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The wood, the original mahogany, is used for fine quality cabinetwork.
Swietenia mahagoni, auch Westindisches Mahagoni genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Mahagonigewächse (Meliaceae). Sie kommt im südlichen Florida in den USA, auf den karibischen Inseln einschließlich der Bahamas, Kuba, Jamaika und Hispaniola vor. Sie wird beispielsweise in Südflorida als Alleebaum verwendet.[1]
Swietenia mahagoni gehört zu den gefährdeten Baumarten der Gattung Swietenia (neben Swietenia macrophylla und Swietenia humilis), die seit Dezember 2002 durch den CITES-Anhang II unter Schutz stehen.[2] In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN wurde 1998 Swietenia mahagoni als „endangered“ = „stark gefährdet“ eingestuft, der aktuelle Gefährdungsgrad ist nicht bekannt.[3]
Westindisches Mahagoni wächst als halb-immergrüner bis immergrüner Baum und kann Wuchshöhen von bis zu 25 m oder auch höher erreichen. Im Durchschnitt ist ein erwachsener Baum 12 bis 15 m hoch und hat eine symmetrische, runde Baumkrone mit einer gemäßigten Blattdichte. In den niedrigen randtropischen Wäldern der Karibik gehört der Baum zu den Emergenten, die über das Kronendach ragen. Es werden manchmal kleinere Brettwurzeln ausgebildet. Er ist widerstandsfähig gegen Bruch. Durchhängende Äste und grüne bis braune Zweige sind typisch für diese Art. Die jungen Exemplare haben eine glatte, gräuliche Borke, die mit zunehmendem Alter dunkler oder rotbraun und geriffelt gemustert oder schuppig wird.[1]
Die wechselständig angeordneten, paarig gefiederten und gestielten Laubblätter sind bei ausgewachsenen Exemplaren circa 12 bis 30 cm lang. Die ledrigen, kurz gestielten Fiederblätter sind eiförmig bis lanzettlich, 5 bis 10 cm lang und 2 bis 5 cm breit und spitz bis zugespitzt sowie meistens ganzrandig. Die Lamina ist oft ungleich, die Oberseite ist glänzend, die Unterseite mattgrün.
Der Westindische Mahagoni hat gestielte, kleine grünliche, fünfzählige Blüten mit doppeltem Perianth, die in bis 15 Zentimeter langen rispigen Blütenständen angeordnet sind. Es sind weibliche und männliche Blüten ausgebildet, der Baum ist also monözisch. In den weiblichen Blüten ist ein fünfkammeriger, oberständiger Fruchtknoten mit kurzem Griffel mit scheibenförmiger Narbe ausgebildet. In den weiblichen Blüten sind röhrig verwachsene Staminodien (sterile Staubblätter) mit (spitzen) Zipfeln vorhanden. In den männlichen Blüten ist ein reduzierter und steriler Pistillode (steriler Stempel) und 8 bis 10 zu einer Röhre mit (spitzen) Zipfeln verwachsene Staubblätter vorhanden, innen, am oberen Rand sitzen die Staubbeutel. Am Grund der Blüten, um den Fruchtknoten herum, ist eine rötliche Nektarscheibe vorhanden, wobei diese bei den männlichen Blüten viel ausgeprägter ist.
Die braunen, holzigen und fünfklappigen Kapselfrüchte sind eiförmig und ungefähr 7,5 bis 15 cm lang, sie hängen im Winter an schmalen Stängeln. Im reifen Zustand platzen sie meist unten, aber auch oben auf, und die 35 bis 45, flachen, geflügelten und rotbraunen, 5 bis 7 Zentimeter großen Samen, die mit dem Flügel, oben an einer dicken, fünfeckigen Mittelsäule hängen, werden durch den Wind ausgebreitet. Die Fruchthüllen sind trocken oder hart.[1][4]
Holzarten der Gattung Swietenia haben deutlich erkennbare Zuwachszonengrenzen. Der Splint ist gelblich-weiß, meist deutlich abgesetzt vom rosig bis rotbraunen Kernholz, welches eine feine oder ganz feine Struktur hat. Die Holzfasern sind gerade oder leicht gekuppelt. Bei entsprechendem Lichteinfall entsteht auf der Oberfläche ein klarer Goldglanz.
Der Geruch des Holzes ist nicht ausgeprägt oder fehlend. Ihre Gefäße (Poren) sind zerstreut-porig, gruppiert und haben keine spezifische Anordnung; meist in kurzen radialen Reihen, von zwei bis drei Zellen. Der tangentiale Porendurchmesser ist mittel, oder groß ([90-160-255] µm). Sie besitzen eine geringe Anzahl an Poren pro mm2 (2–18). Thyllen sind nicht vorhanden. Axialparenchyme (Speichergewebe) sind gebändert. Die Parenchymbänder sind ausschließlich marginal (oder scheinbar marginal) und schmal.[2]
Technische Holzdaten[2]
Westindisches Mahagoni kann in der prallen Sonne, teilweise in der Sonne oder im Halbschatten wachsen. Es hat eine hohe Toleranz gegenüber Trockenheit und Salzaerosol. Regelmäßige Düngung und ein gut drainierter Boden können ein rasches Baumwachstum herbeiführen.[1] Westindisches Mahagoni kann in alkalischem, gelegentlich feuchtem oder gut drainiertem Boden leben.[1]
Westindisches Mahagoni eignet sich zur Anpflanzung an Straßen. Das Holz spielt in Form von Kantholz, Furnierholz und Sperrholzplatten eine wichtige Rolle im Export. Es wird sowohl im Außenbereich als auch im Innenbereich verwendet und ist besonders geeignet für Außenbau ohne Erdkontakt (Marine Bauvorschriften). Andere Einsatzmöglichkeiten bestehen z. B. in der Herstellung dekorativer Furniere, Beschläge, Tischlerarbeiten und Musikinstrumente.[2][5] Ab 1514 nutzten die Spanier das Holz für den Bau ihrer Schiffe, die Spanische Armada war aus diesem Holz gebaut.[6]
Swietenia mahagoni, auch Westindisches Mahagoni genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Mahagonigewächse (Meliaceae). Sie kommt im südlichen Florida in den USA, auf den karibischen Inseln einschließlich der Bahamas, Kuba, Jamaika und Hispaniola vor. Sie wird beispielsweise in Südflorida als Alleebaum verwendet.
