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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
All members of this family are egg parasites. The mymarids are easily recognized as a distinct family, but their fundamental thoracic structure shows them to have been derived from the same stem that produced the present-day Eulophidae.
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Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Brvuškovití ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Brvuškovití (Mymaridae) je čeleď chalcidek, do které patří přes 100 rodů a více než 1400 druhů, které jsou rozšířeny po celém světě, ale kvůli svojí velikosti bývají lidmi zaznamenány jen vzácně. Do této čeledi patří také nejmenší zástupce hmyzu na světě Dicopomorpha echmepterygis. Mají tmavohnědou až černou barvu, vzácně také žlutou, a tenká křídla s třásněmi – brvami, podle nich vznikl název. Všechny známé druhy brvušek parazitují na vajíčkách hmyzu. Jejich larvy jsou v prvním stádiu drobné a mají ocásek, v druhém stádiu jsou zavalité. Dospělí jedinci žijí jen krátce.

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Brvuškovití: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Brvuškovití (Mymaridae) je čeleď chalcidek, do které patří přes 100 rodů a více než 1400 druhů, které jsou rozšířeny po celém světě, ale kvůli svojí velikosti bývají lidmi zaznamenány jen vzácně. Do této čeledi patří také nejmenší zástupce hmyzu na světě Dicopomorpha echmepterygis. Mají tmavohnědou až černou barvu, vzácně také žlutou, a tenká křídla s třásněmi – brvami, podle nich vznikl název. Všechny známé druhy brvušek parazitují na vajíčkách hmyzu. Jejich larvy jsou v prvním stádiu drobné a mají ocásek, v druhém stádiu jsou zavalité. Dospělí jedinci žijí jen krátce.

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Zwergwespen ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Zwergwespen (Mymaridae), auch Eierschlupfwespen genannt, sind eine Familie der Erzwespen (Chalcidoidea).

Beschreibung

Alle Vertreter der Zwergwespen haben schmale, mehr oder weniger gestielte Flügel, die an den Rändern lang und zierlich bewimpert sind. Das Endglied der Fühler ist meistens vergrößert und damit ebenfalls ein Erkennungsmerkmal. Die Zwergwespen sind größtenteils schwarz, es gibt jedoch auch gelb in ihrer Färbung. Die kleinsten Insekten überhaupt sind die Männchen der Art Dicopomorpha echmepterygis mit nur 0,139 Millimetern Länge.

Mit ihren paddelförmigen reduzierten Vorderflügeln sind sie keine guten Flieger, sondern werden hauptsächlich durch den Wind verbreitet. Einige aquatische Gattungen sind bekannt. Manche „fliegen“ unter Wasser, da der Unterschied zwischen Luft und Wasser bei kleinen Körpergrößen minimal ist, andere benutzen ihre Beine zur Fortbewegung.

Zwergwespen legen ihre Eier in die Eier anderer Insekten (vor allem Hemiptera), von denen sie sich während ihrer Entwicklung ernähren. Daher spielen sie in der biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung eine wichtige Rolle.

Systematik

Weltweit sind mehr als 1400 Arten in ca. 100 Gattungen bekannt, u. a.:

Einzelnachweise

  1. John T. Huber: World reclassification of the Gonatocerus group of genera (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Zootaxa, 3967, S. 1–184, 2015 doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3967.1.1
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Zwergwespen: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Zwergwespen (Mymaridae), auch Eierschlupfwespen genannt, sind eine Familie der Erzwespen (Chalcidoidea).

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Мимарис сымалдуулар ( Quirguiz )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Acmotemnus luteiclava.

Мимарис сымалдуулар (лат. Mymaridae) — чабандес каскактардын бир тукуму.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Fairyfly ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Mymaridae, commonly known as fairyflies or fairy wasps, are a family of chalcidoid wasps found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. The family contains around 100 genera with 1,400 species.

Fairyflies are very tiny insects, like most chalcidoid wasps, mostly ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 mm (0.020 to 0.039 in) long. They include the world's smallest known insect, with a body length of only 0.139 mm (0.0055 in), and the smallest known flying insect, only 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) long. They usually have nonmetallic black, brown, or yellow bodies. The antennae of the females are distinctively tipped by club-like segments, while male antennae are thread-like. Their wings are usually slender and possess long bristles, giving them a hairy or feathery appearance, although some species may have greatly reduced stubby wings or lack wings altogether. They can be distinguished from other chalcidoids by the H-shaped pattern of sutures on the front of their heads.

Fairyflies are among the most common chalcidoids, but are rarely noticed by humans because of their extremely small sizes. Their adult lifespans are very short, usually only a few days. All known fairyflies are parasitoids of the eggs of other insects, and several species have been successfully used as biological pest control agents.[1]

The fossil record of fairyflies extends from at least the Albian age (about 107 myr) of the Early Cretaceous.

Taxonomy

An illustration of the 'feather-winged' Mymar pulchellum by John Curtis, c. 1840

The family Mymaridae was first established in 1833 by Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday. Haliday and two close friends, John Curtis and Francis Walker, respected entomologists in their own right, were influential in the early studies of Hymenoptera in the 19th century.[2][3]

History

Haliday originally described fairyflies as the tribe "Mymares" of the family "Chalcides". He based his descriptions on the type genus Mymar, described by John Curtis in 1829.[4]

Earlier attempts of classification by Walker treated the group as a genus, and classified all other known fairyflies under it as subgenera. Walker (who was infamous for his shortcomings in systematic nomenclature)[2] later conceded to Haliday's classification in a letter in 1839 and requested assistance from Haliday in classifying the wasps collected by Charles Darwin on his voyage on HMS Beagle.[5] "Mymares", as well as other "tribes", were elevated to the family rank (as Mymaridae) by Haliday in 1839.[6][7][8]

Haliday described fairyflies as "the very atoms of the order Hymenoptera" and remarked on the beauty of their wings when viewed under the microscope.[4] These characteristics of fairyflies also made them popular to entomologists and microscopists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The beautifully mounted fairyfly specimens of the early 20th century English microscopist Fred Enock are possibly the most famous of the collections.[6][9]

Etymology

The generic name Mymar (and by extension, Mymaridae) was derived by Curtis from the Greek word μΰμαρ (mymar), an Aeolian variant of the standard Greek μῶμος (mōmos, "spot" or "blot").[7]

Classification

The Mymaridae are the most primitive members of the superfamily Chalcidoidea.[10] About 1,424 species of fairyflies are grouped in about 100 genera.[11] Of the extant fairyfly genera, Eustochomorpha is the most primitive.[12] The largest genera are Anagrus, Anaphes, Gonatocerus, and Polynema, which comprise around half of all known species. They are the most commonly encountered fairyflies, followed by Alaptus, Camptoptera, Erythmelus, Ooctonus, and Stethynium, which make up a further quarter of known species.[13][14] The Mymaridae are considered to be monophyletic, but their exact relationships with other chalcidoids remain unclear.[15]

No commonly accepted subfamilies have been acknowledged,[11] but two proposals are notable. Annecke & Doutte (1961) proposed the subfamilies Alaptinae and Mymarinae based on the morphology of the gasters. Peck et al. (1964) proposed the subfamilies Gonatocerinae and Mymarinae based on the number of segments (tarsomeres) in the tarsi. Both systems included further tribal categories.[16] A fossil subfamily was also proposed for a genus recovered from Canadian amber.[13]

Description

Fairyflies are very small insects. They have body lengths from 0.13 to 5.4 mm (0.0051 to 0.2126 in), typically 0.5 to 1.0 mm (0.020 to 0.039 in).[13] Their bodies are usually colored black, brown, or yellow, without the metallic coloration of some other wasps.[17] They can be distinguished from other chalcidoids by having an H-shaped pattern of sutures, known as trabeculae or carinae, below the frontmost ocelli and the inner eye margins.[13] Rarely, the sutures can also extend behind the ocelli.[11] Fairyflies have long antennae, at least as long as the head and the mesosoma (middle part of the body).[17] The antennal toruli (sockets of the antennae) are set high on the head and near the eye margins. They are separated by a distance of three to five times their own diameter. In contrast, the antennae of other chalcidoids are separated only by one diameter.[18] In females, the antennae are tipped with club-like segments known as clava. In males, the antennae are filiform (thread-like).[17]

Mymarilla wollastoni: (1) Female exhibiting the extraordinarily densely hairy (setose) and domed forewings peculiar to the species. (2) Close-up of the thread-like antennae of a male. Mymarilla wollastoni is endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic. Scale bar = 1 mm

Most fairyflies possess wings with long bristles (marginal setae) on the fringes. The forewings usually have hypochaeta. These are small bristles (setae) which point distinctly backwards on the ventral surface of the wing membrane.[13]

Fairyflies exhibit considerable variation in their wing shapes in comparison to other chalcidoids. The fully developed (macropterous) wings of fairyflies are normally flat with rounded tips and are several times longer than they are wide. These kinds of wings usually exhibit interspecific and intergeneric variation in terms of the length to width ratio and the shape of the wing outline (especially of the tips and the rear margins) of the forewings. In some species the forewings are relatively wide, like in the genus Paranaphoidea which have forewings only two and a half times as long as they are wide. In other species, the forewings are extremely narrow, like in Cleruchus bicilliatus whose forewings are about thirty times as long as they are wide.[19]

Cremnomymar sp. (female) exhibiting the usual macropterous and flat wings of fairyflies. Scale bar = 1 mm
Greatly reduced (micropterous) wings on Paracmotemnus sp. (female)

Forewing curvature, such that it is distinctly convex or dome-shaped, is also exhibited by at least one species of the genera Cremnomymar, Mymarilla, Parapolynema, and Richteria. Most of these species inhabit particularly harsh and wind-swept environments, and the curvature may help in absorbing and retaining heat or prevent the fairyflies from being blown away.[19]

The hindwings are stalked (petiolate) and very narrow.[17][19] They don't exhibit much variation, in contrast to the forewings. They can range from narrow and thread-like (as in members of the genus Mymar) to relatively wide (as in members of the genus Paranaphoidea). In rare instances, the hindwings may also exhibit curvature, with a convex or concave anterior and posterior margins.[19]

Some fairyflies possess slightly reduced (brachypterous) to greatly reduced (micropterous) wings, while others may even be completely wingless (apterous).[17][19][20] Wing reduction or absence is usually exhibited by at least one sex (usually the female) of species that search for host eggs in confined areas (like leaf litter, soil, or the tubules of bracket fungi). Wing reduction or absence is also exhibited by species that inhabit windy habitats like oceanic islands or high elevations, particularly endemic species which are found in isolated habitats or are located far from the nearest mainland. In these habitats, wings would only be a hindrance to the fairyflies, so are strongly selected against in evolution. For example, the three known species of fairyflies found in the far southern islands of Campbell and Auckland of the southwestern Pacific and South Georgia of the southern Atlantic, as well as 20% of the fairyfly fauna in the Juan Fernández Islands, Norfolk Island, and Lord Howe Island, are all wingless or short-winged. While wingless and short-winged species may also be found in islands near continents and in continental habitats, they usually constitute only a small percentage of the overall number of species.[19]

Because of their small sizes, fairyflies may sometimes be mistaken for members of the families Aphelinidae and Trichogrammatidae, but members of these other families can readily be distinguished by having much shorter antennae.[17]

