Broad-scale Impacts of Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fire wounds can increase a tree's susceptibility to insects and decay by
weakening the plant and providing entry points. Compared with other
hardwoods, white ash is moderately susceptible to fire-damage-induced
decay [
33].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
prescribed fireThe Research Project Summaries
Effects of surface fires in a mixed red and
eastern white pine stand in Michigan and
Early postfire effects of a prescribed
fire in the southern Appalachians of North Carolina provides information on
prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species, including white ash,
that was not available when this species review was originally written.
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
white ash
Biltmore ash
Biltmore white ash
cane ash
small-seed white ash
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverWhite ash provides hiding and thermal cover for a variety of mammals and
birds. The degree to which white ash provides environmental protection
during one or more seasons for wildlife species in several eastern
states has been rated as follows [
26,
27,
28]:
ME PA WV MI KY
White-tailed deer good good good good good
Small mammals good good good good good
Small nongame birds good good good good good
upland game birds good good good good good
Waterfowl good good good good good
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
dioecious,
treeWhite ash is a native, deciduous, long-lived tree [
30]. Leaves are
compound, 8 to 15 inches (20-38 cm) in length, and usually have seven
oval, entire leaflets [
17]. White ash is dioecious. The male flowers
bloom first, before the leaf buds break. The pollen is already airborne
during the 7 to 10 days when the female flowers are receptive [
10,
32].
The flowers are borne in panicles near branch tips. White ash will
start to flower when it is 3 to 4 inches (8-10 cm) in d.b.h., but
abundant flowering does not occur until the tree is 8 to 10 inches
(20-25 cm) [
10].
White ash obtains heights of 60 to 70 feet (18-21 m). The bole is long,
straight and free of branches for most of its length, and the crown is
narrow and pyramidal when grown in a mixed stand. Open-grown specimens
have a short bole with a rounded crown [
17].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
White ash inhabits eastern North America. It occurs from Nova Scotia
west to eastern Minnesota and south to Texas and northern Florida [
23].
It is cultivated in Hawaii [
34].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
root crownWhite ash resprouts from the root crown after fire [
21].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
chamaephyte,
geophyte,
phanerophyte Undisturbed State: Phanerophyte (megophanerophyte)
Undisturbed State: Chamaephyte
Burned or Clipped State: Chamaephyte
Burned or Clipped State: Cryptophyte (geophyte)
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
White ash grows best on deep, well-drained, moist soils with other
hardwoods [
17]. In the Northeast white ash occurs on middle mesophytic
slopes, and it is reduced or lacking on dry, cold ridges and
mountaintops. White ash occurs on slightly elevated ridges in the
floodplains of major streams in the Coastal Plain and on slopes along
major streams in the Central States [
27].
Soil: White ash has a strong affinity for soils high in nitrogen and
calcium [
27].
Climate: Climate varies widely within white ash's range. The
frost-free period ranges from 90 to 270 days. Annual precipitation
ranges from 30 to 60 inches (76-152 cm) per year. Snow depths vary from
0 to more than 100 inches (254 cm) [
27].
Elevation: White ash grows from near sea level on the Coastal Plain to
3,450 feet (1,050 m) in the Cumberland Mountains [
27].
Associates: White ash's primary associates are eastern white pine
(Pinus strobus), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Q. alba),
sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (A. rubrum), yellow birch
(Betula alleghaniensis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), black
cherry (Prunus serotina), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and yellow
poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) [
27].
Understory associates are downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea),
pawpaw (Asimina triloba), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana),
flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya
virginiana) [
27].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swamp 19 Gray birch - red maple
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
42 Bur oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow poplar
58 Yellow poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
63 Cottonwood
64 Sassafras - persimmon
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
87 Sweet gum - yellow poplar
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forest K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K084 Cross Timbers
K089 Black Belt
K090 Live oak - sea oats
K091 Cypress savanna
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fire kills the aboveground stem and crown of white ash [
21].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
treeWhite ash is an important source of browse and cover for livestock and
wildlife. The samaras are good forage for the wood duck, northern
bobwhite, purple finch, pine grosbeak, fox squirrel, and mice, and many
other birds and small mammals [
27]. White ash is browsed mostly in the
summer by white-tailed deer and cattle [
22]. The bark of young trees is
occasionally used as food by beaver, porcupine, and rabbits [
27].
