dcsimg

Distribution ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por IABIN
Peru
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
autor
Pablo Gutierrez
site do parceiro
IABIN

Caulerpa racemosa ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Caulerpa racemosa és una alga verda de color verd, de la família de les caulerpes composta d'una part rastrera i branquetes plenes de boletes paregudes a granets de raïm.

Pot habitar qualsevol biotip als primers 60 m de profunditat i en qualsevol substrat ja siga de sorra, grava o pedres. Prové d'Austràlia i actualment se l'ha trobat a la costa valenciana a Santa Pola i Castelló. Estudis apunten cap a un greu impacte ecològic sobre les comunitats vegetals autòctones. És a la llista dels 100 espècies invasores més dolents d'Europa.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Caulerpa racemosa Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Caulerpa racemosa: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Caulerpa racemosa és una alga verda de color verd, de la família de les caulerpes composta d'una part rastrera i branquetes plenes de boletes paregudes a granets de raïm.

Pot habitar qualsevol biotip als primers 60 m de profunditat i en qualsevol substrat ja siga de sorra, grava o pedres. Prové d'Austràlia i actualment se l'ha trobat a la costa valenciana a Santa Pola i Castelló. Estudis apunten cap a un greu impacte ecològic sobre les comunitats vegetals autòctones. És a la llista dels 100 espècies invasores més dolents d'Europa.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Caulerpa racemosa ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Caulerpa racemosa is a species of edible green alga, a seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. It is commonly known as sea grapes (along with the related Caulerpa lentillifera) and is found in many areas of shallow sea around the world. There are a number of different forms and varieties, and one that appeared in the Mediterranean Sea in 1990, which is giving cause for concern as an invasive species.

Taxonomy

Oval sea grapes, var. clavifera, at 5 metres (16 ft) depth

There are about 75 species of Caulerpa. Many of them exhibit polymorphism, showing different growth forms in different habitats which makes them difficult to identify. C. racemosa, C. laetevirens and C. peltata form a species complex. A number of forms and varieties for C. racemosa are listed but further study is needed to clarify their exact phylogenetic relationships.[2][1]

Description

A plant of C. racemosa consists of a number of branches linked to stolons which are anchored to the sandy substrate by rhizoids. The branches are a few centimetres apart and can grow to a height of 30 centimetres (12 in). Many spherical or ovate side-shoots branch off these and give the seaweed its name of sea grapes.[3] Like other members of the order Bryopsidales, each C. racemosa plant consists of a single enormous cell with a large number of nuclei. The chloroplasts containing chlorophyll are free to migrate from any part of the organism to another and there is a network of fibrous proteins that helps movement of organelles.[4]

Distribution

Much-branched form

C. racemosa is widely distributed in shallow temperate and tropical seas. In 1926 a new form of the alga was reported off Tunisia, possibly an immigrant from the Red Sea, and this later spread to much of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. In 1990, a new, larger form with two vertical rows of branches on opposite sides of the stem was found off Libya. It spread widely, invading much of the Mediterranean Sea and becoming more widespread than the invasive species, Caulerpa taxifolia. It is known as var. cylindracea and may have originated from Australian waters.[5] In America C. racemosa is found in shallow water in the Caribbean Sea, around Bermuda and along the eastern seaboard of America from Florida to Brazil.[3]

Biology

In the Mediterranean, growth begins in April when new stolons develop and erect branches start growing, and continue till December, after which the plants decline and become dormant.[6]

C. racemosa reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation. When pieces of the plant get broken off they develop into new plants. Small pieces of tissue only a few millimetres across are capable of doing this.[7]