Distribution and habitat

Fairyflies are some of the most common chalcidoid wasps, but because of their minute sizes they are seldom noticed by humans. This apparent invisibility, their delicate bodies, and their hair-fringed wings have earned them their common name.[21]

Fairyflies are found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world.[18] The largest number of species can be found in tropical forests, with the greatest diversity of genera found in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, New Zealand, and Australia). In the Nearctic (North America), only around 28 (of around 100) genera and 120 (of around 1,424) species are found.[17]

Fairyflies can survive in all kinds of terrestrial habitats, from deserts to rainforests.[13] At least five species are also known to be aquatic, inhabiting freshwater ponds and streams.[22] Among these is Caraphractus cinctus, which uses its wings as paddles to swim.[23] They can remain underwater for as long as 15 days.[24][25] Because of their small sizes they have to exit the water by climbing up plant stems that jut through the surface, as they would not otherwise be able to break the surface tension of the water.[26]

Ecology

All known fairyflies are parasitoids of eggs of other insects. These eggs are commonly laid in concealed locations, such as in plant tissues or underground.[11][18] They do not seem to be species-specific when it comes to choosing hosts. Some species are known to parasitize insects from several families of a single order. Their most commonly observed hosts are insects belonging to the order Hemiptera (true bugs), especially Auchenorrhyncha (leafhoppers, cicadas, and allies) and Coccoidea (scale insects),[17][27] but this might be because these groups are simply better studied. Other important host orders include Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (true flies), Odonata (dragonflies and allies), Psocoptera (booklice and allies), and Thysanoptera (thrips). Hosts are known definitely for only a quarter of known genera.[13][28]

Fairyflies include the smallest known insect, Dicopomorpha echmepterygis from Costa Rica, whose males are only 0.139 mm (0.0055 in) long. They do not have wings or eyes, their mouths are mere holes, and their antennae are simply spherical blobs. The ends of their legs have been modified into suction cups for clutching at females long enough to fertilize them.[21] Their bodies are smaller than a single-celled Paramecium.[29][30] Four males, lined up end-to-end, would just about encompass the width of a period at the end of a typical printed sentence.[13] The females of the species, however, are typical fairyflies, and are much larger.[6][21] The smallest flying insect is also a mymarid, Kikiki huna from Hawaii, which is 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) long.[31]

Life history

Arescon sp. (female) from Thailand

Very little is known of the life histories of fairyflies, as only a few species have been observed extensively.[17] They are usually solitary, but can sometimes be gregarious.[11][18]

Mating occurs immediately after emergence. No courting behaviors have been observed and each female is fertilized by only one male.[16] Once fertilized, the males lose interest in the female and the female also loses interest in further mating.[15] In Prestwichia aquatica, mating has been reported to occur prior to the emergence of females from the host eggs.[16] In P. aquatica, Anagres incarnatus, A. armatus, and Anaphes nipponicus, females outnumber males in each brood; from two to 20 females for each male.[16] In Polynema striaticorne, it is the opposite, with males outnumbering females by a ratio of three or more to one. In Anagrus atomus, A. frequens, A. optabilis, A. perforator, and Polynema euchariformes, females are able to reproduce without males (parthenogenesis), though males may still sometimes be found within broods.[16][32]

Adult lifespans of fairyflies are very short.[16] Stethynium adults (males and females) may live only one to two days. In Anagrus, depending on the species, lifespan ranges from three to 11 days.[33] Each fertilized (or parthenogenic) female can lay a maximum of about 100 eggs.[32] Access to food can prolong lifespans and increase fecundity.[33] In Gonatocerus, if hosts are not found females can resorb eggs, retaining energy to live longer and increase the chance of finding a host.[34]

After emerging, females search rapidly for suitable host eggs by tapping their antennae over stems or barks of plants. When a telltale scar left by egg-laying insects is found, a female will insert her antennae into the recess and check to see if the eggs are suitable. If they are, she will thrust her ovipositor into all of the eggs and lay her own eggs inside in quick succession. She retains contact with each of the eggs with her antennae while doing this.[16][32]

Most fairyflies require enough development in embryos inside the eggs, but not too much, before they attack them, as their offspring cannot mature if the eggs are too new or if the embryos inside are too advanced. Older host embryos are apparently harder for the fairyfly larvae to digest,[15] but there are exceptions. Some species of Polynema can attack embryos at various stages of development. They have been recorded to produce three successive generations in a single brood of the treehopper Ceresa.[16]

All fairyflies possess ellipsoid eggs with a long tapering stalk. They develop rapidly once laid and can hatch in six hours to two days.[15] Several generations may be produced in a year, often on different hosts.[13]

Fairyflies have two to four larval stages, all apparently without functional spiracles or tracheae.[11][35] Metamorphosis occurs completely within the host egg.[13] They are peculiar for insects which exhibit complete metamorphosis (holometabolism) in that they produce two distinct kinds of larval instars before pupation. In some fairyflies, such as Anaphes, the first instar is a highly mobile "mymmariform" larva. The second instar, however, is a completely immobile, sac-like larva without discernible segments, spines, or setae. In other fairyflies, such as Anagrus, this is reversed. The first instar is immobile, while the second instar is a very distinctive, highly active "hystriobdellid" larva.[13][32] At least one instar of the larvae is capable of overwintering when laid in colder seasons.[11][16]

Economic importance

Fairyflies have been used for the biological pest control of various crop pests.[36] They are especially valued for their ability to locate the eggs of their hosts.[37] Of the fairyflies, the cosmopolitan genus Anagrus is the most promising, as it can parasitize a wide range of hosts. At least ten instances of successful introductions of fairyflies to control pests are known.[15]

Gonatocerus triguttatus laying its eggs in glassy-winged sharpshooter eggs embedded in a leaf

In Hawaii, Anagrus optabilis has been successfully used to control the sugarcane planthopper (Perkinsiella saccharicida).[32] Anagrus epos has also previously been used effectively against the grape leafhopper (Erythroneura elegans) and the variegated grape leafhopper (Erythroneura variabilis).[38][39] At first, it met limited success, as the wasps died in winter for lack of hosts. The planting of wild blackberries (Rubus spp.) near vineyards in California brought along with it the blackberry leafhopper (Dikrella cruentata). Though not pests, D. cruentata proved to be sufficient hosts for A. epos in winter, allowing them to survive into the next year.[15][37] They have also been shown to be capable of overwintering in prune leafhoppers (Edwardsiana prunicola).[40]

Gonatocerus triguttatus, Gonatocerus tuberculifemur, and Anagrus epos (which is probably a species complex) were also studied for possible use in controlling glassy-winged sharpshooters (Homalodisca vitripennis) in California.[39][41][42] Gonatocerus triguttatus and Gonatocerus ashmeadi were eventually introduced in California in 2000. It proved to be very successful, causing about a 90% decline in populations of glassy-winged sharpshooters.[43]

In 2005, Gonatocerus ashmeadi was used against invasive glassy-winged sharpshooters in Tahiti and Moorea of the French Polynesia. Again, it was very effective, bringing down the pest density by about 95% in just a year after introduction.[44] It was subsequently also released in the Society Islands, the Marquesas, and the Austral Islands, where similar results were obtained against glassy-winged sharpshooters.[45]

In South Africa, Anaphes nitens was introduced very successfully to control the eucalyptus snout beetle (Gonipterus scutellatus).[15] In Australia and Israel, members of the genus Stethynium, were being investigated in 2006 as possible biological control agents for gall-forming crop pests such as Ophelimus maskelli.[33]

Fossil record

Fairyflies are well represented in fossil amber inclusions, copal, and compression fossils. Their fossils have been found from the Early Cretaceous up to the Miocene epoch. It is, in fact, the only family of chalcidoids definitely known to date back to the Cretaceous period.[46]

Paleogene and Neogene fossils of fairyflies were first described in 1901 by Fernand Anatole Meunier. He described fossil fairyflies from Baltic amber, most of them from the Eocene (55 to 37 mya). In 1973, Richard L. Doutt described several species from the Burdigalian (20 to 15 mya) amber of Mexico. In 1983, Csaba Thuróczy described another species from Baltic amber, this time dating to the Oligocene (33 to 23 mya). And in 2011, John T. Huber and Dale Greenwalt described fairyfly fossils from the oil shales of the Kishenehn Formation (Lutetian age) of Montana. These comprised two new genera and six species.[47]

Cretaceous fairyflies are much rarer. In 1975, Carl M. Yoshimoto described four genera of fairyflies from the Cretaceous of Canada. In 2011, John T. Huber and George Poinar Jr. described the genus Myanmymar from Burmese amber. Dating back to the Lower Cenomanian age (about 100 mya) of the Late Cretaceous, it is the oldest known fairyfly (and chalcidoid). They are surprisingly very similar to modern genera, though with a greater number of flagellar segments and longer forewing veins. The characteristics of the fossil (taking into account Yoshimoto's earlier discoveries) led them to conclude fairfylies either may have existed much earlier than Myanmymar, or they may have diversified rapidly during that time period.[46]

Genera

Mymaridae include the genera listed below.[48][49] Allomymar and Metanthemus has been transferred to the family Aphelinidae. The fossil genus Protooctonus has been transferred to the family Mymarommatidae, and is now considered to be a synonym of Archaeromma.[7] Nesopolynema, Oncomymar, and Scolopsopteron were synonymized to the genus Cremnomymar in 2013, and their species are now classified under the latter.[19] Shillingsworthia is also excluded, as it was a tongue-in-cheek hypothetical concept of a species from the planet Jupiter, "described" by Alexandre Arsène Girault in 1920 to disparage his colleague Johann Francis Illingworth.[7][50]
Genera marked with † are extinct.

Richteria ara (female) with the characteristic double-domed forewings of the species. Scale bar = 1 mm

Extant genera

Fossil genera

These fossil genera are classified under Mymaridae:[7][46]

Collection and preservation

Despite their relative abundance, fairyflies are unpopular among modern insect collectors because of the great difficulty in collecting them.[6][51] As one of the least known insect families, a large amount of information is still waiting to be discovered about fairyflies.[13] This is an area of entomology where an amateur naturalist can still make significant contributions.[25]

In the 19th century, Curtis described the methods by which Haliday collected fairyflies as thus:[52]

The minute Hymenoptera are best collected by beating into, and sweeping with, a net made of fine gauze, and Mr. Haliday recommends me to collect them in quills, and afterwards to empty their contents into hot water, by which means their wings are naturally expanded; then by introducing a card under them to take them out of the water, arranging the legs and wings when necessary with a camel's hair pencil, and leaving them upon the card till they are dry, they may afterwards be taken off with a penknife, and gummed upon the points of small pieces of drawing- or card-paper of a long triangular form.

— John Curtis, British Entomology Vol. 7 (1830)[52]

The best modern collection method is using Malaise traps. It requires little maintenance and can collect insects in great abundance. Other effective methods include yellow pan trapping, sweep nets, and suction trapping. Direct collection from leaf litter with Berlese funnels can also result in specimens that can not be collected by other means.[6][53]

Rearing is also another method that can bring the most rewards. This can be done with wild host eggs or laboratory-prepared host eggs that are exposed in suitable habitats outside. They can then be taken in after a sufficient amount of time has passed and examined for developing fairyflies. With this method, it is possible to observe the life history and determine the hosts of particular species of discovered fairyflies.[6]

Preservation is a problem for fairyflies (and other small insects). Their tiny sizes require special methods. Specimens have to be dried, if collected wet, e.g. if ethyl alcohol is used as the killing agent. Drying can make specimens extremely brittle, so additional care should also be taken not to disintegrate them. Mounting specimens (preferably in permanent slides) is also time-consuming and requires a fair amount of practice. They are gummed or glued onto cards, as they can not be mounted on pins like larger insects.[6][54]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mymaridae.
Wikispecies has information related to Mymaridae.

