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華盛頓椰子

Washingtonia filifera (Rafarin) H. Wendl. ex de Bary

Comments ( 英語 )

由eFloras提供
L. H. Bailey (1936) cited S. Watson, not H. Wendland, as the combining authority of this species, believing that Wendland did not explicitly make the new combination. The combination was made, however, by the journal editor, Anton de Bary, in the index to the volume, appearing on page (column) LXI. Hence, de Bary, not Watson, is the combining author (J. L. Strother, pers. cComm.).

Naturalized populations of this species were reported at four sites in Nevada (J. W. Cornett 1987) and in Death Valley National Monument, California (J. W. Cornett 1988). L. R. McClenaghan and A. C. Beauchamp (1986) found low genetic variation among populations of Washingtonia filifera. V. J. Miller (1983) discussed the history and setting of W. filifera in Arizona.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 22: 106 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( 英語 )

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Stem robust more or less uniform in diameter, up to 24 m tall, 60-120 cm in diameter, upper part covered with dead leaves. Crown dense, close; leaves circular in outline, divided from the middle into 70-75 segments, segments glabrous, pendulous, filamentous on the margin and at the apex, a long thread hanging at the sinus of each segment; costa prominent, hastula at the apex of petiole triangular, whitish, spongy. Petiole long, plano-convex, margin of the lower portion spinous, spines yellow, hooked, hard. Inflorescence among the foliage, longer than the leaves, declined, bracts tubular at base, sheathing the branches and branchlets, flattened at anthesis. Flowers white, subsessile; calyx 3-lobed, campanulate, c. 3 mm long; corolla 3-lobed, 6-7 mm long, papery, lanceolate, acuminate; anthers large, dorsifixed, versatile, hastate, filaments fusiform. Ovary tri-lobed, stigmas three, style filiform, exserted. Fruit black, small, c. 8 x 6 mm.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 31 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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Description ( 英語 )

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Stems massive, to 1.5 m 100--150 cm diam. 2n = 36.
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書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 22: 106 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Ariz., Calif., Nev.; Mexico (Baja California).
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 22: 106 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Distribution: U.S.A., Southern California and Northern Baja California and Mexico. In Pakistan it is cultivated as an ornamental plant.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 31 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
編輯者
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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Flower/Fruit ( 英語 )

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Fl. Per.: March-June Fr. Per.: June-July.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 31 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
編輯者
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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Flowering/Fruiting ( 英語 )

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Flowering spring--summer.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 22: 106 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Native to desert washes, seeps, and springs where underground water is continuously available; of conservation concern; 100--1200m.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 22: 106 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Synonym ( 英語 )

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Pritchardia filifera Linden ex Andr&eacute, Ill. Hort. 21: 28. 1874; Neowashingtonia filifera (Linden) Sudworth; Pritchardia filamentosa H. Wendland ex Fenzi; Washingtonia filamentosa (H. Wendland ex Fenzi) Kuntze; W. filifera var. arizonica (O. F. Cook ex Annon.) M. E. Jones; W. filifera var. typica M. E. Jones
許可
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 22: 106 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

由EOL authors提供
Approximately 25,000 individuals of the species exist at present, distributed among 116 separate, but genetically indistinct populations. W. filifera is damaged in an ongoing way by alteration of the water table. This species as a whole is considered vulnerable due to declining populations and ongoing pressure from human overpopulation and consequent agricultural overdrafting of groundwater. As a case study, the town of Twenty Nine Palms has been overdrafting groundwater, with a resultant three meter decline in the water table at the Mara Oasis within the Joshua Tree National Monument. Competition for water by other phreatophytes and invasives exacerbate the plight of W. filifera. For example, Tamarix ramosissima is known to be such a thirsty competitor. C.Michael Hogan observed long riparian stretches of this invasive along the lower New River in Imperial County, where extensive human intrusion to the floodplain has been made to promote agricultural expansion. This large alien shrub has displaced significant native vegetation, likely including certain W. filifera in the last two centuries.
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California Fan Palm- Washingtonia filifera ( 英語 )

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Native to the southwestern U.S and Baja California, the California fan palm is 1 of the 11 native palms in North America. It has a large, gray unbranched trunk, with horizontal lines. The trunk is 2-3 feet in diameter, and grows 20 to 60 feet long, with hooked spines along the edges. It grows naturally near desert oases, or moist soils near alkaline streams, and mountain canyons. The fan shaped leaves spread from around the top while many old leaves hang on the trunk. This provides a protective habitat for many animals, including birds, insects, and small rodents.


It should not be confused with the date palm, but it does produce “date like” fruit surrounded by a seed. The fruit contains a sweet pulp which the Native Americans ate fresh or dried. They also grounded the nuts to a fine powder and used it for flour.

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Common Names ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
California palm
California fan palm
Washington palm
California Washington-palm
desert palm
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: drupe, fruit, seed

California palm is a native evergreen monocot from 30 to 50 feet (9-15
m) in height and 1 to 2 feet (0.3-0.6 m) in diameter. The crown is a
rosette of large leaves. It is supported by a columnar trunk. Unburned
trunks are covered by a mass of pendent dead leaves called a shag or
skirt. Outer trunk tissue consists of a thick, barklike rind. The
inflorescence is a spadix. The fruit is a drupe containing a single
large seed [28,32,33]. California palm is a phreatophtye [40]. Roots
are variously described in the literature as shallow [1] or deep [28].
Presumably, root depth varies with depth of the water table, with palms
growing near seeps and springs having the more shallow root systems.
Determining the exact age of palms is difficult because tree-ring counts
cannot be made on monocots. The maximum age attained by this species is
estimated to be 200 years. Mature trees typically live about 150 years
[40]. California palm can withstand about 22 hours of subfreezing
temperature [9].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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California palm occurs in disjunct groves from the Turtle and Cottonwood
Mountains and the Twenty-nine Palms region of the Mojave Desert,
California south to the Sierra de Juarez, the Sierra San Pedro Martir,
and Sierra Pinnate Mountains, Baja California [27,39]. Four groves are
located in Clark County, Nevada [7], and five others are in La Paz and
Yavapi Counties, Arizona [23]. Most United States populations occur
within the Colorado Desert along the San Andreas Fault. Due to
California palm's value as an indicator species (see Site
Characteristics), all known California palm communities have been mapped
[7]. It is extensively planted as an ornamental in semiarid and
subtropical regions of the world [9], and has naturalized in some places
[24].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: crown fire, fire frequency, fire management, fire regime, frequency, fruit, litter, natural, seed

Man-caused and natural fires are important factors affecting California
palm and the oases in which they grow. A survey of oases along the San
Andreas Fault revealed fire effects on palms at all sites. Prior to the
nineteenth century, Native Americans practiced fire management in oases,
burning them at intervals of about 4 years [40]. Burning increased the
yield of fruit crops, removed the dead shag from trunks for easier
access to crops, and removed understory phreatophytes competing for
water resources. Spring flows increased, which temporarily reduced the
high alkalinity of soils and favored California palm seed germination
and seedling growth. The oases were thusly maintained at pioneer or
early seral conditions [25,40].

Naturally-occurring oases fires are usually ignited by lightning
strikes; natural average fire frequency is undocumented. Oases fire
records show that fire can occur at any time of year. Oases fuels are
usually so prodigious and desiccated that lightning readily produces
fire even when occurring in winter during heavy rain [40]. Other
possible causes of natural fire have been suggested, including ignition
from sparks given off by falling rock in canyon sites, and spontaneous
combustion. Hydric portions of oases support dense growth with heavy
accumulations of litter [39]. Spontaneous combustion occurs naturally
in Louisiana marshes [38], and hydric portions of oases are similar in
composition and environment [40].

California palms are fire resistant. They are rarely killed by either
the initial burning of their shag or by subsequent burnings. Burning
experiments show that their fibrous trunks are difficult to ignite and
almost impossible to flame. Each successive burning kills some outer
vascular bundles and burns off some of the trunk, causing a reduction of
trunk diameter. Crown fire, a common occurrence, reduces crown size.
Repeated burnings sometimes results in fire-dwarfed trees. Reduction in
trunk and crown reduces the evapotranspiration rate, making more
effective use of limited water supplies and allowing for a greater
number of palms per oasis. Wind-blown, advancing crown fire does not
inflict as much damage or kill as many palms as a slow-moving fire
burning in still air [40].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fire suppression, fuel, fuel loading, litter, natural, prescribed fire

Fire is an essential element of California palm regeneration and oasis
maintenance. Fire suppression, practiced in many oases for over 60
years, has resulted in dense understories of brush and young palms. The
Thousand Palms Oasis, for example, located in the Colorado Desert,
California, developed very little understory for 10 to 15 years
following its last fire. Saltgrass was the understory pioneer. It was
displaced by a dense growth of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa; P.
pubescens) and goldenbush. After 35 years of fire suppression the oasis
supported a dense, tall undergrowth with a humid microclimate. Litter
accumulations were "massive" [40]. California palm's ability to resist
fire under such highly flammable conditions is unknown. Managers are
concerned that current fuel loading in many oases constitutes a severe
fire hazard to palms, and that the next fire will kill substantial
numbers of mature trees [1,40]. Manually removing portions of the
understory, followed by natural prescribed and/or prescribed fire is
recommended [1].