White ash's ability to readily form trunk cavities if the top is broken
and its large d.b.h. (24 to 48 inches [61-122 cm]) at maturity make it
highly valuable for primary cavity nesters such as red-headed,
red-bellied, and pileated woodpeckers. Once the primary nest excavators
have opened up the bole of the tree, it is excellent habitat for
secondary nesters such as wood ducks, owls, nuthatches, and gray
squirrels [
7].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
habitat typeCoffman and others [
6] list white ash as a dominant and an indicator in
the habitat type classification of upper Michigan and northwestern
Wisconsin.
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
natural,
seed,
treeWhite ash is susceptible to a variety of natural and man-made pathogens.
Ash decline (also called ash dieback or ash yellows) has increased over
the last 40 years and is especially prevalent in New York, Pennsylvania,
and Vermont. Mortality rates are as high as 90 percent in some areas of
New York. Nearly all of the ash decline from 1980 to 1986 occurred in
areas with high levels of atmospheric deposition of sulfur (S0x) and
nitrous (NOx) oxides. Although there is no concrete evidence that acid
deposition is the causal agent, it can not be dismissed [
23]. Ash
decline probably results from multiple factors--the disease, ash
yellows, caused by a mycoplasmalike organism; canker fungi (Fusicoccum
spp.); viruses; acid deposition; and drought [
16]. Maintaining good
tree vigor is the primary control recommendation. Preventative measures
that seem to abate ash decline include [
16]: watering, fertilizing,
applying fungicide, covering wounds with a fungicide-augmented dressing,
and avoiding planting white ash in areas of high acid deposition.
White ash has been found to be sensitive to ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide
(SO2), and acid deposition. Chappelka and others [
3] found that total
biomass was reduced 14 percent after exposure to these atmospheric
contaminants. Visible evidence is characterized by initial purple-white
stippling on the adaxial leaf surface which turns into necrotic lesions.
This occurred on 66 percent of the plants.
White ash varies in cold hardiness with the latitude of origin. Trees
grown in the North have a lower lethal temperatures than those from the
South. When revegetating an area, seed and seedlings must be procured
from a source that is climatically and geographically similar [
1,
13].
Clark and Schroeder [
4] have developed equations to calculate the green
volume, green weight, and dry weight of white ash.
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
White ash browse has a low protein content and low phosphorus:calcium
ratio, giving it a poor nutritional rating in the winter; however, in
the spring and summer the protein content increases to 7.7 percent,
increasing its rating to fair [
19].
The nutrient values for white ash browse collected on January 16 were as
follows (data presented is in percent composition) [
19].
N-free
Protein Fat Fiber Extract Ash Phosphorus Calcium
3.47 0.95 37.56 40.90 2.12 0.07 0.74
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL CT DE FL GA HI IL IN IA KS
KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO NE
NH NJ NC OH OK PA RI SC TN TX
VT VA WV WI NB NS ON PQ
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeThe juice from the leaves of white ash can be applied topically to
mosquito bites for relief of swelling and itching [
17]. White ash has a
specialized use as a prophylactic measure for snake bite. If one
carries the crushed leaves in his/her pockets the odor has been "proved"
offensive to rattlesnakes [
27].
Open-grown white ash is useful as a shade and ornamental tree [
17].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The palatability of white ash browse for deer and cattle varies from
poor in the fall and winter to fair in the summer [
22]. The samaras are
good forage in the fall [
27].
The relish and the degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species
for white ash in several eastern states has been rated as follows
[
22,
27]:
ME PA WV MI KY
Cattle fair fair fair fair fair
White-tailed deer fair fair fair fair fair
Small mammals good good good good good
Small nongame birds good good good good good
Upland game birds good good good good good
Waterfowl good good good good good
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
fruitWhite ash flower buds break dormancy from April to May, with the
vegetative buds breaking immediately after the flowers [
27,
30]. The
fruit ripens from August to October [
24], and seeds are dispersed from
August to November [
2].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
McGee [
21] found that after fires of varying intensity in a stand of
5-year-old saplings the number of white ash stems per acre increased as
follows:
Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4
Burn Burn No Burn Burn
Moderate Light Control Severe
Saplings 424 215 123 109
Postfire increase +91 +66 +13 +42
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
caudex,
root crown,
secondary colonizer,
seed survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
secondary colonizer; off-site seed carried to site after year 2
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
epigeal,
forest,
litter,
root crown,
stratificationSexual: White ash samaras remain viable on the forest floor for 3 to 4
years [
5]. The samaras require cold stratification; in the laboratory
stratification at 41 to 14 degrees F (5 to -10 degrees C) for 2 to 3
months resulted in a mean germination of 54 percent. Germination is
epigeal and can occur on mineral soil, humus, or leaf litter, but the
substrate must be moist [
27].