References

  1. ^ Polaszek, Andrew. "Fairy fly (Himopolynema), parasitoid wasp". Wellcome Collection. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  2. ^ a b Kari T. Ryder Wilkie. "Francis Walker (1809–1874)". Global Ant Project – World Ant Taxonomists. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  3. ^ L. Watson; M. J. Dallwitz. "British Insects". DELTA, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  4. ^ a b Alexander Henry Haliday (1833). "An essay on the classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of Britain which correspond with the Ichneumones minuti of Linnaeus". The Entomological Magazine. 1.
  5. ^ "Letters from Francis Walker to Alexander Henry Haliday (July 29, 1839)". Wikisource.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g John S. Noyes. "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis (Female with "large" male inset. Slide-mounted museum specimen.)". Universal Chalcidoidea Database, The Natural History Museum.
  7. ^ a b c d e John T. Huber (2005). "The gender and derivation of genus-group names in Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera)" (PDF). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 69: 167–183. ISSN 1211-376X.
  8. ^ Francis Walker (1846). "Descriptions of Mymaridae". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. XVIII (116): 49–54. doi:10.1080/037454809494390.
  9. ^ "Helios". Natural History Museum.
  10. ^ Vladimir E. Gokhman (2009). Karyotypes of Parasitic Hymenoptera. Springer. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-4020-9806-2.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g B.R. Pitkin (June 7, 2004). "Mymaridae". Universal Chalcidoidea Database, The Natural History Museum.
  12. ^ John T. Huber. "The Basal Lineages of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) and Description of a New Genus, Borneomymar" (PDF). In George Melika; Csaba Thuróczy (eds.). Parasitic Wasps: Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biological Control.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Elisabetta Chiappini; John T. Huber (2008). "Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)". In John L. Capinera (ed.). Encyclopedia of entomology. Springer. pp. 1407–1409. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
  14. ^ S.V. Triapitsyn (2003). "Review of the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) of Primorskii Krai: Genus Erthymelus Enock, with Taxonomic Notes on Some Extralimital Species" (PDF). Far Eastern Entomologist (126): 1–44. ISSN 1026-051X.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g James T. Cronin; Donald R. Strong (1990). "Biology of Anagrus delicatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an Egg Parasitoid of Prokelisia marginata (Homoptera: Delphacidae)" (PDF). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83 (4): 846–854. doi:10.1093/aesa/83.4.846. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-18. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Checklist of UK Recorded Mymaridae". Hedgerows, Hedges and Verges of Britain and Ireland.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i John T. Huber (1997). "Chapter 14. Mymaridae". In Gary A. P. Gibson; John Theodore Huber; James Braden Woolley (eds.). Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Series. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada. pp. 499–500. ISBN 978-0-660-16669-8.
  18. ^ a b c d Systematic Entomology Laboratory. "Family Mymaridae". Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2006-09-10.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g John T. Huber (2013). "Redescription of Mymarilla Westwood, new synonymies under Cremnomymar Ogloblin (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) and discussion of unusual wings" (PDF). ZooKeys (345): 47–72. doi:10.3897/zookeys.345.6209. PMC 3817442. PMID 24194664.
  20. ^ Richard L. Doutt; Carl M. Yoshimoto (1970). "Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae of South Georgia" (PDF). Pacific Insects Monograph. 23: 293–294.
  21. ^ a b c John T. Huber (2009). "Biodiversity of Hymenoptera". In Robert G. Foottit; Peter Holdridge Adler (eds.). Insect biodiversity: Science and Society. John Wiley and Sons. p. 313. ISBN 978-1-4051-5142-9.
  22. ^ Seguei V. Triapitsyn; Ranyse B. Querino; Malu C.B. Feitosa (2008). "A New Species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from Amazonas, Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Entomology. 37 (6): 681–684. doi:10.1590/s1519-566x2008000600009. PMID 19169556.
  23. ^ Gilbert Waldbauer (2008). A Walk Around the Pond: Insects in and Over the Water. Harvard University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-674-02765-7.
  24. ^ J.S. Noyes; E.W. Valentine (1989). "Mymaridae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) — introduction, and review of genera" (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand (17).
  25. ^ a b Carl M. Yoshimoto (1990). A review of the genera of New World Mymaridae (Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea). Sandhill Crane Press. ISBN 978-1-877743-04-7.
  26. ^ May Berenbaum (1993). Ninety-nine more maggots, mites, and munchers. University of Illinois Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-252-06322-0.
  27. ^ Cedric Gillott (1999). Entomology. Springer. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-306-44967-3.
  28. ^ E. Baquero; R. Jordana (2005). "Contribution to the knowledge of the family Mymaridae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Navarra, North of Iberian península" (PDF). Boln. Asoc. Esp. Ent. 26 (3–4): 75–91. ISSN 0210-8984.
  29. ^ John R. Meyer. "World's Smallest Insect". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Northern California State University.
  30. ^ Christer Björkman; Karl Gotthard; Mats W. Pettersson (2009). "Body Size". In Timothy D. Schowalter (ed.). Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach. Academic Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-12-374144-8.
  31. ^ John T. Huber; John W. Beardsley (2000). "A New Genus of Fairyfly, Kikiki, from the Hawaiian Islands (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)" (PDF). Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 34: 65–70.
  32. ^ a b c d e Kazi Abdus Sahad (1984). "Biology of Anagrus optabilis (Perkins) (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), an Egg Parasitoid of Delphacid Planthoppers" (PDF). ESAKIA (22): 129–144.
  33. ^ a b c John T. Huber; Zvi Mendel; Alex Protasov; John La Salle (2006). "Two new Australian species of Stethynium (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), larval parasitoids of Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Eucalyptus" (PDF). Journal of Natural History. 40 (32–34): 1909–1921. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.514.8818. doi:10.1080/00222930601046428. ISSN 1464-5262. S2CID 53459798.
  34. ^ Mark S. Hoddle; Nic Irvin; Robert Luck (2005–2006). "Realized Lifetime Parasitism of Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter Egg Masses by Gonatocerus ashmeadi" (PDF). California Agriculture.
  35. ^ Jean-Yves Rasplus; Claire Villemant; Maria Rosa Paiva; Gérard Delvare; Alain Roques (2010). "Hymenoptera". BioRisk. 4 (2): 669–776. doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.55.
  36. ^ E. Baquero; R. Jordana (1999). "Species of Anagrus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae) in Navarra (Spain)". Miscellania Zoologica. 22 (2): 39–50. ISSN 0211-6529.
  37. ^ a b Richard E. Warner; Kathleen M. Hendrix (1984). California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. University of California Press. pp. 978–979. ISBN 978-0-520-05035-8.
  38. ^ Charles H. Pickett; Lloyd T. Wilson; Daniel Gonzalez; Donald L. Flaherty (1987). "Biological control of variegated grape leafhopper" (PDF). California Agriculture (July–August): 146–16.
  39. ^ a b Joseph G. Morse; Richard Stouthammer; Serguei V. Triapitsyn; David J.W. Morgan; Jonathan M. Lytle; Rodrigo Krugner (2005–2006). "The Anagrus epos complex: A likely source of effective classical biological agents for glassy-winged sharpshooter control" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-03. Retrieved 2011-10-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  40. ^ L. Ted Wilson; Charles H. Pickett; Donald L. Flaherty; Teresa A. Bates (1989). "French prune trees: refuge for grape leafhopper parasite". California Agriculture (March–April): 7–8.
  41. ^ Sergeui V. Triapitsyn; Phil A. Phillips (2000). "First Record of Gonatocerus triguttatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from Eggs of Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with Notes on the Distribution of the Host" (PDF). Florida Entomologist. 83 (2): 200–203. doi:10.2307/3496158. JSTOR 3496158.
  42. ^ Eduardo G. Virla; Guillermo A. Logarzo; Walker A. Jones; Sergeui Triapitsyn (2005). "Biology of Gonatocerus tuberculifemur (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an Egg Parasitoid of the Sharpshooter, Tapajosa rubromarginata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)". Florida Entomologist. 88 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1653/0015-4040(2005)088[0067:BOGTHM]2.0.CO;2.
  43. ^ Andrew Paul Gutierrez; Luigi Ponti; Mark Hoddle; Rodrigo P.P. Almeida; Nicola A. Irvin (2011). "Geographic Distribution and Relative Abundance of the Invasive Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter: Effects of Temperature and Egg Parasitoids" (PDF). Environ. Entomol. 40 (4): 755–769. doi:10.1603/EN10174. PMID 22251675. S2CID 2530798.
  44. ^ Hoddle M.S.; Grandgirard J.; Petit J.; Roderick G.K.; Davies N. (2006). "Glassy-winged sharpshooter Ko'ed – First round – in French Polynesia". Biocontrol News and Information. 27 (3): 47N–62N.
  45. ^ Julie Grandgirard; Mark S. Hoddle; Jerome N. Petit; George K. Roderick; Neil Davies (2008). "Classical biological control of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis, by the egg parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi in the Society, Marquesas and Austral archipelagos of French Polynesia". Biological Control. 48 (2): 155–163. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.10.005.
  46. ^ a b c George Poinar Jr.; John T. Huber (2011). "A new genus of fossil Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) from Cretaceous amber and key to Cretaceous mymarid genera". In D.E. Shcherbakov; M.S. Engel; M.J. Sharkey (eds.). Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn. ZooKeys. Pensoft. pp. 461–472. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1241. PMC 3260775. PMID 22259293.
  47. ^ John T. Huber; Dale Greenwalt (2011). "Compression fossil Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) from Kishenehn oil shales, with description of two new genera and review of Tertiary amber genera". In D.E. Shcherbakov; M.S. Engel; M.J. Sharkey (eds.). Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn. ZooKeys. Pensof t. pp. 473–494. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1717. PMC 3260776. PMID 22259294.
  48. ^ Simon van Noort. "Mymaridae: Classification of afrotropical mymarid wasps". WaspWeb, Iziko South African Museum.
  49. ^ John T. Huber; Gennaro Viggiani; Ricardo Jesu (2009). "Order Hymenoptera, family Mymaridae" (PDF). Arthropod Fauna of the UAE. 2: 270–297.
  50. ^ A.A. Girault (1920). "Some Insects never before seen by Mankind" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  51. ^ Peter Charles Barnard (1999). Identifying British insects and arachnids: an annotated bibliography of key works. Cambridge University Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-521-63241-6.
  52. ^ a b John Curtis (1830). British entomology: being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found. Vol. 7.
  53. ^ Ankita Gupta; J. Poorani (2008). "New distribution and host records of Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) from various parts of India". Check List. 4 (4): 410–414. doi:10.15560/4.4.410.
  54. ^ A.S. Packard Jr. (1870). Guide to the Study of Insects. Naturalist's Book Agency. p. 115.