Fire kills desert palm borer beetle larvae near the trunk exterior
[8].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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Topography and soils: California palm occurs at elevations below 3,500
feet (1,067 m) [24]. It serves as an indicator species, denoting
sources of year-round surface water in desert [22,33]; it is found near
seeps, springs, and streams [33]. It also occurs in canyons where water
is channeled from nearby mountains, in alluvial fan edges where
groundwater is trapped by bedrock, and where water percolates through
rock fractures caused by earthquake faulting [32]. Soils are generally
undeveloped and low in organic matter except in densely vegetated oases.
Hillside oases soils consist of lacustrine sediments of mud and rock,
while wash oases soils also contain sand. Seep oases have fine,
flocculent soils and are frequently covered by a thin crust of salts,
which tends to minimize soil erosion. If such soils are thickly
crusted, undergrowth is sparse or absent. Most soils supporting
California palm are high in pH (average pH 9.2) [40]. Soils in its root
zone, however, are generally less alkaline than topsoils [33].

Climate: California palm grows in a semiarid climate. Temperatures are
typically hot in summer (average 107 degrees Fahrenheit [42 deg C]) and
below freezing in winter. Temperature extremes recorded near one
Colorado Desert oasis are 13 and 125 degrees Fahrenheit (-17 and 52 deg
C). Oases temperatures are generally more moderate than the open
desert, being cooler in summer and warmer in winter. Average annual
precipitation ranges from 3 inches (8 cm) at the lowest to 8 inches (20
cm) at the highest elevations of California palm's range. Most
precipitation falls from December to March, but locally beneficial rains
occur from July through September. Lightning is common during such
storms [40].

Plant associates: Overstory associates not listed under Distribution
and Occurrence include Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii),
saltcedar, paloverde (Cercidium floridum), and California sycamore
(Plantus racemosa) [7,30,40]. Understory associates include cattail
(Typha spp.), reed (Phragmites australis), cane (Arundinaria spp.),
Olney bulrush (Scirpus olneyi), Torrey seepweed (Suaeda torreyana),
desert willow (Salix gooddingii), arrowweed (Pluchea sericea), saltgrass
(Distichlis spp), mesquite, alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides), alkali
goldenbush (Haplopappus acradenius), desert holly (Atriplex
hymenelytra), and allscale saltbush (A. polycarpa) [1,7,24,30,40].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

242 Mesquite
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES30 Desert shrub
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: cactus

K027 Mesquite bosque
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush - bursage
K043 Paloverde - cactus shrub
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: association, cover, fruit, tree

Many animals live in close association with California palm. Amphibians
such as the canyon tree frog and Pacific tree frog frequent the hydric
zone and nearby boulders beneath palms. Various rodents use the palm's
shag for cover. A species of rat snake (Elaphe rosalica) depends upon
the shag for shelter and food (rodents). Oases attract numerous species
of birds because of the relative abundance of food, shelter, and nesting
sites as compared to open desert. Hooded orioles use fibers from older
palm leaves as nesting material [32], often constructing nests within
the palms [11]. Gray fox and various birds and rodents eat the fruit,
and the fruit is the main component in the fall diet of coyote
[6,32,40,].

California palm oases were used as cattle rangeland from 1911 to 1913,
and were grazed by sheep in the late 1940's [40].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, forest, natural, xeric

California palm forms open to dense groves in moist areas, often
providing 100 percent of overstory cover [34]. Understory species are
sparse in dense groves and more alkaline areas; they may be abundant in
open groves or favorable sites [15]. California palm communities
separate into three distinct zones: the hydric zone, the oasis-proper,
and the oasis-desert ecotone. Oases located at wash or stream sites
gradually intergrade into open desert, while oases in seep areas
generally have abrupt ecotones, grading sharply into xeric desert
communities such as mesquite (Prosopis spp.) [40]. Publications naming
California palm as a dominant species are as follows:

Sonora Desert [5].
Natural terrestrial communities of California [15].
Riparian forest and scrubland community types of Arizona and New Mexico [34].
The vascular plant communities of California [35].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: seed, tree

Many California palm oases have been destroyed by agricultural and urban
development. Others have been eliminated due to loss of oases water
sources. California palm is sensitive to any change in water level;
either a lowering of water tables or the inundation of root systems may
kill plants [40]. Groundwater pumping by the town of Twenty-nine Palms,
California may be partially responsible for the 10-foot (3 m) drop in
the water table at some sites of nearby Joshua Tree National Monument
[1]. California palms in the Monument's Oasis of Mara are threatened by
the drying up of the spring feeding the oasis [1,41]. Other
phreatophytes competing for limited water resources can also greatly
effect how much water will be available to palms. Increases of mesquite
in the understory of the Oasis of Mara are probably an additional cause
of the water table drop [1]. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), a strongly
competitive exotic with an extremely high evapotranspiration rate, can
dry up or reduce the yield of oases seeps and springs [4]. Saltcedar is
displacing California palm in some areas [31,40]. (See the FEIS
write-up on Tamarix ramosissima for information regarding the control of
saltcedar.) Near the San Andreas Fault, palms receiving percolating
water through rock fractures sometimes perish when the fault shifts,
eliminating or relocating seeps [32].

Harmful agents: California palm is resistant to most fungal and
bacterial infections [26]. A crown rot (Penicillium vermoeseni)
sometimes infects trees that have been injured by lightning strikes or
fire. Lightning-injured trees may be difficult to detect because palms
do not generally show lightning disfigurement [18]. Palms, however, are
occasionally decapitated by lightning [39]. California palm is the
specific host of the giant palm borer beetle (Dynapate wrightii).
Larvae of this insect feed on the wood [26,32] and can weaken or kill
trees [8].

Outlying California palm oases are popular destinations for hikers,
four-wheel drive, and dune-buggy enthusiasts. Vegetation disturbance,
vandalism, and theft of Indian relics by unscrupulous recreationists are
of continuing management concern [32].

Cultivation: California palm is easily grown from seed. The seed is
abundant; it stores and germinates well, and seedlings transplant easily
[12,25]. Information on seed processing, storage, and germination
techniques and seedling care is available [19].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( 英語 )

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California palm fruits, including seeds, contain 348 calories per 100
grams. Percentages by weight of several nutrients in fruits (including
seeds) are as follows [8]:

protein 3.1
fat 2.8
carbohydrate 77.7
fiber 10.4
ash 5.4

Milligrams per 100 grams of several other nutrients in fruits (including
seeds) are as follows [8]:

calcium 110
phosphorus 89
iron 7.8
carotene 180
thiamine 0.06
vitamin C 0.13
niacin 1.0
riboflavin 0.13
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

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AZ CA HI NV MEXICO
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fresh, fruit

California palm is greatly valued as a landscaping ornamental [12].

Kamia and Cahuilla Indians selected California palm oases for village
sites. The oases provided sources of water, food, and shade.
California palm vegetative buds, flowers, and fruits were utilized as
food. The fruits, resembling commercial dates in taste, were eaten
fresh or dried; some dried fruit was made into meal. Leaves were used
as thatching. Sandals, clothing, and baskets were fashioned from leaf
fibers. Spoons and hunting bows were made from the petioles. The wood
was used for kindling. Because of historical use by Indians, California
palm oases are important archeological sites [25,26,32].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

Flowering occurs in May and June [32]. The leaves die at the end of the
summer growing season, remaining attached to the trunk [33]. Fruits
ripen in September [23], and seeds ripen and drop from November to
January [19,6].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: root crown, secondary colonizer, seed

Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - on-site seed
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fruit, hypogeal, natural, pericarp, seed, tree

California palm regenerates from seed [12]; vegetative reproduction does
not occur (J. W. Cornett, in [22]). Cultivated trees have flowered at
age 19 [26], but the age at which trees growing under natural conditions
first flower is unreported. Pollination is predominantly
insect-mediated (J. W. Cornett, in [22]), but self-pollination may also
occur [22]. Natural populations of California palm are reseeding well
[23]. A heavy crop for an individual tree probably approaches 10,000
fruits. In the southern Anza-Borrego region of California, 11 percent
of trees fruited 1 year, followed by 57 to 59 percent of trees fruiting
in the following 3 years [6]. Seeds are disseminated primarily by the
coyote [7,40]. Because of its fruit-eating habit and broad range of
travel between water sources, coyote often transport seeds over
considerable distances [32]. The four California palm groves of
southern Nevada probably established from seed in coyote scat [7]. A
comparison of seed collected from the ground surface and seed collected
from coyote scat showed that the pericarp was missing from 94 percent of
coyote-consumed seed. Removal of the pericarp increases the probability
of germination. Sixty-three percent of coyote-consumed seed tested in
this study germinated, as compared to 34 percent of that in the control
group [8]. Seed in coyote scat are rarely consumed by passing animals
[7]. Gray fox also consume and disseminate seed. Birds generally
consume only the fruit, not the seed [32]. The western and mountain
bluebird and the cedar waxwing, however, eat both fruit and seed,
disseminating the seed in droppings. Seed in bird droppings are usually
disseminated within or close by the grove of the parent tree. The seed
appears to be difficult for these birds to digest, and are often
regurgitated. Regurgitated seed may still be partially covered by fruit
fragments, which reduces germination rates. Rodent predation of seed in
bird droppings or vomit is high [6]. Seed remains viable in seedbanks
for up to 6 years [19]. Germination is hypogeal [36]. Seedlings
require a moist mineral seedbed and partial shade to full sun. They
cannot establish on highly alkaline soils [39]. Seedling recruitment
frequently occurs in a flush during wet years [40].

