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The Pneumoridae are a family of nocturnal short-horned grasshoppers in the order Orthoptera, commonly known as the bladder grasshoppers and the sole representative of the superfamily Pneumoroidea.[1] Their centre of diversity is in southern Africa, but one species occurs as far north as South Sudan. Most adult males acquire an inflated abdomen, a specialization for amplified sound production, which is likely its primary function. Most genera display striking sexual dimorphism,[2] and several species exhibit a dual male phenotype.[3]
They are nocturnal, specialized herbivores which (with few exceptions) are endemic to coastal regions of southern Africa.[1] The smallest species is Pneumoracris browni occurring in the Succulent Karoo ecoregion, while the largest is the wide-ranging Afromontane forest species, Physophorina livingstoni.
The body length of adult males vary from 11.5 to 68.0 mm, and that of females from 22.0 to 107 mm. Males of a particular species may or may not have an inflated body with fully developed wings, or both morphs may be present. Males have large ocelli, a prominently crested pronotum, and are smaller in size. Females' bodies are larger and not inflated, and possess only reduced elytra and wings. Female ocelli are vestigial and the pronotum is more tectiform, while the sound-producing mechanism is entirely different.[2]
Adult males of most species acquire an inflated, bladder-like abdomen at the final molt. Their abdominal segments consist of a thin, semitransparent integument, and are enlarged in length and width, while the intersegmental membranes are much reduced.[2] Males are capable of producing loud calls, a long and very deep rasping noise,[2] which members of their species can detect from 2 km away. Males call by stridulating the rasp on the inner surface of their rather weak hind femur against an opposing rasp on the third tergite of the inflated, hollow abdomen. These sclerotized abdominal ridges form a crescent-like row, and their exact number has some value in distinguishing between taxa.[2] In species without an inflated body, these characters are only vestigial. The wings of males have a primitive morphology, and are not suited to producing sound.[4] Their wing venation is in fact the simplest of all the Acridoidea.[2]
Females reply by duetting.[1] They employ a different sound mechanism to produce a distinguishable call, sometimes described as a high squeak, and perhaps only partially audible to humans. This is perhaps produced by rubbing strong wing veinlets armed with strong teeth against the abdomen, which is facilitated or accompanied by raising the pronotum at a high angle.[2]
Within one species, a primary (plesiomorph) and alternative (apomorph) male form with differing mating strategies can arise. Details of these morphs were the basis for the description of two subfamilies, namely Pneumorinae (Dirsh 1975) and Parabullacrinae (Dirsh 1975). Three groups are distinguishable on the basis of their ecology, namely a forest, marginal, and desert group, of which the forest species are the most primitive.[5]
List of genera and species:[1][6]
Genus Bullacris Roberts, 1941[7]: 18
Genus Parabullacris Dirsh, 1963
Genus Physemacris Roberts, 1941[7]: 19
Genus Paraphysemacris Dirsh, 1963
Genus Peringueyiacris Dirsh, 1965
Genus Pneumoracris Dirsh, 1963
Genus Prostallia Bolivar, 1906
Genus Physophorina Westwood, 1874
Genus Pneumora Thunberg, 1775
The Pneumoridae are a family of nocturnal short-horned grasshoppers in the order Orthoptera, commonly known as the bladder grasshoppers and the sole representative of the superfamily Pneumoroidea. Their centre of diversity is in southern Africa, but one species occurs as far north as South Sudan. Most adult males acquire an inflated abdomen, a specialization for amplified sound production, which is likely its primary function. Most genera display striking sexual dimorphism, and several species exhibit a dual male phenotype.
Los pneumóridos (Pneumoridae) son una familia de insectos ortópteros celíferos y el único miembro de la superfamilia Pneumoroidea. Se distribuye por África.[1]
Según Orthoptera Species File (31 mars 2010):[2]
Los pneumóridos (Pneumoridae) son una familia de insectos ortópteros celíferos y el único miembro de la superfamilia Pneumoroidea. Se distribuye por África.
Les Pneumoridae sont une famille d'insectes orthoptères, la seule de la super-famille des Pneumoroidea[1].
Les espèces de cette famille se rencontrent en Afrique.
Selon Orthoptera Species File (13 juillet 2018)[2] :
Les Pneumoridae sont une famille d'insectes orthoptères, la seule de la super-famille des Pneumoroidea.
Pneumoridae er en gruppe av rettvingene (Orthoptera) og tilhører en familiegruppe blant gresshoppene.
Store (noen arter blir over 10 cm lange) gresshopper. Hunnene ser ut som temmelig ordinære gresshopper, hannene utmerker seg ved en stor, oppblåst, gjennomsiktig bakkropp. Hodet er kort med loddrett ansikt og ganske små fasettøyne, antennene er tynne om omtrent så lange som hodet er høyt. De kan ha fullt utviklede vinger, eller disse kan være reduserte. Bakbeina er ikke utviklet til kraftige hoppebein, bare litt større enn for- og mellombeina.
Familien lever i tørre områder. Hannens store, oppblåste bakkropp fungerer som et resonanskammer og gjør at den kan produsere kraftige, ganske lavfrekvente lyder. Hannen synger fra busker om natten, lyden blir gjerne forvekslet med den fra større dyr, for eksempel frosker. Også hunnene lager lyder, men mindre kraftige. Familien har ingen kjent økonomisk betydning.
Denne familien finnes bare i det sørlige og østlige Afrika.
Pneumoridae er en gruppe av rettvingene (Orthoptera) og tilhører en familiegruppe blant gresshoppene.