C. racemosa can also reproduce sexually and in so doing exhibits holocarpy. This means that all the organism's cytoplasm is used up in the creation of the gametes and only a husk remains at the site of the original plant. The plants are monoecious with male and female gametes being produced by the same plant and liberated into the water column where they unite to give spherical zygotes. These settle and after five weeks produce germ tubes which elongate and branch to develop into new plants.[8] Mass spawnings sometimes take place in the Caribbean Sea and normally do so just before dawn. There were 39 such mass spawnings during a period of 125 days and the days on which they took place showed no relation to the tidal or lunar cycles.[9] The gametes remain motile for about 60 minutes. Mass spawning is advantageous to the plant in increasing the chances of fertilisation. Underwater visibility can be reduced to less than one metre by the green cloud produced in the process.[10] Similar mass spawnings take place in the Mediterranean Sea causing a cloud of green gametes to be released in the water approximately 14 minutes before sunrise.[11]

Ecology

Caulerpa species contain secondary metabolites that are cytotoxic, of which caulerpenyne is the most abundant. These deter animals from consuming the plants. A study has been done on herbivores that graze on meadows of the invasive C. cylindracea in the north west of its range in the Mediterranean. The sea breams Boops boops and Sarpa salpa were found to feed on the algae, as did the sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis. Other herbivores also grazed occasionally, but the total amount consumed was compensated for by the rapid growth of the plant and it was considered that these organisms were not likely to play a valuable role in bio-control of the plant.[6] C. taxifolia and C. racemosa show the great influence of substratum on their spatial distribution with a high colonization of the dead matte of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica[12]

C. racemosa and C. taxifolia are both invasive Lessepsian migrants. Caulerpenyne content is lesser in C. racemosa than in C. taxifolia.[13]

Uses

Like the closely related C. lentillifera, C. racemosa is edible. It is consumed widely in salads in Japan, Fiji, the Philippines, and Thailand. It is also eaten by local fishermen in Malaysia and Indonesia. They are rich in fiber, proteins, minerals (calcium and magnesium), folic acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin B1 while also being low in fat.[14]