California palm fruit allelopathically inhibits germination and growth of
other species under laboratory conditions [7].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

7 Lower Basin and Range
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: fire management, shrubs

California palm is moderately shade tolerant when young, becoming
intolerant with age [28,40]. California palm communities require moist
pioneer conditions [40]. They are invaded by shrubs in the absence of
fire, creating environmental conditions which eventually kill the palms
[1,40]. (See Management Considerations and Fire Management
Considerations.)
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Synonyms ( 英語 )

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Washingtonia robusta Wendl.
Washingtonia arizonica Cook
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

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The scientific name of California palm is Washingtonia filifera
(Linden) Wendl. [3,24,28].
書目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Washingtonia filifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Chile Central
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Lifli vaşinqtoniya ( 亞塞拜然語 )

由wikipedia AZ提供


Təbii yayılması

Təbii şəraitdə ABŞMeksika nın cənub ştatlarında tropik ərazilərdə bitir.

Botaniki təsviri

Hündürlüyü 20 m-ə çatan, tezböyüyən düz gövdəli bitkidir. Yelpik formalı, iri yarpaqcıqlardan ibarət çətirə malikdir. Yarpaqların uzunluğu 14-45 sm, yaşıl rəngli,cod saplaqlı, ag liflidir. Saplaqları iynələrlə örtülmüşdür. Kanarları tikanlıdır. Yarpaq saplağının uzunluğu 1,5-2,5 m-ə çatır. Ləkvari, çətirşəkilli, çoxsaylı hissələri yarpaq ayasının bünövrəsindən çıxır yarpağın ucunda hissələrə bölünür. İlk yarpaqlar əvvəlcə açıq yaşıl rəngdə, sonradan tünd-yaşıl rəngdə olur. Bənövşəyı rəngli çiçəyi iri və ətirlidir. Çiçəkləri ikicinsli, qoltuq çiçək qruplarına yığılmışdır, çiçəklədikdən sonar onların yerində uzunluğu 15 mm-ə qədər, yeməli qara giləmeyvələr əmələ gəlir. Çiçəkləmə fazasına may-iyun aylarında başıayır. Meyvəsi avqust-sentyabr aylarında yetişir. Meyvəsinin diametric 1-1,5 sm-dir, sarı rəngdədir. Toxumu xırda və dairəvi formadadır. Toxumla çoxaldılır.

Ekologiyası

İşıqsevəndir, ancaq düz günəş şüalarından qorunmalıdır. Yarpaq çürüntülü, çimli,torflu, qumlu torpaqlarda yaxşı bitir.

Azərbaycanda yayılması

Abşeron da, cənub rayonlarda mədəni şəraitdə becərilir.

İstifadəsi

Yaşıllıqlarda tək və ya qrup əkinlərində istifadə edilir.

Məlumat mənbələri

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Washingtonia filifera ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Washingtonia filifera és, juntament amb Phoenix canariensis i Phoenix dactylifera, una de les principals espècies de palmera que s'utilitzen en la jardineria de climes mediterranis.

Distribució i hàbitat

És originària de les àrees subdesèrtiques de Califòrnia i del nord-oest de Mèxic.

Li calen estius calorosos, però a l'hivern té una relativa resistència al fred, ja que pot suportar glaçades de curta durada fins a 10 graus per sota zero.

A la península Ibèrica prospera en totes les façanes litorals i les altituds mitjanes de l'interior. A l'altiplà nord, amb estius relativament curts, s'observen exemplars aïllats que creixen molt lentament en exposicions protegides a altituds de fins a 800 metres sobre el nivell del mar, com per exemple a l'Hort de Calixto i Melibea de Salamanca.

Es conrea fora del seu hàbitat natural, especialment en països de clima temperat.

Descripció

Les principals característiques diferenciadores respecte al gènere Phoenix és la presència de fulles palmades en lloc de pectinades (o sigui, els folíols surten radialment del mateix punt a l'extrem del pecíol, en comptes de disposar-se a banda i banda al llarg de l'eix com les barbes d'una ploma) i el tronc molt més prim i alt (més de 15 metres). El tronc té petites marques de fissures rugoses o és parcialment cobert per restes foliars, amb la base eixamplada. Conté un fruit el·líptic o ovoide, negrós, de 0,6 cm de diàmetre i no comestible.[1]

En condicions bones per al seu creixement, arriben fins las 23 metres d'alçada (algunes fins i tot a 30 m).

Taxonomia

Washingtonia filifera va ser descrita per (Lindl.) H. Wendl. i publicada en Botanische Zeitung (Berlín) 37(5): 68. 1879.3[2]

Etimologia

  • Washingtonia: nom genèric que porta el nom de George Washington.
  • filifera: epítet llatí que significa 'amb fils'.[3]

Sinonímia

  • Brahea dulcis J. G. Cooper
  • Brahea filifera (Linden ex André) W. Watson
  • Brahea filamentosa S. Watson
  • Washingtonia filamentosa (H. Wendl. ex Franceschi) Kuntze
  • Washingtonia filifera var. microsperma
  • Livistona filamentosa (H. Wendl. ex Franceschi) Pfister
  • Washingtonia filifera var. typica
  • Neowashingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) Sudw.
  • Neowashingtonia filamentosa (H. Wendl. ex Franceschi) Sudw.
  • Pritchardia filamentosa H. Wendl. ex Franceschi
  • Pritchardia filifera Linden ex André[4]

Referències

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons (Galeria)
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Commons (Categoria) Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Pascual, Ramon. Guia dels arbres dels Països Catalans (en català). 3a edició. Barcelona: Pòrtic Natura, 1994, p. 168. ISBN 84-7306-390-2.
  2. «Washingtonia filifera». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. [Consulta: 30 octubre 2012].
  3. en Epítetos Botánicos
  4. Washingtonia filifera a EOL. Data consulta: 25 de novembre de 2013.
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Washingtonia filifera: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Washingtonia filifera és, juntament amb Phoenix canariensis i Phoenix dactylifera, una de les principals espècies de palmera que s'utilitzen en la jardineria de climes mediterranis.

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Washingtonie vláknitá ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Washingtonie vláknitá (Washingtonia filifera) je palma z čeledi arekovitých (Arecaceae). Jejím původním prostředím jsou jihozápadní Spojené státy americké a mexická Baja California. Dorůstá výšky 15–20 m, šířka koruny je 3–6 metrů. Jedná se o stálezelený strom s robustním sloupovitým kmenem a vějířovitými listy pokrytými voskovou vrstvou.

Využití

Indiáni konzumovali plody této palmy, ať už syrové, či vařené. Také z nich mleli mouku, kterou používali při pečení. Některé kalifornské indiánské kmeny (např. Cahuilla) si z listů vyráběli obuv, pokrývali jimi střechy a pletli z nich košíky. Z kmenů těchto palem se vyrábělo kuchyňské náčiní.

Pěstování a výskyt

Washingtonie vláknitá se často pěstuje jako okrasná dřevina. Jedná se o poměrně odolnou palmu, která bez většího poškození snáší krátkodobý pokles teploty až na - 10 °C. Tomuto druhu se nejlépe daří ve středozemním klimatu, ale jsou k vidění i v oblastech s vlhkým subtropickým podnebím, např. ve východní Austrálii a jihovýchodních USA.

Pahýl
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Pomozte Wikipedii tím, že jej vhodně rozšíříte. Nevkládejte však bez oprávnění cizí texty.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-11]

Externí odkazy

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Washingtonie vláknitá: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Washingtonie vláknitá (Washingtonia filifera) je palma z čeledi arekovitých (Arecaceae). Jejím původním prostředím jsou jihozápadní Spojené státy americké a mexická Baja California. Dorůstá výšky 15–20 m, šířka koruny je 3–6 metrů. Jedná se o stálezelený strom s robustním sloupovitým kmenem a vějířovitými listy pokrytými voskovou vrstvou.

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Kalifornische Washingtonpalme ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供
 src=
Washingtonia filifera im Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
 src=
Washingtonia filifera im Palm Canyon, Kalifornien

Die Kalifornische Washingtonpalme[1] (Washingtonia filifera), auch Fädige Washingtonie[2] ist eine in Nordamerika heimische Palmenart. Sie ist in subtropischen Gebieten eine häufig angepflanzte Fächerpalme.

Merkmale

Der Stamm wird bis 18 m hoch und erreicht einen Durchmesser von 90 bis 120 cm. Die Basis ist geschwollen. Der Stamm ist grau und im älteren Bereich schmal rissig, ansonsten braun bis rotbraun. Der Stamm ist unterhalb der Krone von einem Kleid aus toten Blättern umgeben, das manchmal die ganze Stammlänge bedeckt, was wie ein (Priester-)Rock aussieht. Von daher stammt die Bezeichnung „Petticoat-Palme“ bzw. Priesterpalme. Bei Zierpflanzen werden diese Blätter häufig entfernt.[3]

Die Blätter sind 1,8 bis 2,4 m breit, fächerförmig und von gelblich-grüner bis silberner oder grau-grünlicher Farbe. Der Blattstiel ist 1,8 m lang und am Rand mit scharfen Zähnen bewehrt. Die Spreite ist meist bis über die Hälfte in Segmente geteilt. Die Segmente sind hängend an der Spitze. Zwischen den Segmenten stehen weißliche Fäden. Von diesen Fäden rührt das Art-Epitheton filifera her, das „die Fädentragende“ bedeutet.[3]

Die Blütenstände stehen zwischen den Blättern und überragen diese deutlich. Die Blüten sind zwittrig und weißlich. Die Früchte sind dunkelbraun bis schwarz. Die Fruchtstände hängen deutlich unterhalb der Krone.[3]

Verbreitung und Standorte

Die Art ist in Kalifornien, im Westen von Arizona und im Nordosten von Baja California heimisch. Sie wächst hier entlang von Bächen und arroyos, sowie bei Quellen.[3]

Nutzung

Die Art ist eine beliebte Zierpflanze. Sie ist in trockenen Gebieten kältehart in den USDA-Klimazonen 7 bis 11. Sie ist für mediterranes Klima besser geeignet als für feuchte tropische Bedingungen.[3]

In Kultur sind Hybriden mit Washingtonia robusta häufig, die die Kälteresistenz von Washingtonia filifera mit der Eleganz von Washingtonia robusta verbinden.[3] Sie werden als Washingtonia filibusta bezeichnet.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Walter Erhardt et al.: Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen., 2008. Zitiert nach: Germplasm Resources Information Network, abgerufen 16. April 2012.
  2. David Jones: Palmen. Könemann, Köln, 2000, ISBN 3-8290-4889-0
  3. a b c d e f Robert Lee Riffle, Paul Craft: An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press, Portland 2007, ISBN 978-0-88192-558-6, S. 473.
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Kalifornische Washingtonpalme: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供
 src= Washingtonia filifera im Anza-Borrego Desert State Park  src= Washingtonia filifera im Palm Canyon, Kalifornien

Die Kalifornische Washingtonpalme (Washingtonia filifera), auch Fädige Washingtonie ist eine in Nordamerika heimische Palmenart. Sie ist in subtropischen Gebieten eine häufig angepflanzte Fächerpalme.