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wikipedia EN

Fairyfly: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Mymaridae, commonly known as fairyflies or fairy wasps, are a family of chalcidoid wasps found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. The family contains around 100 genera with 1,400 species.

Fairyflies are very tiny insects, like most chalcidoid wasps, mostly ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 mm (0.020 to 0.039 in) long. They include the world's smallest known insect, with a body length of only 0.139 mm (0.0055 in), and the smallest known flying insect, only 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) long. They usually have nonmetallic black, brown, or yellow bodies. The antennae of the females are distinctively tipped by club-like segments, while male antennae are thread-like. Their wings are usually slender and possess long bristles, giving them a hairy or feathery appearance, although some species may have greatly reduced stubby wings or lack wings altogether. They can be distinguished from other chalcidoids by the H-shaped pattern of sutures on the front of their heads.

Fairyflies are among the most common chalcidoids, but are rarely noticed by humans because of their extremely small sizes. Their adult lifespans are very short, usually only a few days. All known fairyflies are parasitoids of the eggs of other insects, and several species have been successfully used as biological pest control agents.

The fossil record of fairyflies extends from at least the Albian age (about 107 myr) of the Early Cretaceous.

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Mymaridae ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Mymaridae es una familia de avispas calcidoideas que se encuentra en regiones templadas y tropicales de todo el mundo. Hay alrededor de 100 géneros con 1.400 especies.

Son insectos diminutos como la mayoría de los calcidoideos, con 0,5 mm de longitud en promedio. Esta familia incluye a Dicopomorpha echmepterygis, el insecto más pequeño conocido, con solo 0,139 mm de longitud y el insecto volador más pequeño, con 0,15 mm. Las alas son generalmente finas, con setas largas que les dan un aspecto plumoso.[1]​ Algunas especies tienen alas muy reducidas o totalmente ausentes. Se distinguen de otros calcidoideos por la forma de H de las suturas en la parte frontal de la cabeza.

 src=
Mymarilla wollastoni: (1) Hembra con alas extremadamente vellosas. (2) Detalle de las antenas filiformes del macho. Mymarilla wollastoni es endémica de la isla Santa Helena en el Océano Atlántico. Escala = 1000 μm

Descripción

Las mimáridas son insectos pequeños. Miden entre 0,13 y 5,4 mm; la mayoría son de 0,5 a 1,0 mm.[1]​ Generalmente tienen cuerpos de colores no metálicos, negros, castaños o amarillos.[2]​ Se distinguen de otros calcidoideos porque las suturas forman un diseño en forma de H debajo de los ocelos y entre los ojos compuestos.[1]​ En raros casos las suturas se extienden hasta los ocelos.[3]​ Tienen largas antenas, por lo menos tan largas como el metasoma.[2]​ Las antenas están ubicadas cerca de los bordes de los ojos.[4]​ En las hembras las antenas terminan en forma de mazo. En los machos son filiformes.[2][5]

Algunas especies tienen alas de reducido tamaño o aun completamente ausentes.[2][5][6]​ Generalmente las hembras son las que tienen alas reducidas. Este es el caso de especies que buscan las especies huéspedes en espacios limitados como en el suelo, bajo hojas muertas o en los túbulos de ciertos hongos. También ocurren en condiciones climáticas ventosas como en islas oceánicas o en lugares de gran altitud. En tales hábitats las alas serían una desventaja, por eso están sometidas a una fuerte selección natural negativa.[5]

Distribución y hábitat

Están entre los calcidoideos más comunes, pero raramente se los ve debido a su escaso tamaño. Se los encuentra en regiones tropicales y templadas de todo el mundo.[4]​ La mayoría se encuentra en bosques tropicales, con su mayor diversidad en el hemisferio sur, en Sudamérica, Nueva Zelanda y Australia. En el Neártico (Norte América) solo hay alrededor de 28 géneros y 120 especies, de los 100 géneros y 1.424 especies mundiales.[2]

Los miembros de esta familia pueden sobrevivir en todo tipo de hábitats terrestres, desde desiertos a bosques lluviosos.[1]​ Se conocen cinco especies acuáticas, que viven en lagunas o ríos.[7]​ Entre éstos está Caraphractus cinctus, que usa sus alas como remos.[8]​ Pueden permanecer bajo el agua hasta 15 días.[9][10]​ Debido a su pequeño tamaño necesitan trepar por el tallo de una planta para salir a la superficie porque no pueden romper la tensión superficial del agua.[11]

Ecología

Todos los miembros conocidos de esta familia son parasitoides de los huevos de otros insectos. Generalmente estos huevos han sido depositados en lugares escondidos, como en los tejidos de las plantas o bajo tierra.[3][4]​ No parecen ser muy específicos en su selección de huésped. Algunas especies parasitan insectos de varias familias en un solo orden. Sus huéspedes más comunes son miembros del orden Hemiptera especialmente Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas, saltahojas, etc.) y Coccoidea (insectos escama),[2][12]​ pero esto tal vez se debe a que estos grupos están mejor estudiados. Otros huéspedes importantes son escarabajos, moscas, libélulas, Psocoptera y Thysanoptera. Solamente se conocen los huéspedes de un cuarto de los géneros conocidos.[1][13]

Importancia económica

 src=
Gonatocerus triguttatus poniendo sus huevos en huevos de Homalodisca vitripennis dentro de una hoja

Algunas especies de Mymaridae han sido usadas como controles biológicos de pestes de cosechas.[14]​ Se los aprecia por su capacidad para encontrar los huevos ocultos de sus huéspedes.[15]​ El género Anagrus parasita a una gran variedad de huéspedes. Ha sido introducido en varios países con fines de control biológico. En Hawái Anagrus optabilis ha sido introducido para controlar a la peste de la caña de azúcar (Perkinsiella saccharicida).[16]

Géneros

Mymaridae incluye los géneros de la siguiente lista:[17][18]Allomymar y Metanthemus han sido transferidos a la familia Aphelinidae. El género fósil Protooctonus ha sido transferido a la familia Mymarommatidae, y es considerado un sinónimo de Archaeromma.[19]Nesopolynema, Oncomymar y Scolopsopteron son sinónimos de Cremnomymar desde 2013 y sus especies se agrupan ahora en este género.[5]Shillingsworthia también ha sido excluido pues se trataba de una broma.[19][20]
Los géneros marcados con † son extintos.

 src=
Richteria ara (hembra) con alas características de la familia. Escala = 1000 μm
 src=
Enneagmus pristinus (hembra en ámbar del Cretácico)
 src=
Myanmymar aresconoides (hembra en ámbar del Cretácico). El fósil más antiguo conocido de esta familia

Géneros vivientes

Géneros fósiles

Los siguientes géneros fósiles están incluidos en Mymaridae:[19][21]

Referencias

  1. a b c d e Elisabetta Chiappini; John T. Huber (2008). «Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)». En John L. Capinera, ed. Encyclopedia of entomology. Springer. pp. 1407-1409. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
  2. a b c d e f John T. Huber (1997). «Chapter 14. Mymaridae». En Gary A. P. Gibson; John Theodore Huber; James Braden Woolley, eds. Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Series. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada. pp. 499-500. ISBN 978-0-660-16669-8.
  3. a b B.R. Pitkin (7 de junio de 2004). «Mymaridae». Universal Chalcidoidea Database, The Natural History Museum.
  4. a b c Systematic Entomology Laboratory. «Family Mymaridae». Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Archivado desde el original el 10 de septiembre de 2006.
  5. a b c d John T. Huber (2013). «Redescription of Mymarilla Westwood, new synonymies under Cremnomymar Ogloblin (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) and discussion of unusual wings». ZooKeys 345: 47-72. PMC 3817442. PMID 24194664. doi:10.3897/zookeys.345.6209.
  6. Richard L. Doutt; Carl M. Yoshimoto (1970). «Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae of South Georgia». Pacific Insects Monograph 23: 293-294.
  7. Seguei V. Triapitsyn; Ranyse B. Querino; Malu C.B. Feitosa (2008). «A New Species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from Amazonas, Brazil». Neotropical Entomology 37 (6): 681-684. doi:10.1590/s1519-566x2008000600009.
  8. Gilbert Waldbauer (2008). A Walk Around the Pond: Insects in and Over the Water. Harvard University Press. pp. 25-26. ISBN 978-0-674-02765-7.
  9. J.S. Noyes; E.W. Valentine (1989). «Mymaridae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) — introduction, and review of genera». Fauna of New Zealand (DSIR Publishing) (17).
  10. Carl M. Yoshimoto (1990). A review of the genera of New World Mymaridae (Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea). Sandhill Crane Press. ISBN 978-1-877743-04-7.
  11. May Berenbaum (1993). Ninety-nine more maggots, mites, and munchers. University of Illinois Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-252-06322-0.
  12. Cedric Gillott (1999). Entomology. Springer. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-306-44967-3.
  13. E. Baquero; R. Jordana (2005). «Contribution to the knowledge of the family Mymaridae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Navarra, North of Iberian península». Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent. 26 (3–4): 75-91. ISSN 0210-8984.
  14. E. Baquero; R. Jordana (1999). «Species of Anagrus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae) in Navarra (Spain)». Miscellania Zoologica (Museu de Zoologia) (22.2): 39-50. ISSN 0211-6529.
  15. Richard E. Warner; Kathleen M. Hendrix (1984). California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. University of California Press. pp. 978-979. ISBN 978-0-520-05035-8.
  16. Kazi Abdus Sahad (1984). «Biology of Anagrus optabilis (Perkins) (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), an Egg Parasitoid of Delphacid Planthoppers». ESAKIA (22): 129-144.
  17. Simon van Noort. «Mymaridae: Classification of afrotropical mymarid wasps». WaspWeb, Iziko South African Museum.
  18. John T. Huber; Gennaro Viggiani; Ricardo Jesu (2009). «Order Hymenoptera, family Mymaridae». Arthropod fauna of the UAE 2: 270-297.
  19. a b c John T. Huber (2005). «The gender and derivation of genus-group names in Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera)». Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 69: 167-183. ISSN 1211-376X.
  20. A.A. Girault (1920). Some Insects never before seen by Mankind.
  21. George Poinar Jr.; John T. Huber (2011). A new genus of fossil Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) from Cretaceous amber and key to Cretaceous mymarid genera. En D.E. Shcherbakov; M.S. Engel; M.J. Sharkey, eds. «Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn». ZooKeys (Pensoft) 130: 461-472. PMC 3260775. PMID 22259293. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1241.

 title=
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Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia ES

Mymaridae: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Mymaridae es una familia de avispas calcidoideas que se encuentra en regiones templadas y tropicales de todo el mundo. Hay alrededor de 100 géneros con 1.400 especies.

Son insectos diminutos como la mayoría de los calcidoideos, con 0,5 mm de longitud en promedio. Esta familia incluye a Dicopomorpha echmepterygis, el insecto más pequeño conocido, con solo 0,139 mm de longitud y el insecto volador más pequeño, con 0,15 mm. Las alas son generalmente finas, con setas largas que les dan un aspecto plumoso.​ Algunas especies tienen alas muy reducidas o totalmente ausentes. Se distinguen de otros calcidoideos por la forma de H de las suturas en la parte frontal de la cabeza.

 src= Mymarilla wollastoni: (1) Hembra con alas extremadamente vellosas. (2) Detalle de las antenas filiformes del macho. Mymarilla wollastoni es endémica de la isla Santa Helena en el Océano Atlántico. Escala = 1000 μm
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia ES

Mymaridae ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Les Mymaridae sont une famille d'insectes hyménoptères térébrants de la super-famille des Chalcidoidea. Ce sont de très petits insectes parasitoïdes oophages.

