of several segments that fuse during the development of the embryo; a much reduced coelom; a hemocoel through which the blood circulates, driven by a tube-like heart.[9] Chelicerates' bodies consist of two tagmata, sets of segments that serve similar functions: the foremost one, called the prosoma or cephalothorax, and the rear tagma is called the opisthosoma or abdomen.[12] However, in the Acari (mites and ticks) there is no visible division between these sections.[13]

The prosoma is formed in the embryo by fusion of the ocular somite (referred as "acron" in previous literatures), which carries the eyes and labrum,[11] with six post-ocular segments (somite 1 to 6),[10] which all have paired appendages. It was previously thought that chelicerates had lost the antennae-bearing somite 1,[14] but later investigations reveal that it is retained and corresponds to a pair of chelicerae or chelifores,[15] small appendages that often form pincers. somite 2 has a pair of pedipalps that in most sub-groups perform sensory functions, while the remaining four cephalothorax segments (somite 4 to 6) have pairs of legs.[10] In basal forms the ocular somite has a pair of compound eyes on the sides and four pigment-cup ocelli ("little eyes") in the middle.[12] The mouth is between somite 1 and 2 (chelicerae and pedipalps).

The opisthosoma consists of thirteen or fewer segments, may or may not end with a telson.[10] In some taxa such as scorpion and eurypterid the opisthosoma divided into two groups, mesosoma and metasoma.[10] The abdominal appendages of modern chelicerates are missing or heavily modified[12] – for example in spiders the remaining appendages form spinnerets that extrude silk,[16] while those of horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura) form gills.[17][10]

Like all arthropods, chelicerates' bodies and appendages are covered with a tough cuticle made mainly of chitin and chemically hardened proteins. Since this cannot stretch, the animals must molt to grow. In other words, they grow new but still soft cuticles, then cast off the old one and wait for the new one to harden. Until the new cuticle hardens the animals are defenseless and almost immobilized.[18]

The large chelicerae of the pterygotid eurypterid Acutiramus cummingsi, with pedipalps undiferentiated from the walking legs
The whip spider Phrynichus phipsoni, with short chelicerae and large specialized pedipalps

Chelicerae and pedipalps

Chelicerae and pedipalps are the two pairs of appendages closest to the mouth; they vary widely in form and function and the consistent difference between them is their position in the embryo and corresponding neurons: chelicerae are deutocerebral and arise from somite 1, ahead of the mouth, while pedipalps are tritocerebral and arise from somite 2, behind the mouth.[12][10][11]

The chelicerae ("claw horns") that give the sub-phylum its name normally consist of three sections, and the claw is formed by the third section and a rigid extension of the second.[12][19] However, spiders' have only two sections, and the second forms a fang that folds away behind the first when not in use.[16] The relative sizes of chelicerae vary widely: those of some fossil eurypterids and modern harvestmen form large claws that extended ahead of the body,[19] while scorpions' are tiny pincers that are used in feeding and project only slightly in front of the head.[20]

In basal chelicerates, the pedipalps are unspecialized and subequal to the posterior pairs of walking legs.[10] However, in sea spider and arachnids, the pedipalps are more or less specialized for sensory[12] or prey-catching function[10] – for example scorpions have pincers[20] and male spiders have bulbous tips that act as syringes to inject sperm into the females' reproductive openings when mating.[16]

Nervous system
Digestive & excretory
system
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
Reproductive system
4 Pumping stomach
5 Forward aorta branch
6 Digestive cecum
8 Midgut
10 Stercoral pocket
11 Rear aorta
15 Ovary (female)
18 Legs
Spider's main organs[21]

Body cavities and circulatory systems

As in all arthropods, the chelicerate body has a very small coelom restricted to small areas round the reproductive and excretory systems. The main body cavity is a hemocoel that runs most of the length of the body and through which blood flows, driven by a tubular heart that collects blood from the rear and pumps it forward. Although arteries direct the blood to specific parts of the body, they have open ends rather than joining directly to veins, and chelicerates therefore have open circulatory systems as is typical for arthropods.[22]

Respiratory systems

These depend on individual sub-groups' environments. Modern terrestrial chelicerates generally have both book lungs, which deliver oxygen and remove waste gases via the blood, and tracheae, which do the same without using the blood as a transport system.[23] The living horseshoe crabs are aquatic and have book gills that lie in a horizontal plane. For a long time it was assumed that the extinct eurypterids had gills, but the fossil evidence was ambiguous. However, a fossil of the 45 millimetres (1.8 in) long eurypterid Onychopterella, from the Late Ordovician period, has what appear to be four pairs of vertically oriented book gills whose internal structure is very similar to that of scorpions' book lungs.[24]

Feeding and digestion

The guts of most modern chelicerates are too narrow to take solid food.[23] All scorpions and almost all spiders are predators that "pre-process" food in preoral cavities formed by the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps.[16][20] However, one predominantly herbivore spider species is known,[25] and many supplement their diets with nectar and pollen.[26] Many of the Acari (ticks and mites) are blood-sucking parasites, but there are many predatory, herbivore and scavenger sub-groups. All the Acari have a retractable feeding assembly that consists of the chelicerae, pedipalps and parts of the exoskeleton, and which forms a preoral cavity for pre-processing food.[13]

Harvestmen are among the minority of living chelicerates that can take solid food, and the group includes predators, herbivores and scavengers.[27] Horseshoe crabs are also capable of processing solid food, and use a distinctive feeding system. Claws at the tips of their legs grab small invertebrates and pass them to a food groove that runs from between the rearmost legs to the mouth, which is on the underside of the head and faces slightly backwards. The bases of the legs form toothed gnathobases that both grind the food and push it towards the mouth.[17] This is how the earliest arthropods are thought to have fed.[28]

Excretion

Horseshoe crabs convert nitrogenous wastes to ammonia and dump it via their gills, and excrete other wastes as feces via the anus. They also have nephridia ("little kidneys"), which extract other wastes for excretion as urine.[17] Ammonia is so toxic that it must be diluted rapidly with large quantities of water.[29] Most terrestrial chelicerates cannot afford to use so much water and therefore convert nitrogenous wastes to other chemicals, which they excrete as dry matter. Extraction is by various combinations of nephridia and Malpighian tubules. The tubules filter wastes out of the blood and dump them into the hindgut as solids, a system that has evolved independently in insects and several groups of arachnids.[23]

Nervous system

Chelicerate nervous systems are based on the standard arthropod model of a pair of nerve cords, each with a ganglion per segment, and a brain formed by fusion of the ganglia just behind the mouth with those ahead of it.[30] If one assume that chelicerates lose the first segment, which bears antennae in other arthropods, chelicerate brains include only one pair of pre-oral ganglia instead of two.[12] However, there is evidence that the first segment is indeed available and bears the cheliceres.[31][15]

There is a notable but variable trend towards fusion of other ganglia into the brain. The brains of horseshoe crabs include all the ganglia of the prosoma plus those of the first two opisthosomal segments, while the other opisthosomal segments retain separate pairs of ganglia.[17] In most living arachnids, except scorpions if they are true arachnids, all the ganglia, including those that would normally be in the opisthosoma, are fused into a single mass in the prosoma and there are no ganglia in the opisthosoma.[23] However, in the Mesothelae, which are regarded as the most basal living spiders, the ganglia of the opisthosoma and the rear part of the prosoma remain unfused,[32] and in scorpions the ganglia of the cephalothorax are fused but the abdomen retains separate pairs of ganglia.[23]

Senses

As with other arthropods, chelicerates' cuticles would block out information about the outside world, except that they are penetrated by many sensors or connections from sensors to the nervous system. In fact, spiders and other arthropods have modified their cuticles into elaborate arrays of sensors. Various touch and vibration sensors, mostly bristles called setae, respond to different levels of force, from strong contact to very weak air currents. Chemical sensors provide equivalents of taste and smell, often by means of setae.[33]

Living chelicerates have both compound eyes (only in horseshoe crabs, as the compound eye in the other clades has been reduced to a cluster of no more than five pairs of ocelli), mounted on the sides of the head, plus pigment-cup ocelli ("little eyes"), mounted in the middle. These median ocelli-type eyes in chelicerates are assumed to be homologous with the crustacean nauplius eyes and the insect ocelli.[34] The eyes of horseshoe crabs can detect movement but not form images.[17] At the other extreme, jumping spiders have a very wide field of vision,[16] and their main eyes are ten times as acute as those of dragonflies,[35] able to see in both colors and UV-light.[36]

Reproduction

Female scorpion Vaejovis cashi carrying its young (white)

Horseshoe crabs use external fertilization; the sperm and ova meet outside the parents' bodies. Despite being aquatic, they spawn on land in the intertidal zone on the beach.[37] The female digs a depression in the wet sand, where she will release her eggs. The male, usually more than one, then releases his sperm onto them.[38] Their trilobite-like larvae look rather like miniature adults as they have full sets of appendages and eyes, but initially they have only two pairs of book-gills and gain three more pairs as they molt.[17]

Also the sea spiders have external fertilization. The male and female release their sperm and eggs into the water where fertilization occurs. The male then collects the eggs and carries them around under his body.[39]

Being air-breathing animals, although many mites have become secondary aquatic,[40] the arachnids use internal fertilization. Except for opiliones and some mites, where the male have a penis used for direct fertilization,[41] fertilization in arachnids is indirect. Indirect fertilization happens in two ways; the male deposit his spermatophore (package of sperm) on the ground, which is then picked up by the female. Or the male store his sperm in appendages modified into sperm transfer organs, such as the pedipalps in male spiders, which is inserted into the female genital openings during copulation.[16] Courtship rituals are common, especially in species where the male risk being eaten before mating. Most arachnids lay eggs, but all scorpions and some mites are viviparous, giving birth to live young (even more mites are ovoviviparous, but most are oviparous).[42][43][44][45] Female pseudoscorpions carry their eggs in a brood pouch on the belly, where the growing embryos feeds on a nutritive fluid provided by the mother during development, and are therefore matrotrophic.[46]

Levels of parental care for the young range from zero to prolonged. Scorpions carry their young on their backs until the first molt, and in a few semi-social species the young remain with their mother.[47] Some spiders care for their young, for example a wolf spider's brood cling to rough bristles on the mother's back,[16] and females of some species respond to the "begging" behavior of their young by giving them their prey, provided it is no longer struggling, or even regurgitate food.[48]

Evolutionary history

Fossil record

There are large gaps in the chelicerates' fossil record because, like all arthropods, their exoskeletons are organic and hence their fossils are rare except in a few lagerstätten where conditions were exceptionally suited to preserving fairly soft tissues. The Burgess shale animals like Sidneyia from about 505 million years ago have been classified as chelicerates, the latter because its appendages resemble those of the Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs). However, cladistic analyses that consider wider ranges of characteristics place neither as chelicerates. There is debate about whether Fuxianhuia from earlier in the Cambrian period, about 525 million years ago, was a chelicerate. Another Cambrian fossil, Kodymirus, was originally classified as an aglaspid but may have been a eurypterid and therefore a chelicerate. If any of these was closely related to chelicerates, there is a gap of at least 43 million years in the record between true chelicerates and their nearest not-quite chelicerate relatives.[49]

Reconstruction of Mollisonia plenovenatrix, the oldest known arthropod with confirmed chelicerae

Sanctacaris, member of the family Sanctacarididae from the Burgess Shale of Canada, represents the oldest occurrence of a confirmed chelicerate, Middle Cambrian in age.[2] Although its chelicerate nature has been doubted for its pattern of tagmosis (how the segments are grouped, especially in the head),[49] a restudy in 2014 confirmed its phylogenetic position as the oldest chelicerate.[2] Another fossil of the site, Mollisonia, is considered a basal chelicerate and it has the oldest known chelicerae and proto-book gills.[50]

Holotype of the xiphosuran Lunataspis aurora

The eurypterids have left few good fossils and one of the earliest confirmed eurypterid, Pentecopterus decorahensis, appears in the Middle Ordovician period 467.3 million years ago, making it the oldest eurypterid.[51] Until recently the earliest known xiphosuran fossil dated from the Late Llandovery stage of the Silurian 436 to 428 million years ago,[52] but in 2008 an older specimen described as Lunataspis aurora was reported from about 445 million years ago in the Late Ordovician.[53]

The oldest known arachnid is the trigonotarbid Palaeotarbus jerami, from about 420 million years ago in the Silurian period, and had a triangular cephalothorax and segmented abdomen, as well as eight legs and a pair of pedipalps.[54]

Attercopus fimbriunguis, from 386 million years ago in the Devonian period, bears the earliest known silk-producing spigots, and was therefore hailed as a spider,[55] but it lacked spinnerets and hence was not a true spider.[56] Rather, it was likely sister group to the spiders, a clade which has been named Serikodiastida.[57] Close relatives of the group survived through to the Cretaceous Period.[58] Several Carboniferous spiders were members of the Mesothelae, a basal group now represented only by the Liphistiidae,[55] and fossils suggest taxa closely related to the spiders, but which were not true members of the group were also present during this Period.[59]

The Late Silurian Proscorpius has been classified as a scorpion, but differed significantly from modern scorpions: it appears wholly aquatic since it had gills rather than book lungs or tracheae; its mouth was completely under its head and almost between the first pair of legs, as in the extinct eurypterids and living horseshoe crabs.[60] Fossils of terrestrial scorpions with book lungs have been found in Early Devonian rocks from about 402 million years ago.[61] The oldest species of scorpion found as of 2021 is Dolichophonus loudonensis, which lived during the Silurian, in present-day Scotland.[62]

Relationships with other arthropods

A recent view of chelicerate phylogeny[63]
A "traditional" view of chelicerate phylogeny[64][65]

The "traditional" view of the arthropod "family tree" shows chelicerates as less closely related to the other major living groups (crustaceans; hexapods, which includes insects; and myriapods, which includes centipedes and millipedes) than these other groups are to each other. Recent research since 2001, using both molecular phylogenetics (the application of cladistic analysis to biochemistry, especially to organisms' DNA and RNA) and detailed examination of how various arthropods' nervous systems develop in the embryos, suggests that chelicerates are most closely related to myriapods, while hexapods and crustaceans are each other's closest relatives. However, these results are derived from analyzing only living arthropods, and including extinct ones such as trilobites causes a swing back to the "traditional" view, placing trilobites as the sister-group of the Tracheata (hexapods plus myriapods) and chelicerates as least closely related to the other groups.[66]

Major sub-groups

Chelicerata

Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) Limulus polyphemus (aquarium) (white background).jpg

Eurypterida Eurypterus Paleoart (no background).png

Chasmataspidida 20200606 Chasmataspis laurencii.png

Arachnida

Scorpiones Buthus mariefranceae (10.3897-zookeys.686.12206) Figure 1.jpg

Opiliones (harvestmen) Phalangium opilio 2 (Nemo5576) (white background).jpg

Pseudoscorpiones Neobisium sylvaticum 03.png

Solifugae (sun spiders) Ammotrecha itzaana 4414721993.png

Palpigradi (microwhip scorpions) Live Eukoenenia spelaea in its cave habitat (no background).png

Trigonotarbida 20201202 Trigonotarbus johnsoni.png

Araneae (spiders) Aptostichus simus Monterey County.jpg

Haptopoda 20200823 Plesiosiro madeleyi.png

Amblypygi (whip spiders) Flickr - ggallice - Tailless whip-scorpion, La Muerta.png

Uropygi (whip scorpions) Whip Scorpion body (9672115742) (white background).png

Schizomida Brignolizomus woodwardi 175486060.jpg

Ricinulei (hooded tickspiders) Ricinulei from Fernandez & Giribet (2015).png

Anactinotrichida Ixodes scapularis P1170301a (white background).png

Acariformes (mites) Rote Samtmilbe Namibia.png

Shultz (2007)'s evolutionary family tree of arachnids[67] marks extinct groups.

It is generally agreed that the Chelicerata contain the classes Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, etc.), Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) and Eurypterida (sea scorpions, extinct).[67] The extinct Chasmataspidida may be a sub-group within Eurypterida.[67][68] The Pycnogonida (sea spiders) were traditionally classified as chelicerates, but some features suggest they may be representatives of the earliest arthropods from which the well-known groups such as chelicerates evolved.[69]

However, the structure of "family tree" relationships within the Chelicerata has been controversial ever since the late 19th century. An attempt in 2002 to combine analysis of RNA features of modern chelicerates and anatomical features of modern and fossil ones produced credible results for many lower-level groups, but its results for the high-level relationships between major sub-groups of chelicerates were unstable, in other words minor changes in the inputs caused significant changes in the outputs of the computer program used (POY).[70] An analysis in 2007 using only anatomical features produced the cladogram on the right, but also noted that many uncertainties remain.[71] In recent analyses the clade Tetrapulmonata is reliably recovered, but other ordinal relationships remain in flux.[58][72][59][73][74][75][76]

The position of scorpions is particularly controversial. Some early fossils such as the Late Silurian Proscorpius have been classified by paleontologists as scorpions, but described as wholly aquatic as they had gills rather than book lungs or tracheae. Their mouths are also completely under their heads and almost between the first pair of legs, as in the extinct eurypterids and living horseshoe crabs.[60] This presents a difficult choice: classify Proscorpius and other aquatic fossils as something other than scorpions, despite the similarities; accept that "scorpions" are not monophyletic but consist of separate aquatic and terrestrial groups;[60] or treat scorpions as more closely related to eurypterids and possibly horseshoe crabs than to spiders and other arachnids,[24] so that either scorpions are not arachnids or "arachnids" are not monophyletic.[60] Cladistic analyses have recovered Proscorpius within the scorpions,[57] based on reinterpretation of the species' breathing apparatus.[77] This is reflected also in the reinterpretation of Palaeoscorpius as a terrestrial animal.[78]

A 2013 phylogenetic analysis[79] (the results presented in a cladogram below) on the relationships within the Xiphosura and the relations to other closely related groups (including the eurypterids, which were represented in the analysis by genera Eurypterus, Parastylonurus, Rhenopterus and Stoermeropterus) concluded that the Xiphosura, as presently understood, was paraphyletic (a group sharing a last common ancestor but not including all descendants of this ancestor) and thus not a valid phylogenetic group. Eurypterids were recovered as closely related to arachnids instead of xiphosurans, forming the group Sclerophorata within the clade Dekatriata (composed of sclerophorates and chasmataspidids). This work suggested it is possible that Dekatriata is synonymous with Sclerophorata as the reproductive system, the primary defining feature of sclerophorates, has not been thoroughly studied in chasmataspidids. Dekatriata is in turn part of the Prosomapoda, a group including the Xiphosurida (the only monophyletic xiphosuran group) and other stem-genera. A recent phylogenetic analysis of the chelicerates places the Xiphosura within the Arachnida as the sister group of Ricinulei.,[76] but others still retrieve a monophyletic arachnida.[80]

Arachnomorpha

Fuxianhuia

Antennulata

Emeraldella

Trilobitomorpha

Sidneyia

Megacheira

Yohoia

Alalcomenaeus

Leanchoilia

Chelicerata Pycnogonida

Palaeoisopus

Pycnogonum

Haliestes

Euchelicerata

Offacolus

Prosomapoda

Weinbergina

Venustulus

Camanchia

Legrandella

Xiphosura

Kasibelinurus

Willwerathia

Xiphosurida

Lunataspis

Belinurina

Limulina

Planaterga

Pseudoniscus

Cyamocephalus

Pasternakevia

Bunodes

Limuloides

Bembicosoma

Dekatriata

Chasmataspidida

Sclerophorata

Arachnida

Eurypterida

Diversity

Although well behind the insects, chelicerates are one of the most diverse groups of animals, with over 77,000 living species that have been described in scientific publications.[81] Some estimates suggest that there may be 130,000 undescribed species of spider and nearly 500,000 undescribed species of mites and ticks.[82] While the earliest chelicerates and the living Pycnogonida (if they are chelicerates[69]) and Xiphosura are marine animals that breathe dissolved oxygen, the vast majority of living species are air-breathers,[81] although a few spider species build "diving bell" webs that enable them to live under water.[83] Like their ancestors, most living chelicerates are carnivores, mainly on small invertebrates. However, many species feed as parasites, herbivores, scavengers and detritivores.[13][27][81]

Interaction with humans

A microscopic mite Lorryia formosa.