Swietenia mahagoni gehört zu den gefährdeten Baumarten der Gattung Swietenia (neben Swietenia macrophylla und Swietenia humilis), die seit Dezember 2002 durch den CITES-Anhang II unter Schutz stehen. In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN wurde 1998 Swietenia mahagoni als „endangered“ = „stark gefährdet“ eingestuft, der aktuelle Gefährdungsgrad ist nicht bekannt.
Mahoni utawa Swietenia mahagoni, uga dikenal minangka West Indian Mahogany, iku spésies Swietenia, sing asalé saka Florida kidul, lan pulo-pulo ing Kuba, Jamaica, lan Hispaniola.[1]
Wit Mahoni kalebu wit-witan sing ukuran sedheng lan thukul nganti 30–35 m dhuwuré.[2] Godhongé rèntèngan (pinnate), dawané watara 12–25 cm, papat nganti wolu godhong saben rèntèng, saben godhong dawané 5-6 cm lan ambané 2-3 cm.[2]
Mahoni kalebu familia Meliaceae.[2] Mahoni urip alasan ing alas jati lan ing panggonan-panggonan kang cérak karo pasisir.[2] Kajaba iku mahoni uga katemokaké urip ing dalan-dalan dadi paru-paru jalan.[2] Tuwuhan kang asalé saka Hindia Barat iki bisa thukul ing pasir payau kang cerak segara.[2] Mahoni kalebu tuwuhan raunan kang dhuwuré kurang luwih 5–25 m.[2]
Mahoni duwé oyot tunggang, lan wit kang bunder, akèh pangé lan ana pulut ing wité.[2] Godhongé kalebu godhong majemuk kang dhapuré sirip genep lan bulat telur.[2] Godhong mahoni pucuké lincip, pinggiré rata lan balung godhongé nyirip dawana 3–15 cm.[2] Godhong mahoni kang isih enom wernané abang nanging sawisé tuwa wernané ijo.[2] Kembangé kalebu kembang majemuk kang thukul saka ketiak daun.[2] Ibu tangkai kembang dhapuré silindris lan wernané coklat enom.[2] Kelopak kembang dhapuré kaya sendok lan wernané ijo.[2]
Makutha kembang dhapuré silindris, kanthi rua kuning rada coklat, lan duwé limang lekukan.[2] Wijiné pipih utawa gépeng lan wernané ireng utawa coklat.[2] Mahoni ngembang sawisé umuré ganep pitung taun.[2] Woh mahoni dhapuré kotak utawa bulat telur berlekuk lima lan awerna coklat.[2] Mahoni kalebu tuwuhan kang dimanfaatké kayuné kena kanggo perabot, ukiran lan nggawé omah.[2] Mahoni bisa ditengkaraké saka wijiné.[2]
Mahagoni, maoni, moni.[2]
Mahoni kalebu tuwuhan kang kayuné atos, ing basa Indonésia diarani tanaman keras.[3] Mahoni kalebu tanaman keras kang produktif kang duwé poténsi lan nguntungaké. Kang dadi daya tarik kanggo mbudidayakaké mahoni ya iku regané bibit murah, yèn wis ditandur ora angél anggoné ngopéni, lan sawisé thukul kayuné bisa didol kanthi rega kang larang saben kubik.[3]
Mahoni kalebu wit kang bandél tegesé ora mbutuhaké land clearing, mung ditandur banjur bisa urip lan thukul ngrembaka.[3] Mahoni gampang anggoné nandur amarga ora ana prédator kang bisa ngrusak, mahoni uga ora mbutuhaké pupuk kang akèh lan warna-warna.[3] Wit mahoni iki duwé sipat akomodatif karo wit liyané nganti taun kaping telu.[3] Yèn umuré wis 11 taun mahoni wis bisa dipanén kanthi asil 3 méter kubik kayu saben wit.[3]
Mahoni bisa ditandur saben wong utawa kanthi kelompok ing lembaga utawa komunitas.[3]
Program Growth Recycle Effort for Environment (GREEN) tuladhané, program kang dianakaké Politéknik Negeri Jakarta (PNJ) ing Dhépok, Jawa Barat nandur wit mahoni kang cacahé 1000 wit.[4] Kagiyatan iki ancasé kanggo ngajak para génerasi mudha kanggo njaga lingkungan lumantar program penghijauan utawa kang lumrahé diarani réboisasi.[4]
Mahoni bisa kanggo tamba lelara blegudreg utawa hiperténsi, ngundhakaké nepsu mangan, tamba demam, kencing manis utawa Diabétes méllitus, masuk angin, ekzema, rematik.[2] Mahoni uga ngandhut zat kimia kang diarani Saponin lan flavonoida.[2] Wiji mahoni uga bisa kanggo tamba gatel-gatel ing kulit.[2]
Wit mahoni dikenal kanggo bahan mebel lan furniture lan kanggo ngademaké dalan ing kutha gedhé.[5] Lumrahé woh mahoni dijarké tiba ing dalan-dalan.[5] Ing Malaysia, woh mahoni utawa kang diarani sky fruit bisa digawé vitamin lan obat-obatan alami.[5] Diarani sky fruit amarga wohe ngadeg madhep ing langit.[5] Kang nemu mahoni kanggo obat lan vitamin ya iku Dhoktor Larry Brookes, ahli bio kimia ing taun 1990-an.[5] Woh mahoni ngandhut Flavonolds lan Saponins kang bisa digawé ékstrak.[5] Flanovolds bisa nglancarak perédaran darah, ngurangi kolésterol, ngurangi lemak ing saluran darah, ngurangi rasa lara, lan aboh, uga bisa dadi antioksidan kang nyingkiraké radikal bébas.[5] Saponins bisa kanggo ncégah lelara sampar, ngurangi lemak, ningkatake kekebalan, ncegah pembekuan darah lan nigkataké gula ing darah lan njaga kaséhatan lan nglambataké pembekuan darah.[5]
Wit mahoni kalebu wit taunan kang bisa thukul nganti gedhé.[6] Mahoni kalebu tuwuhan kang akèh manfaaté.[6] Kajaba iku tuwuhan iki kalebu tuwuhan kang langka.[6] Ana uga mahoni kang duwé dhiaméter nganti 2, 5 mèter, kaya ta ing Gunung Ijen, Banyuwangi.[6] Wit mahoni kerep kena tebang alasan amarga kayune kang bisa didol nganti 30 yuta saben wit.[6] Saiki akèh panalitén kanggo neliti wit mahoni, amarga wit iki sang saya langka.[6] Wit kang apik bisa digawé indukan kanggo ngasilaké bibit kang apik.[6]
godhong mahoni
wit mahoni
Mahoni utawa Swietenia mahagoni, uga dikenal minangka West Indian Mahogany, iku spésies Swietenia, sing asalé saka Florida kidul, lan pulo-pulo ing Kuba, Jamaica, lan Hispaniola.