Morphologie

Taille variant de 0,17 à 1,8 mm. Corps n'ayant jamais d'éclat métallique, allant habituellement du jaune au brun sombre. Antennes de 8 à 13 segments, celles du mâle étant longues et filamenteuses. Ailes fines et plumeuses, bordées d'une frange de longs poils, caractéristique de la famille.

  • Yeux écartés
  • Suture au niveau du front, au-dessus de l'insertion antennaire
  • Ailes relativement allongées, postérieures étroites
  • Tarses de 4 ou 5 articles.

Taxonomie

La taxonomie de cette famille est sujette à discussion. Les Mymaridae se divisent généralement en 3 sous-familles : Mymarinae, Gonatocerinae, Alaptinae regroupant 95 genres pour 1 400 espèces décrites.

Quelques genres

Biologie

Ce sont tous des parasitoïdes oophages solitaires. Près de la moitié d'entre eux vivent aux dépens d'hémiptères du sous-ordre des Auchenorrhyncha, le reste sur des hémiptères du sous-ordre des Sternorrhyncha (Coccoidea, Tingidae et Miridae), ainsi que des coléoptères (Curculionidae, Dytiscidae) et des Psocoptères.
Caraphractus cinctus parasite des œufs de Dytiscidae.

Utilisation en lutte biologique

Ils sont utilisés avec succès dans des programmes de lutte biologique :

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original
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wikipedia FR

Mymaridae: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Les Mymaridae sont une famille d'insectes hyménoptères térébrants de la super-famille des Chalcidoidea. Ce sont de très petits insectes parasitoïdes oophages.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
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wikipedia FR

Mymaridae ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

I Mimaridi (Mymaridae Haliday, 1833) costituiscono una vasta famiglia di insetti (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) comprendente predatori oofagi.

Generalità

I Mimaridi sono facilmente distinguibili dagli altri Calcidoidi per alcuni caratteri morfologici che si ripetono nella generalità delle specie della famiglia. I caratteri più importanti ai fini sistematici, percettibili al microscopio, sono la morfologia del capo e quella delle ali.

In generale sono parassiti oofagi, talvolta utilizzati in programmi di lotta biologica.

Descrizione

I Mimaridi hanno un corpo di piccole dimensioni, in genere inferiore a 1 mm di lunghezza. Il capo mostra due suture membranose che decorrono lungo il margine interno degli occhi, connesse da una sutura trasversale. Le antenne hanno i toruli molto distanziati, situati sotto il margine inferiore degli occhi, sono lunghe e sottili, composte da 8-13 articoli, lungamente clavate nelle femmine, filiformi nei maschi.

Il torace mostra uno scutello generalmente diviso in una parte anteriore e una posteriore. Le zampe hanno tarsi composti da 4 o 5 articoli. Le ali anteriori hanno una venulazione molto ridotta che si estende in genere solo per un terzo della lunghezza dell'ala. Vena postmarginale e vena stigmale sono molto ridotte, praticamente indistinte. La regione remigante è talvolta ridotta e lungamente frangiata al margine. Le ali posteriori sono strette e marcatamente peziolate. Nella famiglia sono rappresentate anche specie microttere o attere.

L'addome ha un gastro peziolato o subsessile, le femmine hanno una terebra di varia lunghezza, in alcune specie sporgente posteriormente dall'addome.

Biologia

I Mimaridi sono in generale endoparassiti oofagi solitari o gregari. In genere non sono associati a ospiti specifici, ma nella maggior parte dei casi parassitizzano uova di Rincoti (spesso Omotteri), di Coleotteri (prevalentemente Curculionidi e Ditiscidi) e di Psocotteri.

Un particolare curioso è il comportamento delle femmine di specie che parassitizzano le uova dei Coleotteri Ditiscidi, che sono sommerse: la femmina del parassitoide riesce a nuotare sott'acqua usando le ali come remi e può restare immersa anche per tempi piuttosto lunghi. Per risalire in superficie si arrampica lungo gli steli di piante acquatiche che emergono.

Sistematica

La famiglia comprende oltre un centinaio di generi con circa 1400 specie. La ripartizione in sottofamiglie è ancora oggetto di discussione e revisione e nella letteratura sono riportati diversi schemi. Fra le suddivisioni proposte si citano le seguenti[1].

Anneck e Doutt (1961) suddividono la famiglia secondo il seguente albero:

  • Sottofamiglia Alaptinae
    • Tribù Alaptini
    • Tribù Anagrini
  • Sottofamiglia Mymarinae
    • Tribù Anaphini
    • Tribù Mymarini
    • Tribù Ooctonini

Yoshimoto (1975) propone il seguente:

  • Sottofamiglia Alaptinae
  • Sottofamiglia Lubroncinae
  • Sottofamiglia Mymaromminae
  • Sottofamiglia Mymarinae

A prescindere dall'albero tassonomico interno, la famiglia comprende i seguenti generi:

Note

  1. ^ Viggiani Gennaro. Lotta biologica ed integrata. Liguori editore. Napoli, 1977. ISBN 88-207-0706-3

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Mymaridae: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

I Mimaridi (Mymaridae Haliday, 1833) costituiscono una vasta famiglia di insetti (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) comprendente predatori oofagi.

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Mymaridae ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Insecten

Mymaridae vormen een familie van insecten die behoren tot de orde van de vliesvleugeligen (Hymenoptera).

Kenmerken

Dit insect heeft een donkerbruin, zwart of geel lichaam met smalle, riemvormige vleugels met lange franje aan de rand, maar zonder duidelijke adering. De lichaamslengte varieert van 0,2 tot 5 mm.

Verspreiding

Deze familie komt wereldwijd voor als parasiet op insecten.

Nuttigheid

Enkele soorten worden gekweekt en gebruikt voor de biologische bestrijding van schadelijke insecten. De eieren worden dan afgezet op schuimcicaden of andere wantsen.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
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Mymaridae: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Mymaridae vormen een familie van insecten die behoren tot de orde van de vliesvleugeligen (Hymenoptera).

licença
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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
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Dvergsnyltevepser ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Dvergsnyltevepser (Mymaridae) er en familiegruppe av vepsene. De hører til blant stilkvepsene og er en familiegruppene av årevingene. Alaptus minimus regnes som verdens minste insekt og er bare 0,2 mm lang.

Larvene lever som parasitter i eggene til andre leddyr.

Utseende

Kroppen er mellom 0,2 og 1,5 millimeter lange, brunlig, orange-brune eller mørkt og svart farget, uten metallskjær i fargen, som er vanlig hos mange av de andre chalcididene. De fleste har en påfallende spinkel kroppsbygning.

Vingene er klare eller svakt røykfarget og karakteristiske for gruppen chalcidider. Bare enkelte årer i helt i framkant av framvingen er synlig. Resten av vingen er uten et markert årenett. Bakvingene er smale og har hårfrynser langs hele bakkanten. Vingespennet er mellom 0,4 og 3 millimeter. Hos mange arter er forvingen redusert til en stav med lange hårfrynser som danner vingens bæreflate.

Fasettøynene er ofte store og kan dekke nesten hele hodet. Antennene er trådformet og har vanligvis omtrent 13 ledd, det ytterste leddet hos hunnene er gjerne større og spindelformet, og danner en klubbe.

Larven er radikalt forskjellige fra de voksne, både i levevis og i kroppsbygning. Den er vanligvis uten bein og er dråpeformet, uten et tydelig hode. Mange har korte hår på kroppen.

Levevis

Dvergsnyltevepser finnes på en rekke ulike lokaliteter. Flygetiden er hele sommeren.

De ulike artene i gruppen har ulike vertsdyr som de parasitterer. Hunnen legger ett og ett egg i eggene til andre leddyr, hvor larven utvikles. Artene synes ikke være spesielt verts-spesifikke, men angriper egg av verter fra flere ulike familier. Flest dvergsnyklteveps ser ut til å angripe sikader (Auchenorrhyncha), men det er også en del arter som utvikler seg på eggene til andre nebbmunner, støvlus og biller. De ser ut til å foretrekke egg som legges skjult.

Utbredelse

Dvergsnyltevepser finnes i hele verden. I Europa finnes 480 arter[1], men bare 32 er funnet i Norge. Mymaridae er litt dårlig undersøkt i Norge og det er antatt at det kan være noen flere arter.[2]

Fossile arter

På grunn av sin beskjedne kroppsstørrelse er dvergsnyltevepser velegnet til å bli bevart i rav, og det er funnet ganske mange fossile arter. Litt paradoksalt er denne familien som så lett blir oversett i den moderne faunaen blant de årevingefamiliene som har det beste fossilbelegget. Dvergsnylteveps i rav er kjent tilbake til 100 millioner år før nåtid, den er dermed også en av de eldste kjente vepsefamiliene.

Systematisk inndeling

 src=
Gonatocerus triguttatus
 src=
Mymar sp., hunn
 src=
Paracmotemnus sp., en art med reduserte vinger
 src=
Richteria ara, hunn

Systematikken for gruppen Dvergsnyltevepser (Mymaridae) er ennå ikke avklart og endringer kan derfor skje. Per i dag finnes det ikke noen allment godtatt inndeling i underfamilier eller stammer.

Nålevende slekter

Treliste

Utdødde slekter

Disse slektene er bare kjent fra fossiler:

Ulike inndelinger

Mymaridae inndeles systematisk, på ulike måter.

  • Annecke & Doutt (1961)[3]
    • underfamilie Alaptinae
      • delgruppe (stamme) Alaptini
      • delgruppe (stamme) Anagrini
    • underfamilie Mymarinae
      • delgruppe (stamme) Anaphini
      • delgruppe (stamme) Mymarini
      • delgruppe (stamme) Ooctonini
  • Yoshimoto (1975)[4]
    • underfamilie Alaptinae
    • underfamilie Lubroncinae
    • underfamilie Mymaromminae
    • underfamilie Mymarinae

Referanser

  1. ^ Mymaridae -www.faunaeur.org Fauna Europaea Web Service Søkedato: 2. mars 2009
  2. ^ Ottesen. 1993.
  3. ^ Annecke, D.P.; Doutt, R.L. 1961.
  4. ^ Yoshimoto, C. M. 1975.

Litteratur

  • Annecke, D.P.; Doutt, R.L. 1961. The genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera :. Chalcidoidea.). Ent. Mem. Dep. Agrie. Tech. Serv. Repub. S. Afr. 5. side 1-71.
  • Sømme, Laurits 2001. Insekter. (Original: McGavin, George C. 2000. Insects, spiders and other terrestical arthropods.) N. W. Damm & Søn AS. ISBN 82-512-0601-4 side 200.
  • Ottesen, P.S. (red.) 1993 Norske Insektfamilier og deres artsantall. NINA utredning 055, 40 sider.
  • Yoshimoto, C. M. 1975. Cretaceous chalcidoid fossils from Canadian amber. Can. Entomol. 107. side 499-528.
  • Natural History Museum, Universal Chalcidoidea Database [1]

Eksterne lenker

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wikipedia NO

Dvergsnyltevepser: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Dvergsnyltevepser (Mymaridae) er en familiegruppe av vepsene. De hører til blant stilkvepsene og er en familiegruppene av årevingene. Alaptus minimus regnes som verdens minste insekt og er bare 0,2 mm lang.