Vegetative: White ash resprouts from the root crown after logging or
fire. Sprouting ability decreases with age [
27].
Silviculture: Young stands (5 to 10 years) respond to the addition of
nitrogen and thinning by increasing the number of stems per acre and
increasing in height growth by 1 to 2 feet (0.3-0.6 m) [
15], whereas
older stands (35 to 85 years) do not exhibit increased growth from
fertilization or release [
8].
White ash responds well to shelterwood cutting. Advanced regeneration
grows best with 60 percent of the overstory removed [
14].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
14 Great Plains
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
successionWhite ash is a pioneer species. It is characteristic of early and
intermediate stages of succession. Although mature white ash is
classified as shade intolerant, the seedlings are shade tolerant. A
seedling can survive at less than 3 percent of full sunlight for a few
years. This attribute allows the species to regenerate in gaps [
27].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of white ash is Fraxinus
americana L. [
29]. White ash is in the Oleaceae (olive) family [
27].
Currently recognized varieties of white ash are [
24]:
F. americana var. americana
F. americana var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J. Wright
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
reclamationWhite ash has been used in Ohio, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania in the
reclamation of surface coal mines, with 45 percent survival after 30
years. White ash should be planted in mixtures with other hardwoods;
interplanting with European alder (Alnus glutimosa) nearly doubled the
height and d.b.h. of white ash on a site in eastern Kentucky. White ash
seedlings are recommended for planting; direct seeding in Ohio produced
poor results. On acid spoils the lower pH limit for white ash is 4.0
[
31].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The wood of white ash is economically important due to its strength,
hardness, weight, and shock resistance [
17]. It is second only to
hickory (Carya spp.) for use in the production of tool handles. Nearly
all wooden baseball bats are made from white ash [
11]. The wood is also
used in furniture, antique vehicle parts, railroad cars and ties, canoe
paddles, snowshoes [
23], boats, doors, and cabinets [
30].
- citação bibliográfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Fraxinus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
White ash is a major component in the forest cover type White
Pine-Northern Red Oak-Red Maple (Society of American Foresters
Type 20) and is a common associate in 25 other forest cover types
(4):
19 Gray Birch-Red Maple
21 Eastern White Pine
22 White Pine-Hemlock
23 Eastern Hemlock
24 Hemlock-Yellow Birch
25 Sugar Maple-Beech-Yellow Birch
26 Sugar Maple-Basswood
27 Sugar Maple
28 Black Cherry-Maple
33 Red Spruce-Balsam Fir
39 Black Ash-American Elm-Red Maple
42 Bur Oak
52 White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak
53 White Oak
55 Northern Red Oak
57 Yellow-Poplar
58 Yellow-Poplar-Eastern Hemlock
59 Yellow-Poplar-White Oak-Northern Red Oak
60 Beech-Sugar Maple
63 Cottonwood
64 Sassafras-Persimmon
80 Loblolly Pine--Shortleaf Pine
82 Loblolly Pine-Hardwood
87 Sweetgum-Yellow-Poplar
91 Swamp Chestnut Oak-Cherrybark Oak
Some of the primary associates of white ash include eastern white
pine (Pinus strobus), northern red oak (Quercus
rubra), white oak (Q. alba), sugar maple (Acer
saccharum), red maple (A. rubrum), yellow birch (Betula
alleghaniensis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), black
cherry (Prunus serotina), American basswood (Tilia
americana), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), American
elm (Ulmus americana), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera). Understory shrubs and small trees frequently
found growing with ash are downy serviceberry (Amelanchier
arborea), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), American hornbeam
(Carpinus caroliniana), flowering dogwood (Cornus
florida), witch-hazel (Hamamelis uirginiana), eastern
hophornbeam (Ostrya uirginiana), and mapleleaf viburnum
(Viburnum acerifolium).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Climate
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
The climate varies greatly within the natural range of this
species. The length of the frost-free period is from 90 to 270
days. Mean January temperatures range from -14° C (7°
F) to 12° C (54° F) and the mean annual minimum
temperatures range from -34° C (-30° F) to -5° C
(23° F). Mean July temperatures range from 18° C (64°
F) to 27° C (81° F). The average annual precipitation
is between 760 and 1520 mm (30 and 60 in), and the snowfall is
from 0 to 250 cm (100 in).