Wit Mahoni kalebu wit-witan sing ukuran sedheng lan thukul nganti 30–35 m dhuwuré. Godhongé rèntèngan (pinnate), dawané watara 12–25 cm, papat nganti wolu godhong saben rèntèng, saben godhong dawané 5-6 cm lan ambané 2-3 cm.
Mahoni inggih punika taru sané dahat maguna ring kahuripan.Taru punika matuwuh tibanan tur tegehnyané 5-25 m. Giing ring taru punika bunter, macarang, taler mawarna putih masawang barak. Sekar ring taru mahoni punika ngerumpyuk, mabentuk bulet taluh, muncuk taler bongkol donnyane lanying, masisi rata, lantang 3-15 cm, warnan donnyané rikalaning muda barak sakewanten yéning sampun wayah mawarna gadang. Sekar ring taru mahoni punika ngarumpyuk, mawungkus, ring selagan don, unteng bungannyané bunter, gading muda, rupannyané kadi cekot, gadang, gelung sekarnyane bunter,kuning masawang gading, benang sarinyane neket ring gelung bunga. Woh ring mahoni punika merpat, bulet taluh, majuring lalima, gading. Batun mahoni punika pegpeg, selem utawi gading. Akah mahoni puniki maakah tunggil taler mawarna gading.
Mahoni utawi Swietenia mahagoni punika dahat maguna kaanggén tamba pinungkan tekanan darah tinggi, tamba pinungkan encok, miwah tamba pinungkan eksim taler pingkan masuk angin.[1][2]
Mahoni inggih punika taru sané dahat maguna ring kahuripan.Taru punika matuwuh tibanan tur tegehnyané 5-25 m. Giing ring taru punika bunter, macarang, taler mawarna putih masawang barak. Sekar ring taru mahoni punika ngerumpyuk, mabentuk bulet taluh, muncuk taler bongkol donnyane lanying, masisi rata, lantang 3-15 cm, warnan donnyané rikalaning muda barak sakewanten yéning sampun wayah mawarna gadang. Sekar ring taru mahoni punika ngarumpyuk, mawungkus, ring selagan don, unteng bungannyané bunter, gading muda, rupannyané kadi cekot, gadang, gelung sekarnyane bunter,kuning masawang gading, benang sarinyane neket ring gelung bunga. Woh ring mahoni punika merpat, bulet taluh, majuring lalima, gading. Batun mahoni punika pegpeg, selem utawi gading. Akah mahoni puniki maakah tunggil taler mawarna gading.
Mahoni utawi Swietenia mahagoni punika dahat maguna kaanggén tamba pinungkan tekanan darah tinggi, tamba pinungkan encok, miwah tamba pinungkan eksim taler pingkan masuk angin.
Swietenia mahagoni, commonly known as American mahogany, Cuban mahogany, small-leaved mahogany, and West Indian mahogany,[1] is a species of Swietenia native to the broader Caribbean bioregion.[1][4] It is the species from which the original mahogany wood was produced.[5] Mahogany is grown as a plantation tree and sold in timber markets in Kerala, India. Swietenia mahagoni is listed as "Threatened" in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act.[6] It is the national tree of the Dominican Republic.
True to its name, West Indian mahogany is native to islands in the West Indies including the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands and Hispaniola (in the Dominican Republic and Haiti), but has widely been introduced to the rest of the Caribbean islands. It is also native to South Florida in the United States, representing the northernmost point of its range.