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Washingtonia filifera ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Drawing by Axel Aucouturier Architect

Washingtonia filifera, the desert fan palm,[4] California fan palm, or California palm,[5][6][7] is a flowering plant in the palm family Arecaceae, native to the far southwestern United States and Baja California, Mexico. Growing to 15–20 m (49–66 ft) tall by 3–6 m (10–20 ft) broad, it is an evergreen monocot with a tree-like growth habit. It has a sturdy, columnar trunk and waxy, fan-shaped (palmate) leaves.

Names

The Latin specific epithet filifera means "thread-bearing".[8]

Description

Washingtonia filifera grows to 18 m (59 ft) in height, and occasionally to as much as 25 m (82 ft) in ideal conditions. The California fan palm is also known as the desert fan palm, American cotton palm, and Arizona fan palm.

The fronds are up to 4 m (13 ft) long, made up of a thorned petiole up to 2 m (6.6 ft) long, bearing a fan of leaflets 1.5–2.0 m (4.9–6.6 ft) long. They have long, thread-like, white fibers, and the petioles are pure green with yellow edges and filifera-filaments, between the segments. The trunk is gray and tan, and the leaves are gray green. When the fronds die, they remain attached and drop down to cloak the trunk in a wide skirt. The shelter that the skirt creates provides a microhabitat for many small birds and invertebrates.

Washingtonia filifera typically lives from 80 to 250 years or more.

Distribution

Washingtonia filifera is the only palm native to the Western United States and one of the country's largest native palms,[9][10] exceeded in height only by the Cuban or Florida royal palm.[7]

Primary populations are found in desert riparian habitats at spring-fed and stream-fed oases in the Colorado Desert[11] and at a few scattered locations in the Mojave Desert.[12] It is also found near watercourses in the Sonoran Desert along the Gila River in Yuma,[13] along the Hassayampa River and near New River in Maricopa County, and in portions of Pima County, Pinal County, Mohave County (along the Colorado River), and several other isolated locations in Clark County, Nevada. In Mexico, it is native only to the state of Baja California, where occurs in isolated canyons and oases as far south as Bahía de los Angeles.[14] It is a naturalized species in the warm springs near Death Valley and in the extreme northwest of Sonora (Mexico). It is also reportedly naturalized in the South and Southeast Texas, Florida, Hawaii and extreme southwest Utah, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Australia.[15][16]

Ecology

Desert fan palms provide habitat for the giant palm-boring beetle, western yellow bat, hooded oriole, and many other bird species. Hooded orioles rely on the trees for food and places to build nests. Numerous insect species visit the hanging inflorescences that appear in late spring.[17]

Historically, natural oases are mainly restricted to areas downstream from the source of hot springs, though water is not always visible at the surface.

Today's oasis environment may have been protected from colder climatic changes over the course of its evolution. Thus, this palm is restricted by both water and climate to widely separated relict groves.[18] The trees in these groves show little if any genetic differentiation, (through electrophoretic examination), suggesting that the genus is genetically very stable.

Fire adaptations

Fan palm oases have historically been subject to both natural and manmade fires. Fires are rarely fatal for the fan palm, but it is also not completely immune to them.

The fan palm's trunk is heavily resistant to burning. In most cases, the trunk is only at risk of losing some of its outer vascular layers during a fire. After those layers are ignited and burnt off, the remaining surface is left heavily charred, which fortifies the trunk against future flames. Subsequent burnings serve to char the trunk more, further increasing its fire resistance.

The palm's fronds are the most flammable portion of the tree. The unchecked buildup of dead fronds as a 'skirt' around the trunk can be especially dangerous in a crown fire. A severe accumulation of them could constitute enough kindling to completely burn through the trunk, killing the tree. However, if a palm can survive the burning of its fronds, they will take time to regrow, leaving it less susceptible to fire in the meantime.

Barring extreme, fatal conditions, fires are even conducive to the health and propagation of fan palms. The palms' reproduction process benefits from burnings, as fires help release saplings and clear away overgrowth from surrounding vegetation. Fires can also help palms conserve water by burning away their crowns and parts of their trunks, leading to a reduction in surface area and therefore decreased rates of evaporation and transpiration.[19]

Threats

Grazing animals can kill young plants through trampling, or by eating the terminus at the apical meristem, the growing portion of the plant. This may have kept palms restricted to a lesser range than indicated by the availability of water.

The palm boring beetle Dinapate wrightii (Bostrichidae) can chew through the trunks of this and other palms. Eventually, a continued infestation of beetles can kill various genera and species of palms. W. filifera appears to be resistant to the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) by a mechanism of antibiosis – production of compounds lethal to the larvae.[20][21][22]

Currently, the desert fan palm is experiencing a population and range expansion, perhaps due to global warming[23][24] or mustang control.

Uses

The sweet fruit pulp of the fan palm is edible.[25] The fruit was eaten raw, cooked, or ground into flour for cakes by Native Americans.[26] The Cahuilla and related tribes used the leaves to make sandals, roof thatch, and baskets. The woody petioles were used to make cooking utensils. The Moapa band of Paiutes and other Southern Paiute people have written memories of using this palm's seed, fruit, or leaves for various purposes, including as famine food.[27][28] The bud (known as heart of palm) has also been eaten.[29]

Access

Joshua Tree National Park in the Mojave Desert preserves and protects healthy riparian palm habitat examples in the Little San Bernardino Mountains, and westward where water rises through the San Andreas Fault on the east valley side. In the central Coachella Valley, the Indio Hills Palms State Reserve and nearby Coachella Valley Preserve, other large oases are protected and accessible. The Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument, and Anza-Borrego Desert State Park both have large and diverse W. filifera canyon oasis habitats.

Cultivation

Washingtonia filifera is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree. It is one of the hardiest coryphoid palms, rated as hardy to USDA hardiness zone 8. It can survive brief temperatures of −10 °C (14 °F) with minor damage, and established plants have survived, with severe leaf damage, brief periods as low as −17 °C (1 °F). The plants grow best in arid or Mediterranean climates, but can be found in humid subtropical climates such as eastern Australia and the southeastern USA. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[30][31]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ Carrero, C. (2021). "Washingtonia filifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T38725A59318379. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T38725A59318379.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl. ex de Bary". Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  3. ^ "Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary". PlantList. 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  4. ^ Cornett, J. W. (1986). "The Common Name of Washingtonia filifera". Principes. 30 (4): 153–55.
  5. ^ Griffin, Bruce (2000). A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert. University of California Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0520219809.
  6. ^ Kearney, Thomas and Robert Hibbs Peebles (1960). Arizona Flora. University of California Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0520006379.
  7. ^ a b Flora of North America Association. Flora of North America: North of Mexico Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in Part), and Zingiberidae. pp. 105–06, 116–17. ISBN 978-0195137293.
  8. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. UK: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
  9. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (5 January 2009). "California Fan Palm (Washingtonia filifera)". iGoTerra. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  10. ^ Clover, E.U. (April 1937). "Vegetational survey of the lower Rio Grand Valley, Texas". Madroño. 4 (2): 41–66. JSTOR 41422215.
  11. ^ Cornett, James W. (1997). The Sonoran Desert: A Brief Natural History. Palm Springs, California: Palm Springs Desert Museum. ISBN 0937794279.
  12. ^ Cornett, James W. (1987). Naturalized Populations of the Desert Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera, in Death Valley National Monument in Plant Biology of Eastern California. Los Angeles: White Mountain Research Station, University of California. pp. 167–74.
  13. ^ Nothaft, Mark (22 March 2016). "Are palm trees native to Arizona?". Retrieved 26 March 2016. Mark Fleming, curator of botany at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum of Tucson, says Washingtonia filifera, or the California fan palm, is the state's only naturally occurring variety and that they are found in pockets around southern California, Northern Mexico, and one or two pockets in Arizona.
  14. ^ Wiggins, Ira L. (1980). Flora of Baja California. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 1025. ISBN 0-8047-1016-3.
  15. ^ "Plant Profile for Washingtonia filifera (California fan palm)". Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  16. ^ Govaerts, R. "Washingtonia filifera (Rafarin) H.Wendl. ex de Bary, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 37: LXI (1879)". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  17. ^ Cornett, J. W. 1986. Arthropod visitors at Washingtonia filifera (Wendl) Flowers. Pan Pacific Entomologist 62(3):224–25.
  18. ^ "Desert Fan Palms-Evidence suggests "Relict Genus"". www.xeri.com. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  19. ^ Vogl, Richard; McHargue, Lawrence (1966). "Vegetation of California Fan Palm Oases on the San Andreas Fault". Ecological Society of America. 47 (4): 532–40. doi:10.2307/1933929. JSTOR 1933929.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Nisson, N.; Hodel, D.; Hoddle, M. "Red Palm Weevil". Center for Invasive Species Research. University of California Riverside. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  21. ^ Dembilio, Ó.; Jacas, J.A.; Llácer, E. (August 2009). "Are the palms Washingtonia filifera and Chamaerops humilis suitable hosts for the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Col. Curculionidae)?". Journal of Applied Entomology. 133 (7): 565–67. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01385.x. S2CID 85677945.
  22. ^ Monroy, F.; Curir, P.; Clematis, F.; Cangelosi, B. (June 2016). "Susceptibility and possible resistance mechanisms in the palm species Phoenix dactylifera, Chamaerops humilis and Washingtonia filifera against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 106 (3): 341–46. doi:10.1017/S000748531500108X. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 26976073. S2CID 206225113.
  23. ^ Cornett, James W. (2010). Desert Palm Oasis (Second ed.). Palm Springs, California: Nature Trails Press. ISBN 978-0937794425.
  24. ^ "global warming & W. filifera Palms – a rebuttal". www.xeri.com. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  25. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 325. ISBN 0394507614.
  26. ^ Cornett, James W. (2011). Indian Uses of Desert Plants (Third ed.). Palm Springs, California: Nature Trails Press. ISBN 978-0937794456.
  27. ^ Spencer, W. (1995). "Washingtonia filifera: Nevada's rejected ancient Palm". xeri.com. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  28. ^ Spencer, W. (1995). "A report regarding: The Palm – Washingtonia filifera – in Moapa NV". xeri.com. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  29. ^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 299.
  30. ^ "Washingtonia filifera: Washington palm". RHS Gardening. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  31. ^ "California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera". realpalmtrees.com.