In the past, Native Americans ate the flesh of horseshoe crabs, and used the tail spines as spear tips and the shells to bail water out of their canoes. More recent attempts to use horseshoe crabs as food for livestock were abandoned when it was found that this gave the meat a bad taste. Horseshoe crab blood contains a clotting agent, limulus amebocyte lysate, which is used to test antibiotics and kidney machines to ensure that they are free of dangerous bacteria, and to detect spinal meningitis and some cancers.[89]

Cooked tarantula spiders are considered a delicacy in Cambodia,[90] and by the Piaroa Indians of southern Venezuela.[91] Spider venoms may be a less polluting alternative to conventional pesticides as they are deadly to insects but the great majority are harmless to vertebrates.[92] Possible medical uses for spider venoms are being investigated, for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia,[93] Alzheimer's disease,[94] strokes,[95] and erectile dysfunction.[96]

Because spider silk is both light and very strong, but large-scale harvesting from spiders is impractical, work is being done to produce it in other organisms by means of genetic engineering.[97] Spider silk proteins have been successfully produced in transgenic goats' milk,[98] tobacco leaves,[99] silkworms,[100][101][102] and bacteria,[97][103][104] and recombinant spider silk is now available as a commercial product from some biotechnology companies.[102]

In the 20th century, there were about 100 reliably reported deaths from spider bites,[105] compared with 1,500 from jellyfish stings.[106] Scorpion stings are thought to be a significant danger in less-developed countries; for example, they cause about 1,000 deaths per year in Mexico, but only one every few years in the USA. Most of these incidents are caused by accidental human "invasions" of scorpions' nests.[107] On the other hand, medical uses of scorpion venom are being investigated for treatment of brain cancers and bone diseases.[108][109]

Ticks are parasitic, and some transmit micro-organisms and parasites that can cause diseases in humans, while the saliva of a few species can directly cause tick paralysis if they are not removed within a day or two.[110]

A few of the closely related mites also infest humans, some causing intense itching by their bites, and others by burrowing into the skin. Species that normally infest other animals such as rodents may infest humans if their normal hosts are eliminated.[111] Three species of mite are a threat to honey bees and one of these, Varroa destructor, has become the largest single problem faced by beekeepers worldwide.[112] Mites cause several forms of allergic diseases, including hay fever, asthma and eczema, and they aggravate atopic dermatitis.[113] Mites are also significant crop pests, although predatory mites may be useful in controlling some of these.[81][114]

See also

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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

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The subphylum Chelicerata (from Neo-Latin, from French chélicère, from Ancient Greek χηλή (khēlḗ) 'claw, chela', and κέρας (kéras) 'horn') constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda. It contains the sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, and arachnids (including harvestmen, scorpions, spiders, solifuges, ticks, and mites, among many others), as well as a number of extinct lineages, such as the eurypterids (sea scorpions) and chasmataspidids.

The Chelicerata originated as marine animals in the Middle Cambrian period; the first confirmed chelicerate fossils, belonging to Sanctacaris, date from 508 million years ago. The surviving marine species include the four species of xiphosurans (horseshoe crabs), and possibly the 1,300 species of pycnogonids (sea spiders), if the latter are indeed chelicerates. On the other hand, there are over 77,000 well-identified species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.

Like all arthropods, chelicerates have segmented bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a cuticle made of chitin and proteins. The chelicerate body plan consists of two tagmata, the prosoma and the opisthosoma, except that mites have lost a visible division between these sections. The chelicerae, which give the group its name, are the only appendages that appear before the mouth. In most sub-groups, they are modest pincers used to feed. However, spiders' chelicerae form fangs that most species use to inject venom into prey. The group has the open circulatory system typical of arthropods, in which a tube-like heart pumps blood through the hemocoel, which is the major body cavity. Marine chelicerates have gills, while the air-breathing forms generally have both book lungs and tracheae. In general, the ganglia of living chelicerates' central nervous systems fuse into large masses in the cephalothorax, but there are wide variations and this fusion is very limited in the Mesothelae, which are regarded as the oldest and most basal group of spiders. Most chelicerates rely on modified bristles for touch and for information about vibrations, air currents, and chemical changes in their environment. The most active hunting spiders also have very acute eyesight.

Chelicerates were originally predators, but the group has diversified to use all the major feeding strategies: predation, parasitism, herbivory, scavenging and eating decaying organic matter. Although harvestmen can digest solid food, the guts of most modern chelicerates are too narrow for this, and they generally liquidize their food by grinding it with their chelicerae and pedipalps and flooding it with digestive enzymes. To conserve water, air-breathing chelicerates excrete waste as solids that are removed from their blood by Malpighian tubules, structures that also evolved independently in insects.

While the marine horseshoe crabs rely on external fertilization, air-breathing chelicerates use internal but usually indirect fertilization. Many species use elaborate courtship rituals to attract mates. Most lay eggs that hatch as what look like miniature adults, but all scorpions and a few species of mites keep the eggs inside their bodies until the young emerge. In most chelicerate species the young have to fend for themselves, but in scorpions and some species of spider the females protect and feed their young.

The evolutionary origins of chelicerates from the early arthropods have been debated for decades. Although there is considerable agreement about the relationships between most chelicerate sub-groups, the inclusion of the Pycnogonida in this taxon has recently been questioned (see below), and the exact position of scorpions is still controversial, though they were long considered the most basal of the arachnids.

Venom has evolved three times in the chelicerates; spiders, scorpions and pseudoscorpions, or four times if the hematophagous secretions produced by ticks are included. In addition there have been undocumented descriptions of venom glands in Solifugae. Chemical defense has been found in whip scorpions, shorttailed whipscorpions, harvestmen, beetle mites and sea spiders.

Although the venom of a few spider and scorpion species can be very dangerous to humans, medical researchers are investigating the use of these venoms for the treatment of disorders ranging from cancer to erectile dysfunction. The medical industry also uses the blood of horseshoe crabs as a test for the presence of contaminant bacteria. Mites can cause allergies in humans, transmit several diseases to humans and their livestock, and are serious agricultural pests.

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Chelicerata ( 世界語 )

由wikipedia EO提供
Kiel legi la taksonomion
Chelicerata Limulo

Araneoj Arachnida
Merostomata
Pycnogonida
Eurypterida

La subfilumo Chelicerata estas unu el la plej grandaj subfilumoj en kiu dividiĝas la filumo de la artropodoj. Ĝi inkluzivas la klasojn de la Araneoidoj, la Piknogonidoj (aŭ Mar-araneoj) kaj la Merostomatoj (aŭ Limuloj). Ĝi ankaŭ sia tempe inkluzivis la klason de la Euripteridoj, aŭ Mar-skorpionoj, kiuj ekstingiĝis antaŭ pli aŭ malpli 250 milionoj da jaroj. Araneoj kaj skorpioj apartenas al la Chelicerata.

Iliaj korpoj estas dividitaj en du partoj, antaŭa prosomo dividita en ok segmentoj, kaj malantaŭa opistomo dividita en dek-du segmentoj. Ili havas kelikerojn, kiuj donas al la subfilumo ĝian latinan nomon. Kelikeroj estas akraj apendicoj kiuj estas uzataj por kolekti manĝaĵojn, anstataŭ la mandibloj kiujn havas aliaj artropodoj. La plej multo da Chelicerata ne kapablas manĝi solidajn aferojn, do ili trinkas sangon aŭ kraĉas aŭ injektas digestajn enzimojn en iliajn predojn.

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Chelicerata ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Los quelicerados (Chelicerata, del griego χηλή khēlḗ, "mandíbula" y κέρας kéras, "cuerno", más el sufijo latino plural -ata, por la forma de sus piezas bucales, llamadas en su conjunto quelícero) constituyen un subfilo del filo Arthropoda. Se diferencian de los demás artrópodos, entre otras características (como dicho quelícero), por carecer de antenas.

Morfología

Tienen el cuerpo dividido en dos regiones o tagmas, una anterior denominada prosoma (o cefalotórax) y una posterior u opistosoma (abdomen).

El prosoma se compone del acron presegmentario y 6 segmentos, y a menudo está cubierto por un escudo dorsal. Carecen de antenas y de mandíbulas.[1]​ Presentan seis pares de apéndices, todos ellos multiarticulados y unirrameos: quelíceros (apéndices bucales), pedipalpos, y 4 pares de patas marchadoras.[1]​ Tienen ojos compuestos laterales y/o ojos simples medianos.

El opistosoma, formado por hasta doce segmentos y el telson, presenta apéndices muy diferenciados o bien carece de ellos, según los grupos. Los gonoporos se abren en el segundo segmento.

Origen evolutivo

Las relaciones filogenéticas de este grupo son poco conocidas. Aunque la mayoría de sus representantes actuales son terrestres, se originaron en el medio marino a principios del Cámbrico. Se piensa que podrían haber evolucionado a partir de trilobites bentónicos predadores.[cita requerida]

Algunos autores consideran al organismo de Burgess Shale Sanctacaris como el primer quelicerado, mientras que otros prefieren considerar este género como un grupo hermano al resto de los quelicerados, ya que no presenta quelíceros y sus apéndices son birrámeos.

Diversidad

Los quelicerados incluyen cuatro clases, Arachnida, Xiphosura, Eurypterida y Pycnogonida, aunque para algunos especialistas estos últimos no deberían incluirse. Los Xiphosura y los Eurypterida se reúnen tradicionalmente en un solo grupo, Merostomata, al que se le otorga con frecuencia el rango de superclase.

Se conocen más de 70 000 especies actuales de quelicerados, casi todas pertenecientes a la clase de los arácnidos.

Euriptéridos

 src=
Un euriptérido.

Los euriptéridos son un grupo de quelicerados extintos conocidos popularmente como escorpiones marinos, a pesar de no estar directamente relacionados con ellos. Algunos autores los incluyen, como orden, en la clase Merostomata. Son los artrópodos más grandes que han existido, ya que llegaron a alcanzar los 2,5 m de longitud.

Vivieron en los mares del Ordovícico medio al Pérmico superior, donde fueron los depredadores más fuertes de su época.[cita requerida]

Xifosuros

 src=
Un xifosuro.

Los xifosuros son un grupo muy antiguo que en la actualidad comprende solo cuatro especies que pueden considerarse como auténticos fósiles vivientes, supervivientes de épocas remotas. El telson es largo y estrecho, de donde deriva su nombre. Viven en los fondos marinos y pueden alcanzar los 50 cm de longitud. Son carnívoros y se alimentan de moluscos, anélidos y otros invertebrados marinos, de animales muertos, que sujetan y desmenuzan con los quelíceros.

Picnogónidos

 src=
Un picnogónido.

Los picnogónidos, conocidos como arañas de mar, son un grupo de extraños artrópodos exclusivamente marinos, clasificados tradicionalmente dentro de los quelicerados, pero con relaciones filogenéticas inciertas. Tienen un cuerpo muy estrecho del que parten de cuatro a seis pares de largas patas. En general miden unos pocos centímetros, pero algunas especies abisales pueden alcanzar una envergadura de medio metro. Viven en el fondo por donde caminan con sus largas patas en busca de presas, ya que son depredadores (o carroñeros) de animales bentónicos.

Arácnidos

 src=
Una araña.

Los arácnidos son el grupo predominante de quelicerados actuales. Incluye unas 70 000 especies. Son, junto con los insectos y los vertebrados amniotas, los animales que mejor se han adaptado a tierra firme. Destacan las arañas, que representan más de la mitad de las especies (unas 38 000) y los ácaros, con 30 000; también encontramos los escorpiones, temibles por su picadura, y los opiliones, parecidos a arañas de patas muy delgadas y largas; otros grupos con menos especies son los solífugos, los pseudoescorpiones, los vinagrillos y los amblipigios, todos ellos inofensivos a pesar de su aspecto agresivo.

Referencias

  1. a b Myers, Phil (2001). Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, ed. «Chelicerata. Spiders, mites, scorpions, and relatives» (en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 1 de agosto de 2015. Consultado el 24 de agosto de 2015.
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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Los quelicerados (Chelicerata, del griego χηλή khēlḗ, "mandíbula" y κέρας kéras, "cuerno", más el sufijo latino plural -ata, por la forma de sus piezas bucales, llamadas en su conjunto quelícero) constituyen un subfilo del filo Arthropoda. Se diferencian de los demás artrópodos, entre otras características (como dicho quelícero), por carecer de antenas.

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Lõugtundlased ( 愛沙尼亞語 )

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Lõugtundlased (Chelicerata) on suur lülijalgsete takson, mida käsitletakse alamhõimkonnana. Lõugtundlaste hulka arvatakse ämblikulaadsed (Arachnida), odasabalised (Xiphosura) jt. Lõugtundlastega on fülogeneetiliselt lähedalt seotud väljasurnud trilobiidid (Trilobita).

Tänapäevaks on ka enamik mereelulisi lõugtundlasi, kaasa arvatud kogu eurüpteriidide (Eurypterida) selts, välja surnud.

Alamhõimkonnad ja klassid

1. lõugtundlased (Chelicerata)

  1. skorpionilised (Scorpionida)
  2. ämblikulised (Araneae)
  3. lestalised (Acarina)

Iseloomustus

Lõugtundlaste keha koosneb pearindmikust ja tagakehast (abdoomenist). Enamikul rühmadel moodustub pearindmik 6–8 lülist. Lõugtundlastel puuduvad tundlad. Neil on kaks paari suiseid: esimesi kutsutakse lõugtundlateks (millest ka nende nimi) ehk helitseerideks ja teist paari lõugkobijateks ehk pedipalpideks.

Enamik lõugtundlasi on röövloomad.

Lõugtundlased on lahksoolised.

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Lõugtundlased: Brief Summary ( 愛沙尼亞語 )

由wikipedia ET提供

Lõugtundlased (Chelicerata) on suur lülijalgsete takson, mida käsitletakse alamhõimkonnana. Lõugtundlaste hulka arvatakse ämblikulaadsed (Arachnida), odasabalised (Xiphosura) jt. Lõugtundlastega on fülogeneetiliselt lähedalt seotud väljasurnud trilobiidid (Trilobita).

Tänapäevaks on ka enamik mereelulisi lõugtundlasi, kaasa arvatud kogu eurüpteriidide (Eurypterida) selts, välja surnud.

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Chelicerata ( 巴斯克語 )

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Chelicerata Arthropoda filuma banatzen den azpifilumetako bat da. Bere barnean zaldi-oin karramarroak, eskorpioiak, armiarmak eta akaroak daude. Itsas-animali gisa garatu ziren, litekenez Kanbriarrean, baina ezagutzen ditugun fosilik zaharrenak Eurypteridoak dira, Ordoviziar berantiarrekoak. Gaur egun itsasoan bizi diren espzeiak Xiphosurak eta Pycnogonidaren 1.300 espezieak dira (hauek Chelicerataren barruan sartu badaitezke, bederen). Itsasotik kanpo 77.000 espezie ezagutzen dira eta baliteke identifikatu gabeko 500.000 espezie gehiago egotea.

Beste artropodo guztiek bezala kelizeratuek gorputz artikuluatu eta segmentatuak dituzte, kitina eta beste proteina batzuekin osatutako kanpo-oskolarekin. Chelicerataren plan nagusiak bi tagma ditu: prosoma (edo zefalotorax) eta opistosoma (edo abdomena). Akaroetan ez dago bi zati hauen arteko ezberdintasun garbirik. Taldeari izena ematen dieten kelizeroak ahoaren atzean duden bi apendizen dira, azpitalde gehienetan jateko erabiltzen diren bi pintza txiki; armiarmetan kelizero hauek pozoina sartzeko erabili daiteke. Taldeak artropodoen zirkulazio sistema irekia dute, tutu baten itxurako bihotza batekin odola homozelora jaurtikiz.