Larvene lever som parasitter i eggene til andre leddyr.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NO

Mymaridae ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT
 src=
Mymarilla wollastoni: (1) Fêmea com asas extremamente velosas. (2) Detalhe das antenas filiformes do macho. Mymarilla wollastoni é endémica da ilha de Santa Helena no Atlântico Sul (escala = 1000 μm).

Mymaridae é uma família de pequenas vespas pertencente à superfamília Chalcidoidea cuja maioria das espécies tem distribuição natural nas regiões subtropicais e tropicais de todo o mundo. A família agrupa cerca de 1 400 espécies repartidas por 100 géneros.

São insectos diminutos como a maioria dos calcidoídeos (Chalcidoidea), em geral com menos de 0,5 mm de comprimento. Esta família inclui a espécie Dicopomorpha echmepterygis, o insecto mais pequeno conhecido, com apenas 0,139 mm de comprimento médio e o insecto voador mais pequeno, com 0,15 mm de envergadura. As antenas das fêmeas terminam num alargamento na forma de um martelo, enquanto os machos têm antenas filiformes. As asas são geralmente finas, com longas setas que lhes dão uma aparência plumosa.[1] Algumas espécies têm asas muito pequenas ou totalmente ausentes. Distinguem-se dos outros Chalcidoidea pela forma em H das suturas que apresentam na parte frontal da cabeça.

Descrição

Os insectos que integram a família Mymaridae são pequenos, medindo entre 0,13 e 5,4 mm de comprimento, com a maioria a situar-se entre 0,5 a 1,0 mm de comprimento máximo.[1] Geralmente apresentam o corpo com coloração não metálica, em tons de negro, castanho ou amarelo.[2]

O grupo apresenta como principal carácter distintivo em relação aos outros calcidoídeos a presença de suturas formam um desenho em forma de H debaixo dos ocelos e entre os olhos compostos.[1] Em raros casos as suturas estendem-se até aos ocelos.[3]

Quase todas as espécies apresentam antenas longas, pelo menos tão longas como o metassoma.[2] As antenas estão inseridas próximo dos bordos dos olhos.[4] Nas fêmeas as antenas terminam em forma de martelo, geralmente com longos pelos (setas) sensoriais que lhes dão um aspecto plumoso. Nos machos são filiformes.[2][5]

Algumas espécies apresentam asas de reduzido tamanho ou mesmo completamente ausentes (são ápteras).[2][5][6] Geralmente as fêmeas são as que apresentam asas reduzidas. Esta redução das asas é mais comum entre as espécies que buscam os ovos das espécies hospedeiras em espaços limitados e confinados, como no solo, sob folhas mortas ou nos túbulos de certos fungos. A presença de asas reduzidas ou de espécies ápteras também ocorre em condições climáticas ventosas, como em ilhas oceânicas ou em lugares de grande altitude. Nesses habitats as asas seriam desventajosas e por isso estão submetidas a uma forte selecção natural negativa.[5]

Os membros da família Mymaridae estão entre os calcidoídeos mais comuns, mas são raramente vistos devido ao seu escasso tamanho. O grupo tem distribuição natural nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais de todo o mundo, ocorrendo também em regiões temperadas.[4] A maioria ocorre nos bosques tropicais, com a maior diversidade no hemisfério sul, na América do Sul, Nova Zelândia e Austrália. No Neártico (América do Norte) apenas ocorrem cerca de 28 géneros e 120 espécies, dos 100 géneros e 1 424 espécies conhecidos.[2]

Os membros desta família podem sobreviver em todos os tipos de habitats terrestres, desde os desertos aos bosques pluviosos.[1] São conhecidas cinco espécies aquáticas, que vivem em lagunas ou rios.[7]

Entre espécies aquáticas está a espécie Caraphractus cinctus, que usa as asas como remos,[8] podendo permanecer debaixo de água até 15 dias.[9][10] Devido ao seu pequeno tamanho estes insectos necessitam trepar pelo caule de uma planta para sair à superfície porque não consegue romper a barreira imposta pela tensão superficial da água.[11]

Ecologia

Todos os membros conhecidos desta família são parasitoides dos ovos de outros insectos. Geralmente estes ovos estão depositados em lugares escondidos, como nos tecidos das plantas ou sob uma camada de solo,[3][4] pelo que estas espécies são obrigadas a dispor de complexos comportamentos de busca.

Os membros desta família não parecem ser muito específicos na sua selecção de hospedeiro. Algumas espécies parasitam insectos de várias famílias pertencentes a uma única ordem.

Os hospedeiros mais comuns são membros da ordem Hemiptera, especialmente Auchenorrhyncha (cícadas, cigarras e similares) e Coccoidea (insectos-escama),[2][12] mas estas conclusões talvez se devam apenas a estes grupos estarem melhor estudados. Outros hospedeiros importantes são os escaravelhos, moscas, libélulas, Psocoptera e Thysanoptera. Apenas se conhecem os hospedeiros de um quarto das espécies descritas.[1][13]

Importância económica

Algumas espécies de Mymaridae têm sido usadas como agentes de controlo biológico de pragas das colheitas,[14] sendo muito apreciadas pela sua capacidade de encontrar os ovos ocultos dos seus hospedeiros.[15]

O género Anagrus parasita uma grande variedade de hospedeiros, pelo que tem sido introduzido em vários países com objectivos de controlo biológico. No Hawai a espécie Anagrus optabilis foi introduzida para controlar Perkinsiella saccharicida, uma importante praga da cana-do-açúcar.[16]

Taxonomia

 src=
Richteria ara (fêmea) com o tipo de asas característico da família (escala = 1000 μm).
 src=
Myanmymar aresconoides (fêmea) o fóssil mais antigo conhecido atribuído a esta família.
 src=
Gonatocerus triguttatus pondo os seus ovos sobre ovos de Homalodisca vitripennis dentro de uma folha.

Na sua presente circunscrição taxonómica a família Mymaridae agrupa cerca de 100 géneros com mais de 1 400 espécies validamente descritas.

Os géneros Allomymar e Metanthemus foram transferidos para a família Aphelinidae. O género fóssil Protooctonus foi transferido para a família Mymarommatidae e é agora considerado um sinónimo taxonómico de Archaeromma.[17]

Os géneros Nesopolynema, Oncomymar e Scolopsopteron são considerados sinónimos de Cremnomymar desde 2013 e as suas espécies foram incluídas neste género.[5] O género Shillingsworthia também foi excluído pois a sua descrição era fictícia.[17][18]

Nas listagens que se seguem os géneros marcados com † são considerados como extintos.

Géneros extantes

Na sua presente circunscrição taxonómica a família Mymaridae inclui os seguintes géneros extantes:[19][20]

Géneros extintos

Os seguintes géneros conhecidos apenas do registo fóssil estão incluídos na família Mymaridae:[17][21]

Notas

  1. a b c d e Elisabetta Chiappini; John T. Huber (2008). «Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)». In: John L. Capinera. Encyclopedia of entomology. [S.l.]: Springer. pp. 1407–1409. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1
  2. a b c d e f John T. Huber (1997). «Chapter 14. Mymaridae». In: Gary A. P. Gibson; John Theodore Huber; James Braden Woolley. Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Col: NRC Series. [S.l.]: NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada. pp. 499–500. ISBN 978-0-660-16669-8
  3. a b B.R. Pitkin (7 de junho de 2004). «Mymaridae». Universal Chalcidoidea Database, The Natural History Museum
  4. a b c Systematic Entomology Laboratory. «Family Mymaridae». Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Cópia arquivada em 10 de setembro de 2006
  5. a b c d John T. Huber (2013). «Redescription of Mymarilla Westwood, new synonymies under Cremnomymar Ogloblin (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) and discussion of unusual wings» (PDF). ZooKeys. 345: 47–72. PMC . PMID 24194664. doi:10.3897/zookeys.345.6209
  6. Richard L. Doutt; Carl M. Yoshimoto (1970). «Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae of South Georgia» (PDF). Pacific Insects Monograph. 23: 293–294
  7. Seguei V. Triapitsyn; Ranyse B. Querino; Malu C.B. Feitosa (2008). «A New Species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from Amazonas, Brazil» (PDF). Neotropical Entomology. 37 (6): 681–684. doi:10.1590/s1519-566x2008000600009
  8. Gilbert Waldbauer (2008). A Walk Around the Pond: Insects in and Over the Water. [S.l.]: Harvard University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-674-02765-7
  9. J.S. Noyes; E.W. Valentine (1989). «Mymaridae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) — introduction, and review of genera» (PDF). DSIR Publishing. Fauna of New Zealand (17)
  10. Carl M. Yoshimoto (1990). A review of the genera of New World Mymaridae (Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea). [S.l.]: Sandhill Crane Press. ISBN 978-1-877743-04-7
  11. May Berenbaum (1993). Ninety-nine more maggots, mites, and munchers. [S.l.]: University of Illinois Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-252-06322-0
  12. Cedric Gillott (1999). Entomology. [S.l.]: Springer. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-306-44967-3
  13. E. Baquero; R. Jordana (2005). «Contribution to the knowledge of the family Mymaridae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Navarra, North of Iberian península» (PDF). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent. 26 (3–4): 75–91. ISSN 0210-8984
  14. E. Baquero; R. Jordana (1999). «Species of Anagrus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae) in Navarra (Spain)». Museu de Zoologia. Miscellania Zoologica (22.2): 39–50. ISSN 0211-6529
  15. Richard E. Warner; Kathleen M. Hendrix (1984). California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. [S.l.]: University of California Press. pp. 978–979. ISBN 978-0-520-05035-8
  16. Kazi Abdus Sahad (1984). «Biology of Anagrus optabilis (Perkins) (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), an Egg Parasitoid of Delphacid Planthoppers» (PDF). ESAKIA (22): 129–144
  17. a b c John T. Huber (2005). «The gender and derivation of genus-group names in Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera)» (PDF). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 69: 167–183. ISSN 1211-376X
  18. A.A. Girault (1920). «Some Insects never before seen by Mankind» (PDF)
  19. Simon van Noort. «Mymaridae: Classification of afrotropical mymarid wasps». WaspWeb, Iziko South African Museum
  20. John T. Huber; Gennaro Viggiani; Ricardo Jesu (2009). «Order Hymenoptera, family Mymaridae» (PDF). Arthropod fauna of the UAE. 2: 270–297
  21. George Poinar Jr.; John T. Huber (2011). D.E. Shcherbakov; M.S. Engel; M.J. Sharkey, eds. «Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn». Pensoft. ZooKeys. 130: 461–472. PMC . PMID 22259293. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1241 |capítulo= ignorado (ajuda)

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Mymaridae: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT
 src= Mymarilla wollastoni: (1) Fêmea com asas extremamente velosas. (2) Detalhe das antenas filiformes do macho. Mymarilla wollastoni é endémica da ilha de Santa Helena no Atlântico Sul (escala = 1000 μm).

Mymaridae é uma família de pequenas vespas pertencente à superfamília Chalcidoidea cuja maioria das espécies tem distribuição natural nas regiões subtropicais e tropicais de todo o mundo. A família agrupa cerca de 1 400 espécies repartidas por 100 géneros.