The earliest recorded use of S. mahagoni was in 1514. This date year was carved into a rough-hewn cross placed in the Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor in Santo Domingo (now the capital of the Dominican Republic), at the beginning of the building's construction. Completed about 1540, it is the oldest church in the West Indies, and its interior was ornamented with carved mahogany woodwork that is still in almost perfect condition after 500 years in the tropics.[7]
Other records refer to the use of mahogany between 1521 and 1540, when Spanish explorers employed the wood for making canoes and for ship repair work in the West Indies. The next significant recorded use was in 1597, regarding repairs for Sir Walter Raleigh's ships in the West Indies. The first documented use in Europe of West Indies mahogany for major building structures prior to 1578 was in Spain. It was specified for use in the construction and interior decoration of one of the grandest royal residences built during the Renaissance in Europe, El Escorial. It seems likely that the merits of mahogany were already well-known and that it was used extensively, since King Philip II of Spain's advisors requisitioned it for making the interior trim work and elaborate furniture of a group of some of the most expensive buildings ever built in Europe:[8] "When in 1578 the king ordered incorruptible [i.e. rot-resistant] and very good woods – cedar, ebony, mahogany, acana, guayacan and iron wood – sent to embellish the Excorial, they had to be brought from a distance by the slaves... Shipment of such woods was made in the summer of 1579 and others followed through a period of ten years at least."[9]
Mahogany's first major use in Spain and England was for ship building, and during the 18th century it was the chief wood employed in Europe for that purpose.[10] Mark Catesby's Natural History describes mahogany's excellence in that regard: "[Mahogany] has Properties for that Use excelling Oak, and all other Wood, viz. Durableness, resisting Gunshots, and burying the Shot without Splintering."[11]
In his "The History of Barbados, etc", the Welsh scholar John Davies (1625–1693) refers to merchant ships prior to 1666 calling on West Indies ports to take on occasional shipments of mahogany timber: "Some masters of ships who trade to the Caribbies many times bring thence planks of this wood which are of such length and breadth that there needs but one to make a fair and large table."[12]
Mahogany, cedar and other woods were shipped more or less regularly from the West Indies to Spain long before 1575, for Spain at that time dominated the world and its demand for ship building timbers was enormous. Spain itself had no timber suitable for building ships and its unfriendly relations with northern Europe made drawing supplies from that source impossible; consequently it obtained timber from San Domingo, Cuba and Jamaica for building many ships of the Spanish Armada prior to 1588. A number of the largest Spanish ships were built of West Indies mahogany.[8]
Spain turned to Cuba for supplies of timber suitable for ship masts, since the rebellion in Flanders (the Eighty Years' War began in 1566) had shut off that source.[9] According to a passage quoted by the British naval historian, Halton Stirling Lecky, Spain continued building ships from West Indies mahogany for two hundred more years: "...Several Spanish men-of-war were captured by the British during naval battles. One of these, the Gibraltar, of 80 guns, captured by Lord Rodney off Cape St. Vincent was broken up in the royal dock yard at Pembroke, and though she must have been one of the oldest ships afloat, yet all her timbers were so sound as when they were put into her, and the whole British navy, and if I (Capt. Chaffell, secretary of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company) am not mistaken, are now supplied with tables made out of the Gibraltar timbers. The Gibraltar was captured in 1780 and was finally broken up in 1836."[13]
The dissemination of Clayton Dissinger Mell's 1917 monograph on the subject, "True Mahogany", resulted in the increased use of mahogany in ship construction: "It is particularly suited for planking, waterways, bulwarks, rails, skylights and companions, bitts, gangway ladders, and other deck work. With the later employment of iron, steel and teak in shipbuilding, mahogany became far more important as a furniture wood, though it is still preferred to any other wood for the framework of small sailing vessels. Large sailing vessels with mahogany framework were sold for enormous prices and manufactured into fine furniture."[10]
During World War II mahogany was used in the construction of small boats from the 21-24 meter (70 to 80 foot) PT boats (motor Patrol Torpedo) to the small rescue boats that were parachuted from rescue planes; its use for boat construction increased from 1,350 M board feet in 1940 to 21,500 M board feet in 1943.[7] PT boats were often made of diagonally layered 25-millimetre-thick (1 in) mahogany planks with a glue-impregnated layer of canvas in between. As a testament to the strength of this type of construction, several PT boats withstood catastrophic battle damage and still remained afloat. The most notable of those instances involved the PT-109, commanded by the young John F. Kennedy: The forward half of this boat stayed afloat for 12 hours after she was rammed by a Japanese destroyer.
The U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships approves mahogany for use in small boats and high-speed boats that require a wood easy to work, medium in weight but adequate in strength, with low shrinking, swelling, and warping characteristics, and high decay resistance.[14] In 1966, mahogany still held an important place in the construction of yachts, launches, motorboats, and small boats of various kinds. In large ships its use is confined largely to interior trim, paneling, and furniture. In a large luxury liner, the volume for such uses may be considerable.[7]
The Spanish explorers were quick to appreciate West Indies Mahogany's special properties; its early importation and use in cabinetwork is attested by the 16th century provenance of some fine Spanish Renaissance pieces.[15] Queen Elizabeth is said to have been interested in samples of mahogany brought by Sir Walter Raleigh on his return from Trinidad in 1595.[16] Mahogany was little used in English furniture-making until the 18th century, as domestic oak and walnut were the predominant woods used.[15] The first use of S. mahagoni in the United Kingdom for cabinet work was in 1724.[10]
Mahogany became the essential material that led to the golden age of British furniture-making in the 18th century, which Percy Macquoid, a connoisseur of English furniture, calls the "Age of Mahogany".[17] Furniture makers have used the wood more or less continuously since then not only in the United Kingdom, but in France, Spain and Italy as well. The Empire style of furniture featured its use extensively, and the Federal Style (1780-1830) in American furniture design is essentially a mahogany style.[15] Mell's paper of 1917 refers to its extensive use in the early 20th century, but its importance for some purposes has diminished. Mahogany was formerly much used for the interior finish of railroad parlor cars, public buildings, hotels, and dwellings and for office fixtures.
It also was used extensively in the manufacture of fortepianos, astronomical and surveying instruments, and cases for delicate apparatuses such as scales, microscopes, and microtomes. Swietenia has a long history of being used to make boxes and cases for scientific instruments and other mechanisms, as well as furniture and ornamental woodwork.
The wood from Swietenia mahagoni, as well as the other two species of Swietenia, is used to make modern musical instruments because of its superior tonewood qualities.