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Damaging Agents
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Ash decline (also called ash dieback) is
the most serious problem affecting white ash. Especially
prevalent in the northeastern part of the tree's range, this
disease complex occurs from the Great Plains to the Atlantic
coast between 39 and 45 degrees north latitude (10). The disease,
ash yellows, caused by mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO), has been
found associated with most of the dying trees where ash decline
is conspicuous (9). However, since not all dying trees are
infected with MLO, ash decline is thought to result from multiple
causes. Drought-weakened trees may be invaded by cankercausing,
branch-girdling fungi such as Fusicoccum spp. and Cytophorna
pruinosa. Additional stresses that may be involved in the
etiology of ash decline are air pollution, leaf-spotting fungi,
and viruses. Control recommendations are based primarily on
maintaining good tree vigor (6).
Air pollution damages white ash. It is rated as sensitive to ozone
and is severely injured by stack gases from soft coal consumption
and from industrial processes, both of which emit sulfur dioxide.
Two leaf spot fungi, Mycosphaerella effigurata and M.
fraxinicola, are common in nurseries and in the forest
and cause premature defoliation of white ash. Anthracnose (Gloeosporium
aridum) also causes premature defoliation and is most serious
following exceptionally wet springs. An ash strain of tobacco
ringspot virus causes chlorotic areas on the leaves and has been
associated with ash dieback.
A rust (Puccinia peridermiospora) distorts petioles and
small twigs. Cankers caused by Nectria galligena may cause
branches to break but are rarely found on main stems. Heartwood
rots may be caused by Perenniporia fraxinophilus, Phellinus
igniarius, Pleurotus ostreatus, Tyromyces spraguei,
and Laetiporus sulphureus. These organisms usually enter
through wounds or broken branches, mainly on older trees.
Of 26 species of nematodes reported from the roots or root zones
of white ash, only one, Meloidogyne ovalis, has been
associated with root injury. However, nematodes can be vectors
for the ringspot virus (5).
Of the insect pests, the oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi)
is the most serious. Severe infestations cause yellowing of the
leaves, and if prolonged, may kill some trees. The cottony maple
scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) also attacks white ash.
The brownheaded ash sawfly (Tomostethus multicinctus) and
the blackheaded ash sawfly (Tethida cordigera) are defoliators
that are of concern mainly on ornamental trees. The forest tent
caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) and the green fruitworm
(Lithophane antennata) feed on forest trees and
occasionally cause complete defoliation within small geographic
areas. The larvae of sphingid moths-Sphinx chersis (the
great ash sphinx), S. kalmiae, and Ceratornia
undulosa-feed on the leaves of white ash, as does the
notched-wing geometer (Ennomos magnaria). The larvae of
two leaf roller moths, Sparganothis dilutocostana and
S. folgidipenna, also feed on ash.
The ash bark beetle (Leperisinus aculeatus) may cause
slight injury when the adults bore into the bark to hibernate.
The ash borer (Podosesia syringae) may seriously damage
young shade and shelterbelt trees. The ash and privet borer (Tylonotus
bimaculatus) attacks and kills branches, especially on older
trees. Both the red-headed ash borer (Neoclytus acurninatus)
andthe banded ash borer (N. caprea) colonize cut
logs and dead or dying trees (1).
White ash seedlings are easily damaged or destroyed by deer and
cattle browsing. Rabbits, beaver, and porcupine occasionally use
the bark of young trees for food.
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Flowering and Fruiting
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White ash is dioecious; flowers
appear with or just before the leaves in April and May. A good
seed crop is produced about every third year. The time between
the first noticeable enlargement of the male flower buds until
shedding is 2 to 3 weeks. Pollen shedding from an individual tree
usually takes 3 or 4 days. The pollen is carried by wind as far
as 100 in (328 ft) from the point of dispersion.
Female buds are completely open a few days after they begin to
swell. Exposed flowers remain receptive for about I week, but
once the stigmas discolor, the period of receptivity is past.
Abundant seed crops are borne by about half of the flowering
trees.
Good seeds are produced in all parts of the crown. Almost 99
percent of the fruits (samaras) contain one seed, about 1 percent
contain two, and a very small percent have twin embryos. Vigorous
trees may first flower when only 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) in
d.b.h., but white ash is usually 20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 in) in
d.b.h. before it flowers abundantly.