In addition to the nutritional qualities of C. racemosa, it also has anti bacterial and anti-oxidant properties but these characteristics are not yet fully explored.[15] These different biological activities provide a glimpse of biomedical innovations for the future. The properties are believed to come from a strain of rare endophytic actinomycetes that lives in symbiosis with C. racemosa and more particularly of the secondary metabolites produced (flavonoids and alkaloids[16]). Extracts of C. racemosa are already tested to reduce different types of cancer[17] but also to fight against multi-drug resistant uropathogens (as K. Pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa). The multi drug resistance is a major public health problem because by 2050 (World Health Organization WHO), 10 million people could die each year as a result of this evolution of bacteria against the current families of antibiotics. Moreover, a multitude of potential treatments for various pathologies have been identified, particularly for diabetes[18] and herpes.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J.Agardh, 1873 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-08-20.]
  2. ^ Overview of the Genus Caulerpa Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Proceedings of the International Caulerpa taxifolia Conference, 2002.
  3. ^ a b Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  4. ^ The Cell Biology of the Bryopsidales Retrieved 2011-08-18
  5. ^ On the identity and origin of the Mediterranean invasive Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta). Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  6. ^ a b Grazing on Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea by herbivorous fishes and sea urchins. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  7. ^ Ceccherelli, G., L. Piazzi., 2001. Dispersal of Caulerpa racemosa fragments in the Mediterranean: lack of detachment time effect on Establishment. Bot. Mar. 44, 209-213.
  8. ^ Culture studies on Caulerpa (caulerpales, chlorophyceae) III. Reproduction, development and morphological variation of laboratory-cultured C. racemosa var. peltata. Retrieved 2011-08-22
  9. ^ "Mass Spawning by Green Algae on Coral Reefs" Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  10. ^ Mass Spawning by Green Algae on Coral Reefs Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  11. ^ Sexual reproduction of the invasive green alga Caulerpa racemosa var. occidentalis in the Mediterranean Sea. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  12. ^ Infantes, Eduardo; Terrados, Jorge; Orfila, Alejandro (February 2011). "Assessment of substratum effect on the distribution of two invasive Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) species". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 91 (3): 434–441. Bibcode:2011ECSS...91..434I. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2010.11.005.
  13. ^ Dumay, Olivier; Pergent, Gérard; Pergent-Martini, Christine; Amade, Philippe (2002). "Variations in Caulerpenyne Contents in Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa racemosa". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (2): 343–352. doi:10.1023/A:1017938225559. PMID 11925072. S2CID 39266148.
  14. ^ Diini, Fithriani (2015). "Opportunities and challenges for developed Caulerpa racemosa as functional foods". International Symposium on Aquatic Product Processing (ISAPPROSH) 2013. 1 (1): 85–96. doi:10.18502/kls.v1i0.90.
  15. ^ Yap, Wing-Fai; Tay, Vangene; Tan, Sie-Hui; Yow, Yoon-Yen; Chew, Jactty (September 17, 2019). "Decoding Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potentials of Malaysian Green Seaweeds: Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa lentillifera". Antibiotics. 8 (3): E152. doi:10.3390/antibiotics8030152. PMC 6783820. PMID 31533237.
  16. ^ Chia, Yin Yin; Kanthimathi, M S; Khoo, Kong Soo; Rajarajeswaran, Jayakumar; Cheng, Hwee Ming; Yap, Wai Sum (September 29, 2015). "Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of three species of tropical seaweeds". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 15 (1): 339. doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0867-1. PMC 4587585. PMID 26415532.
  17. ^ Tanna, Bhakti; Yadav, Sonam; Mishra, Avinash (October 2020). "Anti-proliferative and ROS-inhibitory activities reveal the anticancer potential of Caulerpa species". Molecular Biology Reports. 47 (10): 7403–7411. doi:10.1007/s11033-020-05795-8. ISSN 1573-4978. PMID 32990904. S2CID 222168633.
  18. ^ Qudus B Aroyehun, Abdul; Abdul Razak, Shariza; Palaniveloo, Kishneth; Nagappan, Thilahgavani; Suraiza Nabila Rahmah, Nur; Wee Jin, Gan; Chellappan, Dinesh Kumar; Chellian, Jestin; Kunnath, Anil Philip (September 18, 2020). "Bioprospecting Cultivated Tropical Green Algae, Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh: A Perspective on Nutritional Properties, Antioxidative Capacity and Anti-Diabetic Potential". Foods. 9 (9): E1313. doi:10.3390/foods9091313. PMC 7555259. PMID 32961907.
  19. ^ Ghosh, Partha; Adhikari, Utpal; Ghosal, Prodyot K.; Pujol, Carlos A.; Carlucci, María J.; Damonte, Elsa B.; Ray, Bimalendu (December 26, 2004). "In vitro anti-herpetic activity of sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Caulerpa racemosa". Phytochemistry. 65 (23): 3151–3157. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.07.025. PMID 15541745 – via PubMed.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Caulerpa racemosa: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Caulerpa racemosa is a species of edible green alga, a seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. It is commonly known as sea grapes (along with the related Caulerpa lentillifera) and is found in many areas of shallow sea around the world. There are a number of different forms and varieties, and one that appeared in the Mediterranean Sea in 1990, which is giving cause for concern as an invasive species.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Caulerpa racemosa ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Caulerpa racemosa es una especie de alga verde de la familia Caulerpaceae. Se encuentra en muchas regiones alrededor del mundo. Existen muchas variedades, en el Mediterráneo se estableció en 1990 como especie invasora. En España, está incluida en el Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras, regulado por el Real Decreto 630/2013.[2]

Referencias

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Caulerpa racemosa: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Caulerpa racemosa es una especie de alga verde de la familia Caulerpaceae. Se encuentra en muchas regiones alrededor del mundo. Existen muchas variedades, en el Mediterráneo se estableció en 1990 como especie invasora. En España, está incluida en el Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras, regulado por el Real Decreto 630/2013.​

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Caulerpa racemosa ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

La Caulerpe raisin ou Caulerpe à billes[1], Caulerpa racemosa, est une espèce d'algues vertes de la famille des Caulerpacées. On la trouve dans les eaux peu profondes de nombreuses mers du monde. Il existe un grand nombre de formes différentes dont une variété apparue en 1990 en Méditerranée dont le caractère invasif est préoccupant.