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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

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Leukakoukulliset ( 芬蘭語 )

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Leukakoukulliset (Chelicerata) on niveljalkaisten pääjakson alajakso. Nimensä mukaisesti kaikilla tähän alajaksoon kuuluvilla eläimillä on jonkinlainen leukakoukku. Leukakoukulliset on kuusijalkaisten jälkeen toiseksi laajin niveljalkaisten alajaksoista, niitä tunnetaan noin 100 000 lajia. Alajakson nimesi 1901 eläintieteilijä Richard Heymons. Leukakoukullisiin luetaan nykyisin elävät hämähäkkieläinten, merilukkien ja molukkirapujen luokat sekä vain fossiileina tunnetut meriskorpionit. Hämähäkkieläinten luokka on suurin; siihen kuuluvat hämähäkkien ohella muun muassa punkit ja skorpionit.[1]

Suurin osa leukakoukullisiin kuuluvista merissä elävistä lajeista on aikojen kuluessa kuollut sukupuuttoon. Muinaiset trilobiitit olivat leukakoukullisten lähisukua, ja ne muodostavat yhdessä taksonin Arachnomorpha. Sukupuuttoon kuolleita leukakoukullisten lajeja on tunnistettu fossiililöydöistä noin 2 000, ja niistä vanhimmat ovat myöhäiseltä kambrikaudelta. Varhaisimmat meriskorpionien ja molukkirapujen fossiilit ovat ordovikikaudelta.[1]

Kaikille leukakoukullisille yhteinen anatominen piirre on erityinen raajarakenne, leukakoukku eli kelikeri. Leukakoukku on raajasta kehittynyt suuosa, jossa raajan päässä on yleensä ontto koukku. Sitä kautta eläin ruiskuttaa ruoansulatusnestettä ruokaansa. Leukakoukkuja on kolmea päätyyppiä: linkkuveitsimäinen koukku ja kaksi- tai kolmiosainen saksikoukku. Hämähäkkien leukakoukut ovat linkkuveitsimäisiä, valeskorpionien kaksiosaisia saksia ja skorpionien, lukkien, merilukkien ja molukkirapujen kolmiosaisia saksikoukkuja.

 src=
Leukakoukullisten koukkutyyppejä: A) linkkuveitsi, B) kaksiosainen saksikoukku, C) kolmiosainen saksikoukku.

Lähteet

  1. a b Jason A Dunlop: Fossil Focus: Chelicerata Paleontology online. Viitattu 11.9.2017. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä eläimiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Leukakoukulliset: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Leukakoukulliset (Chelicerata) on niveljalkaisten pääjakson alajakso. Nimensä mukaisesti kaikilla tähän alajaksoon kuuluvilla eläimillä on jonkinlainen leukakoukku. Leukakoukulliset on kuusijalkaisten jälkeen toiseksi laajin niveljalkaisten alajaksoista, niitä tunnetaan noin 100 000 lajia. Alajakson nimesi 1901 eläintieteilijä Richard Heymons. Leukakoukullisiin luetaan nykyisin elävät hämähäkkieläinten, merilukkien ja molukkirapujen luokat sekä vain fossiileina tunnetut meriskorpionit. Hämähäkkieläinten luokka on suurin; siihen kuuluvat hämähäkkien ohella muun muassa punkit ja skorpionit.

Suurin osa leukakoukullisiin kuuluvista merissä elävistä lajeista on aikojen kuluessa kuollut sukupuuttoon. Muinaiset trilobiitit olivat leukakoukullisten lähisukua, ja ne muodostavat yhdessä taksonin Arachnomorpha. Sukupuuttoon kuolleita leukakoukullisten lajeja on tunnistettu fossiililöydöistä noin 2 000, ja niistä vanhimmat ovat myöhäiseltä kambrikaudelta. Varhaisimmat meriskorpionien ja molukkirapujen fossiilit ovat ordovikikaudelta.

Kaikille leukakoukullisille yhteinen anatominen piirre on erityinen raajarakenne, leukakoukku eli kelikeri. Leukakoukku on raajasta kehittynyt suuosa, jossa raajan päässä on yleensä ontto koukku. Sitä kautta eläin ruiskuttaa ruoansulatusnestettä ruokaansa. Leukakoukkuja on kolmea päätyyppiä: linkkuveitsimäinen koukku ja kaksi- tai kolmiosainen saksikoukku. Hämähäkkien leukakoukut ovat linkkuveitsimäisiä, valeskorpionien kaksiosaisia saksia ja skorpionien, lukkien, merilukkien ja molukkirapujen kolmiosaisia saksikoukkuja.

 src= Leukakoukullisten koukkutyyppejä: A) linkkuveitsi, B) kaksiosainen saksikoukku, C) kolmiosainen saksikoukku.
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Chelicerata ( 法語 )

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Les Chélicérés (Chelicerata) ou Chélicérates[1], nom signifiant « doté de chélicères », forment un sous-embranchement de l'embranchement des Arthropodes qui comprend les classes actuelles des arachnides (dont les araignées et les scorpions), des pycnogonides et des mérostomes (dont les limules). Ces animaux, pour la plupart prédateurs, ont survécu après l'extinction des trilobites, arthropodes marins très communs du Paléozoïque. La plupart des chélicérés marins, comprenant notamment les euryptérides, sont maintenant éteints.

Anatomie

Chez les Chélicérés, le corps est divisé en 2 parties :

  • un prosome antérieur (ou céphalothorax), composé de 8 segments (auxquels s'ajoute une pièce supplémentaire antérieure, l'acron). Comme chez les autres Arthropodes, la bouche se trouve entre les 2e et 3e segments, mais alors que l'on trouve habituellement une paire d'antennes sur le dernier segment préoral, il n'y en a pas chez les Chélicérates. Le prosome porte habituellement des yeux ;
  • un opisthosome postérieur (ou abdomen), constitué de 12 segments (et d'une pièce terminale supplémentaire, le telson).

Les segments ne sont guère visibles de l'extérieur, sauf au niveau de l'abdomen chez les scorpions. Chez les opilionides et les acariens, céphalothorax et abdomen sont soudés.
Le système nerveux central ne comprend qu'un protocérébron suivi du tritocérébron autour de l'œsophage.

Appendices

Les appendices sur les segments du prosome sont :

  1. Les chélicères : ce sont des pièces buccales faisant office de mandibules, elles donnent leur nom au groupe. Elles se présentent généralement sous forme de pinces cornées, mais peuvent subir des modifications chez certains groupes. Ainsi, chez les araignées, elles sont modifiées en crochets venimeux ; chez les tiques, elles forment un tube armé de pointes apte à percer la peau de leur hôte. La plupart des Chélicérates sont incapables d'ingérer de la nourriture solide : ils sont donc amenés à boire du sang ou à projeter leurs sucs digestifs pour digérer leurs proies à l'extérieur du corps (digestion externe).
  2. Les pédipalpes : ce sont des appendices couverts de soies sensorielles, ils encadrent l'orifice buccal. Ils ont un rôle tactile et servent à manipuler les proies. Chez les scorpions, les pédipalpes sont modifiés et forment les pinces.
  3. Quatre paires de pattes : les pattes du prosome sont uniramées et portent une branchie réduite. Elles permettent de marcher ou de nager. Chez les Arachnides qui tissent des toiles, elles sont aussi utilisées pour la manipulation de la soie.

Les appendices de l'opisthosome sont soit absents soit réduits aux branchies qu'ils portent.

Classification

Liste des classes actuelles

Selon ITIS (septembre 2016)[2]:

Taxons fossiles

Classification, genres fossiles basaux et ordre fossiles d'après Lamsdell, 2013[3] et Paleobiology Database (septembre 2016)[4]:

Phylogénie interne

Phylogénie des grands groupes de chélicérés, d'après Lamsdell, 2013[5] :

Chelicerata City locator 4.svg

Pycnogonida


Euchelicerata

Xiphosura (limules)


Planaterga

Chasmataspidida


Sclerophorata City locator 4.svg

Arachnida (araignées, scorpions, acariens...)



Eurypterida (scorpions de mer)






Notes et références

Références taxonomiques

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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Les Chélicérés (Chelicerata) ou Chélicérates, nom signifiant « doté de chélicères », forment un sous-embranchement de l'embranchement des Arthropodes qui comprend les classes actuelles des arachnides (dont les araignées et les scorpions), des pycnogonides et des mérostomes (dont les limules). Ces animaux, pour la plupart prédateurs, ont survécu après l'extinction des trilobites, arthropodes marins très communs du Paléozoïque. La plupart des chélicérés marins, comprenant notamment les euryptérides, sont maintenant éteints.

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Quelicerados ( 加利西亞語 )

由wikipedia gl Galician提供

O dos quelicerados (Chelicerata) constitúen un subfilo do filo dos artrópodos.

Diferéncianse dos demais artrópodos, entre outras características, por careceren de antenas e de mandíbulas, e por presentaren quelíceros (ao que deben o seu nome).

Estes animais, na súa maior parte depredadores, sobreviviron á extinción dos trilobites, artrópodos mariños moi comúns no cámbrico e cos que están relacionados filoxeneticamente.

Características

 src=
Esquema corporal dun quelicerado: 1: patas; 2: cefalotórax; 3: abdome.

Teñen o corpo tipicamente dividido en dúas rexións ou tagmas, unha anterior denominada prosoma (ou cefalotórax) e unha posterior ou opistosoma (abdome).

O prosoma componse do acron presegmentario e 6 segmentos, e a miúdo está cuberto por un escudo dorsal. Presenta 6 pares de apéndices, todos eles multiarticulados e unirrámeos: quelíceros (apéndices bucais), pedipalpos e 4 pares de patas marchadoras. Teñen ollos compostos laterais e/ou ollos simples mediais.

O opistosoma, formado por até 12 segmentos e máis o telson, presenta apéndices moi diferenciados ou ben carece de eles, segundo os grupos.

Coñécense máis de 70 000 especies actuais de quelicerados, case todas pertenecientes á clase dos arácnidos.

Taxonomía

Descrición

O subfilo dos quelicerados foi descrito en 1951 polo zoólogo alemán Richard Heymons.

Etimoloxía

O termo Chelicerata esta formado polos elementos do latín científico cheli- e -cerata, tirados do grego antigo χελή chelé, "pinza" e κέρας, κέρατος kéras, kératos, "corno", coa desinencia -a indicando plural.

Clasificación

O subfilo dos quielicerados subdivídese nas tres clases seguintes:[1][2]

Subfilo Chelicerata

Notas

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Brusca, R. C. e G. J. Brusca (2005): Invertebrados. Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España. ISBN 978-84-486-0246-8.
  • Rupppert, E. E.; R. S. Fox & R. D. Barnes (2004): Invertebrate Zoology 7ª ed. Stamford, Connecticut (EE.UU.): Brooks/Cole ISBN 0-03-025982-7.

Outros artigos


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Quelicerados: Brief Summary ( 加利西亞語 )

由wikipedia gl Galician提供

O dos quelicerados (Chelicerata) constitúen un subfilo do filo dos artrópodos.

Diferéncianse dos demais artrópodos, entre outras características, por careceren de antenas e de mandíbulas, e por presentaren quelíceros (ao que deben o seu nome).

Estes animais, na súa maior parte depredadores, sobreviviron á extinción dos trilobites, artrópodos mariños moi comúns no cámbrico e cos que están relacionados filoxeneticamente.

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Kliještari ( 克羅埃西亞語 )

由wikipedia hr Croatian提供

Kliještari (Chelicerata) su potkoljeno[1] (ili natkoljeno[2]) u koljenu člankonožaca koji se od drugih razlikuju specifično oblikovanim ekstremitetima drugog segmenta glave. Ovi ekstremiteti, nazvani kliješta (lat. Chelicera) prvi su tjelesni ekstremiteti, a nemaju ticala kao rakovi i uzdušnjaci.

Obilježja

Kliještari su toliko oblicima različiti člankonošci, da je vrlo teško naći neka obilježja koja bi bila zajednička svima. Najvažnije zajedničko obilježje su već spomenuta kliješta. Kako su im segmenti glave međusobno srašteni, bilo je teško utvrditi s kojim segmentom su povezani. Povezanost s drugim segmentom dokazana je pomoću praćenja živčanog sustava. Drugi par ekstremiteta prakliještari koriste kao noge, dok kod svih drugih taj par kao pedipalpe ima drugačiju ulogu. Sljedeća četiri para ekstremiteta kod svih grupa građena su prije svega za kretanje.

Tijelo kliještara kod većine je podijeljeno na dva dijela, prednji (prozoma) i stražnji dio (opistozoma). Svi navedeni ekstremiteti nalaze se na prednjem dijelu, dok su ekstremiteti na stražnjem dijelu potpuno preoblikovani i imaju sasvim drugačije funkcije (spolni organi, žlijezde za predenje, dišni organi). U tom, stražnjem dijelu tijela smješteni su probavni organi, unutrašnji spolni organi i mješinasto srce.

Izvorno, ova skupina imala je kompleksne oči. Danas ih imaju samo još prakliještari.Druge skupine imaju još samo najviše 5 pari pojedinačnih očiju.

Razmnožavanje i razvoj

I tu postoje vrlo različite varijacije. Većina vrsta su kopnene životinje i kod njih je vrlo česta unutrašnja oplodnja strukturama nalik na penis (kao kod paukova kod kojih muški i ženski spolni organi odgovaraju jedno drugom na principu "ključ-ključanica"). Mužjaci drugih skupina, kao štipavci i većina grinja, odlažu paketiće sperme (spermatofora) koje zatim ženke preuzimaju.

Sistematika

Srodnički odnosi unutar kliještara su još u velikoj mjeri nerazjašnjeni i predmet su kontroverznih rasprava. Ovo se odnosi prije svega na krakače koji su morfološki snažno različiti od većine drugih kliještara. No neke njihove osobine sugeriraju pretpostavku da oni možda pretstavljaju najranije člankonošce od kojih su se kasnije razvile druge poznate skupine kliještara[3].

Izvori

  1. Velika ilustrirana enciklopedija životinja, Mozaik knjiga, Zagreb, ISBN 953-196-088-7
  2. Margulis, Lynn; Schwartz, Karlene (1998), Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth (treće izdanje), W.H. Freeman
  3. Poschmann, M., and Dunlop, J.A. (2006), "A New Sea Spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) with a Flagelliform Telson from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany", Palaeontology 49 (5): 983–989
  4. BioLib Taxon profile

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Kliještari: Brief Summary ( 克羅埃西亞語 )

由wikipedia hr Croatian提供

Kliještari (Chelicerata) su potkoljeno (ili natkoljeno) u koljenu člankonožaca koji se od drugih razlikuju specifično oblikovanim ekstremitetima drugog segmenta glave. Ovi ekstremiteti, nazvani kliješta (lat. Chelicera) prvi su tjelesni ekstremiteti, a nemaju ticala kao rakovi i uzdušnjaci.

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Chelicerata ( 印尼語 )

由wikipedia ID提供

Chelicerata adalah subfilum dari anggota hewan tak bertulang belakang yang termasuk dalam filum Arthropoda.[1] Chelicerata dalam pengertian yang luas merupakan salah satu kelompok fauna yang terdiri dari Arachnida, Xiphosura, kelompok yang punah Eurypterida dan Chasmataspidida dan juga Pycnogonida.[2]

 src=
Chelicarata

Jadi Chelicerata merupakan semacam kelompok besar yang memayungi jenis-jenis laba-laba, kalajengking, kalajengking semu, kalacuka dan bahkan mimi dan mintuno. Kelompok Chelicerata ini dikenal karena anggotanya mempunya alat mulut berupa chelicera yang terdiri dari dua segmen. Berbeda dengan kelompok serangga, kaki seribu, dan lipan yang menggunakan alat mulut berupa mandibula dan maxilla yang terdiri dari lebih dari dua ruas.

Saat ini, jumlah jenis yang dikenal hidup dan sudah ditemukan lebih dari 100.000 jenis telah diberi nama. Termasuk didalamnya jenis yang sangat mega-diverse yaitu Acari dan laba-laba (Araneae) yang dari tahun ke tahun jumlah temuan jenis baru terus meningkat secara drastis. Saat ini, dikenal ada sekitar 2000 jenis fosil Chelicerata dan hampir lebih dari 3/4 jumlahnya adalah kelompok Arachnida.[1]

Chelicerata diduga mempunyai nenek moyang yang hidup di dalam air. Namun, jenis-jenis chelicerata dari laut maupun air tawar saat ini sangat jarang ditemukan dan hanya terbatas pada laba-laba laut dan mimi dan mintuno (horseshoe crabs) serta beberapa akuatik Acari dari kelompok Hydracari. Konon, kelompok yang pertama kali diyakini hidup di daratan adalah kalajengking.[2]

Fosil

Fosil-fosil yang ditemukan di beberapa lokasi sangat bermanfaat untuk mengetahui umur tertua dari satu kelompok takson dalam kelompok Chelicerata, atau secara luas semua makhluk hidup di bumi ini. Sebagai contoh, fosil kalajengking ditemukan sekitar 430 juta tahun lalu meskipun temuan ini bisa lebih tua dari yang diketahui saat ini. Dari hasil temuan fosil dalam satu lapisan tertentu, dapat diperoleh informasi umur dari keturunan kelompok tersebut atau umur kerabat dekatnya. Entah suatu takson mempunyai umur lebih muda atau setidaknya setua dengan kelompok takson yang diketahui fosilnya tersebut.[2]

Dengan studi filogeni yang berkembang saat ini, baik molekuler maupun pendekatan tradisional melalui morfologi, dapat dilakukan suatu pendekatan superimposed pada pohon filogeni yang dihasilkan. Dari hasil ini dapat diperkirakan umur suatu takson berdasarkan catatan fosil takson maupun takson yang belum diketahuin fosilnya. Hasil dari kombinasi pohon evolusi dan catatan fosil dapat digunakan sebagai metode kalibrasi molekular clock yang jamak digunakan pada pendekatan molekuler. Selain sebagai alat kalibrasi, dari kombinasi ini dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan divergence time yang diperoleh dari penanda molekuler. Meskipun demikian, pertentangan antara hasil temuan fosil pada suatu lapisan stratigrafi dan hasil posisi suatu takson dalam pohon filogeni tidak dapat dihindarkan.[2]

Sebagai contoh, kalajengking merupakan salah satu takson yang paling tua yang pernah ditemukan tanpa keraguan. Dalam beberapa studi tentang evolusi Chelicerata, kalajengking merupakan takson dasar yang paling primitif dan moyang dari semua keturunan yang ada dalam kelompok chelicerata. Namun dalam kajian yang berbeda, kelompok kalajengking yang diyakini sebagai kelompok tertua yang pernah ditemukan justru menjadi kelompok yang lebih maju atau derived taxon. Pertentangan hasil seperti inilah yang masih banyak ditemukan sehingga menuntut lebih banyak mengeksplorasi data-data lain yang dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut.[2]

Kontroversi

Meskipun banyak fosil yang telah ditemukan dan secara meyakinkan merupakan salah satu kelompok dari Chelicerata, tetapi temuan fosil ini – tidak hanya di Chelicerata, tetapi juga kelompok lain – dalam kajian filogeni tetap menimbulkan kontroversi yang memerlukan lebih banyak penjelasan. Bagaimanapun, temuan fosil yang ditemukan dan selengkap apapun itu, tetap tidak bisa menampakan karakter lengkap seperti yang ditemukan pada spesimen hidup yang ada sekarang, baik molekuler maupun morfologi. Pertentangan antara beberapa hasil kajian menjadi tantangan untuk mengungkap bagaimana sejarah geologi dapat berkontribusi pada pengetahuan evolusioner suatu takson.[2]

Referensi

  1. ^ a b [A. Pratiwi, Sri Maryati, Srikini, Suharno, Bambang S.] (2007). BIOLOGI SMA Jilid 1 untuk Kelas X Berdasarkan Standar Isi 2006. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. ISBN 979-781-726-1. Periksa nilai |author-link1= (bantuan)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Biotagua.org Sejarah geologi Chelicerata. Diakses 19 Februari 2011

Bibliografi

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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 印尼語 )

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Chelicerata adalah subfilum dari anggota hewan tak bertulang belakang yang termasuk dalam filum Arthropoda. Chelicerata dalam pengertian yang luas merupakan salah satu kelompok fauna yang terdiri dari Arachnida, Xiphosura, kelompok yang punah Eurypterida dan Chasmataspidida dan juga Pycnogonida.

 src= Chelicarata

Jadi Chelicerata merupakan semacam kelompok besar yang memayungi jenis-jenis laba-laba, kalajengking, kalajengking semu, kalacuka dan bahkan mimi dan mintuno. Kelompok Chelicerata ini dikenal karena anggotanya mempunya alat mulut berupa chelicera yang terdiri dari dua segmen. Berbeda dengan kelompok serangga, kaki seribu, dan lipan yang menggunakan alat mulut berupa mandibula dan maxilla yang terdiri dari lebih dari dua ruas.