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Washingtonia filifera: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

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Drawing by Axel Aucouturier Architect

Washingtonia filifera, the desert fan palm, California fan palm, or California palm, is a flowering plant in the palm family Arecaceae, native to the far southwestern United States and Baja California, Mexico. Growing to 15–20 m (49–66 ft) tall by 3–6 m (10–20 ft) broad, it is an evergreen monocot with a tree-like growth habit. It has a sturdy, columnar trunk and waxy, fan-shaped (palmate) leaves.

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Washingtonia filifera ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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 src=
Washingtonia filifera y hojas en el parque estatal de Anza-Borrego, California

Washingtonia filifera, la Washingtonia de California,[2]​ es una especie arbórea de la familia de las Arecáceas. Es, junto con Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera y Chamaerops humilis, una de las principales especies de palmera que se utilizan para la jardinería en climas mediterráneos y templados suaves.

 src=
Detalle de la hoja
 src=
Washingtonia filifera de 20 años en Salamanca, meseta norte, España, a 802 m sobre el nivel del mar.

Descripción

Sus principales características diferenciadoras respecto al género Phoenix es que tienen hojas palmadas (o sea, los folíolos salen radialmente del mismo punto en el extremo del pecíolo, en lugar de disponerse a lo largo del raquis como las barbas de una pluma) y el tronco es mucho más delgado y alto (más de 15 metros). El tronco posee pequeñas marcas de fisuras rugosas o esta parcialmente cubierto por restos foliares, su base es ensanchada. Posee un fruto elíptico u ovoide, negruzco de 0,6 cm de diámetro.

Las condiciones ideales son los veranos calurosos, pero en invierno tiene una relativa resistencia al frío, ya que puede soportar heladas de corta duración de hasta 10 grados bajo cero.

En la Península ibérica prospera en todas la fachadas litorales y las altitudes medias del interior. En la meseta norte, con veranos relativamente cortos, se observan ejemplares aislados que crecen muy lentamente en exposiciones protegidas a altitudes de hasta 800 metros sobre el nivel del mar, como por ejemplo en el Huerto de Calixto y Melibea de Salamanca.

Distribución y hábitat

Su origen viene de las áreas subdesérticas de California y norte de Baja California. En condiciones buenas para su crecimiento, alcanzan hasta 23 metros de altura (algunas incluso 30 m). Su nombre hace honor a George Washington, el primer presidente de los Estados Unidos.

Taxonomía

Washingtonia filifera fue descrita por (Lindl.) H.Wendl. y publicado en Botanische Zeitung (Berlin) 37(5): 68. 1879.[3]

Etimología

Washingtonia: nombre genérico que lleva el nombre de George Washington.

filifera: epíteto latino que significa "con hilos".[4]

Sinonimia
  • Brahea dulcis J.G.Cooper
  • Brahea filamentosa S.Watson
  • Brahea filifera (Linden ex André) W.Watson
  • Livistona filamentosa (H.Wendl. ex Franceschi)
  • Neowashingtonia filamentosa (H.Wendl. ex Franceschi) Sudw.
  • Neowashingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) Sudw.
  • Pritchardia filamentosa H.Wendl. ex Franceschi
  • Pritchardia filifera Linden ex André
  • Washingtonia filamentosa (H.Wendl. ex Franceschi) Kuntze
  • Washingtonia filifera var. microsperma Becc.
  • Washingtonia filifera var. typica M.E.Jones[5]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Johnson, D. (1996). «Washingtonia filifera». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 16 de marzo de 2016.
  2. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1.Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  3. «Washingtonia filifera». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 30 de octubre de 2012.
  4. en Epítetos Botánicos
  5. Sinónimos en Catalogue of life [1]

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Washingtonia filifera: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供
 src= Washingtonia filifera y hojas en el parque estatal de Anza-Borrego, California

Washingtonia filifera, la Washingtonia de California,​ es una especie arbórea de la familia de las Arecáceas. Es, junto con Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera y Chamaerops humilis, una de las principales especies de palmera que se utilizan para la jardinería en climas mediterráneos y templados suaves.

 src= Detalle de la hoja  src= Washingtonia filifera de 20 años en Salamanca, meseta norte, España, a 802 m sobre el nivel del mar.
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Kiuline vašingtooniapalm ( 愛沙尼亞語 )

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Kiuline vašingtooniapalm (Washingtonia filiferas) on igihaljas puittaim palmiliste sugukonnast.

Elab 80–250 aasta vanuseks.

Kasvab looduslikult Arizona, Nevada, Lõuna-California ja Loode-Mehhiko kõrbeoaasides.

Kiuline vašingtooniapalm kasvab heades kasvutingimustes kuni 23 m, harva 30 m kõrguseks. Lehed on 1,5–2 m pikad. Võrast allapoole moodustavad surnud lehed kleidi sarnase kogumiku, mis võib mõnikord tüve katta täielikult.

Viited

  1. Johnson, D. (1998). Washingtonia filiferas. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN .
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Kiuline vašingtooniapalm: Brief Summary ( 愛沙尼亞語 )

由wikipedia ET提供

Kiuline vašingtooniapalm (Washingtonia filiferas) on igihaljas puittaim palmiliste sugukonnast.

Elab 80–250 aasta vanuseks.

Kasvab looduslikult Arizona, Nevada, Lõuna-California ja Loode-Mehhiko kõrbeoaasides.

Kiuline vašingtooniapalm kasvab heades kasvutingimustes kuni 23 m, harva 30 m kõrguseks. Lehed on 1,5–2 m pikad. Võrast allapoole moodustavad surnud lehed kleidi sarnase kogumiku, mis võib mõnikord tüve katta täielikult.

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Washingtonia filifera ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Kaliforniako palmondoa (Washingtonia filifera) Aracaceae familiako zuhaitz espezie bat da. Kanariar palmondo, Datil-palmondo eta Palmondo nano-arekin batera, klima mediterraneoa duten guneetan lorezaintzarako erabiltzen diren palmondo espezie nagusietako bat da.

Banaketa eta habitata

Bere jatorria Kaliforniako eta Kalifornia Beherea iparraldeko basamortu eremuak dira. Hazteko baldintza aproposetan 23 metroko altuerara iristen dira (batzuetan 30 m ere). Izen zientifikoa George Washington, Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako lehen presidentearen omenez emana da.

Deskribapena

Phoenix generoarekiko ezberdintasun nagusiak honako hauek dira: Hostoak palmatuak ditu, hots, folioloak pezioloaren amaierako puntu beretik irtetzen da. Enborra askoz argalago eta altuagoa da (15 m baino gehiago) eta pitzadura zakar txikien marka dauka. Fruitua 0,6 cm-ko diametroa du eta eliptikoa edo obaloa itxurakoa du.


Taxonomia

Washingtonia filifera deskribatu zuen ( Lindl. ) H.Wendl. eta Botanische Zeitung-en (Berlin) 37 (5) aldizkarian argitaratu da: 68. 1879. [1]

Etimologia

Washingtonia : George Washington izenarekin izen orokorra.

filifera : latin epiteteak "hariak" esaten ditu. [2]

Sinonimia

  • Brahea dulcis JGCooper
  • Brahea Filamentosa S.Watson
  • Brahea filifera ( Linden ex André ) W.Watson
  • Livistone filamentosa ( H. Wendl, ex Franceschi )
  • Filowous neowashingtonia (H. Wendl, ex Franceschi) Sudw.
  • Neowashingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) Sudw.
  • Filamentous Pritchardia H.Wendl. Franceschi
  • Pritchardia filifera Linden ex André
  • Washingtonia Filamentosa (H. Wendl, ohia Franceschi) Kuntze
  • Washingtonia filifera var. Bec microsperm .
  • Washingtonia filifera var. typica MEJones [3]

Erreferentziak

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Washingtonia filifera: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Kaliforniako palmondoa (Washingtonia filifera) Aracaceae familiako zuhaitz espezie bat da. Kanariar palmondo, Datil-palmondo eta Palmondo nano-arekin batera, klima mediterraneoa duten guneetan lorezaintzarako erabiltzen diren palmondo espezie nagusietako bat da.

