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Psychoda alternata és una espècie d'insecte dípter pertanyent a la família dels psicòdids.
La femella adulta diposita els seus ous (de 30 a 100) en masses irregulars sobre la superfície gelatinosa que cobreix les pedres filtrants de les plantes de tractaments d'aigua o sobre canonades, i on es desenvoluparan tant la larva com la pupa. A 21 °C els ous es desclouen en 32-48 hores, l'estadi larval dura 8 dies i el pupal de 20 a 40 hores. El temps de desenvolupament entre l'ou i l'adult és de 7 a 28 dies depenent de les condicions ambientals. Els adults viuen al voltant de dues setmanes.[9]
La larva es nodreix de la matèria orgànica en descomposició i de la flora i fauna microscòpica (algues, bacteris, fongs, animals microscòpics, etc.).[4][9] En els filtres de les plantes de depuració pot ésser beneficiós perquè les larves hi ajuden a descompondre la matèria orgànica en descomposició.[10][5]
Les larves viuen sobre una àmplia gamma d'hàbitats, com ara el material gelatinós que cobreix les pedres de filtre de les plantes d'aigües residuals, l'interior de les canonades de drenatge, fruites i verdures transportades a bord dels vaixells, etc., mentre que els adults sovint es troben descansant a les parets (sobretot, de les cambres de bany i dutxes).[4] A més, les larves són força tolerants a la contaminació, als pH baixos, a les altes temperatures i a l'escassetat d'oxigen.[11][8]
És cosmopolita a les regions tropicals i temperades de tot el món i hom creu que la seua àmplia distribució mundial, amb poca variació geogràfica, és deguda als intercanvis comercials mundials: Nord-amèrica,[12][13] Europa[14] (com ara, l'Estat espanyol -incloent-hi Catalunya-,[15] Txèquia,[16] les illes Britàniques[17][18][19][20] i Noruega),[21] el Japó (les illes Ogasawara i les illes Ryukyu),[22] l'Índia,[23] Malàsia,[24] Nova Guinea,[25] les illes Filipines,[26] Borneo,[27] la Polinèsia,[7] Austràlia (Nova Gal·les del Sud i Tasmània),[28][29][30][31] Nova Zelanda,[32] Fiji, Samoa, les illes Hawaii, les illes Carolines i les illes Mariannes.[8][33][34][35][2][36][37][38][39]
Es pot controlar la seua presència dins de les cases traient el dipòsit de llim on viuen les larves. Això es pot fer abocant aigua bullent en els desguassos i sifons.[10]
Psychoda alternata is a species of moth fly in the family Psychodidae,[1][2][3][4] commonly known as the trickling filter fly[5][6] or drain fly.[7] The larva is semiaquatic and lives in the gelatinous ooze associated with leaks of sewage effluent,[5] drains, and in trickling filter systems.
The adult female fly is about 4 mm (0.2 in) long, the male being slightly smaller. The wings are broad and held at an angle away from the body. They are clad with dense tufts of hairlike scales along the veins, and are grey, with a mottled appearance. The wing muscles are relatively weak and the insects mostly run or hop, occasionally making short flights. The males hatch first and only survive for a few days, while unmated females may live for a week.[7]
Originating in North America, this insect has spread around the world. Its range includes Europe, western Asia and South America. It had become established in Britain by 2000, in Brazil by 2006, in Norway by 2011, in Iraq and Croatia by 2013 and in Spain by 2016.[7] The larvae develop in moist areas rich in organic matter such as drains and trickling filter systems, but also in ditches and sludges of decaying organic matter. The adult insects seldom move far from where they were hatched.[6]
The eggs are laid in the moist places in which the larvae will feed. Up to 100 are laid by the female, sometimes singly, but usually in gelatinous batches of 15 to 40. The eggs are translucent and under a millimetre in diameter. They hatch in about two days at 70 °F (21 °C). The larvae are slender, whitish, cream or pale brown, with a head with strong jaws, 11 body segments, and siphons on the hindermost two segments. The larval stage lasts for about 15 days at 70 °F, and it is in the larval stage that the insect will usually overwinter, in diapause. The pupae are yellowish brown to brown and have a pair of ear-like respiratory processes on the head end. The pupal stage lasts for one or two days. Both larvae and pupae are usually to be found in the top 2.5 cm (1 in) of the substrate, sometimes deeper than this when the material is fairly dry.[6][7]
A trickling filter system is a form of biological treatment widely used to process sewage. The sewage or other wastewater flows downwards over a medium such as gravel which is supported on a permeable membrane. In the medium live over 200 species of bacteria, algae, worms, protozoa, and insects including larvae of the drain fly; together these organisms form a biofilm which processes the fluid passing through the filter system and removes pollutants.[7]
Psychoda alternata is a species of moth fly in the family Psychodidae, commonly known as the trickling filter fly or drain fly. The larva is semiaquatic and lives in the gelatinous ooze associated with leaks of sewage effluent, drains, and in trickling filter systems.
Psychoda alternata adolah langau dari famili Psychodidae. Langau iko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Langau dewasa biasonyo punyo antena panjang, samantaro sayoknyo babantuak saroman daun.
Psychoda alternata adolah langau dari famili Psychodidae. Langau iko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Langau dewasa biasonyo punyo antena panjang, samantaro sayoknyo babantuak saroman daun.
Psychoda alternata is een muggensoort uit de familie van de motmuggen (Psychodidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1824 door Say.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Psychoda alternata[1] é uma espécie de mosca pertencente ao género Psychoda da família Psychodidae.[1][2]
Psychoda alternata é uma espécie de mosca pertencente ao género Psychoda da família Psychodidae.