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Genetics
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Population Differences
White ash contains several phenotypic variants of leaf form that
appear to be genetically controlled even though they are randomly
distributed throughout the natural range. Chief among these are
9-leaflet, narrow-leaflet, blunt-leaflet, ascidiate leaflet,
partially pubescent, purple-keyed, and crinkle-leaf forms. A
purple leaf variant is vegetatively propagated and grown as an
ornamental.
White ash is a polyploid species. Diploids (2n=46) occur
throughout the species range but most tetraploids (2n=92) are
found south of latitude 35° N and hexaploids (2n=138) are
concentrated between latitude 35° and 40° N. Although
three ecotypes were previously recognized on the basis of
seedling morphology and ploidy level (15), recent work has shown
that the variation in several traits is closely related to
latitude. This clonal variation and the strong effects of ploidy
level on several other traits indicate that ecotypes probably do
not exist in white ash (2).
Hybrids
White ash and Texas ash (Fraxinus texensis (Gray) Sarg.)
intergrade in Texas. The pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda (Bush)
Bush) behaves in many respects as if it were a true breeding
hexaploid derivative of a cross between tetraploid white ash and
diploid green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.).
However, attempts have failed to artificially cross the two
species. It is likely that natural hybridization between white
ash and other species is extremely rare (16).
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Growth and Yield
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Depending on the amount of root
competition, a field-grown white ash tree in full sunlight may
take from 3 to 15 years to become 1.5 m (5 ft) tall. By then, its
root system is usually well established and white ash is able to
grow rapidly even if surrounded by weeds. Post-juvenile growth
rates of dominant and codominant trees in unthinned, even-aged
stands in central Massachusetts are as follows:
Age
D.b.h.
Height
(yr)
(cm)
(in)
(m)
(ft)
20
10
4
12
39
30
18
7
17
56
40
25
10
21
69
50
30
12
23
75
60
36
14
25
82
70
43
17
27
89
Yield tables are not available for white ash in pure stands.
However, for plantations in Canada ranging in age from 20 to 38
years, We growth of the dominant and codominant trees averaged 3
to 5 mm. (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year in diameter and 0.2 to 0.8 m
(0.7 to 2.6 ft) in height (13). In mixed Appalachian hardwood
stands, diameter growth ranged from 3 to 8 mm (0.1 to 0.3 in) per
year, depending on site quality and individual tree variation.
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Reaction to Competition
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White ash is a pioneer species
that establishes itself on fertile abandoned fields in several
parts of the country. In the Southeast, much of the abandoned
agricultural land is incapable of supporting white ash. On such
sites, white ash establishes itself only after some site
protection and improvement has been accomplished by pines.
However, pioneer ash often do not develop into good timber trees
unless other hardwoods or pines are also present to provide
competition and reduce branchiness.
Open-grown trees commonly remain single stemmed and fine branched
until they are 9 to 12 ni (30 to 40 ft) tall, although old
specimens can become as broad crowned as an elm. With even slight
crowding, the single-stemmed characteristic can easily be
maintained throughout a rotation. Shade-killed branches drop
quickly-small ones within a year or two and larger ones within 4
or 5 years (16).
Uninjured terminal buds suppress the growth of all lateral buds on
the current year's growth, and they suppress the growth of other
laterals to such an extent that each internode has only one pair
of branches that persist more than a few years. Even the
strongest lateral branches grow only half as fast as the terminal
except on old, open-grown trees. Little or no epicormic branching
occurs on the boles of released trees. The branches of dominant
trees emerge from the bole at about a 35° angle from the
vertical, whereas the branches of intermediate trees emerge at
about a 55° angle (16).
When young, white ash is a shade-tolerant tree. Seedlings can
survive under a canopy with less than 3 percent of full sunlight
but grow little under these conditions. Seedlings that receive
sufficient sunlight grow rapidly. With increasing age, white ash
becomes less tolerant of shade and is classed overall as
intolerant. The decrease in shade tolerance with increasing age
is reflected in the fact that young white ash is abundant in the
understory of northern hardwood stands, but few grow into the
overstory unless provided with light from above.
Despite its low shade tolerance, white ash is characteristic of
intermediate as well as early stages of natural plant succession.
Throughout its range it is a minor but constant component of both
the understory and overstory of mature forests on suitable soils.
