定義： Organism generally recognized as a single organism that consists of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium living in symbiotic association. Often attached to solid objects such as rocks or living or dead wood rather than soil.
定義： Siliceous rocks are sedimentary rocks that have silica (SiO2) as the principal constituent. The most common siliceous rock is chert other types include diatomite. They commonly form from silica-secreting organisms such as radiolarians, diatoms, or some types of sponges.
定義： Crustose lichen communities on calcareous schists and decalcified calcareous rocks covered by snow for a long-time in the subalpine and alpine belts