Saat ini, jumlah jenis yang dikenal hidup dan sudah ditemukan lebih dari 100.000 jenis telah diberi nama. Termasuk didalamnya jenis yang sangat mega-diverse yaitu Acari dan laba-laba (Araneae) yang dari tahun ke tahun jumlah temuan jenis baru terus meningkat secara drastis. Saat ini, dikenal ada sekitar 2000 jenis fosil Chelicerata dan hampir lebih dari 3/4 jumlahnya adalah kelompok Arachnida.

Chelicerata diduga mempunyai nenek moyang yang hidup di dalam air. Namun, jenis-jenis chelicerata dari laut maupun air tawar saat ini sangat jarang ditemukan dan hanya terbatas pada laba-laba laut dan mimi dan mintuno (horseshoe crabs) serta beberapa akuatik Acari dari kelompok Hydracari. Konon, kelompok yang pertama kali diyakini hidup di daratan adalah kalajengking.

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Chelicerata ( 義大利語 )

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Il subphylum dei Chelicerati (Chelicerata Heymons, 1901) costituisce una delle maggiori suddivisioni del phylum Arthropoda.

Descrizione

Il corpo dei Chelicerata è suddiviso in due regioni:

  • un prosoma anteriore (o cefalotorace) composto da sette segmenti più un acron presegmentale
  • un opistosoma posteriore (o addome) composto da dodici segmenti più un telson postsegmentale.

Come negli altri artropodi viventi la bocca si trova tra il secondo e il terzo segmento (non contando l'acron). A differenza degli altri artropodi non posseggono antenne e le zampe si trovano nella prima regione del corpo.

Le appendici dei diversi segmenti (non considerando l'acron) del prosoma sono le seguenti:

  1. Nessuna
  2. Nessuna
  3. Cheliceri
  4. Pedipalpi o zampe nei più primitivi
  5. Zampe
  6. Zampe
  7. Zampe
  8. Zampe

I cheliceri, che danno il nome al gruppo, sono appendici appuntite, specializzate per la nutrizione.
Il secondo paio di appendici (pedipalpi) è adibito a funzioni diverse (prensile, sensoriale e copulatoria).

Tassonomia

Chelicerata

Xiphosura (limuli)

     

Eurypterida

   

Chasmataspidida

    Arachnida    

Scorpiones (scorpioni)

   

Opiliones (opilioni)

       

Pseudoscorpionida (pseudoscorpioni)

   

Solifugae (solifugi)

     

Palpigradi

     

Trigonotarbida

     

Araneae (ragni)

     

Haptopoda

     

Amblypygi (amblipigi)

     

Thelyphonida

   

Schizomida

               

Ricinulei

   

Anactinotrichida

   

Acarina (acari)

       
Albero filogenetico dei Chelicerati secondo uno studio dello
zoologo J. W. Schultz del 2007.[1]
Il simbolo † indica che l'ordine è estinto.

I Chelicerata sono tradizionalmente suddivisi in tre classi

Recenti studi filogenetici mettono in discussione la classe Merostomata, che sarebbe in realtà un raggruppamento parafiletico in cui andrebbero distinti Xiphosura e Eurypterida.

Note

  1. ^ Schultz, J.W., A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters, in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2007; 150: 221–265, doi 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x.

Bibliografia

  • Anderson, DT (2001): Invertebrate Zoology, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Kap. 14, S. 325, ISBN 0-19-551368-1
  • Moore, J (2001): An Introduction to the Invertebrates, Cambridge University Press, Kap. 14, S. 207, ISBN 0-521-77914-6
  • Ruppert, EE, Fox, RS, Barnes, RP (2004), Invertebrate Zoology - A functional evolutionary approach, Brooks/Cole, Kap. 18, S. 554, ISBN 0-03-025982-7
  • Weygoldt, P (1998): Evolution and systematics of the Chelicerata, Experimental and Applied Acarology, 22, S. 63
  • Wheeler, WC, Hayashi, CY (1998): The phylogeny of the extant chelicerate orders, Cladistics, 14, S. 173

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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Il subphylum dei Chelicerati (Chelicerata Heymons, 1901) costituisce una delle maggiori suddivisioni del phylum Arthropoda.

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Chelicerata ( 拉丁語 )

由wikipedia LA提供

Chelicerata (nomen a Heymons anno 1901) sunt arthropoda cheliceris, pedipalpis et quattuor paribus cruribus praedita. Corpus in duabus partibus divisum (cephalothorax et abdomen), et appendices sunt birameae. Et mandibulis et antennis carent.

Taxinomia

Chelicerata in tribus classibus divisa: Merostomata, Pycnogonida Arachnidaque.

Classis Merostomat

Searchtool.svg Si plus cognoscere vis, vide Merostomata

Merostomata animalia aquatica, appendicibus abdominalibus in branchiis mutatis sunt. Duas subclasses comprehendit: Eurypterida et Xiphosurida. Eurypterida duobus oculis compositis duobusque ocellis in cephalothorace; binis cheliceris ante os, et senis appendicibus post id. Telson magnum.

Xiphosurida corpus in cuticula calcarea, binas cheliceras et deni crura habent. Duo pares oculorum in cephalothorace eis sunt: bini compositi laterales, et bini, interdum singuli, ocelli mediani. Abdomen quinque paribus branchiarum laminarium.

Bibliographia

  • Brusca, R. C., et G. J. Brusca. 1990. Invertebrates. Sunderlandiae Massachusettae: Sinauer Associates.
  • Latreille, P. A. 1829. Les Crustacés, les Arachnides et les Insectes, distribués en familles naturelles: Le Règne Animal, distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Ed. 2a. Vol. 4.
  • Pearse, V., J. Pearse, M. Buchsbaum, et R. Buchsbaum. 1987. Living Invertebrates. Palo Alto Californiae: Blackwell Scientific Publications.


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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 拉丁語 )

由wikipedia LA提供

Chelicerata (nomen a Heymons anno 1901) sunt arthropoda cheliceris, pedipalpis et quattuor paribus cruribus praedita. Corpus in duabus partibus divisum (cephalothorax et abdomen), et appendices sunt birameae. Et mandibulis et antennis carent.

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Cheliceriniai ( 立陶宛語 )

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Cheliceriniai (lot. Chelicerata) – nariuotakojų potipis. Gyvena tiek sausumoje(voragyviai), tiek vandenyje (kardauodegiai, jūrų vorai). Cheliceriniai artimi išnykusiems trilobitams.

Klasės

Nebaigta Šis straipsnis apie zoologiją yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.
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Cheliceriniai: Brief Summary ( 立陶宛語 )

由wikipedia LT提供

Cheliceriniai (lot. Chelicerata) – nariuotakojų potipis. Gyvena tiek sausumoje(voragyviai), tiek vandenyje (kardauodegiai, jūrų vorai). Cheliceriniai artimi išnykusiems trilobitams.

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Helicerāti ( 拉脫維亞語 )

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Helicerāti (latīņu: Chelicerata) ir plašs un daudzveidīgs posmkāju apakštips. Tajā ir sīki līdz vidēji lieli posmkāji. Lielākā helicerātu klase ir zirnekļveidīgie, kas ir sastopami dažādos sauszemes biotopos vai retāk ūdenī. Jūrās gan ir sastopama neliela reliktu helicerātu grupa — Zobenastes (tikai 5 sugas), kas ir saglabājusies no paleozoja ēras. Vēl ir viena neliela, bet no citiem helicerātiem morfoloģiski ļoti atšķirīga jūrās dzīvojoša grupa — Jūraszirnekļi. Tos reizēm nošķir no helicerātiem kā atsevišķu grupu. Helicerātus pēta zinātne — Arahnoloģija (kas gan nav tik attīstīta kā Entomoloģija).

Helicerātu morfoloģija

Kopīga un raksturīga visu helicerātu pazīme ir tā, ka ķermeņa daļa, pie kuras atrodas kustību orgāni — kājas, cieši saistīta ar tai priekšā esošo ķermeņa daļu, kam ir mutes ekstremitātes un izveido kopā ar to vienu kopēju nodalījumu — prosomu (prosoma) jeb galvkrūtis. Jāatzīmē, ka šis helicerātu ķermeņa nodalījums vairāk atbilst vēžveidīgo galvas nodalījumam nekā to galvkrūšu nodalījumam. Otra helicerātiem raksturīgā īpašība — tiem nav galvas taustekļu jeb antenu.

Galvkrūtīm ir seši pāri labi attīstītu funkcionējošu ekstremitāšu, no kurām pirmais pāris — heliceras (chelicerae) atrodas pirms mutes (preorāli) un parasti sastāv no nedaudziem (2—3) posmiem. Helicerām ir žokļu loma, ar tām satver un nonāvē laupījumu. Otrais pāris — pedipalpas (pedipalpi) atrodas parasti aiz mutes (postorāli); dažos gadījumos to uzbūve un funkcijas apmēram ir tādas pašas kā pakaļējām kājām, citos gadījumos ar tām vai nu satver barību (skorpioni), vai tās ir taustes orgāns, bet zirnekļu tēviņiem — kopulācijas orgāns. Galvkrūšu četri pēdējie ekstremitāšu pāri ir kustību orgāni. Aiz prosomas atrodas pakaļējais nodalījums — opistosoma (opisthosoma) jeb vēders. Opistosomas priekšējo daļu, pie kuras dažos gadījumos atrodas ar elpojamiem orgāniem — žaunām vai plaušām saistīti ekstremitāšu rudimenti, sauc par mezosomu, bet pakaļējo daļu, kam ekstremitāšu nav, — par metasomu.


Helicerātu vairošanās un attīstība

Pārsvarā helicerāti vairojas ar olām, bet mēdz būt arī dzīvdzemdētāji. Olas ir bagātas ar olas dzeltenumu, tāpēc izšķīlušies mazuļi ir līdzīgi pieaugušajiem vecākiem, un tālākā attīstība notiek bez pārvērtībām (metamorfozes).


Helicerātu klasifikācija

Pasaulē dzīvo apm. 65000 — 73000 helicerātu sugu, kas iedalīti 13 kārtās un 3 klasēs. Latvijā sastopamas tikai zirnekļveidīgo klases pārstāvji no 4 kārtām un apmēram 1070 sugām. Jāatzīst gan, ka Latvijā zirnekļveidīgie ir maz pētīti, un esošie dati ir sen novecojuši.

Apakštips Helicerāti (Chelicerata)

(†) - izmirušu organismu grupa.

Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: Chelicerata
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Helicerāti: Brief Summary ( 拉脫維亞語 )

由wikipedia LV提供

Helicerāti (latīņu: Chelicerata) ir plašs un daudzveidīgs posmkāju apakštips. Tajā ir sīki līdz vidēji lieli posmkāji. Lielākā helicerātu klase ir zirnekļveidīgie, kas ir sastopami dažādos sauszemes biotopos vai retāk ūdenī. Jūrās gan ir sastopama neliela reliktu helicerātu grupa — Zobenastes (tikai 5 sugas), kas ir saglabājusies no paleozoja ēras. Vēl ir viena neliela, bet no citiem helicerātiem morfoloģiski ļoti atšķirīga jūrās dzīvojoša grupa — Jūraszirnekļi. Tos reizēm nošķir no helicerātiem kā atsevišķu grupu. Helicerātus pēta zinātne — Arahnoloģija (kas gan nav tik attīstīta kā Entomoloģija).

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Chelicerata ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

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Chelicerata is een onderstam van de stam Arthropoda (geleedpotigen). Ofschoon cheliceratendrager letterlijk gifkakendragers betekent, zijn er families zonder echte gifklauwen. Ze hebben geen voelsprieten en 4 paar poten, met als uitzondering zeespinnen die wel met 2 en 3 paar poten bestaan.

Taxonomie

Chelicerata zijn verdeeld in vier klassen, waarvan één uitgestorven:

Uitgestorven

Er wordt verwantschap vermoed met de eveneens uitgestorven trilobieten.

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Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Chelicerata is een onderstam van de stam Arthropoda (geleedpotigen). Ofschoon cheliceratendrager letterlijk gifkakendragers betekent, zijn er families zonder echte gifklauwen. Ze hebben geen voelsprieten en 4 paar poten, met als uitzondering zeespinnen die wel met 2 en 3 paar poten bestaan.

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Klosaksdyr ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供

Klosaksdyr (Chelicerata) er en gruppe leddyr som kjennetegnes ved å ha seks par vedheng. Det første paret er utviklet til klosakser, som benyttes til å kutte opp og manipulere mat. Det andre paret er i hovedsak utviklet som primitive gangbein, men det kan være mer spesialisert hos mer avanserte arter. De fire siste parene har stort sett gangbeinfunksjon. Hos andre nålevende arter med ledddyr er det første beinparet omdannet til antenner.[1]

Klosaksdyrene utviklet seg i havet for mer enn 445 millioner år siden,[2] men har siden utviklet lunger og krabbet på land. Hvor mange arter som finnes er usikkert, i det man regner med at svært mange fortsatt er uoppdaget.

Inndeling

Treliste

Referanser

  1. ^ Erik Tetlie, Odd & Rein, Jan Ove. (2006). Klosaksdyrene (Chelicerata) og deres slektskapsforhold. Naturen Oslo. 130. 244-257.
  2. ^ Rudkin, D.M.; Young, G.A. & Nowlan, G.S. (January 2008), "The Oldest Horseshoe Crab: a New Xiphosurid from Late Ordovician Konservat-Lagerstätten Deposits, Manitoba, Canada", Palaeontology, 51 (1): 1–9, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00746.x

Eksterne lenker

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Klosaksdyr: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供

Klosaksdyr (Chelicerata) er en gruppe leddyr som kjennetegnes ved å ha seks par vedheng. Det første paret er utviklet til klosakser, som benyttes til å kutte opp og manipulere mat. Det andre paret er i hovedsak utviklet som primitive gangbein, men det kan være mer spesialisert hos mer avanserte arter. De fire siste parene har stort sett gangbeinfunksjon. Hos andre nålevende arter med ledddyr er det første beinparet omdannet til antenner.

Klosaksdyrene utviklet seg i havet for mer enn 445 millioner år siden, men har siden utviklet lunger og krabbet på land. Hvor mange arter som finnes er usikkert, i det man regner med at svært mange fortsatt er uoppdaget.

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Szczękoczułkowce ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Szczękoczułkowce (Chelicerata syn. Arachnomorpha, Cheliceromorpha) - podtyp stawonogów. Ich cechą charakterystyczną jest brak wyodrębnionej głowy (mają głowotułów) i brak czułków, których funkcję przejęły dwie pary przekształconych odnóży, tzw. przysadki gębowe. Podtyp obejmuje ok. 65 tys. gatunków zwierząt zamieszkujących morza, lądy i wody słodkie. Większość szczękoczułkowców to organizmy lądowe, niektóre wtórnie przystosowały się do życia w wodzie.

Do szczękoczułkowców należą zarówno bardzo małe zwierzęta (roztocze) jak i bardzo duże (kopalne dochodziły nawet do 3 m). Zdecydowana większość to zwierzęta wolno żyjące, pasożyty są nieliczne.

Systematyka

Do szczękoczułkowców zalicza się trzy gromady:

  • Chelicerata, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
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    Szczękoczułkowce: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

    由wikipedia POL提供

    Szczękoczułkowce (Chelicerata syn. Arachnomorpha, Cheliceromorpha) - podtyp stawonogów. Ich cechą charakterystyczną jest brak wyodrębnionej głowy (mają głowotułów) i brak czułków, których funkcję przejęły dwie pary przekształconych odnóży, tzw. przysadki gębowe. Podtyp obejmuje ok. 65 tys. gatunków zwierząt zamieszkujących morza, lądy i wody słodkie. Większość szczękoczułkowców to organizmy lądowe, niektóre wtórnie przystosowały się do życia w wodzie.

    Do szczękoczułkowców należą zarówno bardzo małe zwierzęta (roztocze) jak i bardzo duże (kopalne dochodziły nawet do 3 m). Zdecydowana większość to zwierzęta wolno żyjące, pasożyty są nieliczne.

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    Chelicerata ( 葡萄牙語 )

    由wikipedia PT提供

    Chelicerata (neo-latim, do francês chélicère, derivado do grego: khēlē "garra, quela" + kéras "corno") é um subfilo do filo Arthropoda (artrópodes),[1] dos quais constitui uma das principais subdivisões, que inclui as classes Arachnida (aranhas, escorpiões, carrapatos, ácaros, entre outros), Pycnogonida e Merostomata (o límulo), bem como extintas classes Eurypterida (os escorpiões marinhos) e Chasmataspida.

    Descrição

    Todos estes animais têm o corpo dividido em duas partes ou tagmas:[1]

    • prossoma, anterior, composto do ácron pré-segmentar mais seis segmentos, e é frequentemente coberto por um escudo dorsal em forma de carapaça.
    • opistossoma, posterior, com até 12 segmentos, e um télson pós-anal. Em alguns grupos o opistossoma pode estar subdividido em duas partes (mesossoma e metassoma).