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Presidentinpalmu ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Presidentinpalmu (Washingtonia filifera) on sukuun Washingtonia kuuluva palmulaji. Se elää 80–250-vuotiaaksi.

Sitä tavataan luontaisena aavikkokeitailla Arizonassa, Nevadassa, eteläisessä Kaliforniassa ja Luoteis-Meksikossa.

Presidentinpalmu kasvaa enintään 23 (poikkeuksellisesti 30) metriä korkeaksi hyvällä paikalla. Lehdet ovat 1,5–2 m pitkiä. Kun lehdet kuolevat, ne alkavat roikkua ja jäävät eräänlaiseksi ”hameeksi” rungon yläosan ympärille.

Kaupunkien laajenemisen myötä lajille sopivat keitaat ovat vähentyneet, ja palmut siinä samassa. IUCN on luokitellut sen silmälläpidettäväksi lajiksi.

Lähteet

Viitteet

  1. Washingtonia filifera IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
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Presidentinpalmu: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Presidentinpalmu (Washingtonia filifera) on sukuun Washingtonia kuuluva palmulaji. Se elää 80–250-vuotiaaksi.

Sitä tavataan luontaisena aavikkokeitailla Arizonassa, Nevadassa, eteläisessä Kaliforniassa ja Luoteis-Meksikossa.

Presidentinpalmu kasvaa enintään 23 (poikkeuksellisesti 30) metriä korkeaksi hyvällä paikalla. Lehdet ovat 1,5–2 m pitkiä. Kun lehdet kuolevat, ne alkavat roikkua ja jäävät eräänlaiseksi ”hameeksi” rungon yläosan ympärille.

Kaupunkien laajenemisen myötä lajille sopivat keitaat ovat vähentyneet, ja palmut siinä samassa. IUCN on luokitellut sen silmälläpidettäväksi lajiksi.

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Washingtonia filifera ( 法語 )

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Washingtonia filifera, le palmier à jupon, palmier de Californie ou même palmier jupon de Californie, est une espèce de palmiers (famille des Arecaceae) appartenant au genre Washingtonia (les palmiers jupons).

Habitat et distribution

 src=
Distribution naturelle.

Il est originaire du Sud-Ouest des États-Unis (Californie, du sud-ouest de l'Arizona) et du nord-ouest du Mexique, où il se développe en colonies, dans les gorges et les canyons humides des régions arides.

L'espèce est très cultivée en dehors de son habitat naturel, notamment dans les pays tempérés, pour sa bonne résistance au froid qui avoisine les - 10°/−12 °C. Elle est réputée plus résistante aux basses températures que Washingtonia robusta. Elle a de plus une croissance très rapide et est souvent plantée dans les villes et dans les jardins pour sa valeur ornementale.

Elle est considérée comme envahissante à Hawaï et en Australie dans la région de Perth[1].

Description

 src=
Feuilles, avec les fibres caractéristiques de l'espèce.

Le palmier jupon mesure jusqu'à 23 m de hauteur, le stipe peut atteindre plus de vingt mètres de hauteur. Comparé à son cousin Washingtonia robusta, Washingtonia filifera pousse moins haut mais est plus robuste et imposant (à l'inverse de ce que semble indiquer les noms scientifiques), avec un stipe plus épais et souvent bien droit, portant une couronne de feuilles plus large.

Les feuilles sont larges et palmées, avec un pétiole de près de 2 m de long, prolongé par une palme arrondie composée de nombreuses folioles de presque 2 m de long, qui s'effilochent en de nombreux fils fibreux, à l'origine de l'épithète spécifique filifera, « qui porte des fils ».

L'inflorescence très dense mesure environ 5 m de long, elle est composée de fleurs bisexuées blanches. Les fruits sont des drupes ovales. Parvenus à maturité, ils prennent une couleur marron-noir. Ils mesurent de 6 à 10 mm de diamètre. Ils sont composés d'une graine unique recouverte d'une fine couche de chair.

Utilisation

 src=
Cahuilla récoltant les fruits de palmier au début du XXe siècle.

Les Amérindiens utilisaient leurs feuilles comme chaume et faisaient de la farine avec les fruits du Washingtonia filifera, qui sont comestibles et présentent de bonnes qualités nutritives. Des fouilles archéologiques ont permis de découvrir des instruments qui permettaient autrefois de moudre les fruits pour obtenir cette farine.

Les fruits étaient trempés dans l’eau par les Cahuillas pour faire une boisson[2]. Ces derniers pouvaient les manger frais, les conservaient en les faisant sécher au soleil pour une utilisation ultérieur ou bien encore en faisaient des confitures[2].

Notes et références

Bibliographie

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Washingtonia filifera: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

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Washingtonia filifera, le palmier à jupon, palmier de Californie ou même palmier jupon de Californie, est une espèce de palmiers (famille des Arecaceae) appartenant au genre Washingtonia (les palmiers jupons).

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Palmeira de California ( 加利西亞語 )

由wikipedia gl Galician提供

A palmeira de California (Washingtonia filifera) é unha especie arbórea da familia das Arecáceas. É, xunta as Phoenix canariensis e Phoenix dactylifera, unha das principais especies de palmeira que se utilizan na xardinaxe en climas mediterráneos. En Galiza plántase nalgúns xardíns costeiros tanto privados coma públicos, sendo máis frecuente nas Rías Baixas.

 src=
Detalle da folla

Distribución e hábitat

A súa orixe vén das áreas subdesérticas de California. En boas condicións para o seu crecemento, acada até os 23 metros de altura (algunhas incluso 30 m). O seu nome fai honra a George Washington, o primeiro presidente dos Estados Unidos.

As condicións ideais son os veráns calorosos, mais no inverno ten unha relativa resistencia ao frío, xa que pode aturar xeadas de curta duración de até 10 graos baixo cero.

Descrición

As súas principais características diferenciadoras a respecto do xénero Phoenix é que ten follas palmadas (ou sexa, os folíolos saen radialmente do mesmo punto no extremo do pecíolo, no canto de se dispor ao longo do raque como as barbas dunha pluma) e o toro é moito máis magro e alto (máis de 15 metros). O toro posúe pequenas marcas de fendas engurradas ou esta parcialmente cuberto por restos foliares, a súa base está enlargada. Posúe un froito elíptico ou oval, negro de 0,6 cm de diámetro.

Taxonomía

Washingtonia filifera, a palmeira de California, foi descrita por (Lindl.) H.Wendl. e publicado en Botanische Zeitung (Berlin) 37(5): 68. 1879.[2]

Etimoloxía

Washingtonia: nome xenérico que leva o nome de George Washington.

filifera: epíteto latino que significa "con fíos".[3]

Sinonimia
  • Brahea dulcis J.G.Cooper
  • Brahea filamentosa S.Watson
  • Brahea filifera (Linden ex André) W.Watson
  • Livistona filamentosa (H.Wendl. ex Franceschi)
  • Neowashingtonia filamentosa (H.Wendl. ex Franceschi) Sudw.
  • Neowashingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) Sudw.
  • Pritchardia filamentosa H.Wendl. ex Franceschi
  • Pritchardia filifera Linden ex André
  • Washingtonia filamentosa (H.Wendl. ex Franceschi) Kuntze
  • Washingtonia filifera var. microsperma Becc.
  • Washingtonia filifera var. typica M.E.Jones[4]

Notas

Véxase tamén

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Palmeira de California: Brief Summary ( 加利西亞語 )

由wikipedia gl Galician提供

A palmeira de California (Washingtonia filifera) é unha especie arbórea da familia das Arecáceas. É, xunta as Phoenix canariensis e Phoenix dactylifera, unha das principais especies de palmeira que se utilizan na xardinaxe en climas mediterráneos. En Galiza plántase nalgúns xardíns costeiros tanto privados coma públicos, sendo máis frecuente nas Rías Baixas.

 src= Detalle da folla
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Kalifornijska lepezasta palma ( 克羅埃西亞語 )

由wikipedia hr Croatian提供

Kalifornijska lepezasta palma (Končasta vašingtonija, lat. Washingtonia filifera) je jedna od najčešće sađenih palmi u suptropskim područjima. Potječe iz polupustinjskih predela južne Kalifornije i jugozapadne Arizone (kanjon rjeke Colorado). Računa se da može podnjeti temperaturu do -12°C. Na temperaturama oko -8°C počinju oštećenja listova, ali ona može izdržati i nešto niže temperature (-15°C) zahvaljujući sposobnosti da preživi duga razdoblja bez lišća.

Stablo ima slabo izražene usjeke, pri osnovi je nešto malo šire nego pri vrhu. Listovi su zelene do svetlozelene boje te svi osim vršnih vise. Peteljke su zelene, u mladosti gole, kasnije tu i tamo s bodljama. Segmenti su relativno meki, od polovice se prelamaju, po obodu im se odvajaju pamučasti konci koji ostaju na njima sve do odumiranja listova. Ova palma naraste do visine od 18-20 m. Washingtonia filifera je jednodoma biljka s bijelim cvjetovima koji vise u cvatovima na drškama dugim do 1,5 m. Plodovi su sitne tamnosmeđe bobice, jestive, po ukusu podsjećaju na prave datulje. Otporna je na sušu, ali znatno brže raste uz redovno navodnjavanje. Odgovaraju joj zemljišta i s pH vrijednostima do pH 10. Voli izravno sunce. Korijen joj nije toliko osetljiv, tako da se lako presađuje. Ova palma je inače jedna od najrasprostranjenijih palmi na jadranskoj obali.


