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Saddled coral snake
Blotched coral snake
Coralillo ensillado
M. bernadi reaches a maximum size of 83 cm. Roze (1996) describes the species as:
"The head is black except for a yellow or white parietal spot or a narrow band. Ventrally, the black extends onto the first ventrals, with occasional white spots on some shields. Both dorsally and ventrally the black nuchal band is fused with the black head coloration. The black dorsal spots or saddlelike bands on the red background color are usually 2 dorsals long. Rarely, a few bands may be complete ventrally but these are interrupted dorsally. The red spaces between the black spots are longer than the spots; they are immaculate or have a few irregularly-placed black tips. Ventrally, the red scales are immaculate or have small black dots. Usually there are no yellow bands around the black spots, but rarely there may be an inconspicuous yellow border. On the tail, the black bands may be complete or incomplete ventrally; they are longer than the yellow bands."
There are 198 to 225 ventral scales and 34 to 48 subcaudal scales (Roze, 1996).
M. bernadi is known to prey on Pliocerus elapoides, a false coral snake (Roze, 1996).
Reported from only three localities in Mexico, northern Veracruz, eastern Hidalgo, and northern Puebla (Roze, 1996).
Low humid montane and cloud montane forests from 50 to almost 2000 m (Roze, 1996).
Holotype: ANSP 14767, according to Malnate, 1971, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 123:345-375[363].
Type-locality: Zacualtipan [Hidalgo, Mexico].
Micrurus tener, commonly known as the Texas coral snake, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is native to the southern United States and adjacent northeastern and central Mexico. Five subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies, Micrurus tener tener, which is found in both the US and Mexico, and is also commonly known as the Texas coral snake.[1][2] The species Micrurus tener was once considered to be a subspecies of the eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius).
M. tener ranges from the southern United States south to northeastern and central Mexico. It inhabits the states of Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas, and the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Querétaro and Morelos.[2]
The Texas coral snake has the traditional coloration associated with coral snakes: black, yellow, and red rings.[3] These rings extend onto their belly.[4] It is capable of growing to 48 in (122 cm) in total length (including tail), but most are closer to 24 in (61 cm).[3] Males are typically smaller than females.[5] It has smooth dorsal scales, a rounded head, and the eyes have round pupils. Albinistic (lacking black pigment) and anerythristic (lacking red pigment) specimens have been found in the wild. "Pastel" (pink, translucent cream, and very light blue) coloration has been noted, and completely black (melanistic) specimens, are known. The Texas coral snake is somewhat larger (longer and stouter) than the eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius), and has a somewhat larger venom yield.
All coral snakes are shy, secretive animals, typically nocturnal. They spend most of their time hiding in leaf litter, under logs. They can be seen crawling on the surface, after heavy rains, when the nighttime temperatures rise above 78 °F (26 °C).
When grabbed suddenly, or sometimes just when touched, they may thrash about, swing around, and bite. Sometimes they are calm, and then suddenly swing around and bite, for no apparent reason.
The primary diet of M. tener consists of other snakes, primarily earth snakes, and other small fossorial species.[6] It is cannibalistic.[7] It also occasionally eats small lizards,[6] but the consumption of rodents by coral snakes is rare.
Other nonvenomous snakes resemble the Texas coral snake as a form of Batesian mimicry. In the United States only, all three species of venomous coral snakes (Micruroides euryxanthus, Micrurus fulvius, and Micrurus tener) can be identified by the red rings contacting the yellow rings. A common mnemonic device is "red and yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, friend of Jack". However, this mnemonic is not always accurate, due to the aforementioned color variations, and its usage is dangerous to both snakes and humans.[3]
Texas coral snake venom is a powerful neurotoxin, causing neuromuscular dysfunction. Until 2006, no deaths from coral snake bites had been reported since the 1970s in the United States; however, rare, fatal bites have occurred, according to several scientific journals in the 1980s and 1990s.
Because of the low profits, the production of coral snake antivenin has been discontinued for several years.[8][9] Prior to the availability of antivenin, the fatality rate of coral snake envenomations has been estimated at 10%, and death was primarily due to respiratory or cardiovascular failure as a result of paralysis induced by the neurotoxic venom.
Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer, produced antivenin for the eastern coral snake, which can also be used for treatment of envenomation by the Texas coral snake. However, the last lot produced (Lot L67530) has an expiration date of January 31, 2020.[10] As of July 2021, Pfizer indicates that antivenom is available[11] and one source states that production has resumed.[12]
A coral snake (genus Micrurus) is proteroglyphous, meaning it has a pair of deeply grooved, semihollow, chisel-shaped, fixed fangs in the front of its upper jaw, through which the venom is injected. Though it was previously thought that they to need to gnaw to inject venom, Coral snakes do not necessarily need to bite and hold on for a brief time to deliver a significant amount of venom. They expel venom quickly during extraction into collection media in the lab. Severe envenomations have occurred after a quick bite. Many bites from coral snakes do not inject any venom at all (known as a dry bite). A bite from any coral snake should be considered an extremely serious medical emergency, and medical treatment should be sought immediately, because symptoms of envenomation are known to sometimes delay manifestation for as long as 24 hours, but once present, often progress very rapidly.
The six recognized subspecies of M. tener are:
Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Micrurus.
M. t. tener is found in both the U.S. and Mexico, whereas the other four subspecies are endemic to Mexico.[2]
The subspecific name, fitzingeri, is in honor of Austrian herpetologist Leopold Fitzinger.[13]
Their Latin name tener means "soft of delicate". This is in reference to the graceful features of the snake.
The name maculatus (Latin for spotted) refers to the presence of some large black spots in the red bands.
The name microgalbineus is derived from a modern Latin adaptation of the original Greek word micro meaning small and tiny and galbineus, Latin for greenish yellow. The name microgalbineus alludes to the short yellowish bands of this subspecies. [14]
The Texas coral snake was once considered a subspecies of the eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius, but more recent research has determined that it has enough morphological differences to be considered its own species.[1]
Micrurus tener, commonly known as the Texas coral snake, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is native to the southern United States and adjacent northeastern and central Mexico. Five subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies, Micrurus tener tener, which is found in both the US and Mexico, and is also commonly known as the Texas coral snake. The species Micrurus tener was once considered to be a subspecies of the eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius).
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