It is sometimes utilized in the top of guitars as well as the back, sides and neck, and is not uncommon in older mandolins.
The wood is also used in the manufacture of electric guitars such as the Gibson Les Paul models: the Custom, the Deluxe and the Studio.
Three-ply laminations of mahogany, poplar and mahogany are found in top-of-the-line drum shells.
Mahogany is used for the wooden bars of marimbas.
There has been some research into the acaricidal effects of its leaves and bark for control of the honey bee pest Varroa destructor.[18]
Before the American Revolution, botanists from Europe had explored and described the flora of the Carolinas, Florida, and the Bahamas. Fifty-six years before naturalist and illustrator John James Audubon was born, Volume Two of Mark Catesby's folio sized natural history was published in 1729.[11] Catesby's hand-colored plate of the mahogany tree, along with a description in English and French (not Latin as might have been expected), was the basis for Linnaeus using his new binomial nomenclature to name it.[7] When Linnaeus' description was published in 1758 as Cedrela mahagoni,[19] mahogany had been well known for more than 200 years to the lumber and woodworking trades. Two years later, Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin reclassified it and placed the West Indies Mahogany Tree into his newly created genus, Swietenia.[20] His classification still stands.
Swietenia mahagoni is a medium-sized semi-evergreen tree growing to 30–35 metres (98–115 ft) tall. The leaves are pinnate, 12–25 centimetres (4.7–9.8 in) long, with four to eight leaflets, each leaflet 5–6 centimetres (2.0–2.4 in) long and 2–3 centimetres (0.79–1.18 in) broad; there is no terminal leaflet. The flowers are small, produced in panicles. The fruit is a woody capsule 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) long and 3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) broad, containing numerous winged seeds.[4]
The bark in younger specimens is smooth and grayish, becoming darker and furrowed with age. In the U.S. mahoganies are semi-deciduous, losing all or most of their leaves over winter or shedding at the flush of new growth in spring. New leaves emerge blood red to pinkish, quickly becoming a bright, light green and darkening as they mature.
In the Florida Keys and south Florida, the species grows at the northern extent of its range, with individuals reaching 10–15 metres (33–49 ft) tall.
Supplies of S. mahagoni are very rare due to historic over-harvesting, and most mahogany marketed now comes from other related species, often with faster growth but of lower wood quality.[4]
It is also grown as an ornamental tree in subtropical and tropical regions.
Since 1954 the United States government has owned and maintained a 147-acre observation plot of secondary growth S. mahagoni at Estate Thomas on St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands. It is managed jointly by the International Institute of Tropical Forestry with an adjoining privately owned tree farm at Estate Bellevue which belongs to the testamentary estate of Dr. Richard Marshall Bond, a biologist who supervised the establishment of the federal tree farm at Estate Thomas.[21]
West Indian mahogany is native to southern Florida, and is protected by state, federal and international conservation laws. The species is nationally protected both in Cuba and the Dominican Republic.
Among various provisions, the Lacey Act of 1900 prohibits trade in plants that have been illegally taken, transported or sold, and requires a documented chain of possession for plant products sold in the United States. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) lists S. mahagoni in Appendix II (only saw-logs, sawn wood and veneers). The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies S. mahogani as Near Threatened. National assessments marked S. mahagoni as Least Concern in Cuba, Critically Endangered in the Cayman Islands, and Vulnerable in the Dominican Republic.[1] NatureServe considers S. mahagoni to be Vulnerable in Florida. S. mahagoni is also listed as "Threatened" in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act.
Swietenia mahagoni, commonly known as American mahogany, Cuban mahogany, small-leaved mahogany, and West Indian mahogany, is a species of Swietenia native to the broader Caribbean bioregion. It is the species from which the original mahogany wood was produced. Mahogany is grown as a plantation tree and sold in timber markets in Kerala, India. Swietenia mahagoni is listed as "Threatened" in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. It is the national tree of the Dominican Republic.
La caoba de las Indias occidentales o de Cuba, (Swietenia mahagoni) es un especie botánica de árbol perteneciente a la familia Meliaceae. Otros nombres autóctonos son: Acajou, Chiculte, Mahogany, Mogno, Orura, Palo Zopilote.[2] En Ecuador y Perú recibe el nombre de aguano.[3]
Es el árbol nacional de la República Dominicana por medio de la ley 146 del 13 de julio de 2011, con la que se adoptó la caoba como símbolo que representa a dicho país. 1.
Es un árbol grande con una corona ancha, densa y simétrica y un fuste recto con contrafuertes en la base. Puede alcanzar 25 m de altura con un diámetro de tronco de más de 6 dm, pero tales ejemplares son raros. La mayoría de estas caobas no pasan de 9-13 m con copas de 6-10 m de anchura. Es un árbol semideciduo que pierde sus viejas hojas al fin del invierno justo al momento de crecer nuevas. Puede estar defoliado por una o dos semanas. Las hojas son únicas frente a las especies del Nuevo Mundo: son compuestas pinnadas, con 3-4 pares de folíolos asimétricos y no tiene foliolo al tope. Las hojas nuevas son rojo púrpuras, y rápidamente tornan a amarillo verdosas. Produce flores pequeñas, fragantes, inconspicuas, en las ramas del año, luego que emergen las hojas, y tanto las masculinas como las femeninas están en el mismo pie (monoicas). Los frutos, conspicuos, son cápsulas leñosas de 5 lóbulos, de 11-14 cm de largo. Persisten las brácteas hasta la caída de las hojas en la siguiente primavera, cuando comienzan a abrirse expulsando abundante simiente alada, con vanos papilosos, de 5 cm de largo, dispersados por el viento.
Es un árbol popular para avenidas, y de sombra; en parques y áreas comerciales. En calles se los separa usualmente a 9 m entre sí. Produce una leve sombra y no mata el pasto u otras plantas debajo de ellos. Soporta fuertes vientos, y moderadamente tolerante a sal en la atmósfera y en suelos salinos. Apto para costas marinas.