    No prossoma, os quelicerados possuem seis pares de apêndices multiarticulados e unirremes:[1]

    • Um par de quelíceras;
    • Um par de pedipalpos;
    • Quatro pares de pernas locomotoras, (alguns grupos utilizam as pernas anteriores como função sensorial, por exemplo: As Ordens Amblypygi, Palpigradi, Schizomida e Uropygi).

    Ao contrário dos restantes artrópodes, os quelicerados não têm mandíbulas nem antenas, possuindo apenas olhos simples (ocelos). A sua respiração é realizada por traqueias, pulmão foliáceo ou brânquias foliáceas (nas espécies aquáticas).[1]

    Filogenia e classificação científica

    Estudos recentes de fósseis mostram que os quelicerados já foram muito mais diversificados do que atualmente. Os Pycnogonida (as aranhas-do-mar) são atualmente considerados uma linhagem independente de artrópodes, por apresentarem características únicas (probóscide, um par de pernas ovígeras e redução considerável do opistossoma), embora por vezes estejam classificados como grupo irmão dos Chelicerata num clado denominado Cheliceriforme. Apesar de serem considerados Cheliceriformes, a relação filogenética desses indivíduos ainda não é bem resolvida. [2]

    Por outro lado, os Merostomata, que tradicionalmente agrupavam-se em uma subclasse (límulos e os extintos escorpiões marinhos), mostram ser um grupo parafilético e o uso desse táxon vem sendo abandonado.[1]

    Existe uma tendência recente de reunir os Chelicerata, Trilobita e artrópodes do Paleozóico que se assemelham a Xiphosura em um grupo denominado Arachnomorpha. Porém é difícil encontrar boas características que definam Arachnomorpha além da forma geral do corpo.

    Os Cheliceriformes formam um táxon bem diverso que agrega duas classes bem distintas : os Chelicerata incluem as aranhas e os escorpiões que são representantes terrestres e os límulos que compreendem os ambientes marinhos e os Pycnogonida ("aranhas-do-mar").[1]

    Chelicerata

    Xiphosura (límulos)




    Eurypterida



    Chasmataspidida



    Arachnida

    Scorpiones (escorpiões)



    Opiliones (opiliões)





    Pseudoscorpionida (pseudoscorpiões)



    Solifugae (solífugos)




    Palpigradi




    Trigonotarbida




    Araneae (aranhas)




    Haptopoda




    Amblypygi




    Thelyphonida



    Schizomida









    Ricinulei



    Anactinotrichida



    Acarina (ácaros)





    Árvore filogenética dos Chelicerata segundo um estudo do
    zoólogo J.W.Schultz del 2007.[3]
    O símbolo †; indica que o táxon está extinto.

    Os Chelicerata são tradicionalmente subdivididos nas seguintes classes:

    Recentes estudos filogenéticos colocaram em causa a classe Merostomata, que seria na realidade um agrupamento parafilético no qual estariam grupos distintos constituídos pelos Xiphosura e Eurypterida.

    Notas

    1. a b c d e f Richard C. Brusca, Gary J.Brusca (2011). Invertebrados. [S.l.]: Guanabara Koogan
    2. Adilson Fransozo, Maria Lucia Negreiros Fransozo (2016). Zoologia dos Invertebrados. [S.l.]: Roca
    3. Schultz, J.W. «A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters». Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2007; 150: 221–265. doi 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x

    Bibliografia

    • Briggs, D.E.G. & Collins, D.A., 1988. A Middle Cambrian chelicerate from Mount Stephen, British Columbia. Paleontology, 31:779-798
    • Dunlop, J.A., 1999. Pasando a la revista a la evolución de los Quelicerados (A review of Chelicerate evolution). In: Melic, A., De Haro, J.J., Mendez, M. & Ribera, I. (Eds). Evolución y Filogenia de Arthropoda (Evolution and Phylogeny of Arthropoda). Volumen Monográfico. 806 pp.
    • Brusca, Richard C., Gary J. Brusca, 2011 - Invertebrados 2 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan.
    • Fransozo, A.& M.L. Negreiros-Fransozo (eds.), 2016. Zoologia dos Invertebrados. 1a edição, Rio de Janeiro, Roca, ISBN 978-85-277-2806-5

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    Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

    由wikipedia PT提供

    Chelicerata (neo-latim, do francês chélicère, derivado do grego: khēlē "garra, quela" + kéras "corno") é um subfilo do filo Arthropoda (artrópodes), dos quais constitui uma das principais subdivisões, que inclui as classes Arachnida (aranhas, escorpiões, carrapatos, ácaros, entre outros), Pycnogonida e Merostomata (o límulo), bem como extintas classes Eurypterida (os escorpiões marinhos) e Chasmataspida.

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    Chelicerata ( 摩爾多瓦語 )

    由wikipedia RO提供

    Cheliceratele constituie una dintre subdiviziunile majore ale încrengăturii Arthropoda, și include crabi potcoavă, scorpioni, arahnide și păianjeni de mare. Primele chelicerate au fost eurypteridele, care au trăit cu 445 de milioane de ani în urmă în perioada Ordoviciană. Acestă subîncrengătură include 77 000[necesită citare] specii descrise. Majoritatea sunt terestre, doar crabii potcovă și păianjeni de mare sunt acvatice. Ca toate artropodele, cheliceratele au corpul segmentat, acoperit cu o cuticulă chitinoasă. Corpul lor constă din prosomă (cefalotorace) și opistosomă (abdomen). Opistosoma la unele specii se divide în preabdomen și postabdomen. Pe prosomă se găsesc 4 perechi de membre locomotoare și câte una de chelicere și pedipalpi. Membrele segmentelor abdominale sunt modificate sau lipsesc. O particularitate importantă a cheliceratelor este lipsa antenulelor, prima pereche de membre a prosomei sunt chelicere, care servesc pentru fărămițarea hranei. Păianjenii au chelicere în formă de colți și le folosesc pentru a injecta veninul în pradă. A doua pereche – pedipalpii – îndeplinesc funcția tactilă, unele specii posedă clește utilizate la vânătoare și în lupte.

    Note

    1. ^ en Chelicerata (TSN 82697). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
    v d m
    Încrengătura Arthropoda Regn Animalia · Subregn Eumetazoa · (neclasificat) Bilateria · (neclasificat) Protostomia · Supraîncrengătură Ecdysozoa Arachnomorpha
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    Chelicerata: Brief Summary ( 摩爾多瓦語 )

    由wikipedia RO提供

    Cheliceratele constituie una dintre subdiviziunile majore ale încrengăturii Arthropoda, și include crabi potcoavă, scorpioni, arahnide și păianjeni de mare. Primele chelicerate au fost eurypteridele, care au trăit cu 445 de milioane de ani în urmă în perioada Ordoviciană. Acestă subîncrengătură include 77 000[necesită citare] specii descrise. Majoritatea sunt terestre, doar crabii potcovă și păianjeni de mare sunt acvatice. Ca toate artropodele, cheliceratele au corpul segmentat, acoperit cu o cuticulă chitinoasă. Corpul lor constă din prosomă (cefalotorace) și opistosomă (abdomen). Opistosoma la unele specii se divide în preabdomen și postabdomen. Pe prosomă se găsesc 4 perechi de membre locomotoare și câte una de chelicere și pedipalpi. Membrele segmentelor abdominale sunt modificate sau lipsesc. O particularitate importantă a cheliceratelor este lipsa antenulelor, prima pereche de membre a prosomei sunt chelicere, care servesc pentru fărămițarea hranei. Păianjenii au chelicere în formă de colți și le folosesc pentru a injecta veninul în pradă. A doua pereche – pedipalpii – îndeplinesc funcția tactilă, unele specii posedă clește utilizate la vânătoare și în lupte.

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    Klepietkavce ( 斯洛伐克語 )

    由wikipedia SK提供

    Klepietkavce (Chelicerata) je podkmeň bezhryzadlových článkonožcov. Sú to suchozemské článkonožce, len 2 starobylé skupiny sú morské. Nemajú nikdy tykadlá a takmer nikdy zložené oči (výnimkou sú 4 druhy z triedy Merostomata). Hlava vždy zrastá s hruďou na hlavohruď (cephalothorax). V hlavovej časti sú len dva páry modifikovaných končatín – chelicery a pedipalpy, ktoré bývajú často mohutne vyvinuté. Hrudná časť má 4 páry primárne kráčavých nôh, len veľmi zriedka (u málo početnej starobylej podivnej morskej triedy Pantopoda) ich môže byť viac párov. Pôvodnými dýchacími orgánmi sú pľúcne dutinky, u odvodených skupín sú aj vzdušnice; žiabre majú iba Merostomata. Vylučovacími orgánmi sú koxálne nefrídie, ktoré sú u vyšších klepietkavcov nahradené Malphigiho trubicami. Vývin je väčšinou epiméria, u primitívnych a odvodených typov má rysy anamérie.

    Systematika

    podkmeň: klepietkavce (Chelicerata)

    Vo viacerých systémoch sa nohatky nezaraďujú pod klepietkavce.

    Iné projekty

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    Klepietkavce: Brief Summary ( 斯洛伐克語 )

    由wikipedia SK提供

    Klepietkavce (Chelicerata) je podkmeň bezhryzadlových článkonožcov. Sú to suchozemské článkonožce, len 2 starobylé skupiny sú morské. Nemajú nikdy tykadlá a takmer nikdy zložené oči (výnimkou sú 4 druhy z triedy Merostomata). Hlava vždy zrastá s hruďou na hlavohruď (cephalothorax). V hlavovej časti sú len dva páry modifikovaných končatín – chelicery a pedipalpy, ktoré bývajú často mohutne vyvinuté. Hrudná časť má 4 páry primárne kráčavých nôh, len veľmi zriedka (u málo početnej starobylej podivnej morskej triedy Pantopoda) ich môže byť viac párov. Pôvodnými dýchacími orgánmi sú pľúcne dutinky, u odvodených skupín sú aj vzdušnice; žiabre majú iba Merostomata. Vylučovacími orgánmi sú koxálne nefrídie, ktoré sú u vyšších klepietkavcov nahradené Malphigiho trubicami. Vývin je väčšinou epiméria, u primitívnych a odvodených typov má rysy anamérie.

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    Pipalkarji ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

    由wikipedia SL提供

    Pipalkarji (znanstveno ime Chelicerata) so ena glavnih skupin členonožcev, ki jo največkrat razvrščajo na ravni poddebla in združuje razrede pajkovcev (Arachnida), praskrluparjev (Merostomata) ter nogačev (Pycnogonida).

    Pipalkarji so dobili ime po značilnosti, da so njihov prvi par okončin tik za usti pipalke (helicere). Pri večini pipalkarjev so to drobne, kleščaste in nogam podobne strukture, ki sodelujejo pri hranjenju, le pri pajkih so preoblikovane v ostre ter votle strupnike, ki jih žival zabode v plen in skoznje iztisne strup. Od ostalih členonožcev se ločijo tudi po tem, da nimajo tipalnic. Pipalkam sledi par okončin, ki jim pravimo pedipalpi in imajo pri različnih pipalkarjih različne funkcije (čutilno, razmnoževalno itd.). Večina predstavnikov ima štiri pare nog.[1]

    Telo pipalkarjev je členjeno v dve glavni regiji, glavoprsje in zadek, le pršice imajo to členjenost na zunaj zabrisano in je njihovo telo na prvi pogled enotno.[1]

    Sistematika in evolucija

    Izvor skupine in njen položaj znotraj členonožcev še nista povsem pojasnjena. V fosilnem zapisu pipalkarjev so velike luknje in uvrstitev različnih najdb, ki lahko bistveno spremeni »družinsko drevo«, je predmet debate med taksonomi.

    Najstarejši znani fosil, ki ga je možno nesporno uvrstiti med praskrluparje, s tem pa med pipalkarje, datirajo v pozni ordovicij pred 445 milijoni let. Odkrit je bil leta 2008 v Kanadi.[2] Zaenkrat še potekajo debate, ali rodova Fuxianhuia in Kodymirus (oba iz kambrija) spadata med pipalkarje; če je kateri od teh bližnje soroden pipalkarjem, je luknja vsaj 43 milijonov let med najstarejšim znanim pipalkarjem in najbližjim sorodnikom skupine.[3]

    »Tradicionalna« interpretacija filogenije členonožcev[4]

    »Tradicionalna« podoba »družinskega drevesa« členonožcev postavlja pipalkarje na bazo drevesa, kar pomeni, da so manj sorodni ostalim velikim skupinam (rakom, trokrparjem, šesteronožnim členonožcem in stonogam) kot so si te skupine med seboj. Rezultati novejših kladističnih analiz z upoštevanjem molekularnih znakov in razvojem živčevja nakazujejo, da so pipalkarji najbolj sorodni stonogam, drugo ožje sorodno skupino pa tvorijo šesteronožni členonožci ter raki. Vendar pa te analize ne upoštevajo izumrlih skupin (predvsem trokrparjev); z upoštevanjem teh postane podoba drevesa sorodnosti bolj podobna »tradicionalni«.[4]

    Tudi znotraj skupine so razmerja še negotova. Splošno sprejeto mnenje je, da so se pipalkarji razvili v morju in doživeli razmah s prehodom na kopno. »Primitivni« skupini praskrluparjev in nogačev sta morski, prav tako so v morju živeli trokrparji. Pajkovci, ki so daleč najštevilčnejši razred znotraj pipalkarjev, pa so skoraj izključno kopenski (z izjemo nekaj predstavnikov, ki so ponovno poselili vodne habitate). Problematičen je predvsem položaj ščipalcev; izumrl rod Proscorpius je očitno izvorno morski, saj imajo škrge in druge izvorne morfološke znake, po drugi strani pa so ostanki zelo podobni današnjim ščipalcem. Če sodi rod med ščipalce, so ščipalci kot sekundarno kopenski pajkovci polifiletska in s tem v sodobni filogenetski klasifikaciji neustrezna skupina.[5]

    Sklici in opombe

    1. 1,0 1,1 Ruppert, E.E.; Barnes, R.D. (1994). Invertebrate Zoology (6 izd.). Saunders College Publishing. COBISS 35352833. ISBN 0030266688.
    2. Rudkin, D.M.; Young, G.A.; Nowlan, G.S. (januar 2008). "The Oldest Horseshoe Crab: a New Xiphosurid from Late Ordovician Konservat-Lagerstätten Deposits, Manitoba, Canada". Palaeontology 51 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00746.x.
    3. Wills, M.A. (2001). "How good is the fossil record of arthropods? An assessment using the stratigraphic congruence of cladograms". Geological Journal 36 (3-4): 187–210. doi:10.1002/gj.882.
    4. 4,0 4,1 Jenner, R.A. (2006). "Challenging received wisdoms: Some contributions of the new microscopy to the new animal phylogeny". Integrative and Comparative Biology 46 (2): 93–103. doi:10.1093/icb/icj014.
    5. Weygoldt, P. (februar 1998). "Evolution and systematics of the Chelicerata". Experimental and Applied Acarology 22 (2): 63–79. doi:10.1023/A:1006037525704.

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    Pipalkarji: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

    由wikipedia SL提供

    Pipalkarji (znanstveno ime Chelicerata) so ena glavnih skupin členonožcev, ki jo največkrat razvrščajo na ravni poddebla in združuje razrede pajkovcev (Arachnida), praskrluparjev (Merostomata) ter nogačev (Pycnogonida).

    Pipalkarji so dobili ime po značilnosti, da so njihov prvi par okončin tik za usti pipalke (helicere). Pri večini pipalkarjev so to drobne, kleščaste in nogam podobne strukture, ki sodelujejo pri hranjenju, le pri pajkih so preoblikovane v ostre ter votle strupnike, ki jih žival zabode v plen in skoznje iztisne strup. Od ostalih členonožcev se ločijo tudi po tem, da nimajo tipalnic. Pipalkam sledi par okončin, ki jim pravimo pedipalpi in imajo pri različnih pipalkarjih različne funkcije (čutilno, razmnoževalno itd.). Večina predstavnikov ima štiri pare nog.

    Telo pipalkarjev je členjeno v dve glavni regiji, glavoprsje in zadek, le pršice imajo to členjenost na zunaj zabrisano in je njihovo telo na prvi pogled enotno.

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    Palpkäkar ( 瑞典語 )

    由wikipedia SV提供

    Palpkäkarna (Chelicerata) är leddjur som har kroppen indelad i en framkropp, även kallad prosoma, och en bakkropp, även kallad opisthoma. På framkroppen återfinns 4 benpar, samt pedipalper och de palpkäkar (chelicerer) som givit understammen dess namn. Bakkroppen saknar extremiteter och kan bestå av som mest 12 segment. Som hos andra leddjur så återfinns munnen mellan det andra och tredje segmentet, men chelicerata saknar i motsats till andra understammar känselspröt. På framkroppen återfinns vanligen ögon.

    Klasser:

    Blue morpho butterfly 300x271.jpg Denna djurrelaterade artikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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    Palpkäkar: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

    由wikipedia SV提供

    Palpkäkarna (Chelicerata) är leddjur som har kroppen indelad i en framkropp, även kallad prosoma, och en bakkropp, även kallad opisthoma. På framkroppen återfinns 4 benpar, samt pedipalper och de palpkäkar (chelicerer) som givit understammen dess namn. Bakkroppen saknar extremiteter och kan bestå av som mest 12 segment. Som hos andra leddjur så återfinns munnen mellan det andra och tredje segmentet, men chelicerata saknar i motsats till andra understammar känselspröt. På framkroppen återfinns vanligen ögon.

    Klasser:

    Merostomata (Sjölevande palpkäkar med gälar) - med familj dolksvansar Havsspindlar (Pycnogonida) (Sjölevande palpkäkar med snabel) Spindeldjur (Arachnida) (Jordlevande palpkäkar med fyra benpar) som omfattar bland annat spindlar, skorpioner och kvalster Blue morpho butterfly 300x271.jpg Denna djurrelaterade artikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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    Keliserliler ( 土耳其語 )

    由wikipedia TR提供

    Keliserliler (Chelicerata), eklem bacaklıların büyük bir altşubesini teşkil eder. Merostomata, Arachnida ve Pantopoda diye üç sınıfı vardır. Köken olarak denizde yaşayan ve karada yaşayan canlıları içerir. Bugün bazı türlerinin (Xiphosura) soyu tükenmiştir. 35.000 den fazla türü yaşamaktadır.