Description

Un plant de C. racemosa consiste en plusieurs frondes liées à des stolons ancrés dans le substrat sableux par des rhizoïdes. Les frondes sont distante de quelques centimètres et peuvent mesurer jusqu'à 30 cm. De nombreuses pousses latérales sphériques ou ovoïdes se ramifie depuis les frondes et qui donnent son nom de « caulerpe raisin » à cette algue[2]. Comme les autres membres de l'ordre des Bryopsidales, chaque individu de C. racemosa consiste en une unique cellule énorme avec un grand nombre de noyaux. Le chloroplaste contenant la chlorophylle sont libres de se déplacer depuis les parties de l'organisme vers une autre et un réseau de protéines fibreuses aide le mouvement des organites[3].

Taxinomie

Il existe environ 75 espèces de caulerpes (Caulerpa sp.). Elles font souvent preuve de polymorphisme, présentant différentes formes de croissances dans des habitats différents ce qui les rend difficiles à identifier. Caulerpa racemosa, C. laetevirens and C. peltata forment un complexe d'espèces cryptiques. Un certain nombre de formes et de variétés de C. racemosa sont décrites mais des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour clarifier leur relation phylogénétique exacte[4],[5].

Synonymes

Caulerpa racemosa admet de nombreux synonymes considérés comme des noms invalides :

  • Caulerpa clavifera (Turner) C.Agardh, 1817
  • Caulerpa feldmannii Rayss & Edelstein, 1960
  • Caulerpa racemosa var. clavifera (C. Agardh) Weber-van Bosse, 1909
  • Caulerpa racemosa var. uvifera (C. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1873
  • Caulerpa uvifera (Roth) C.Agardh, 1817
  • Chauvinia clavifera (Turner) Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1829
  • Fucus clavifer Turner, 1807
  • Fucus racemosus Forsskål, 1775
  • Fucus uvifer Turner, 1811 [5]

Distribution

 src=
Une variété de C. racemosa

C. racemosa est largement répartie dans les eux peu profondes des zones tempérés et tropicales. En 1962 une nouvelle forme de l'algue est signalée au large de la Tunisie, immigrant probablement de la mer Rouge, et s'est répandu très à l'est de la mer Méditerranée. En 1990, une nouvelle forme, plus grande avec deux rangs de frondes de chaque côté du stipe a été identifiée au large de la Libye. Elle s'est largement répandue, envahissant la majorité de la Méditerranée, dépassant l'aire de répartition de l'espèce invasive Caulerpa taxifolia. Elle est nommée C. racemosa var. cylindracea et est peut-être originaire des côtes australiennes[6]. En Amérique C. racemosa est présent dans les eaux peu profonde de la mer des Caraïbes, autour des Bermudes et le long de la côte Est américaine de la Floride jusqu'au Brésil[2].

Biologie

En Méditerranée, la croissance débute en avril quand les stolons se développent et les stipes commencent leur pousse. Elle continue jusqu'à décembre après quoi les plants déclinent et se mettent en état de dormance[7].

C. racemosa se multiplie végétativement par fragmentation. Lorsque des morceaux de l'algue sont cassés, ils se développent en un nouvel individu. Des bouts de tissus de quelques millimètres à peine suffise à cette méthode de reproduction[8].

C. racemosa peut également se reproduire sexuellement en faisant preuve d'holocarpie. Cela signifie que l'intégralité du cytoplasme de l'individu est utilisé dans la création de gamètes sexuelles et que seul reste les parois de l'algue originale. Les individus sont monoïques avec des gamètes mâles et femelles produites par la même algue puis disséminer dans la colonne d'eau où ils s’agglutineront pour former des zygotes sphériques. Ils se fixent et produise après cinq semaines un tube qui s'allongera pour se développer en un nouvel individu[9].

Des reproductions de masse se déroulent dans la mer des Caraïbes, généralement avant l'aube. Il y a eu 39 reproduction massive pendant une période de 125 jours. Les jours d’occurrence du phénomène n'ont pas mis en évidence un lien avec les cycles lunaires ou des marées[10].