São insectos diminutos como a maioria dos calcidoídeos (Chalcidoidea), em geral com menos de 0,5 mm de comprimento. Esta família inclui a espécie Dicopomorpha echmepterygis, o insecto mais pequeno conhecido, com apenas 0,139 mm de comprimento médio e o insecto voador mais pequeno, com 0,15 mm de envergadura. As antenas das fêmeas terminam num alargamento na forma de um martelo, enquanto os machos têm antenas filiformes. As asas são geralmente finas, com longas setas que lhes dão uma aparência plumosa. Algumas espécies têm asas muito pequenas ou totalmente ausentes. Distinguem-se dos outros Chalcidoidea pela forma em H das suturas que apresentam na parte frontal da cabeça.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT

Dvärgsteklar ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Dvärgsteklar (Mymaridae) är en familj i insektsordningen steklar som innehåller omkring 1 400 kända arter, i omkring 100 olika släkten.

Kännetecken

Familjen dvärgsteklar hör till de minsta steklarna och flertalet arter har en kroppslängd på under 1,5 millimeter. Till familjen hör även några av de minsta bevingade insekterna som man känner till, som Alpatus magnimius och Alaptus minimus, vars kroppslängd uppgår till endast omkring 0,2 millimeter. Färgen på kroppen varierar hos olika arter från mörkbrun till svart eller gulaktig. Framvingarna saknar tydliga ribbor och har en kant av fina hår. Även bakvingarna, som är mycket smala, är kantade av fina hår. Honorna har långa antenner med en klubblik spets, medan antennerna hos hanarna är trådlika.

Levnadssätt

Som andra steklar har dvärgsteklarna fullständig förvandling och genomgår utvecklingsstadierna ägg, puppa och imago. De har ett parasitistiskt levnadssätt och honan lägger ägg i andra insekters ägg, som halvvingar, skalbaggar, tvåvingar och hopprätvingar, och flera arter av dvärgsteklar har använts för att biologiskt försöka bekämpa olika skadeinsekter.

Referenser

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Dvärgsteklar (Mymaridae) är en familj i insektsordningen steklar som innehåller omkring 1 400 kända arter, i omkring 100 olika släkten.

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Mymaridae ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Mymaridae là một họ tò vò trong liên họ Chalcidoidea sống tại vùng ôn đớinhiệt đới toàn thế giới. Họ gồm chừng 100 chi với 1400 loài.

Các loài Mymaridae rất bé. Chúng thường dài 0,5 đến 1,0 mm (0,020 đến 0,039 in). Họ này có cả loài côn trùng nhỏ nhất, với chiều dài cơ thể chỉ 0,139 mm (0,0055 in), và loài côn trùng bay nhỏ nhất, dài chỉ 0,15 mm (0,0059 in). Chúng thường có màu đen, nâu, hay vàng. Râu con cái có chóp phân đốt kiểu dùi cui, còn râu con đực giống sợi chỉ. Cánh mỏng, thường có lông dài, làm chúng trong như cánh chim; ở nhiều loài cánh thoái hóa hay mất hoàn toàn.

Mymaridae là nhóm phổ biến nhất họ Chalcidoidea, dù ít khi bị nhận thấy do kích thước bé nhỏ. Vòng đời của con trưởng thành rất ngắn, thường chỉ dài vài ngày. Mọi loài Mymaridae đều đẻ trứng kí sinh lên trứng của côn trùng khác, và nhiều loài đã được ứng dụng làm thiên dịch chống vật hại trong nông nghiệp.

Hóa thạch cổ nhất thuộc họ Mymaridae có niên đại từ ít nhất tầng Alba (khoảng 100 triệu năm trước) của Creta sớm. Đây là họ duy nhất trong liên họ Chalcidoidea ghi nhận từ kỷ Creta, và do vậy là họ nguyên thủy hơn cả.

Phân loại

 src=
Tranh minh họa Mymar pulchellum của John Curtis, khoảng năm 1840

Họ Mymaridae được nhà côn trùng học Alexander Henry Haliday đặt ra năm 1833. Haliday và hai người bạn, đồng thời cũng là hai nhà côn trùng học, John CurtisFrancis Walker, có ảnh hưởng lớn trong nghiên cứu Hymenoptera vào thế kỷ XIX.[1][2]

Lịch sử

Haliday ban đầu mô tả họ này là tông "Mymares" của họ "Chalcides". Ông lấy cơ sở từ chi điển hình MymarJohn Curtis mô tả năm 1829.[3]

Những phân loại đầu tiên của Walker coi cả nhóm là một chi, còn các phân nhóm là phân chi. Walker (người nổi danh ở việc hay thiếu sót trong đặt danh pháp có hệ thống)[1] sau đó chấp nhận phân loại của Haliday trong một lá thư năm 1839, nhờ vả sự giúp đỡ từ Haliday trong việc phân loại các loài tò vò Chalcidoidea mà Charles Darwin thu thập trong chuyến du hành trên tàu HMS Beagle.[4] "Mymares", cũng như những "tông" khác, được nâng lên cấp họ (thành Mymaridae) bởi Haliday năm 1839.[5][6][7]

Haliday mô tả Mymaridae "nguyên tử của họ Hymenoptera", nhắc đến vẻ đẹp bộ cánh của chúng lúc nhìn dưới kính hiển vi.[3] Đặc điểm này thu hút sự chú ý của cả các nhà côn trùng học và những người thích thú kính hiểu vi trong suốt cuối thế kỷ XIX và đầu XX. Những mẫu vật trưng bày của Fred Enock có lẽ nổi tiếng hơn cả.[5][8]

Phân bố và môi trường sống

Mymaridae là một họ côn trùng rất phổ biến, nhưng bởi kích thước nhỏ, chúng ít khi bị con người nhận ra.

Chúng sống trong vùng ôn đớinhiệt đới quanh thế giới.[9] Số đông loài có mặt trong rừng nhiệt đới, độ đa dạng tập trung ở bán cầu Nam (Nam Mỹ, New Zealand, và Úc). Tại Bắc Mỹ, chỉ khoảng 28 (trong chừng 100) chi và 120 (trong số 1424) loài được tìm thấy.[10]

Các loài Mymaridae sống sót trong đủ loại môi trường trên cạn, từ hoang mạc đến rừng mưa.[10][11] Ít nhất có năm loài cũng sống thuỷ sinh, cư ngụ ao suối nước ngọt.[12] Ví dụ như Caraphractus cinctus, lấy cánh làm chèo để bơi quanh.[13] Chúng có thể ở dưới nước đến 15 ngày.[14][15] Tuy vậy, bởi kích thước nhỏ, chúng phải rời nước bằng cách leo lên thân cây chĩa lên trên mặt nước, nếu không thì không thể vượt sức căng bề mặt.[16]

Chi

Mymaridae gồm các chi liệt kê dưới đây.[17][18] AllomymarMetanthemus đã được chuyển sang họ Aphelinidae. Chi hoá thạch Protooctonus được xếp vào Mymarommatidae, và nay bị coi là danh pháp đồng nghĩa của Archaeromma.[6] Nesopolynema, Oncomymar, và Scolopsopteron cũng được đồng nghĩa hoá với Cremnomymar năm 2013.[19]
Chi đánh dấu † đã tuyệt chủng.

Chi còn sinh tồn

Chi tuyệt chủng

Những chi sau được xếp vào Mymaridae:[6][20]

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă Kari T. Ryder Wilkie. “Francis Walker (1809–1874)”. Global Ant Project – World Ant Taxonomists.
  2. ^ L. Watson; M. J. Dallwitz. “British Insects”. DELTA, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
  3. ^ a ă Alexander Henry Haliday (1833). “An essay on the classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of Britain which correspond with the Ichneumones minuti of Linnaeus”. The Entomological Magazine 1.
  4. ^ “Letters from Francis Walker to Alexander Henry Haliday (July 29, 1839)”. Wikisource.
  5. ^ a ă John S. Noyes. Dicopomorpha echmepterygis (Female with "large" male inset. Slide-mounted museum specimen.)”. Universal Chalcidoidea Database, The Natural History Museum.
  6. ^ a ă â John T. Huber (2005). “The gender and derivation of genus-group names in Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera)” (PDF). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 69: 167–183. ISSN 1211-376X.
  7. ^ Francis Walker (1846). “Descriptions of Mymaridae”. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (R. & J.E. Taylor). XVIII (116): 49–54. doi:10.1080/037454809494390.
  8. ^ “Helios”. Natural History Museum.
  9. ^ Systematic Entomology Laboratory. “Family Mymaridae”. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 10 tháng 9 năm 2006.
  10. ^ a ă John T. Huber (1997). “Chapter 14. Mymaridae”. Trong Gary A. P. Gibson; John Theodore Huber; James Braden Woolley. Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Series. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada. tr. 499–500. ISBN 978-0-660-16669-8.
  11. ^ Elisabetta Chiappini; John T. Huber (2008). “Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)”. Trong John L. Capinera. Encyclopedia of entomology. Springer. tr. 1407–1409. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
  12. ^ Seguei V. Triapitsyn; Ranyse B. Querino; Malu C.B. Feitosa (2008). “A New Species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from Amazonas, Brazil” (PDF). Neotropical Entomology 37 (6): 681–684. doi:10.1590/s1519-566x2008000600009.
  13. ^ Gilbert Waldbauer (2008). A Walk Around the Pond: Insects in and Over the Water. Harvard University Press. tr. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-674-02765-7.
  14. ^ J.S. Noyes; E.W. Valentine (1989). “Mymaridae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) — introduction, and review of genera” (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand (DSIR Publishing) (17).
  15. ^ Carl M. Yoshimoto (1990). A review of the genera of New World Mymaridae (Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea). Sandhill Crane Press. ISBN 978-1-877743-04-7.
  16. ^ May Berenbaum (1993). Ninety-nine more maggots, mites, and munchers. University of Illinois Press. tr. 189. ISBN 978-0-252-06322-0.
  17. ^ Simon van Noort. “Mymaridae: Classification of afrotropical mymarid wasps”. WaspWeb, Iziko South African Museum.
  18. ^ John T. Huber; Gennaro Viggiani; Ricardo Jesu (2009). “Order Hymenoptera, family Mymaridae” (PDF). Arthropod fauna of the UAE 2: 270–297.
  19. ^ John T. Huber (2013). “Redescription of Mymarilla Westwood, new synonymies under Cremnomymar Ogloblin (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) and discussion of unusual wings” (PDF). ZooKeys 345 (345): 47–72. PMC 3817442. PMID 24194664. doi:10.3897/zookeys.345.6209.
  20. ^ George Poinar Jr.; John T. Huber (2011). “A new genus of fossil Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) from Cretaceous amber and key to Cretaceous mymarid genera”. Trong D.E. Shcherbakov; M.S. Engel; M.J. Sharkey. Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn 130. Pensoft. tr. 461–472. PMC 3260775. PMID 22259293. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1241.

Liên kết ngoài

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Mymaridae: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Mymaridae là một họ tò vò trong liên họ Chalcidoidea sống tại vùng ôn đớinhiệt đới toàn thế giới. Họ gồm chừng 100 chi với 1400 loài.