    Fiziksel özellikleri

    Vücutları ön prosoma ve arka opisthosoma diye ikiye ayrılmıştır. Son kısımlarında bir kuyruk dikeni ya da kamçı taşıyabilirler. Prosoma, trilobitlere göre daha fazla segmentten yapılmıştır. Baş oluşumu daha belirgindir. Sefalotoraks, üye taşıyan 6 segmentten meydana gelmiştir. Çok defa segmentleri tamamen kaynaşarak yekpare bir yapı kazanmışlardır. Antenler kaybolmuştur.

    İlk üye çiftine keliser (chelicer) denir ve besin almada kullanılır. Çok defa kıskaç, bazen pençe ya da diken gibidir. İkinci üyeye maxillipalpus ya da pedipalpus denir. Bu üye, duyu alma organı, yürüme bacağı ya da alt çene olarak yapısal farklılaşmaya uğrayabilir. Prosomadaki üyeler bir kolludur. Diğer 4 çift üye, yürüme görevini yüklenmiştir.

    Solunum organı, solungaçlar, kitapsı akciğerler ya da borulu trakeler şeklindedir. Boşaltım organları nefridyumlardan değişerek meydana gelmiş ve prosomadaki üyelerin kaidesinden dışarıya açılan koksal bezlerdir. Bu bezlerin kirpikli hunileri, sacculus denen solom kalıntısına açılır. Fakat karada yaşayan Arachnida gruplarında, böceklere anolog olarak endodermal kökenli Malpighi tüpleri bulunur. Dolaşım sistemleri böceklerdeki gibidir. Köken olarak mediyan ve yan bileşik gözlere sahip olmalarına karşın; karada yaşayanlarda (örümceklerde) yalnız nokta gözler vardır.

    Stub icon Eklem bacaklılar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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    Keliserliler: Brief Summary ( 土耳其語 )

    由wikipedia TR提供

    Keliserliler (Chelicerata), eklem bacaklıların büyük bir altşubesini teşkil eder. Merostomata, Arachnida ve Pantopoda diye üç sınıfı vardır. Köken olarak denizde yaşayan ve karada yaşayan canlıları içerir. Bugün bazı türlerinin (Xiphosura) soyu tükenmiştir. 35.000 den fazla türü yaşamaktadır.

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    Хеліцерові ( 烏克蘭語 )

    由wikipedia UK提供

    Хеліце́рові або Павукоподі́бні (Chelicerata) — підтип типу членистоногі. Характерною ознакою хеліцерових є поділ тіла на дві тагми: головогруди та черевце. На головогрудях розташовано шість пар кінцівок. Вусики (антени, антенули) в хеліцерових відсутні. Перша пара кінцівок, розташована перед ротовим отвором, часто закінчується клішнею й зветься хеліцерами (звідси й назва підтипу). Позаду ротового отвору є друга пара кінцівок — педипальпи (ногощупальця). Останні чотири пари слугують ходильними ногами. Головний мозок хеліцерових, на відміну від інших членистоногих, складається з прото- та тритоцеребрума; дейтоцеребрум відсутній. Сучасні хеліцерові населюють суходіл і тільки близько 5% видів живе в морській та прісній воді.

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    Хеліцерові: Brief Summary ( 烏克蘭語 )

    由wikipedia UK提供

    Хеліце́рові або Павукоподі́бні (Chelicerata) — підтип типу членистоногі. Характерною ознакою хеліцерових є поділ тіла на дві тагми: головогруди та черевце. На головогрудях розташовано шість пар кінцівок. Вусики (антени, антенули) в хеліцерових відсутні. Перша пара кінцівок, розташована перед ротовим отвором, часто закінчується клішнею й зветься хеліцерами (звідси й назва підтипу). Позаду ротового отвору є друга пара кінцівок — педипальпи (ногощупальця). Останні чотири пари слугують ходильними ногами. Головний мозок хеліцерових, на відміну від інших членистоногих, складається з прото- та тритоцеребрума; дейтоцеребрум відсутній. Сучасні хеліцерові населюють суходіл і тільки близько 5% видів живе в морській та прісній воді.

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    Động vật Chân kìm ( 越南語 )

    由wikipedia VI提供

    Phân ngành Chân kìm (hoặc ngành[1]), danh pháp khoa học Chelicerata, là một trong số các phân nhánh chính của ngành (hoặc liên ngành[1]) chân khớp, và bao gồm cua móng ngựa, bọ cạp, nhệnmites. Chúng có nguồn gốc từ các động vật biển, có thể từ giai đoạn Cambri, nhưng các hóa thạch chelicerata đã được xác nhận đầu tiên là eurypteridae có tuổi từ 445 triệu năm trong kỷ Ordovic muộn.

    Các loài động vật biển còn sống trong phân ngành này gồm 4 loài thuộc Xiphosura, và có thể gồm 1.300 loài nhện biển (Pycnogonida) nếu chúng được xếp vào nhóm chelicerata. Mặc khác có hơn 77.000 loài chelicerata thở bằng không khí đã được xác định rõ ràng và có thể có khoảng 500.000 loài chưa được xác định.

    Đa dạng

    Chelicerata là một trong các nhóm động vật đa dạng nhất với hơn 77.000 loài còn tồn tại đã được xác nhận trong các ấn phẩm khoa học.[2] Một số nguồn ước tính rằng có thể có 130.000 loài nhện chưa được miêu tả và gần 500.000 loài bọ ve chưa được miêu tả.[3] Trong khi các loài chelicerata đầu tiên nhất và Pycnogonida còn tồn tại (nếu chúng là chelicerata[4]) và Xiphosura là các động vật biển hô hấp từ ôxy hòa tan trong nước, phần lớn các loài còn tồn tại là thở bằng không khí,[2] mặt dù một vài loài nhện xây tổ "diving bell" có thể giúp chúng sống dưới nước.[5] Giống như các tổ tiên của chúng, hầu hết các loài chelicerata còn sống là các động vật ăn thịt, chủ yếu là ăn các động vật không xương sống nhỏ. Tuy nhiên một số loài ăn ký sinh trùng, thực vật, xác chếtdetritivore.[2][6][7]

    Đa dạng của các loài chelicerata còn tồn tạis Nhóm Số loài đã được miêu tả[2] Thức ăn Pycnogonida (nhện biển) 500 Carnivorous[2] Xiphosura (sam) 4 Carnivorous[2] Araneae (nhện) 34,000 Carnivorous;[2] 1 vegetarian[8] Acari (bọ ve) 32,000 Carnivorous, parasitic, vegetarian, detritivore[2][6] Opiliones (Bộ Chân dài) 5,000 xác chết, thực vật, detritivore[7] Pseudoscorpiones (Bọ cạp giả) 3,200 Carnivorous[9] Scorpiones (bọ cạp) 1,400 xác chết[10] Solifugae (nhện lông) 900 Carnivorous, omnivorous[11] Schizomida (small whipscorpions) 180 Amblypygi (whipspiders) 100 Uropygi (Thelyphonida – đuôi roi) 90 Carnivorous[12] Palpigradi (micro whipscorpions) 60 Ricinulei 60

    Chú thích

    1. ^ a ă Margulis, Lynn; Schwartz, Karlene (1998), Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth , W.H. Freeman and Company, ISBN 0-7167-3027-8
    2. ^ a ă â b c d đ e Shultz, J.W. (2001), “Chelicerata (Arachnids, Including Spiders, Mites and Scorpions)”, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., doi:10.1038/npg.els.0001605
    3. ^ Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World (PDF), Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government, Tháng 9 năm 2005, truy cập ngày 29 tháng 3 năm 2010
    4. ^ Poschmann, M., and Dunlop, J.A. (2006), “A New Sea Spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) with a Flagelliform Telson from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany”, Palaeontology 49 (5): 983–989, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00583.x
    5. ^ Schütz, D., and Taborsky, M. (2003), “Adaptations to an aquatic life may be responsible for the reversed sexual size dimorphism in the water spider, Argyroneta aquatica (PDF), Evolutionary Ecology Research 5 (1): 105–117, truy cập ngày 11 tháng 10 năm 2008
    6. ^ a ă Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004, tr. 591–595
    7. ^ a ă Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004, tr. 588–590
    8. ^ Meehan, C,J. Olson, E.J. and Curry, R.L. (ngày 21 tháng 8 năm 2008), Exploitation of the Pseudomyrmex–Acacia mutualism by a predominantly vegetarian jumping spider (Bagheera kiplingi), truy cập ngày 10 tháng 10 năm 2008
    9. ^ Pseudoscorpion - Penn State Entomology Department Fact Sheet, Pennsylvania State University, truy cập ngày 26 tháng 10 năm 2008
    10. ^ Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004, tr. 565–569
    11. ^ Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004, tr. 586–588
    12. ^ Harvey, M.S. (2002), “The Neglected Cousins: What do we Know about the Smaller Arachnid Orders?” (PDF), Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 357–372, ISSN 0161-8202, doi:10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0357:TNCWDW]2.0.CO;2, truy cập ngày 26 tháng 10 năm 2008

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    Liên kết ngoài

     src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Động vật Chân kìm  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Động vật Chân kìm
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    wikipedia VI

    Động vật Chân kìm: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

    由wikipedia VI提供

    Phân ngành Chân kìm (hoặc ngành), danh pháp khoa học Chelicerata, là một trong số các phân nhánh chính của ngành (hoặc liên ngành) chân khớp, và bao gồm cua móng ngựa, bọ cạp, nhệnmites. Chúng có nguồn gốc từ các động vật biển, có thể từ giai đoạn Cambri, nhưng các hóa thạch chelicerata đã được xác nhận đầu tiên là eurypteridae có tuổi từ 445 triệu năm trong kỷ Ordovic muộn.

    Các loài động vật biển còn sống trong phân ngành này gồm 4 loài thuộc Xiphosura, và có thể gồm 1.300 loài nhện biển (Pycnogonida) nếu chúng được xếp vào nhóm chelicerata. Mặc khác có hơn 77.000 loài chelicerata thở bằng không khí đã được xác định rõ ràng và có thể có khoảng 500.000 loài chưa được xác định.

    許可
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    Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
    原始內容
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    Хелицеровые ( 俄語 )

    由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
    Царство: Животные
    Подцарство: Эуметазои
    Без ранга: Первичноротые
    Без ранга: Линяющие
    Без ранга: Panarthropoda
    Подтип: Хелицеровые
    Международное научное название

    Chelicerata Heymons, 1901

    Классы Wikispecies-logo.svg
    Систематика
    на Викивидах
    Commons-logo.svg
    Изображения
    на Викискладе
    ITIS 82697NCBI 6843EOL 2579982FW 91508

    Хелицеровые (лат. Chelicerata) — подтип членистоногих (Arthropoda). Хотя группа возникла в водной среде, наибольшего видового богатства достигли более поздние сухопутные представители — паукообразные. В настоящее время из первичноводных хелицеровых сохранились мечехвосты (4 вида) и морские пауки (около 1000 видов). Вторично перешли к водному образу жизни некоторые клещи́ и пауки[1]. Практически все представители — хищники. Многие клещи и морские пауки на некоторых стадиях жизненного цикла ведут паразитический образ жизни. В настоящее время учёными описано более 115 тыс. видов хелицеровых (включая более 2 тыс. ископаемых видов; Zhang, 2013), большинство которых составляют пауки (более 44 тыс. видов) и клещи (более 55 тыс. видов)[2]. К хелицеровым также относят ракоскорпионов.

    Строение

    Меростомовые и паукообразные

    Традиционно в теле меростомовых и паукообразных выделяют две тагмыголовогрудь (просому) и брюшко (опистосому). Просома состоит из акрона (головной лопасти, обычно несущей глаза) и первых шести сегментов, несущих конечности: хелицеры, педипальпы и четыре пары ходных ног[3]. Функции и строение конечностей просомы у разных хелицеровых существенно различаются. Хелицеры представляют собой клешни или подклешни, состоят из двух или трёх члеников и обычно служат для захвата пищи.

    В состав опистосомы входит 13 сегментов тела и тельсон (анальная лопасть)[3]. Последние шесть сегментов никогда не несут конечностей, в связи с чем некоторые исследователи подразделяют опистосому на две других тагмы: мезосому (7 сегментов) и метасому (6 сегментов и тельсон)[3].

    Первый сегмент мезосомы подвержен редукции и у почти всех представителей не несёт конечностей[3]. Исключение составляют мечехвосты, у которых на нём располагаются небольшие пластинки — хилярии. Конечности остальных шести сегментов бывают сильно видоизменены или полностью утрачены. Они могут быть преобразованы в жаберные книжки (у мечехвостов), лёгкие (у многих паукообразных), половые придатки (у скорпионов), паутинные бородавки (у пауков).

    Морские пауки

    В теле морского паука выделяют три отдела: голову, грудь и брюшко. Головной отдел несёт три пары конечностей и массивный придаток — хобот, на конце которого располагается ротовое отверстие[4]. Число конечностей входящих в грудной отдел варьирует у разных представителей — от 4 до 6 пар.[4] На конце рудиментарного брюшка открывается анальное отверстие.

    Классификация

    Хелицеровых разделяют на 3 класса:

    • Паукообразные (Arachnida): пауки, скорпионы, клещи и другие;
    • Меростомовые (Merostomata): мечехвосты и ракоскорпионы;
    • Морские пауки (Pycnogonida): единственный отряд морских пауков иногда выделяют из состава хелицеровых в собственный подтип.

    Примечания

    1. Schütz, D., and Taborsky, M. (2003), "Adaptations to an aquatic life may be responsible for the reversed sexual size dimorphism in the water spider, Argyroneta aquatica", Evolutionary Ecology Research Т. 5 (1): 105–117, <http://www.zoology.unibe.ch/behav/pdf_files/Schuetz_EvolEcolRes03.pdf>. Проверено 11 октября 2008.
    2. Zhang, Z.-Q. «Phylum Athropoda». — In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) «Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)». (англ.) // Zootaxa / Zhang, Z.-Q. (Chief Editor & Founder). — Auckland: Magnolia Press, 2013. — Vol. 3703, no. 1. — P. 17–26. — ISBN 978-1-77557-248-0 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77557-249-7 (online edition). — ISSN 1175-5326.
    3. 1 2 3 4 Рупперт Э. Э., Фокс Р. С., Барнс Р. Д. Членистоногие // Зоология беспозвоночных. Функциональные и эволюционные аспекты = Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach / пер. с англ. Т. А. Ганф, Н. В. Ленцман, Е. В. Сабанеевой; под ред. А. А. Добровольского и А. И. Грановича. — 7-е издание. — М.: Академия, 2008. — Т. 3. — 496 с. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-7695-3496-6.
    4. 1 2 Догель В. А. Зоология беспозвоночных: Учебник для ун-тов// Под ред. проф. Полянского Ю. И. — 7-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Высш. школа, 1981. — 606 с.


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    Хелицеровые: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

    由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

    Хелицеровые (лат. Chelicerata) — подтип членистоногих (Arthropoda). Хотя группа возникла в водной среде, наибольшего видового богатства достигли более поздние сухопутные представители — паукообразные. В настоящее время из первичноводных хелицеровых сохранились мечехвосты (4 вида) и морские пауки (около 1000 видов). Вторично перешли к водному образу жизни некоторые клещи́ и пауки. Практически все представители — хищники. Многие клещи и морские пауки на некоторых стадиях жизненного цикла ведут паразитический образ жизни. В настоящее время учёными описано более 115 тыс. видов хелицеровых (включая более 2 тыс. ископаемых видов; Zhang, 2013), большинство которых составляют пауки (более 44 тыс. видов) и клещи (более 55 тыс. видов). К хелицеровым также относят ракоскорпионов.

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    螯肢亞門 ( 漢語 )

    由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

    螯肢亞門學名Chelicerata)是一類主要的節肢動物,其下包括蠍子蜘蛛。它們可能是於寒武紀演化自海生動物,但最早的螯肢亞門化石只可追溯至4億4500萬年前的奧陶紀晚期。現存的水生物種包括劍尾目的4個物種及約1300種的海蜘蛛。陸地上已確認的螯肢亞門有超過7.7萬種,而未經確認的也有50萬種。

    螯肢亞門像其他節肢動物般身體有節,並由甲殼素蛋白質組成的表皮覆蓋。它們的身體有兩個體區,即頭胸部腹部,而蟎在這兩部份的分隔則不可見。它們口器前有一螯肢。大部份亞類都只會以螯肢來吃食,但蜘蛛螯肢的螯爪則形成了獠牙狀,大部份物種更可以從中注入毒素至獵物中。它們的循環系統是開放的,由管狀的心臟血液血腔輸送至身體其他部份。水生螯肢亞門是有鰓的,而其他的則有書肺氣管。螯肢亞門中央神經系統神經節融合成一團,融合的程度各有不同,如最為古老及原始的中突蛛亞目神經節的融合程度則很有限。大部份螯肢亞門都有剛毛來感應振動、氣流及化學轉變。最活躍的獵食性蜘蛛有非常銳利的視覺

    螯肢亞門最初只是掠食者,但後來分化出多種覓食策略,包括掠食、寄生草食性食腐性腐生性。雖然盲蛛目可以消化固體食物,但其他螯肢亞門的食道太窄,一般只會用螯肢及消化將食物液化。陸生的螯肢亞門為了保存水份只會排泄固體。陸生的螯肢亞門一般都是體內受精,而水生的則是體外受精的。掠食性的物種會採取一種很小心的求偶方法,以避免雄性在交配前被雌性吃掉。大部份物種在孵化後都會像成體,但所有蠍子及一些蟎都會將卵保存在其體內,直至幼體出生。大部份螯肢亞門的幼體都是自行覓食的,但雌性的蠍子及一些蜘蛛是會保護及餵飼幼體的。

    螯肢亞門的起源一直都存在爭論。雖然對於亞類之間的關係有一定共識,但海蜘蛛的分類及蠍子的定位仍有爭議。[1]

    雖然一些蜘蛛及蠍子的毒素非常危險,醫護界現正研究使用這些毒素來治療癌症勃起功能障礙等病症。鱟的血液也有用來測試細菌的存在。基因工程師改造羊奶及葉子製造出蜘蛛絲。蟎可以令人過敏,並會傳播疾病,故是一種害蟲

    特徵

    節及表皮

     src=
    廣翅鱟的螯肢。
     src=
    蜘蛛的螯肢,可以讓螯爪完全向外翻。

    螯肢亞門的身體及肢體有節,並由甲殼素蛋白質組成的表皮覆蓋。其頭部由幾節組成,這些節於胚胎發育時就已經融合在一起。體腔非常細小,血腔連接至管狀的心臟[2]它們的身體分為兩個體區,最前端的頭胸部與及後方的腹部[2]但是蜱蟎亞綱的頭胸部及腹部並沒有明顯的分野。[2]