Écologie

Notes et références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. Steven Weinberg, Découvrir la mer Rouge et l'océan Indien, 2005 [détail des éditions], p. 87
  2. a et b Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Marine Species Identification Portal. Consulté le 2011-08-20.
  3. The Cell Biology of the Bryopsidales Consulté le 2011-08-18
  4. Overview of the Genus Caulerpa Proceedings of the International Caulerpa taxifolia Conference, 2002.
  5. a et b World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 20 août 2011
  6. On the identity and origin of the Mediterranean invasive Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta). Consulté le 2011-08-22.
  7. Grazing on Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea by herbivorous fishes and sea urchins. Consulté le 2011-08-22.
  8. Ceccherelli, G., L. Piazzi., 2001. Dispersal of Caulerpa racemosa fragments in the Mediterranean: lack of detachment time effect on Establishment. Bot. Mar. 44, 209-213.
  9. Culture studies on Caulerpa (caulerpales, chlorophyceae) III. Reproduction, development and morphological variation of laboratory-cultured C. racemosa var.peltata. Retrieved 2011-08-22
  10. Mass Spawning by Green Algae on Coral Reefs Consulté le 2011-08-22.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Caulerpa racemosa: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

La Caulerpe raisin ou Caulerpe à billes, Caulerpa racemosa, est une espèce d'algues vertes de la famille des Caulerpacées. On la trouve dans les eaux peu profondes de nombreuses mers du monde. Il existe un grand nombre de formes différentes dont une variété apparue en 1990 en Méditerranée dont le caractère invasif est préoccupant.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Caulerpa racemosa ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Caulerpa racemosa J. Agardh 1873 è un'alga verde della famiglia Caulerpaceae. È originaria del mar Rosso, ma è una specie alloctona del mar Mediterraneo, in cui è penetrata attraverso il Canale di Suez fin dal 1926[1]. In Mediterraneo, insieme con la Caulerpa taxifolia, sta minacciando le praterie di Posidonia oceanica, della quale è una forte competitrice.

Descrizione

Si presenta di colore verde e forma degli stoloni, dai quali si dipartono fronde verso l'alto, in cui sono presenti le strutture fotosintetiche e rizoidi diretti verso l'alto, con i quali aderisce saldamente al substrato. È un'alga unicellulare, in cui la parete cellulare riveste un unico protoplasto.

Riproduzione

C. racemosa è un'alga monoica in grado si riprodursi sia tramite riproduzione sessuata, sia vegetativa. La riproduzione sessuata avviene per anisogamia con alternanza di generazione gametofitica e sporofitica, dove tipicamente prevale la prima. A partire dal citoplasma, quattro anisogameti vengono liberati contemporaneamente, causando la successiva morte dell'individuo. La moltiplicazione vegetativa può avvenire per:

  • crescita, una parte della pianta muore l'altra estremità continua a crescere;
  • frammentazione, che può essere causata da attività antropiche, moto ondoso e azione dei predatori;
  • formazione di propaguli.

Mentre è ormai noto il processo riproduttivo, restano ancora sconosciuti i suoi segnali di attivazione.

Note

  1. ^ (FR) Hamel G., Quelques algues rares ou nouvelles pour la flore mediterraneenne (PDF), in Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Nat., vol. 32, 1926, p. 420.

Bibliografia

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Caulerpa racemosa: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Caulerpa racemosa J. Agardh 1873 è un'alga verde della famiglia Caulerpaceae. È originaria del mar Rosso, ma è una specie alloctona del mar Mediterraneo, in cui è penetrata attraverso il Canale di Suez fin dal 1926. In Mediterraneo, insieme con la Caulerpa taxifolia, sta minacciando le praterie di Posidonia oceanica, della quale è una forte competitrice.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

總狀蕨藻 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
Disambig gray.svg 關於陸地上蓼科的植物,請見“海葡萄”。
二名法 Caulerpa racemosa
(Forsskål) J.Agardh, 1873 [1]

總狀蕨藻學名Caulerpa racemosa)是蕨藻屬下的一個,常稱海葡萄。在世界各地的淺海海域都有分佈,這種蕨藻有很多變種,1990年,總狀蕨藻被報導入侵地中海