Su madera es una de las más valiosas del comercio mundial. Fue la primera madera embarcada hacia Europa en el s. XVI. (Hoy la mayoría es de la caoba de Honduras (Swietenia macrophylla), procedente de la selva tropical de América Central y de Sudamérica.) Madera dura, rojiza. Con este material noble, la caoba, diseñaron su artístico mobiliario los tres grandes ebanistas de la carpintería inglesa: Chippendale, Hepplewhite y Sheraton, entre los siglos XVII y XVIII. Sus muebles valen fortunas hoy.
Swietenia mahagoni fue descrito por (L.) Jacq. y publicado en Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum, quas in insulis Caribaeis 20. 1760.[4]
La caoba de las Indias occidentales o de Cuba, (Swietenia mahagoni) es un especie botánica de árbol perteneciente a la familia Meliaceae. Otros nombres autóctonos son: Acajou, Chiculte, Mahogany, Mogno, Orura, Palo Zopilote. En Ecuador y Perú recibe el nombre de aguano.
Es el árbol nacional de la República Dominicana por medio de la ley 146 del 13 de julio de 2011, con la que se adoptó la caoba como símbolo que representa a dicho país. 1.
Kaoba (Swietenia mahagoni) Swietenia generoko zuhaitza da, hegoaldeko Floridan, Bahametan, Kuban, Jamaikan eta Hispaniolan jatorria duena.[1] Espezie hau zurgintzan oso aintzat hartua den izen bereko zura lortzeko lehendabizikoz ustiatu zuten.[2]
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Kaoba (Swietenia mahagoni) Swietenia generoko zuhaitza da, hegoaldeko Floridan, Bahametan, Kuban, Jamaikan eta Hispaniolan jatorria duena. Espezie hau zurgintzan oso aintzat hartua den izen bereko zura lortzeko lehendabizikoz ustiatu zuten.
Karibianaitomahonki[3] (Swietenia mahagoni) on aitomahonkien sukuun (Swietenia) kuuluva puu. Sitä käytetään koristepuuna trooppisella ja subtrooppisella vyöhykkeellä.
Karibianaitomahonki saavuttaa keskimäärin 30–35 metrin korkeuden. Lehdet ovat suippoja, kiiltäviä ja suurehkoja, noin 12–25 cm pitkiä. Kukat ovat pieniä. Hedelmät ovat pieniä, 5–10 cm pitkiä ja 3–6 cm leveitä kapseleita joissa on sisällä lukuisia pieniä siivekkäitä siemeniä.
Karibianaitomahonki kasvaa Länsi-Intiassa (Floridan eteläosissa, Kuuban, Jamaikan ja Haitin saarilla) ja Etelä-Amerikassa luontaisena plantaasien ja sademetsien laidoilla, mutta karibianaitomahonkia viljellään puutavaraksi ja koristepuuksi pieniä määriä Kaakkois-Aasiassa ja Intiassa. Karibianaitomahonkia on kaadettu liikaa ja siksi laji onkin erittäin uhanalainen (IUCN).[4][5] Kaiken Amerikasta, Kaakkois-Aasiasta ja Intiasta tulevan viljellyn karibanaitomahongin kaupallinen käyttö on kielletty CITES-sopimuksella.
Karibianaitomahongista saadaan alkuperäisintä ja hienointa mahonkia.
Karibianaitomahongin lehtiä.
Karibianaitomahongin runkoa.
1800-luvun piirros karibianaitomahongista.
Karibianaitomahonki (Swietenia mahagoni) on aitomahonkien sukuun (Swietenia) kuuluva puu. Sitä käytetään koristepuuna trooppisella ja subtrooppisella vyöhykkeellä.
Swietenia mahagoni, l'acajou d'Amérique, acajou des Antilles ou acajou de Cuba, est un arbre de la famille des Meliaceae.
Swietenia mahagoni est présent dans les Antilles, à Cuba, en Jamaïque, à Saint-Domingue, ainsi qu'en Floride. Il est introduit dans d'autres pays.
Cet arbre a été lourdement exploité aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles pour l'exportation de son bois (particulièrement en Europe) pour la construction navale et la réalisation de meubles de qualité. Il est aujourd'hui en voie de disparition dans son habitat naturel. Il n'est cependant pas rare comme arbre d'ornement ou de plantation sylvicole dans beaucoup de pays du monde
Tronc et feuillages.
Détail du tronc.
Inflorescence.
Fruit: Pomme d'acajou.
Swietenia mahagoni, l'acajou d'Amérique, acajou des Antilles ou acajou de Cuba, est un arbre de la famille des Meliaceae.
Prawy mahagonijowc (Swietenia mahagoni) je štom ze swójby melijowcowych rostlinow (Meliaceae). Dalše mjeno je mahonjowc.
Prawy mahagonijowc (Swietenia mahagoni) je štom ze swójby melijowcowych rostlinow (Meliaceae). Dalše mjeno je mahonjowc.