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Izvori

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Nićata washingtonowa palma ( 上索布語 )

由wikipedia HSB提供

Nićata washingtonowa palma (Washingtonia filifera) je štom ze swójby palmowych rostlinow (Arecaceae).

Wopis

Stejnišćo

Rozšěrjenje

Wužiwanje

Žórła

  • Aichele, D., Golte-Bechtle, M.: Was blüht denn da: Wildwachsende Blütenpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Kosmos Naturführer (1997)
  • Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
  • Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
  • Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)


Mjetel
Tutón nastawk je hišće zarodk wo biologiskej temje. Móžeš pomhać jón dale redigować. K tomu stłóč na «wobdźěłać».

Jeli eksistuje w druhej rěči hižo bóle wuwity nastawk ze samsnej temu, potom přełožuj a dodawaj z njeho.


Jeli nastawk ma wjace hač jedyn njedostatk, wužiwaj prošu předłohu {{Předźěłuj}}. Nimo toho so awtomatisce kategorija Kategorija:Zarodk wo biologiji doda.

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Nićata washingtonowa palma: Brief Summary ( 上索布語 )

由wikipedia HSB提供

Nićata washingtonowa palma (Washingtonia filifera) je štom ze swójby palmowych rostlinow (Arecaceae).

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Washingtonia filifera ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

La palma californiana (Washingtonia filifera (Rafarin) H.Wendl. ex de Bary) è una palma nativa della California meridionale, dell'Arizona sud-occidentale e del Messico settentrionale.[2]

Descrizione

In condizioni ottimali cresce sino a 25–30 m. Le foglie hanno un picciolo lungo sino a 2 m, Può sopportare temperature fino a −10/−12 °C, infatti è una delle palme più resistenti per i climi temperati, sopporta la neve, basta che non ci sia troppo spesso.

Conservazione

La Lista rossa IUCN classifica Washingtonia filifera come specie prossima alla minaccia di estinzione (Near Threatened).[1]

Usi

Questa palma è adatta per creare alberature pubbliche nei litorali e viene ampiamente coltivata nei giardini privati soprattutto mediterranei, pur riuscendo a sopravvivere in posizioni riparate al nord Italia; questa specie viene spesso piantata per la sua rusticità e l'adattabilità a diversi climi e terreni, anche se non si avrà una crescita ottimale nei terreni con ristagni idrici. Questa palma è una delle palme più utilizzate in America centrale, soprattutto in aree desertiche, dove viene impiegata per creare suggestivi viali alberati.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Johnson, D. 1998, Washingtonia filifera, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 29 gennaio 2021.
  2. ^ (EN) Washingtonia filifera, su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 29 gennaio 2021.

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Washingtonia filifera: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

La palma californiana (Washingtonia filifera (Rafarin) H.Wendl. ex de Bary) è una palma nativa della California meridionale, dell'Arizona sud-occidentale e del Messico settentrionale.

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Washingtonia filifera ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Washingtonia filifera is de botanische naam van een palm. De plant komt voor in Noord-Amerika, in het zuiden van Californië en in het westen van Arizona. De plant groeit er in een semi-woestijnklimaat waar er weinig water is, de zomers extreem warm en lang zijn en de winters kort.

De palm wordt 15-18 m hoog en tot 1 m breed. De stammen hebben een 'lange rok' van verdroogde bladeren. De tot 3,5 m lange bladeren hebben een stekelige bladsteel. De bloeiwijzen hebben kleine witte bloempjes. De vruchten zijn zeer klein en schitterend zwart.

Aan de Middellandse Zeekusten van Frankrijk, Spanje en Italië is de plant winterhard. Incidenteel overleeft de soort in Bretagne, maar pogingen in België en Nederland zijn gedoemd tot mislukken.

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Washingtonia filifera: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Washingtonia filifera is de botanische naam van een palm. De plant komt voor in Noord-Amerika, in het zuiden van Californië en in het westen van Arizona. De plant groeit er in een semi-woestijnklimaat waar er weinig water is, de zomers extreem warm en lang zijn en de winters kort.

De palm wordt 15-18 m hoog en tot 1 m breed. De stammen hebben een 'lange rok' van verdroogde bladeren. De tot 3,5 m lange bladeren hebben een stekelige bladsteel. De bloeiwijzen hebben kleine witte bloempjes. De vruchten zijn zeer klein en schitterend zwart.

Aan de Middellandse Zeekusten van Frankrijk, Spanje en Italië is de plant winterhard. Incidenteel overleeft de soort in Bretagne, maar pogingen in België en Nederland zijn gedoemd tot mislukken.

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Washingtonia filifera ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供


Washingtonia filifera er en palme som vokser sørvest i ørkenen i USA mot grensen til Mexico.

Washingtonia filifera er nært beslektet med Washingtonia robusta, men er noe mer sentvoksende, har tykkere stamme og blir sjelden høyere enn 23 meter. Palmen overlever kortvarige temperaturer ned mot -12 °C, men vil få store skader på palmebladene ved så lave temperaturer.

Eksterne lenker

botanikkstubbDenne botanikkrelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Washingtonia filifera: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供


Washingtonia filifera er en palme som vokser sørvest i ørkenen i USA mot grensen til Mexico.

Washingtonia filifera er nært beslektet med Washingtonia robusta, men er noe mer sentvoksende, har tykkere stamme og blir sjelden høyere enn 23 meter. Palmen overlever kortvarige temperaturer ned mot -12 °C, men vil få store skader på palmebladene ved så lave temperaturer.

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Waszyngtonia nitkowata ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
 src=
Liść z widocznymi nitkami

Waszyngtonia nitkowata (Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny arekowatych (popularnie nazywanych palmami). Pochodzi z Kalifornii i Arizony[3].

Morfologia

Kłodzina
Wysoka palma, osiągająca wysokość zwykle do 15 m. Kłodzina poniżej korony liściowej okryta jest płaszczem starych, zeschłych liści. U wyższych okazów płaszcz starych liści może nie sięgać do ziemi. Na stanowiskach wilgotnych może on gnić i spadać pod własnym ciężarem. Widoczny jest wtedy stosunkowo gładki pień ze słabo zaznaczonymi bliznami po liściach.
Liście
Wachlarzowate, długoogonkowe, sterczące na wszystkie strony, złączone ze sobą na dwóch trzecich długości. Na końcach załamane w kształcie litery V, rozszczepione, z długimi włóknami.
Kwiaty
Kwiatostany silnie rozgałęzione, wyrastające spomiędzy liści. Drobne różowobiałe kwiaty.
Owoce
Niemal kuliste, do 1 cm średnicy.

Zastosowanie

Roślina ozdobna, sadzona w parkach i ogrodach, jednakże w środkowoeuropejskich warunkach klimatycznych może być uprawiana tylko we wnętrzach ew. latem może być wystawiana na zewnątrz[4].

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2012-03-01].
  2. The Plant List. [dostęp 2012-03-01].
  3. Rohwer, Jens: Atlas roślin tropikalnych. Warszawa: Horyzont, 2002, s. 42. ISBN 83-7311-378-9.
  4. Waszyngtonia nitkowata (pol.). W: wymarzonyogrod.pl [on-line]. 2013. [dostęp 2013-04-02].

Bibliografia

  1. Jens G.J.G. Rohwer Jens G.J.G., Atlas roślin tropikalnych, MałgorzataM. Świdzińska (tłum.), Warszawa: HORYZONT, 2002, ISBN 83-7311-378-9, OCLC 68634821 .
  2. Kirsten Albrecht Llamas: Tropical Flowering Plants. Portland: Timber Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-88192-585-2.
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Waszyngtonia nitkowata: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
 src= Liść z widocznymi nitkami

Waszyngtonia nitkowata (Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny arekowatych (popularnie nazywanych palmami). Pochodzi z Kalifornii i Arizony.

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Washingtonia filifera ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Washingtonia filifera, popularmente chamada palmeira-de-saia, palmeira-de-saia-da-califórnia, palmeira-da-califórnia ou washingtônia-de-saia, é uma espécie arbórea da família das Arecaceae.[1] Juntamente com a Phoenix canariensis e a Phoenix dactylifera, é uma das principais espécies de palmeira utilizadas para jardinagem em climas mediterrâneos.

Tem sua origem nas áreas subdesérticas da Califórnia. Em boas condições para seu crescimento, pode atingir até 23 metros de altura (algumas inclusive chegam a 30 metros). As condições ideais são os verões quentes, mas no inverno tem uma relativa resistência ao frio, já que pode suportar geadas de curta duração de até 10 graus negativos.

Referências

  1. a b Carrero, C. (2021). Washingtonia filifera (em inglês). IUCN 2021. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2021 Versão e.T38725A59318379. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T38725A59318379.en Página visitada em 28 de outubro de 2021.
 src=
Washington filifera na Califórnia.
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Washingtonia filifera: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Washingtonia filifera, popularmente chamada palmeira-de-saia, palmeira-de-saia-da-califórnia, palmeira-da-califórnia ou washingtônia-de-saia, é uma espécie arbórea da família das Arecaceae. Juntamente com a Phoenix canariensis e a Phoenix dactylifera, é uma das principais espécies de palmeira utilizadas para jardinagem em climas mediterrâneos.