    螯肢亞門的頭胸部於胚胎時期透過融合帶有眼睛口前葉和第二至第七節生成,第一節於胚胎發育期間會消失。第二節有一對螯肢,第三節有一對鬚肢,很多亞類都是以此來感官的,其餘的四節都有腳。較原始形態的口前葉兩側有一對複眼,中央有四隻單眼。[2]口器是在第二及第三節之間。[3]

    腹部包含12或更少的節數,頭七節為前腹部,後五節為後腹部,以尾節或尖刺終結。現今螯肢亞門已經失去了前腹部附肢,或是已經大幅演化[2],如蜘蛛噴絲板[2][2]

    螯肢亞門的身體及附肢都由粗糙的表皮所覆蓋,由於表皮不能伸展,它們需要脫皮來成長。[2]

    螯肢及鬚肢

    螯肢亞門的螯肢及鬚肢在形態及功能上有很大分野,唯一相同的就是其位置:螯肢出於第竹二節,位於口器前;而鬚肢來自第三節,位於口器之後。[2]

    螯肢一般分三節,第三節上有螯爪。[2][4]不過,蜘蛛的螯肢只有兩節,於第二節有螯爪,不使用時螯爪可以收起。[2]螯肢的大小也各有不同:廣翅鱟的螯爪很大[4],而蠍子的則很細小。[2]

    大部份螯肢亞門的鬚肢相對較為細小及用作感官。[2]不過雄性蜘蛛的鬚肢端呈球狀,可以作為針筒精子注入雌性的生殖口[2],而蠍子的則有大鉗用來捕捉獵物。[2]

    體腔及循環系統

    Spider main organs labelled.png
    蜘蛛的主要器官1螯爪2毒腺3腦部4胃部5大動脈分支6盲腸7心臟8中腸9馬氏管10泄殖腔11後大動脈12噴絲板13絲腺14氣管15卵巢(雌性)16書肺17神經索1819鬚肢生理系統 神經系統 消化排泄系統 循環系統 呼吸系統 生殖系統

    螯肢亞門的體腔非常細小,在生殖系統排泄系統之外只餘少許空間。主體腔是將血液帶到全身的血腔,管狀的心臟會將後部的血液向前供血。雖然動脈會將血液帶到特定的身體部位,但末端是開放的,並沒有接合至靜脈,是為開放式的循環系統[2]

    呼吸系統

    螯肢亞門的呼吸系統會就亞類所生存的環境而有所不同。現存陸生的螯肢亞門一般都有書肺氣管,書肺會經血液供應及移除廢氣,而氣管可以不用經血液而發揮同樣功能。[2]是水生的,故在類同位置有書鰓。已滅絕廣翅鱟亞綱估計是有鰓的,但其化石證明卻很混淆。但是奧陶紀晚期Onychopterella的化石似乎有三對書鰓,外觀非常像蠍子書肺。[5]

    覓食及消化

    大部份螯肢亞門的食道太窄,不足以容納固體食物。[2]所有蠍子及差不多所有蜘蛛都是掠食者,並會預先在口前腔用螯肢處理獵物。[2]不過有一種蜘蛛是草食性[6],並有很多是會以花蜜花粉來補充其營養。[7]大部份蜱蟎亞綱都是吸血的寄生蟲,但也有掠食性、草食性及食腐性的亞類。所有蜱蟎亞綱都有可收縮的螯肢、鬚肢及部份外骨骼,組成口前腔來預先處理食物。[2]

    盲蛛目是少數現存螯肢亞門可以吃固體食物,當中也有掠食性、草食性及食腐性的。[2]有獨特的消化系統可以處理固體食物。它們腳端的爪會將細小的無脊椎動物抓入最後肢至口器間的食物溝,腳基位置有鋸齒狀的顎基可以磨碎食物,並將之放入口內。[2]這種方式相信是最古老的節肢動物的覓食方法。[8]

    排泄

    會將廢物轉為,再經排出。其他的廢物會成為糞便肛門排出,另外亦有腎管遣濾出尿液[2]氨是有毒的,故它們需要大量份來稀釋。[2]大部份陸生的螯肢亞門都不能消耗如此大量的水份,故會將氮轉為其他化合物,並以固體形式排出。排泄可以由腎管及馬氏管進行。這些管都是從血液中過濾廢物,並以固體形態排到後腸。[2]

    神經系統

    頭胸神經節融入至腦部 腹神經節融入至腦部 所有 只有首二節 蠍子 所有 沒有 古疣亞目 只有首二節 沒有 其他蛛形綱 所有 所有

    螯肢亞門的神經系統都是基於節肢動物的一對標準神經索,每節的神經索上都有神經節。它們的腦部是神經節的融合,位於口器之後。[2]不過,由於螯肢二門的第一節會消失,所以它們的腦部只包含一對口前神經節,而不像其他昆蟲有兩對。[2]其他神經節融入至腦部的方式各有不同。的腦部包含了所有頭胸部及首兩腹節的神經節,而其他腹節的神經節則保持分離。[2]除了蠍子以外,大部份現存蛛形綱的所有神經節都在頭胸部融合成單一團,而腹部則完全沒有神經節。[2]古疣亞目腹部及頭胸後部的神經節並沒有融合[9],而蠍子頭胸部的神經節融合在一起,但腹部的則保持分離。[2]

    感覺

    螯肢亞門的表皮阻隔了外界的資訊,只透過傳感器或神經系統的連接來獲得感覺。蜘蛛及其他節肢動物都改進了其表皮成一系列的傳感器。絨毛是觸覺及振動的傳感器,由強烈的接觸至非常弱的氣流也可以感知。化學傳感器提供了與味覺嗅覺一樣的功用。[2]

    現存螯肢亞門擁有複眼及單眼,複眼位於頭部兩側,單眼位於中央。眼睛可以在沒有形成影像的情況下偵測運動。[2]蠅虎科有非常闊的視覺[2],其主眼比蜻蜓的準確多十倍。[10]

    繁殖

     src=
    雌性維納鉗蠍Compsobuthus werneri),背上白色的是幼體。

    體外受精的,即精子卵子是在體外相遇。它們的幼體像三葉蟲,只有兩對書鰓,在脫殼後會長多三對。[2]

    蛛形綱體內受精,一些會是直接的,即雄性及雌性的生殖器有直接接觸。另外也有一些受精是間接的,雄性會以它們鬚肢作為針筒將精子注入雌性的生殖口[2],或是雄性產出精囊,雌性將之放入體內。[2]示愛是十分普遍的,尤其是在強壯的掠食者,雄性要避免在交配前被雌性吃掉。大部份蛛形綱都是產卵的,而所有蠍子及一些都會將卵藏在體內直至孵化出幼體。[2]

    螯肢亞門的育嬰程度各有不同。蠍子會將幼體放在背上直至它們第一次脫殼,而一些物種就會一直留在母親身邊。[11]一些蜘蛛會照顧其幼體,如狼蛛科的幼體會抓著母親的絨毛[2],而母親亦會報以獵物作為回應。[12]

    演化歷史

    化石紀錄

    螯肢亞門的化石紀錄有很大的斷層,這是由於牠們的外骨骼有機的,很難作為化石被保存下來,除非是在特別適合保存軟組織的地層才能有所發現。伯吉斯頁岩中屬於5億500萬年前的多鬚蟲英语Sanctacaris西德尼蟲都被分類到螯肢亞門中,因為前者有體區分段,而後者則有像劍尾目的附肢。支序分類學分析卻認為它們有更多的特徵並不屬於螯肢亞門。5億2500萬年前寒武紀早期撫仙湖蟲是否屬於螯肢亞門激起了爭論。另一個寒武紀的科氏驚異蟲英语Kodymirus原先被分類到光楯目英语Aglaspidida(Aglaspidida)中,但有可能是屬於廣翅鱟亞綱。若這些任何一種是與螯肢亞門有關,化石斷層最少也有4300萬年。[13]


    已知最古老的廣翅鱟亞綱可以追溯至4億3600萬至4億2800萬年前的志留紀[14],但於2008年發現了屬於4億4500萬年前奧陶紀晚期的標本。[15][16]

    已知最古老的蛛形綱Palaeotarbus jerami,源自4億2000萬年前的志留紀。牠們擁有三角形的頭胸部及有節的腹部,有八對腳及一對鬚肢。[17][18]

    3億3600萬年前泥盆紀Attercopus fimbriunguis英语Attercopus是最早擁有生產絲器官的[19],但卻沒有噴絲板,故並非真正的蜘蛛。[20]有幾種石炭紀的蜘蛛都是屬於中突蛛亞目[19]

    志留紀晚期的Proscorpius英语Proscorpius被分類為蠍子,但明顯與現今的蠍子有所分別。牠們是完全水生的,用呼吸。其口器位於頭部底,接近第一對腳之間,有點像已滅絕的廣翅鱟亞目及現存的[21]4億200萬年前泥盆紀早期的陸生蠍子化石擁有書肺[22]

    與其他的關係

    節肢動物門 泛甲殼動物

    六足亞門

       

    甲殼亞門

        Paradoxopoda

    多足綱

       

    螯肢亞門

         
    螯肢亞門近期的種系發生[23]
    節肢動物門

    螯肢亞門

    有顎亞門

    甲殼亞門

         

    三葉蟲綱

    有氣管亞門

    六足亞門

       

    多足綱

             
    傳統上螯肢亞門的系統發生。[23]

    傳統上螯肢亞門與其他主要的節肢動物門較為疏遠。但近期的分子種系發生學及對節肢動物的神經系統胚胎時期的發育研究,顯示螯肢亞門與多足綱較為接近。不過,研究結果只是針對現存的節肢動物,若結合已滅絕的動物(如三葉蟲),結果可能會重返傳統的觀點上。[23]

    主要亞類

    螯肢亞門

    劍尾目

         

    廣翅鱟亞綱

       

    Chasmataspidida英语Chasmataspidida

        蛛形綱    

    蠍目

       

    盲蛛目

           

    擬蠍目

       

    避日目

         

    鬚腳目

         

    角怖目

         

    蜘蛛目

         

    聯足目

         

    無鞭目

         

    鞭蠍目

       

    裂盾目

                   

    節腹目

       

    單毛蟎總目

       

    蟎形亞目

           
    蛛形綱演化樹[24]

    一般認同螯肢亞門包含了蛛形綱劍尾目廣翅鱟亞綱[24]滅絕Chasmataspidida英语Chasmataspidida是廣翅鱟亞目下的亞類。[24][25]海蜘蛛綱傳統上分類在螯肢亞門之內,但有些特徵顯示它們是演化自最古老的節肢動物[26]

    不過自19世紀,螯肢亞門演化樹內的關係就已經被受爭議。2002年綜合現今螯肢亞門的RNA特徵及現今和已滅絕的螯肢亞門的解剖特徵後,為低層亞類提供了可靠的結果,但在高階的亞類中並不穩定。[27]2007年的研究提供了右側的演化樹,但卻仍有一些不明處。[24]

    蠍子的分類位置特別受到爭論。一些早期被認為是蠍子的化石,如志留紀晚期的Proscorpius卻有鰓和是水生的,口器的位置就像廣翅鱟亞目及鱟一樣。[21]這可以有三個選擇:將這些水生的化石分類到其他地方;或接受蠍子並非單系群,而是有水生及陸生的;[21]或是將蠍子分類到較為接近廣翅鱟亞目的位置,而疏於蜘蛛及其他蛛形目[5],蠍子因而並非屬於蛛形目,而蛛形目亦非單系群。[21]

    多樣性

    雖然不及昆蟲,螯肢亞門是最多樣化的動物之一,其下有超過77000個現存物種[28]估計仍有13萬種蜘蛛及50萬種未被描述。[29]雖然最早的螯肢亞門及現存的海蜘蛛劍尾目都是水生及呼吸溶氧,其他的都是呼吸空氣[28],除了一些蜘蛛可以將蜘蛛網織成潛水鐘的形狀進入水中生活。[30]大部份現存的螯肢亞門都是掠食者,主要掠食細小的無脊椎動物。其他很多都是寄生草食性食腐性食碎屑性的。[2][28]

    現存螯肢亞門的多樣性 類別 已描述物種[28] 食性 海蜘蛛綱 500 肉食性[28] 劍尾目 4 肉食性[28] 蜘蛛綱 34,000 肉食性;[28] 1種草食性[6] 蜱蟎亞綱 32,000 肉食性、寄生、草食性及食碎屑性[2][28] 盲蛛目 5,000 肉食性、草食性及食碎屑性[2] 擬蠍目 3,200 肉食性[31] 蠍目 1,400 肉食性[2] 避日目 900 肉食性、雜食性[2] 裂盾目 180 鈍尾目 100 有鞭目 90 肉食性[32] 鬚腳目 60 節腹目 60

    與人類的關係

     src=
    微觀下的台灣羅里蟎

    以往美國原住民是會吃,用其尾棘製作矛頭,殼用來舀水。不過他們已經放棄了將鱟作為牲畜食物,因為發現會令牲畜肉質的味道變壞。鱟的血液含有鱟阿米巴樣細胞溶解物(Limulus Amebocyte Lysate)可以用作細菌存在的試劑,以及用來偵測腦膜炎及一些癌症[33]

    柬埔寨[34]委內瑞拉南部[35]會煮食捕鳥蛛科,並視為是一種美食。蜘蛛毒素對環境的污染較傳統的殺蟲劑為低,因只會對昆蟲(而不是脊椎動物)起作用。[36]蜘蛛毒素也正研究用作醫藥來治療心律不整[37]阿茲海默病[38]中風[39]勃起功能障礙[40]由於蜘蛛絲輕巧而堅韌,基因工程師嘗試利用羊奶及葉子來製作蜘蛛絲。[41][42]於20世紀就有約100宗被蜘蛛咬死的個案[43],相對於水母刺死的1500宗為小。[44]

    蠍子刺螯亦是相當危險的,例如在墨西哥每年就約有1000宗死亡個案,但在發展較先進的美國每年就只有1宗。大部份個案都是因人類誤闖蠍子巢穴而發生的。[45]蠍子毒素也正被開發來作為醫藥用途,包括治療腦癌骨骼病症。[46][47]

    寄生的,一些會傳播引發疾病的微生物及寄生蟲,一些的口水更會直接引起蜱癱瘓[48]

    一些也會侵擾人類,它們咬或鑽入皮膚下而引起痕癢。那些侵擾齧齒目動物物種在失去主體時也會影響人類。[49]有三種蟎會對蜜蜂造成危害,其中一種的瓦蟎養蜂人的勁敵。[50]蟎會引起多種過敏症,包括過敏性鼻炎哮喘濕疹,與及加劇異位性皮膚炎[51]它們也是害蟲,但掠食性的蟎可以控制它們。[28][52]