Mahoni adalah anggota suku Meliaceae yang mencakup 50 genera dan 550 spesies tanaman kayu.[1]
Mahoni termasuk pohon besar dengan tinggi pohon mencapai 35–40 m dan diameter mencapai 125 cm.[2] Batang lurus berbentuk silindris dan tidak berbanir.[2] Kulit luar berwarna cokelat kehitaman, beralur dangkal seperti sisik, sedangkan kulit batang berwarna abu-abu dan halus ketika masih muda, berubah menjadi cokelat tua, beralur dan mengelupas setelah tua.[2] Mahoni baru berbunga setelah berumur 7 tahun, mahkota bunganya silindris, kuning kecoklatan, benang sari melekat pada mahkota, kepala sari putih, kuning kecoklatan.[3] Buahnya buah kotak, bulat telur, berlekuk lima, warnanya cokelat. Biji pipih, warnanya hitam atau cokelat.[4] Mahoni dapat ditemukan tumbuh liar di hutan jati dan tempat-tempat lain yang dekat dengan pantai, atau ditanam di tepi jalan sebagai pohon pelindung.[5] Tanaman yang asalnya dari Hindia Barat ini, dapat tumbuh subur bila tumbuh di pasir payau dekat dengan pantai.[6]
Pohon mahoni bisa mengurangi polusi udara sekitar 47% - 69% sehingga disebut sebagai pohon pelindung sekaligus filter udara dan daerah tangkapan air.[7] Daun-daunnya bertugas menyerap polutan-polutan di sekitarnya. Sebaliknya, dedaunan itu akan melepaskan oksigen (O2) yang membuat udara di sekitarnya menjadi segar.[7] Ketika hujan turun, tanah dan akar-akar pepohonan itu akan mengikat air yang jatuh, sehingga menjadi cadangan air.[7] Buah mahoni mengandung flavonoid dan saponin[8]. Buahnya dilaporkan dapat melancarkan peredaran darah sehingga para penderita penyakit yang menyebabkan tersumbatnya aliran darah disarankan memakai buah ini sebagai obat, mengurangi kolesterol, penimbunan lemak pada saluran darah, mengurangi rasa sakit, pendarahan dan lebam, serta bertindak sebagai antioksidan untuk menyingkirkan radikal bebas[8], mencegah penyakit sampar, mengurangi lemak di badan, membantu meningkatkan sistem kekebalan, mencegah pembekuan darah, serta menguatkan fungsi hati dan memperlambat proses pembekuan darah[9].
Sifat Mahoni yang dapat bertahan hidup di tanah gersang menjadikan pohon ini sesuai ditanam di tepi jalan. Bagi penduduk Indonesia khususnya Jawa, tanaman ini bukanlah tanaman yang baru, karena sejak zaman penjajahan Belanda mahoni dan rekannya, Pohon Asam, sudah banyak ditanam di pinggir jalan sebagai peneduh terutama di sepanjang jalan yang dibangun oleh Daendels antara Anyer sampai Panarukan. Sejak 20 tahun terakhir ini, tanaman mahoni mulai dibudidayakan karena kayunya mempunyai nilai ekonomis yang cukup tinggi. Kualitas kayunya keras dan sangat baik untuk meubel, furnitur, barang-barang ukiran dan kerajinan tangan. Sering juga dibuat penggaris karena sifatnya yang tidak mudah berubah. Kualitas kayu mahoni berada sedikit dibawah kayu jati sehingga sering dijuluki sebagai primadona kedua dalam pasar kayu. Pemanfaatan lain dari tanaman mahoni adalah kulitnya dipergunakan untuk mewarnai pakaian. Kain yang direbus bersama kulit mahoni akan menjadi kuning dan tidak mudah luntur. Sedangkan getah mahoni yang disebut juga blendok dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan baku lem, dan daun mahoni untuk pakan ternak.[10]
Ekstrak biji pohon mahoni juga dapat digunakan sebagai pestisida nabati untuk mengendalikan hama pada pertanaman kubis, yaitu Plutella xylostella dan Crocidolomia binolalis khususnya pada saat hama berada pada stadia larva. Penggunaan insektisida botani merupakan salah satu alternatif pengendalian yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi dampak negatif akibat penggunaan insektisida sintetik yang tidak bijaksana.[11][12][13]
Mahoni dapat tumbuh dengan subur di pasir payau dekat dengan pantai dan menyukai tempat yang cukup sinar matahari langsung. Tanaman ini termasuk jenis tanaman yang mampu bertahan hidup di tanah gersang sekalipun. Walaupun tidak disirami selama berbulan-bulan, mahoni masih mampu untuk bertahan hidup.[10] Syarat lokasi untuk budi daya mahoni diantaranya adalah ketinggian lahan maksimum 1.500 meter dpl, curah hujan 1.524-5.085 mm/tahun, dan suhu udara 11-36 C.[14]
Mahoni adalah anggota suku Meliaceae yang mencakup 50 genera dan 550 spesies tanaman kayu.
Swietenia mahagoni (Anglice West Indian mahogany) est species Swieteniae, in Florida meridiana, Cuba, Iamaica, Hispaniola, et Insulis Bahamensibus endemica.[1]
Lex "Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act" plantam threatened appellat.[2] Flos est civilis Reipublicae Dominicanae flos.
Swietenia mahagani est semisempervirens arbor magnitudinis mediae, ad 30–35 m alta. Folia sunt pinnata, 12–25 cm longa, quattuor ad octo foliolis, etiam foliolo 5–6 cm longo et 2–3 cm lato; foliolum terminale abest. Flores sunt parvi, paniculis geniti. Fructus est capsula lignea 5–10 cm longa et 3–6 cm lata, numerosa semina alata continens.[1]
Cortex speciminum iuvenium est laevis et cinerascens, maturitate fuscans. In Civitatibus Foederatis, plantae sunt semi-deciduae, omnia vel plurima folia hieme amittentes, vel folia novo auctu vere effundentes. Nova folia sunt sanguinea ad rosea.
In Martyribus et Florida meridiana, species septentrionalissimos suae distributionis geographicae fines attingit, ubi singulae ad 10–15 m crescunt.
Planta ut arbor ornamentalis in regionibus subtropicis et tropicis colitur. Ligno duro protest.
Haec stipula ad biologiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes! Swietenia mahagoni (Anglice West Indian mahogany) est species Swieteniae, in Florida meridiana, Cuba, Iamaica, Hispaniola, et Insulis Bahamensibus endemica.
Lex "Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act" plantam threatened appellat. Flos est civilis Reipublicae Dominicanae flos.