Tem sua origem nas áreas subdesérticas da Califórnia. Em boas condições para seu crescimento, pode atingir até 23 metros de altura (algumas inclusive chegam a 30 metros). As condições ideais são os verões quentes, mas no inverno tem uma relativa resistência ao frio, já que pode suportar geadas de curta duração de até 10 graus negativos.

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Washingtonia filifera ( 摩爾多瓦語 )

由wikipedia RO提供

Washingtonia filifera este un palmier originar din oazele din centrul, sudul și sud-vestul Arizonei, sudul Nevadei și deșerturile din interiorul Sudului Californiei.

Acest palmier crește până la 23 metri (uneori până la 30 metri) în condiții de creștere bune. Washingtonia filifera poate trăi între 80 și 250 ani, poate chiar mai mult. Numele vine de la George Washington, primul președinte al Statelor Unite ale Americii.

Poate rezista până la -10 °C cu pagube puține iar unele plante adulte au reușit să supraviețuiască perioade scurte la -12 °C dar cu pagube mari ale foliajului.

Nuvola apps khangman.svg Acest articol din domeniul botanicii este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea lui.
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Palmovka papraďovitá ( 斯洛伐克語 )

由wikipedia SK提供

Palmovka papraďovitá (Washingtonia filifera) alebo kalifornská vejárová palma je palma z čeľade arekovité (Arecaceae). Pôvod má v púštnych oázach Arizony, v južnej Nevade, severozápadnom Mexiku a v púštiach južnej Kalifornie.

Opis

 src=
Palmovka papraďovitá v Palm Canyon, USA

Palmovka papraďovitá rastie v subtropickom podnebí, kde dosahuje výšku do 23 m, niekedy až do 30 m. Listy dorastajú do dĺžky 2 m, tvoria 4 – 5 m chocholec listov v hornej časti úzkeho kmeňa (najhrubší 101,6 cm). Tento druh sa vyznačuje veľmi dlhými ovísajúcimi vláknami na listoch. List je zakončený vejárom menších listov, ktorých stopky majú na okrajoch tŕne. Keď listy odumrú, vytvárajú „sukňu“ okolo kmeňa. Tá ponúka úkryt pre menšie živočíchy. Má dlhé kolovité korene, čo jej umožňuje prijímať vodu aj v najsuchších miestach. Obojpohlavné kvety sú bielej alebo žltej farby, rastú v strapcoch ovísajúcich z koruny. Plodom je červeno-čierne ovocie, kôstkovica s priemerom 1,3 cm a jednym veľkým semenom s priemerom 0,6 cm. Dožíva sa veku od 80 do 250 rokov (niekedy aj viac). Rod Washingtonia (palmovka) je nazvaný podľa 1. amerického prezidenta Georgea Washingtona.

Rozšírenie

V prírode sa prirodzene vyskytuje v púšti a suchých oblastiach pozdíž svahov a kaňonov. Táto divo rastúca palma sa viem prispôsobiť širokej škále pôd a podnebí. Rastliny sú odolné pred značným mrazom. Len s ľahkým poškodením prežije mrazy do −10 °C, a rastliny dokázateľne prežili aj krátkodobé mrazy −12 °C, aj keď s poškodeným olistením. Rastliny rastúce v rýchloschnúcej pôde sú viac odloné pred mrazom. Naopak, rastliny sú schopné prežiť aj teplo 52,8 °C. Môžu rásť aj vo veľmi zásaditej pôde s pH 9,2. Uprednostňuje plné slnko, ale dobre rastie aj v polotieni. Mladé rastlinky rýchlo klíčia aj so starších semien, a tak sa mladé rastliny môžu stať pod materskou rastlinou burinami. Dnes, v období urbanizácie, sa strácajú jej prirodzené biotopy.

Použitie

 src=
Palmovka vo výsadbe pri ceste

Používa sa ako okrasná rastlina na miestach, ktde môže vytvoriť veľkú korunu. Používa sa v prírodných a formálnych výsadbách pri cestách a na uliciach. Mladšie rastliny sa dajú pestovať v súdkoch a kvetináčoch aj ako izbová rastlina.

Iné projekty

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Palmovka papraďovitá: Brief Summary ( 斯洛伐克語 )

由wikipedia SK提供

Palmovka papraďovitá (Washingtonia filifera) alebo kalifornská vejárová palma je palma z čeľade arekovité (Arecaceae). Pôvod má v púštnych oázach Arizony, v južnej Nevade, severozápadnom Mexiku a v púštiach južnej Kalifornie.

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Washingtonia filifera ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Washingtonia filifera là loài thực vật có hoa thuộc họ Arecaceae. Loài này được (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1879.[3]

Hình ảnh

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl. ex de Bary”. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 6 năm 2014.
  2. ^ Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary”. PlantList. 2013. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 6 năm 2014.
  3. ^ The Plant List (2010). Washingtonia filifera. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 6 năm 2013.

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Washingtonia filifera: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

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Washingtonia filifera là loài thực vật có hoa thuộc họ Arecaceae. Loài này được (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1879.

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Вашингтония нитеносная ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Lilianae
Порядок: Пальмоцветные
Семейство: Пальмовые
Вид: Вашингтония нитеносная
Международное научное название

Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl.

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ITIS 42514NCBI 145714EOL 1127834GRIN t:41967IPNI 670269-1TPL kew-214250

Вашингтония нитеносная (лат. Washingtonia filifera) — вид однодольных растений рода Вашингтония (Washingtonia) семейства Пальмовые (Arecaceae).

Ботаническое описание

Дерево высотой до 16—20 м, иногда до 25 м. Ствол цилиндрический, у основания диаметром до 80—100 см, кверху незаметно сужающийся, после опадения листьев имеет рубчатую поверхность. У старых экземпляров ствол до кроны почти гладкий, тёмно-серый, с малозаметными рубчатыми следами черешков опавших листьев, верхняя часть ствола, под кроной, покрыта свисающими не опавшими старыми листьями.

Листья веерообразные, длиной до 3—4 м, серовато-зелёные, голые, листовая пластинка разрезана на одну треть глубины на сегменты в количестве 80—90, средние сегменты длиной до 1,5 м и шириной 6 см, крайние — длиной до 60—80 см и шириной 1 см, сегменты на концах двунадрезанные, по краям снабжены тонкими нитями белого цвета. Черешок листа равен длине листовой пластинки, нижняя часть черешков до половины их длины по краям снабжена желтоватыми острыми шипами, загнутыми к основанию черешка. Язычок (передний гребень) на конце черешка короткий или слаборазвитый[2], стержень длиной 15—16 см. За вегетационный период образуется до 13 листьев, продолжительность их жизни до трёх-четырёх лет.

Соцветия метельчатые, длиной 3—5 м, дугообразно согнутые книзу. Цветки белые, обоеполые.

Плод — продолговатая костянка, длиной до 1 см, толщиной 0,4—0,6 см, блестящая, чёрная или тёмно-коричневая, с тонкой рыхлой мякотью. Семя яйцевидно-овальное длиной 0,5—0,6 см и толщиной 0,4—0,5 см, с вогнутым основанием.

Хромосомный набор 2n = 36.

Распространение

Северная Америка — северные и северо-западные части пустыни Колорадо, южная Калифорния и западная Аризона, а также в Мексике в штате Нижняя Калифорния. Натурализовалась в южной Неваде. Образует леса или растёт группами на низменных местах, где постоянно доступны подземные воды. Выращивается как декоративное растение почти во всех странах с субтропическим климатом. На Черноморском побережье Кавказа растёт успешно от Сочи и южнее; страдает в наиболее суровые зимы при снижении температуры до минус 7-8 С°. В районах с более сухим климатом является более зимостойкой. Хорошо растёт в Азербайджане на Апшеронском полуострове. На Южном берегу Крыма требует укрытия.

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. Сааков С. Г. Оранжерейные и комнатные растения и уход за ними. — М.: Наука, 1985. — С. 204.
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Вашингтония нитеносная: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Вашингтония нитеносная (лат. Washingtonia filifera) — вид однодольных растений рода Вашингтония (Washingtonia) семейства Пальмовые (Arecaceae).

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丝葵 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

丝葵学名Washingtonia filifera)又名老人葵华盛顿椰子等,是棕榈科丝葵属的一种植物。[1][2][3]

形态

 src=
叶片

常绿乔木。茎单生,高20~30米,浅灰色,基部通常不膨大,顶端稍细,有纵裂纹或皱纹。近圆形大型叶片,直径2~3m,掌状深裂,裂片50~100片,边缘、先端及裂口有多数细长、下垂的丝状纤维,似白发苍苍的老人,所以又名老人葵。枯叶先端稍下垂,宿存被覆树干。

肉穗花序,白色大型花。椭圆形核果,长1~1.5cm,熟时黑色,微有皱纹。

分布

原产于美国加利福尼亚州、亚利桑那州及墨西哥西北部等地,中国热带及亚热带地区有栽培,作为观赏树

参考文献

  1. ^ 丝葵 Washingtonia filifera (Lind. ex Andre) H. Wendl.. 中国植物物种名录(CPNI). 中国植物物种信息数据库. [2013-1-18]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  2. ^ 华盛顿椰子 Washingtonia filifera Lind. ex Audre Wendl.. 台湾物种名录. 台湾: 中央研究院生物多样性研究中心. [2013-1-24] (繁体中文). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  3. ^ Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary. In: The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ [2018-12-11].

外部链接

 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:丝葵  src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:丝葵 Washingtonia filifera Pritchardia filifera
 title=
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丝葵: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

丝葵(学名:Washingtonia filifera)又名老人葵、华盛顿椰子等,是棕榈科丝葵属的一种植物。

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