Các loài Mymaridae rất bé. Chúng thường dài 0,5 đến 1,0 mm (0,020 đến 0,039 in). Họ này có cả loài côn trùng nhỏ nhất, với chiều dài cơ thể chỉ 0,139 mm (0,0055 in), và loài côn trùng bay nhỏ nhất, dài chỉ 0,15 mm (0,0059 in). Chúng thường có màu đen, nâu, hay vàng. Râu con cái có chóp phân đốt kiểu dùi cui, còn râu con đực giống sợi chỉ. Cánh mỏng, thường có lông dài, làm chúng trong như cánh chim; ở nhiều loài cánh thoái hóa hay mất hoàn toàn.

Mymaridae là nhóm phổ biến nhất họ Chalcidoidea, dù ít khi bị nhận thấy do kích thước bé nhỏ. Vòng đời của con trưởng thành rất ngắn, thường chỉ dài vài ngày. Mọi loài Mymaridae đều đẻ trứng kí sinh lên trứng của côn trùng khác, và nhiều loài đã được ứng dụng làm thiên dịch chống vật hại trong nông nghiệp.

Hóa thạch cổ nhất thuộc họ Mymaridae có niên đại từ ít nhất tầng Alba (khoảng 100 triệu năm trước) của Creta sớm. Đây là họ duy nhất trong liên họ Chalcidoidea ghi nhận từ kỷ Creta, và do vậy là họ nguyên thủy hơn cả.

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wikipedia VI

Mymaridae ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Надкласс: Шестиногие
Класс: Насекомые
Надотряд: Hymenopterida
Надсемейство: Хальциды
Семейство: Mymaridae
Международное научное название

Mymaridae Haliday, 1833

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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 153659NCBI 162252EOL 715FW 150541

Мимариды[1] (лат. Mymaridae) — семейство паразитических наездников надсемейства Chalcidoidea подотряда стебельчатобрюхие отряда перепончатокрылые насекомые. Размеры мелкие (от 0,2 до 4 мм). К этому семейству относятся самые маленькие насекомые в мире. Это виды Dicopomorpha echmepterygis с длиной примерно 0,139 мм (мельче инфузории) и Alpatus magnimius (0,21 мм). Крылья с сильно редуцированным жилкованием. Скутеллюм поделен поперечной перемычкой на переднюю и заднюю части (у 98 % видов).

Биология

Паразиты жуков (Coleoptera, особенно на представителях семейств Curculionidae и Dytiscidae), Hymenoptera, Hemiptera (чаще Auchenorrhyncha Homoptera, а также Coccoidea, и менее часто на клопах Tingidae и Miridae), Lepidoptera, сетчатокрылых (Neuroptera), Psocoptera.

Некоторые виды способны паразитировать на водных насекомых и следовать за ними в воду. Среди них в Европе обнаружено 5 видов Mymaridae (например, Caraphractus cinctus Walk., Litus cynipseus Hal.)[2]. Многие виды плавают, используя их крылья как весла, спариваются и откладывают яйца на воде. Могут до 15 дней находиться под водой (Rimsky-Korsakov, 1933).

Распространение

Всемирное. Треть фауны встречается в Европе (около 500 видов).[3]

Значение

Некоторые виды мимарид успешно используются в программах биологического контроля вредителей. Например вид Anaphes nitens применяется для контроля жука-долгоносика Gonipterus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), серьёзного вредителя эвкалиптов в южной Европе, Южной Африке, Новой Зеландии и Южной Америке.

Классификация

1400 видов, более 100 современных родов и несколько ископаемых родов (в том числе меловой Myanmymar)[4]. Общепринятой системы классификации подсемейств нет. В 2015 году крупнейший род мимарид Gonatocerus (около 400 видов) был разделён на несколько новых: Lymaenon Walker (160 видов, группа litoralis group), Cosmocomoidea Howard (= ater group, 100 видов), Gonatocerus (где осталось около 50 видов; = sulphuripes group), Gahanopsis Ogloblin (= deficiens group), Gastrogonatocerus (= membraciphagus group, 10 видов), Yoshimotoana Huber (= masneri group, 1 вид), Zeyanus Huber (= asulcifrons group, 9 видов) и другие[5].

Классификация по Anneck & Doutt (1961)[6]:

  • Подсемейство Alaptinae
    • Триба Alaptini
    • Триба Anagrini
  • Подсемейство Mymarinae
    • Триба Anaphini
    • Триба Mymarini
    • Триба Ooctonini

Классификация по Yoshimoto (1975)[8]:

  • Подсемейство Alaptinae Annecke and Doutt
  • Подсемейство Lubroncinae
  • Подсемейство Mymaromminae Debauche (Archaeromma nearctica Yoshimoto, 1975; A. minutissima (Brues, 1937); Palaeomymar duisburgi (Stein, 1877)..., позднее выделены в отдельное семейство Mymarommatidae)[9]
  • Подсемейство Mymarinae (Gonatocerus...)

Триба Gonatocerini. Классификация по Huber (2015)[5]:

Список родов

См. также

Примечания

  1. Аннотированный каталог насекомых Дальнего Востока России. Том I. Перепончатокрылые. / Лелей А. С. (гл. ред.) и др. — Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2012. — 635 с. — 300 экз.ISBN 978-5-8044-1295-2.
  2. Victor Fursov. A review of European Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) parasitizing the eggs of aquatic insects. Архивировано 8 апреля 2008 года. Bulletin of Irish Biogeographical Society, 1995, vol.18 p.2-12.
  3. Mymaridae на сайте Fauna Europaea. (англ.) (Проверено 2 февраля 2011)
  4. 1 2 Huber, J. T.; Greenwalt, D. 2011: Compression fossil Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) from Kishenehn oil shales, with description of two new genera and review of Tertiary amber genera. ZooKeys, 130: 473—494.
  5. 1 2 Huber John T. World reclassification of the Gonatocerus group of genera (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) (англ.) // Zootaxa : Журнал. — Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press, 2015. — Vol. 3967, no. 1. — P. 1-184. — ISSN 1175-5326.
  6. Annecke, D.P.; Doutt, R.L. 1961. The genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Ent. Mem. Dep. Agrie. Tech. Serv. Repub. S. Afr. 5. side 1-71.
  7. Chiappini E., S.V. Triapitsyn & A. Donev. Key to the Holarctic species of Anagrus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) with a review of the Nearctic and Palaearctic (other than European) species and descriptions of new taxa (англ.) // Journal of Natural History : Журнал. — Лондон: Taylor & Francis, 1996. — Vol. 30, no. 4. — P. 551—595. — ISSN 1464-5262. — DOI:10.1080/00222939600770301.
  8. Yoshimoto, C. M. 1975. Cretaceous chalcidoid fossils from Canadian amber. The Canadian Entomologist 107(5):499—528. DOI: 10.4039/Ent107499-5
  9. Gibson, G. A. P., Read, J. & Huber, J.T. 2007. Diversity, classification and higher relationships of Mymarommatoidea (Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 16: 51—146.
  10. Zhulidezi AISHAN, Serguei V. TRIAPITSYN, Mei XU. Review of Cosmocomoidea (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from China, with descriptions of two new species (англ.) // Zootaxa : Журнал. — Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press, 2016. — Vol. 4085, no. 4. — P. 525–535. — ISSN 1175-5326.
  11. Review of Anaphes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) with key to species in Europe and a world catalogue. Zootaxa. Vol 4376, No 1: 1–104. 30 Jan. 2018 (John T. HUBER, Csaba THURÓCZY). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4376.1
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Mymaridae: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Мимариды (лат. Mymaridae) — семейство паразитических наездников надсемейства Chalcidoidea подотряда стебельчатобрюхие отряда перепончатокрылые насекомые. Размеры мелкие (от 0,2 до 4 мм). К этому семейству относятся самые маленькие насекомые в мире. Это виды Dicopomorpha echmepterygis с длиной примерно 0,139 мм (мельче инфузории) и Alpatus magnimius (0,21 мм). Крылья с сильно редуцированным жилкованием. Скутеллюм поделен поперечной перемычкой на переднюю и заднюю части (у 98 % видов).

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缨小蜂科 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

缨小蜂科(Mymaridae)也被称为仙女蜂科(fairy wasp或fairyfly),是小蜂总科下的一个科,遍布世界温带热带区域。缨小蜂科包含100个属和1400个物种。

体型

同大多是小蜂总科的生物一样,缨小蜂科的昆虫都十分微小,通常只有0.5至1.0 mm(0.020至0.039英寸)长。 缨小蜂科包含目前已知的最小昆虫,体长只有0.139 mm(0.0055英寸)。最小的飞虫也属于缨小蜂科,体长为0.15 mm(0.0059英寸)。缨小蜂科通常为黑色、棕色或黄色。雌性触角明显地呈片段型的倾斜,而雄性触角则是线状的。它们的翅膀一般是细长的,具有长鬃毛,看起来呈羽毛状,但也有的物种拥有很短的翅膀或完全没有翅膀。通过头部缝线的H形图案可以区别缨小蜂科与其他小蜂总科生物。

特性

缨小蜂科是小蜂总科下最常见的一个科,但它们由于体型十分微小所以难以被人注意到。它们的一生十分短暂,通常只有几天。所有的缨小蜂科生物都是拟寄生物,它们寄生在其他昆虫的卵里面,很多物种都已被成功地用来做生物防治

缨小蜂科的化石来源于早期白垩纪阿尔布期。它们是目前已知的唯一来源于白垩纪小蜂总科生物,因此它们被认为是最原始的小蜂总科生物。

分类

缨小蜂科最初由爱尔兰昆虫学家亚力山大·亨利·哈利迪于1833年创立。哈利迪的两位亲密朋友约翰·柯蒂斯和弗朗西斯·沃克,也是受人尊敬的昆虫学家,他们在19世纪早期的膜翅目昆虫研究中具有很深的影响力。[1][2]


下表是缨小蜂科所包含的属。[3][4]

有 † 标志的为已经灭绝的属


现存属

化石属

这些是已经灭绝的属,通过分析其化石从而被归类于缨小蜂科:[5][6]

参见

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:缨小蜂科  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:缨小蜂科

参考

  1. ^ Kari T. Ryder Wilkie. Francis Walker (1809–1874). Global Ant Project – World Ant Taxonomists.[永久失效連結]
  2. ^ L. Watson; M. J. Dallwitz. British Insects. DELTA, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
  3. ^ Simon van Noort. Mymaridae: Classification of afrotropical mymarid wasps. WaspWeb, Iziko South African Museum.
  4. ^ John T. Huber; Gennaro Viggiani; Ricardo Jesu. Order Hymenoptera, family Mymaridae (PDF). Arthropod fauna of the UAE. 2009, 2: 270–297.
  5. ^ John T. Huber. The gender and derivation of genus-group names in Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera) (PDF). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 2005, 69: 167–183. ISSN 1211-376X.
  6. ^ George Poinar Jr.; John T. Huber. D.E. Shcherbakov; M.S. Engel; M.J. Sharkey, 编. Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn. ZooKeys (Pensoft). 2011, 130 (130): 461–472. PMC 3260775. PMID 22259293. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1241. |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)

外部链接

物種識別信息
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缨小蜂科: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

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缨小蜂科(Mymaridae)也被称为仙女蜂科(fairy wasp或fairyfly),是小蜂总科下的一个科,遍布世界温带热带区域。缨小蜂科包含100个属和1400个物种。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科