Mahoniowiec właściwy (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.) – gatunek liściastego drzewa z rodziny meliowatych. Pochodzi z Ameryki Środkowej i basenu Morza Karaibskiego. Dostarcza twardego drewna o łatwej obrabialności. Jest ono dość wytrzymałe na ściskanie, rozciąganie i gięcie. Stanowi surowiec na wyroby stolarskie, wykorzystywany jest do rzeźbiarstwa, na boazerie, jak również w lotnictwie na śmigła lotnicze[3].
Mahoniowiec właściwy (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.) – gatunek liściastego drzewa z rodziny meliowatych. Pochodzi z Ameryki Środkowej i basenu Morza Karaibskiego. Dostarcza twardego drewna o łatwej obrabialności. Jest ono dość wytrzymałe na ściskanie, rozciąganie i gięcie. Stanowi surowiec na wyroby stolarskie, wykorzystywany jest do rzeźbiarstwa, na boazerie, jak również w lotnictwie na śmigła lotnicze.
Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., conhecida pelos nomes comuns de mogno e mogno-das-índias-ocidentais, é uma espécie de árvore do género Swietenia da família Meliaceae, nativa do sul da Flórida e das ilhas das Caraíbas, incluindo as Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica e Hispaniola.[2] Foi a partir desta espécie que se iniciou na Europa ocidental o uso da madeira actualmente comercializada sob a designação comercial de mogno.[3] O estado de conservação da espécie Swietenia mahagoni está listado como "espécie em perigo" na Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act (Lei de Preservação da Flora Nativa da Flórida), a legislação que regula a manutenção da biodiversidade vegetal na Flórida.[4]
Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., conhecida pelos nomes comuns de mogno e mogno-das-índias-ocidentais, é uma espécie de árvore do género Swietenia da família Meliaceae, nativa do sul da Flórida e das ilhas das Caraíbas, incluindo as Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica e Hispaniola. Foi a partir desta espécie que se iniciou na Europa ocidental o uso da madeira actualmente comercializada sob a designação comercial de mogno. O estado de conservação da espécie Swietenia mahagoni está listado como "espécie em perigo" na Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act (Lei de Preservação da Flora Nativa da Flórida), a legislação que regula a manutenção da biodiversidade vegetal na Flórida.
Dái ngựa, Xà cừ Tây Ấn, dái ngựa Tây Ấn hay Nhạc ngựa. danh pháp khoa học Swietenia mahagoni, là một loài trong chi Dái ngựa (Swietenia) của họ Xoan (Meliaceae). Loài này được Carl von Linné miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]. Chúng là loài bản địa miền nam Florida, Cuba, Jamaica và Hispaniola.[2]
Nó là cây thân gỗ với lá bán thường xanh, kích thước trung bình, có thể cao tới 30–35 m. Các lá kép lông chim chẵn, dài 12–25 cm, với 4 tới 8 lá chét, mỗi lá chét dài 5–6 cm và rộng 2–3 cm; không có lá chét ở đầu cùng. Hoa nhỏ, mọc thành chùy hoa ở nách lá. Quả là dạng quả nang hóa gỗ hình trứng ngược, dài 5–10 cm và rộng 3–6 cm, chứa nhiều hạt có cánh.[2]
Swietenia mahagoni là loài mà từ đó người ta sản xuất gỗ dái ngựa thật sự. Sự cung ứng gỗ dái ngựa hiện nay đã trở nên rất khan hiếm do thu hoạch thái quá và những loại gỗ dái ngựa buôn bán trên thị trường hiện nay thực ra là từ các loài khác có quan hệ họ hàng gần, thường là lớn nhanh nhưng chất lượng gỗ kém hơn.[2]. Gỗ đỏ hồng, thớ mịn, dùng làm đồ mộc, gỗ dán, đóng xe, tàu thuyền v.v.
Nó cũng được trồng làm cây tạo cảnh quan và lấy bóng mát trong một số khu vực thuộc vùng nhiệt đới và cận nhiệt đới.
Lá
Vỏ cây
Dái ngựa, Xà cừ Tây Ấn, dái ngựa Tây Ấn hay Nhạc ngựa. danh pháp khoa học Swietenia mahagoni, là một loài trong chi Dái ngựa (Swietenia) của họ Xoan (Meliaceae). Loài này được Carl von Linné miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.. Chúng là loài bản địa miền nam Florida, Cuba, Jamaica và Hispaniola.
Nó là cây thân gỗ với lá bán thường xanh, kích thước trung bình, có thể cao tới 30–35 m. Các lá kép lông chim chẵn, dài 12–25 cm, với 4 tới 8 lá chét, mỗi lá chét dài 5–6 cm và rộng 2–3 cm; không có lá chét ở đầu cùng. Hoa nhỏ, mọc thành chùy hoa ở nách lá. Quả là dạng quả nang hóa gỗ hình trứng ngược, dài 5–10 cm và rộng 3–6 cm, chứa nhiều hạt có cánh.
小葉桃花心木（学名：Swietenia mahagoni），又名西印度群島桃花心木，是原產於美國科羅拉多州、巴哈馬群島、古巴、牙買加及伊斯帕尼奧拉島的一種桃花心木。[2]
中等大小的常綠喬木，高達30-35米；树皮淡红色，鳞片状剥落；偶数羽状复叶，長12-25厘米，有4-8对革质卵形或卵状披针形的小葉，每塊小葉長5-6厘米及闊2-3厘米，沒有頂端小葉；春夏开白色花，圆锥花序生于叶腋，花細小，有花柄；卵形大蒴果，有木質的殼，5瓣裂，長5-10厘米及闊3-6厘米，內含大量有翅的種子。[2]
小葉桃花心木是真正的桃花心木。由於過度砍伐，其供應已受到影響及變得稀少。現時的桃花心木多是來自其他生長較快但木質較差的物種。[2]
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