    參考

    1. ^ Margulis, Lynn; Schwartz, Karlene. Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth third. W.H. Freeman and Company. 1998. ISBN 0716730278.
    2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. Invertebrate Zoology 7. Brooks/Cole. 2004: 518–84. ISBN 0030259827.
    3. ^ Willmer, P., and Willmer, P.G. Invertebrate Relationships: Patterns in Animal Evolution. Cambridge University Press. 1990: 275 [2008-10-14]. ISBN 0521337127.
    4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Braddy, S.J., Markus Poschmann, M., and Tetlie, O.E. Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod. Biology Letters. 2008, 4 (1): 106–9. PMC 2412931. PMID 18029297. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0491.
    5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Braddy, S.J., Aldridge, R.J., Gabbott, S.E., and Theron, J.N. Lamellate book-gills in a late Ordovician eurypterid from the Soom Shale, South Africa: support for a eurypterid-scorpion clade. Lethaia. 1999, 32 (1): 72–4.
    6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Meehan, C,J. Olson, E.J. and Curry, R.L. Exploitation of the Pseudomyrmex–Acacia mutualism by a predominantly vegetarian jumping spider (Bagheera kiplingi). 93rd ESA Annual Meeting. 21 August 2008 [2008-10-10].
    7. ^ Jackson, R.R.; 等. Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar (PDF). J. Zool. Lond. 2001, 255: 25–9. doi:10.1017/S095283690100108X. 引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签 (link)
    8. ^ Gould, S.J. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. Hutchinson Radius. 1990: 105. ISBN 0091742714.
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    10. ^ Harland, D.P., and Jackson, R.R. “Eight-legged cats” and how they see - a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) (PDF). Cimbebasia. 2000, 16: 231–240 [2008-10-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-09-28).
    11. ^ Lourenço, W.R. Reproduction in scorpions, with special reference to parthenogenesis. (编) Toft, S., and Scharff, N. European Arachnology 2000 (PDF). Aarhus University Press. 2002: 71–85 [2008-09-28]. ISBN 87-7934-001-6.
    12. ^ Foelix, R.F. Reproduction. Biology of Spiders. Oxford University Press US. 1996: 176–212 [2008-10-08]. ISBN 0195095944.
    13. ^ Wills, M.A. How good is the fossil record of arthropods? An assessment using the stratigraphic congruence of cladograms. Geological Journal. 2001, 36 (3-4): 187–210. doi:10.1002/gj.882.
    14. ^ Moore, R.A., Briggs, D.E.G., Braddy, S.J., Anderson, L.I., Mikulic, D.G., and Kluessendorf, J. A new synziphosurine (Chelicerata, Xiphosura) from the late Llandovery (Silurian) Waukesha Lagerstaette, Wisconsin, USA. Journal of Paleontology. March 2005, 79 (2): 242–50.
    15. ^ Rudkin, D.M., Young, G.A., and Nowlan, G.S. The Oldest Horseshoe Crab: a New Xiphosurid from Late Ordovician Konservat-Lagerstätten Deposits, Manitoba, Canada. Palaeontology. January 2008, 51 (1): 1–9.
    16. ^ Stott, C.A., Tetlie, O.E., Braddy, S.J., Nowlan, G.S, Glasser, P.M.,and Devereux, M.G. A New Eurypterid (Chelicerata) from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. Journal of Paleontology. November 2005, 79 (6): 1166–74.
    17. ^ Dunlop, J.A. A trigonotarbid arachnid from the Upper Silurian of Shropshire (PDF). Palaeontology. September 1996, 39 (3): 605–14 [2008-10-12].
    18. ^ Dunlop, J.A. A replacement name for the trigonotarbid arachnid Eotarbus Dunlop. Palaeontology: 191.
    19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Vollrath, F., and Selden, P.A. The Role of Behavior in the Evolution of Spiders, Silks, and Webs (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. December 2007, 38: 819–46 [2008-10-12]. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-12-09).
    20. ^ Selden, P.A., and Shear, W.A. Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets (PDF). Nature Precedings. July 2008 [2008-10-12].
    21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Weygoldt, P. Evolution and systematics of the Chelicerata. Experimental and Applied Acarology. February 1998, 22 (2): 63–79. doi:10.1023/A:1006037525704.
    22. ^ Shear, W.A., Gensel, P.G. and Jeram, A.J. Fossils of large terrestrial arthropods from the Lower Devonian of Canada. Nature. December 1996, 384: 555–7. doi:10.1038/384555a0.
    23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Jenner, R.A. Challenging received wisdoms: Some contributions of the new microscopy to the new animal phylogeny. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2006, 46 (2): 93–103. doi:10.1093/icb/icj014.
    24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Schultz, J.W. A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2007, 150: 221–65. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x.
    25. ^ O. Tetlie, E., and Braddy, S.J. The first Silurian chasmataspid, Loganamaraspis dunlopi gen. et sp. nov. (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from Lesmahagow, Scotland, and its implications for eurypterid phylogeny. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences. 2003, 94: 227–34. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000638.
    26. ^ Poschmann, M., and Dunlop, J.A. A New Sea Spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) with a Flagelliform Telson from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. Palaeontology. 2006, 49 (5): 983–9. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00583.x.
    27. ^ Gonzalo Giribet G., Edgecombe, G.D., Wheeler, W.C., and Babbitt, C. Phylogeny and Systematic Position of Opiliones: A Combined Analysis of Chelicerate Relationships Using Morphological and Molecular Data. Cladistics. 2002, 18 (1): 5–70. PMID 14552352. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2002.tb00140.x.
    28. ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 Shultz, J.W., Chelicerata (Arachnids, Including Spiders, Mites and Scorpions), Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2001, doi:10.1038/npg.els.0001605
    29. ^ Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World (PDF), Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government, September 2005 [2010-03-29]
    30. ^ Schütz, D., and Taborsky, M. Adaptations to an aquatic life may be responsible for the reversed sexual size dimorphism in the water spider, Argyroneta aquatica (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology Research. 2003, 5 (1): 105–17 [2008-10-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-12-16).
    31. ^ Pseudoscorpion - Penn State Entomology Department Fact Sheet. Pennsylvania State University. [2008-10-26].
    32. ^ Harvey, M.S. The Neglected Cousins: What do we Know about the Smaller Arachnid Orders? (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 2002, 30: 357–72 [2008-10-26]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-12-13).
    33. ^ Heard, W. Coast (PDF). University of South Florida. [2008-08-25].
    34. ^ Ray, N. Lonely Planet Cambodia. LonelyPlanet Publications. 2002: 308. ISBN 1-74059-111-9.
    35. ^ Weil, C. Fierce Food. Plume. 2006 [2008-10-03]. ISBN 0452287006. (原始内容存档于2011-05-11).
    36. ^ Spider Venom Could Yield Eco-Friendly Insecticides. National Science Foundation (USA). [2008-10-11].
    37. ^ Novak, K. Spider venom helps hearts keep their rhythm. Nature Medicine. 2001, 7 (155): 155. PMID 11175840. doi:10.1038/84588.
    38. ^ Lewis, R.J., and Garcia, M.L. Therapeutic potential of venom peptides (PDF). Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. October 2003, 2 (10): 790–802 [2008-10-11]. PMID 14526382. doi:10.1038/nrd1197. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-12-16).
    39. ^ Bogin, O. Venom Peptides and their Mimetics as Potential Drugs (PDF). Modulator. Spring 2005, (19) [2008-10-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-12-09).
    40. ^ Andrade, E., Villanova, F., Borra, P.; 等. Penile erection induced in vivo by a purified toxin from the Brazilian spider Phoneutria nigriventer. British Journal of Urology International. June 2008, 102 (7): 835–7. PMID 18537953. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07762.x. 引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签 (link) 引文格式1维护:日期与年 (link)
    41. ^ Hinman, M.B., Jones J.A., and Lewis, R.W. Synthetic spider silk: a modular fiber (PDF). Trends in Biotechnology. September 2000, 18 (9): 374–9 [2008-10-19]. PMID 10942961. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01481-5. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-12-16).
    42. ^ Menassa, R., Zhu, H., Karatzas, C.N., Lazaris, A., Richman, A., and Brandle, J. Spider dragline silk proteins in transgenic tobacco leaves: accumulation and field production. Plant Biotechnology Journal. June 2004, 2 (5): 431–8. PMID 17168889. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00087.x.
    43. ^ Diaz, J.H. The Global Epidemiology, Syndromic Classification, Management, and Prevention of Spider Bites. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. August 1, 2004, 71 (2): 239–50 [2008-10-11]. PMID 15306718.
    44. ^ Williamson, J.A., Fenner, P.J., Burnett, J.W., and Rifkin, J. Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook. UNSW Press. 1996: 65–8 [2008-10-03]. ISBN 0868402796.
    45. ^ Cheng, D., Dattaro, J.A., and Yakobi, R. Scorpion Sting. WebMD. [2008-10-25].
    46. ^ 'Scorpion venom' attacks tumours. BBC News. 2006-07-30 [2008-10-25].
    47. ^ Scorpion venom blocks bone loss. Harvard University. [2008-10-25].
    48. ^ Goodman, Jesse L.; Dennis, David Tappen; Sonenshine, Daniel E. Tick-borne diseases of humans. ASM Press. 2005: 114–401 [2010-03-29]. ISBN 9781555812386.
    49. ^ Potter, M.F. Parasitic Mites of Humans. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. [2008-10-25].
    50. ^ Jong, D.D., Morse, R.A., and Eickwort, G.C. Mite Pests of Honey Bees. Annual Review of Entomology. January 1982, 27: 229–52. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.27.010182.001305.
    51. ^ Klenerman, Paul; Lipworth, Brian; authors. House dust mite allergy. NetDoctor. [2008-02-20].
    52. ^ Osakabe, M. Which predatory mite can control both a dominant mite pest, Tetranychus urticae, and a latent mite pest, Eotetranychus asiaticus, on strawberry?. Experimental & applied acarology. 2002, 26 (3-4): 219–30. doi:10.1023/A:1021116121604.

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    螯肢亞門: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

    由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

    螯肢亞門(學名:Chelicerata)是一類主要的節肢動物,其下包括蠍子蜘蛛。它們可能是於寒武紀演化自海生動物,但最早的螯肢亞門化石只可追溯至4億4500萬年前的奧陶紀晚期。現存的水生物種包括劍尾目的4個物種及約1300種的海蜘蛛。陸地上已確認的螯肢亞門有超過7.7萬種,而未經確認的也有50萬種。

    螯肢亞門像其他節肢動物般身體有節,並由甲殼素蛋白質組成的表皮覆蓋。它們的身體有兩個體區,即頭胸部腹部,而蟎在這兩部份的分隔則不可見。它們口器前有一螯肢。大部份亞類都只會以螯肢來吃食,但蜘蛛螯肢的螯爪則形成了獠牙狀,大部份物種更可以從中注入毒素至獵物中。它們的循環系統是開放的,由管狀的心臟血液血腔輸送至身體其他部份。水生螯肢亞門是有鰓的,而其他的則有書肺氣管。螯肢亞門中央神經系統神經節融合成一團,融合的程度各有不同,如最為古老及原始的中突蛛亞目神經節的融合程度則很有限。大部份螯肢亞門都有剛毛來感應振動、氣流及化學轉變。最活躍的獵食性蜘蛛有非常銳利的視覺

    螯肢亞門最初只是掠食者,但後來分化出多種覓食策略,包括掠食、寄生草食性食腐性腐生性。雖然盲蛛目可以消化固體食物,但其他螯肢亞門的食道太窄,一般只會用螯肢及消化將食物液化。陸生的螯肢亞門為了保存水份只會排泄固體。陸生的螯肢亞門一般都是體內受精,而水生的則是體外受精的。掠食性的物種會採取一種很小心的求偶方法,以避免雄性在交配前被雌性吃掉。大部份物種在孵化後都會像成體,但所有蠍子及一些蟎都會將卵保存在其體內,直至幼體出生。大部份螯肢亞門的幼體都是自行覓食的,但雌性的蠍子及一些蜘蛛是會保護及餵飼幼體的。

    螯肢亞門的起源一直都存在爭論。雖然對於亞類之間的關係有一定共識,但海蜘蛛的分類及蠍子的定位仍有爭議。

    雖然一些蜘蛛及蠍子的毒素非常危險,醫護界現正研究使用這些毒素來治療癌症勃起功能障礙等病症。鱟的血液也有用來測試細菌的存在。基因工程師改造羊奶及葉子製造出蜘蛛絲。蟎可以令人過敏,並會傳播疾病,故是一種害蟲

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    鋏角亜門 ( 日語 )

    由wikipedia 日本語提供
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    鋏角亜門 Scorpion anatomy.png
    サソリの構造
    分類 : 動物Animalia : 節足動物Arthropoda 亜門 : 鋏角亜門 Chelicerata

    鋏角亜門(きょうかくあもん、Chelicerata)は、節足動物門を大きく分けた亜門のひとつである。クモサソリカブトガニなどを含む。

    概要[編集]

    鋏角亜門に含まれる節足動物は以下のような基本的体制の違いによって、それ以外の節足動物(大顎類三葉虫類)から区別される。

    1. 体は前体Prosoma、頭胸部)と後体Opisthosoma、腹部)からなる。
    2. 触角は存在しない。
    3. 鋏角の他に、独立した顎のような付属肢がない。

    前体[編集]

    詳細は「鋏角」および「触肢」を参照

    目を備えた前端の口前葉を除き、体節の前6節からなり6対の付属肢をもつ。第1節には本グループの特徴である1対の鋏角Chelicerae)、次の第2~6節は5対の歩脚型付属肢があり、そのうち最初の一対は触肢Pedipalp)としてやや異なった構造を持つ場合がある。

    「頭胸部」とも呼ばれたが、この部分に含めた殆どの体節は大顎類の前5節からなる頭部に相同する。従って大顎類の顎として特化した付属肢は、鋏角類の場合は殆ど歩脚として役を果たす。

    後体[編集]

    「腹部」ともいう、体節の第7節から始め、最多は13節からなる。サソリウミサソリのように、後体は更に中体(Mesosoma、前腹部)と終体(Metasoma、後腹部)として区別できることがある。一部のグループは後端に尾節(Telson)が備える。

    現生の鋏角類に限れば、後体の付属肢は退化している場合が多く、あっても歩脚状から飛び抜けた形状である。原始的なカブトガニと一部の古生代鋏角類の後体付属肢は鰭状であり、クモ綱の書肺;クモの糸疣とサソリの櫛状板も付属肢に由来する部分と思われる。

    下位分類[編集]

    系統関係[編集]

    節足動物門

    大顎類


    鋏角亜門 ?

    ウミグモ綱





    サンクタカリス



    ハベリア



    真鋏角類

    カブトガニ




    ウミサソリ



    クモ綱







    節足動物門における鋏角亜門の位置と内部系統。

    系統については、三葉虫類から派生したものとの見解がかつてはあった。これは、光楯類が両者の中間的な形態を持つものとして存在したことが大きな理由である。光楯類は三葉虫に似た体型に短い剣尾を持ち、附属肢も鋏角類的だが触角があるとされた。ただし、現在では触角はなかったと考えられるようになり、三葉虫類と鋏角類のこのような関係は現在では疑問視されている。バージェス動物群サンクタカリスハベリアは、本グループによく似た体制も注目される[1]

    また、下位分類についてクモ綱の内部系統ははっきりせず、ウミグモ綱については様々な説が出ており、他の鋏角類(真鋏角類、Euchelicerata)と姉妹群にする説や[2];残り全ての現生節足動物の姉妹群にする説もある[3]

    いずれにしても、触角がなく、口より前に口器をなす附属肢由来の構造がある点で、他の節足動物の群とはかけ離れており、それらの関係の判断は難しい。ただし、アノマロカリス類が節足動物であると考えれば、その触手も口より前にあるため、これと鋏角を相同と見なすことが可能である。そこから、原始的節足動物の中からアノマロカリス類と鋏角類がまず分化し、鋏角の分枝が触角化したことからそれ以外の節足動物が分化した、という説も出ている(小野(2009))。一方、解剖学の知見によりこれらは相同器官ではないと示唆され、神経の構造によりアノマロカリスの触手は前大脳;鋏角と触角は中大脳に対応する。

    歴史と進化[編集]

    鋏角類は古生代の初期に出現し、常に節足動物相の一翼を担ってきた。特に古生代前期には非常に繁栄し、ウミサソリはシルル紀にほぼ食物連鎖の頂点に位置し、史上最大の節足動物の一つになっている。また生物の陸上進出が始まったときにも早い時期に陸生種を出し、肉食者としての地位を築いた。しかし、多くは次第に衰退し、現在ではクモ類・ダニ類以外は種数もごく少なく、生きている化石的なものが多い。

    この理由として、一つには鋏角類の前体にある付属肢は殆ど歩脚となり、口器として独立した付属肢は1対の鋏角しかなく、複雑で多様な口器を発達させる余地がなかったことが挙げられる。このため、その歴史の早期には強力な肉食者として存在したが、それ以降に食性についての幅広い適応を行うことができなかった。また、陸上種に関しては呼吸器としての書肺をもっていたが、そのために気管の発達が遅れ、そのために運動能力において後れを取ったとの説もある。

    いずれにせよ、海では甲殻類に、陸上では昆虫類に押されて衰退したと見られる。この類で大きな発展を遂げたのはクモ目とダニ目のみで、前者は糸と、それによる網の活用で広範囲な昆虫を捕食する能力を発達させたこと、後者では小さな体を利してニッチを拡大し、食性の幅を広げた(肉食・草食・吸血・腐植食など、あるいは捕食者、草食者・寄生者など)ことによると思われる。それ以外の類はほとんど古生代の姿を残した遺存的な群である。

    脚注[編集]

    参考文献[編集]

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    • 内田亨監修『動物系統分類学(全10巻)第7巻(中A) 節足動物(IIa)』,(1966),中山書店
    • 石川良輔編『節足動物の多様性と系統』,(2008),バイオディバーシティ・シリーズ6(裳華房)
    • 小野展嗣編著、『日本産クモ類』、(2009)、東海大学出版会
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    鋏角亜門: Brief Summary ( 日語 )

    由wikipedia 日本語提供

    鋏角亜門(きょうかくあもん、Chelicerata)は、節足動物門を大きく分けた亜門のひとつである。クモサソリカブトガニなどを含む。

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    협각류 ( 韓語 )

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    협각류(鋏角類)는 거미류, 투구게 그리고 관련된 형태의 동물을 포함하는 절지동물 분류의 하나이다. 대개 육식인 이들은, 캄브리아기의 해양 절지동물의 공통 조상인, 현재는 멸종된 삼엽충보다 오랫동안 존재해 오고 있다. 해양 협각류 동물의 대부분은, 유립테루스 모두를 포함하여, 현재 멸종되었다. 협각류 동물과 이와 밀접한 화석으로 존재하는 친족 동물(주로, 원래의 검미아강에 포함된)들은 분류군 Arachnomorpha아문에, 삼엽충과 함께 분류된다.

    특성

    협각류에서, 몸은 8개의 체절과 하나의 선절로 구성된 전방의 두흉부(頭胸部 prosoma)와 12개의 체절과 하나의 후절로 구성된 후방의 후체구(後體球, opisthosoma)로 구분되어 있다. 다른 절지동물에서처럼 입은 두 번째와 세 번째 체절 사이에 놓여 있다. 그러나 다른 그룹에서는 항상 마지막 전구 체절 상에 한 쌍의 더듬이가 있음에 반하여, 협각류에서는 없다. 두흉부는 항상 눈을 지닌다. 두흉부의 처음 2 개의 체절은 어떤 부속지도 지지하지 않는다; 세 번째는 협각을 지탱하고, 네 번째 체절은 다리 또는 촉지를 지탱하며, 그리고 다음의 나머지 모든 체절들은 다리를 지탱한다.

    협각류라는 이름이 유래된 "협각"은, 먹이를 쥐는 뾰족한 부속지들로, 대부분의 다른 절지동물들이 가지고 있는 먹이를 씹는 턱들의 위치에 있다. 대부분은 딱딱한 것들을 섭취할 수 없기 때문에, 피를 빨아들이거나 뱉거나 또는 먹이에게 소화 효소를 넣는다. 두형부 상에 있는 다리들은 단지이거나, 매우 짧고 주름진 파생물이고, 걷거나 헤엄치기에 적합하게 되어 있다. 후체구 상에 있는 부속지들은, 반대로 존재하지 않거나 또는 주름진 파생물로 쫄아들어 있다.

    하위 분류

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    노랑진드기(Lorryia formosa)

    협각아문은 4개의 으로 구분한다:

    바다거미강은 실제로, 위에서 기술된 몸 구조와는 다른 좀 큰 차이점을 보여주며, 절지동물의 독자적인 계통을 드러내주는 것으로 제안된 바 있다. 바다거미강은 초기에 다른 절지동물로부터 분리되었을지 모르며, 또는 매우 변형된 형태일 것으로 묘사된다. 때로는 바다거미강이 협각류에서 제외되기도 하지만, Cheliceriformes으로는 포함된다. 최근의 모든 계통적 추측 때문에 퇴구강이라는 이름을 쓰는 것은 꺼리고 있으며, 검미아강(Xiphosura) + 광익아강(Eurypterida)으로 구성된 측계통군으로 간주된다.

    버제스 혈암 동물인 Sanctacaris광순류는 퇴구강에 포함시키는 것으로 제안되었으나, 현재는 논란이 되고 있다. 이들은 캄브리아기에서 등장했던 멸종 동물들이다; 광순류는 실루리아기 동안에 사라졌다고 믿어지고 있다. 협각류 중에서 확실한 가장 오랜 그룹은 후기-캄브리아기 이후에 발견되는 비다거미이다.

    계통 분류

    다음은 범절지동물의 계통 분류이다.[1]

    범절지동물

    유조동물

      Tactopoda  

    완보동물

    진절지동물

    협각류

      대각류  

    다지류

       

    범갑각류

             

    각주

    1. Regier; Shultz, J. W.; Zwick, A.; Hussey, A.; Ball, B.; Wetzer, R.; Martin, J. W.; Cunningham, C. W.; 외. (2010), “Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences”, 《네이처463 (7284): 1079–1084, Bibcode:2010Natur.463.1079R, doi:10.1038/nature08742, PMID 20147900
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