分類學

蕨藻屬下的很多物種都呈現出多態性,因此互相很難區別,總狀蕨藻則和Caulerpa laetevirensCaulerpa peltata形成了復合種。雖然其各種形式和變種都已被列明,但是具體的種系發生還需要進一步研究。[2][1]

描述

一株總狀蕨藻有許多固著在砂質基質上、連接著生殖根的分枝。其分枝單個只有幾釐米長,但整體可以長到30厘米(12英寸)。[3]羽藻目的其他物種一樣,總狀蕨藻有含許多細胞核的單個細胞。其葉綠體可以在組織內自由移動。[4]

分佈

 src=
多分枝形式的總狀蕨藻

總狀蕨藻廣泛分佈于熱帶和溫帶淺海,1926年總狀蕨藻的一個新形態出現於突尼斯,可能該物種是從紅海遷徙到此地的,隨後便分佈到了東地中海大部份海域。1990年,一個更大形態的總狀蕨藻出現在利比亞附近,據估計其速度比杉狀蕨藻還快,這個形態稱作C. racemosa var. cylindracea,可能是來自澳大利亞。[5]

總狀蕨藻也分佈于美洲從佛羅里達巴西的沿海地區、加勒比海淺海和百慕大群島[3]

生物學

地中海地區的總狀蕨藻在四月份開始生長,并生出新的生殖根和分枝,十二月份生長停止,開始休眠。[6]

總狀蕨藻是通過其碎片來進行無性繁殖的,不過在很多碎片中只有一小部份可以成功。[7]

總狀蕨藻也可用以進行有性繁殖,此時其細胞質會在生成配子的過程中全部耗損,只留下一個空的外殼。因為雌雄同株的緣故,單個的總狀蕨藻就可以進行繁殖,之後五周就可以長出萌發管幷發展成新個體。[8] 加勒比海的總狀蕨藻有時會大規模進行有性繁殖,時間一般在凌晨。在125天之內它們可進行39次這樣的行為,而且看不出與太陰周及潮汐有何關係。[9] 配子的活力可維持60分鐘,大的規模也有助於提高受精率,繁殖產生的大量綠色配子可以將周圍海域的能見度降到一米之內。[10] 同樣的現象也出現在地中海。[11]

生態學

總狀蕨藻的次生代謝物細胞毒性,因此可以防止其他生物的襲擊。在地中海的一項研究顯示,牛眼鯛叉牙鯛會以總狀蕨藻為食,雖然一些別的生物偶然也會以其為食,但是並不足以抑制其生長速度。[6]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J.Agardh, 1873 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-08-20.]
  2. ^ Overview of the Genus Caulerpa 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2011-09-28. Proceedings of the International Caulerpa taxifolia Conference, 2002.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  4. ^ The Cell Biology of the Bryopsidales Retrieved 2011-08-18
  5. ^ On the identity and origin of the Mediterranean invasive Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta). 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Grazing on Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea by herbivorous fishes and sea urchins. 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  7. ^ Ceccherelli, G., L. Piazzi., 2001. Dispersal of Caulerpa racemosa fragments in the Mediterranean: lack of detachment time effect on Establishment. Bot. Mar. 44, 209-213.
  8. ^ Culture studies on Caulerpa (caulerpales, chlorophyceae) III. Reproduction, development and morphological variation of laboratory-cultured C. racemosa var.peltata. Retrieved 2011-08-22
  9. ^ "Mass Spawning by Green Algae on Coral Reefs" Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  10. ^ Mass Spawning by Green Algae on Coral Reefs[永久失效連結] Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  11. ^ Sexual reproduction of the invasive green alga Caulerpa racemosa var. occidentalis in the Mediterranean Sea. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

總狀蕨藻: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

總狀蕨藻(學名:Caulerpa racemosa)是蕨藻屬下的一個,常稱海葡萄。在世界各地的淺海海域都有分佈,這種蕨藻有很多變種,1990年,總狀蕨藻被報導入侵地中海

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科