It owes its position in the final overstory to its ability to
persist for a few years in moderately dense shade and to respond
quickly to openings in the canopy created by death or other
causes.
White ash can be maintained more easily in a dense stand than can
some of its more shade-intolerant associates, such as northern
red oak. In contrast, dominant or codominant white ash responds
readily to thinning and within a few years will increase its
crown area to take full advantage of any reasonable release (16).
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Rooting Habit
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White ash generally forms a taproot that in
turn branches into a few large roots that grow downward. From
these vertical roots, single lateral branches develop at
intervals. Intraspecific grafting is common. The distribution of
roots is strongly influenced by soil type. On a loamy sand, most
of the roots, both large and small, were in the A horizon. On a
fine sandy loam, the majority of the fine roots were in the B,
horizon, and the large roots equally in the A and B1.
Knowledge of mycorrhizal associations is limited. Gyrodon
merulioides has been reported on white ash. Seedlings
inoculated with the endomycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and
G. fasciculatus grew markedly better than nonmycorrhizal
controls (12).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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The seed is dispersed
by wind up to 140 in (460 ft) from the parent tree. White ash
seed has a very pronounced dormancy. Although the embryo is
completely developed morphologically at the time of seedfall
(September to December), the physiological state of the endosperm
and embryo inhibit germination. Seeds must be stratified under
moist conditions for 2 or 3 months before they will germinate,
and the average laboratory germination is 54 percent. The minimum
seed-bearing age is 20 years (14).
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Seedling Development
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Germination is epigeal. Natural
regeneration from seeds will occur if the soil, humus, or leaf
litter is wet in the spring. Under experimental conditions,
seedlings developed best in 45 percent of full sunlight (8). Thus
silvicultural systems that can provide sunlight, such as
shelterwood or clearcutting, have been recommended for white ash.
Photoperiodic response appears to vary with geographic location.
North Carolina seedlings showed no growth response to a 14.5-hour
daylength. In a Massachusetts test, however, northern seedlings
ceased height growth and dropped their leaves well before the
first frost, while southern seedlings continued height growth
until late autumn.
Vegetative buds begin to enlarge in April or May. Height growth is
90 percent complete in 30 days, and 100 percent complete in 60
days. Diameter growth generally continues until August.
Young white ash exhibits strong apical dominance. Thrifty
open-grown seedlings 2 in (6.6 ft) tall often have only two or
three pairs of lateral branches, and sometimes none. If the
terminal bud is removed, apical dominance is altered and new
branches develop from the uppermost pair of lateral buds.
Generally one of these grows faster than the other and soon
assumes apical control.
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Soils and Topography
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White ash has demanding soil fertility and soil moisture
requirements. These requirements may be provided by soils derived
from a variety of parent materials-limestone, basalt, shale,
alluvium, and fine glacial till. A large number of soil types may
support white ash, many of which are included in the Hapludalfs
and Fragiudalfs of the order Alfisols, Haplorthods and
Fragiorthods of the order Spodosols, and Dystrochrepts and
Fragiochrepts of the order Inceptisols (11).
White ash grows most commonly on fertile soils with a high
nitrogen content and a moderate to high calcium content. Nutrient
culture results show that an absence of nitrogen reduces seedling
dry weight by 38 percent compared to seedlings grown in complete
nutrient solution, and that calcium is the second most important
macroelement, followed by sulfur (3). Its pH tolerance varies
from 5.0 to 7.5.
Soil moisture is an important factor affecting local distribution.
Best growth occurs on moderately well drained soils, including
areas underlain by compacted glacial till; light textured, well
drained, glacial drift; and sandy to clay loam soils in which
roots can penetrate to a depth of 40 cm (16 in) or more. Although
rarely found in swamps, white ash is intermediately tolerant of
temporary flooding.
White ash is found in various topographic situations. It grows
from near sea level in the southeastern Coastal Plain to about
1050 m (3,450 ft) in the Cumberland Mountains and up to 600 m
(1,970 ft) in New York's Adirondack Mountains. In the hilly and
mountainous areas of the Northeast, it grows on the mesophytic
lower and middle slopes, usually stopping short of both the dry,
oak-pine ridgetops and the cold, spruce-fir mountain tops. In the
Coastal Plain, white ash usually is limited to the slightly
elevated ridges in the floodplains of major streams. In the
Central States it is most common on slopes along major streams,
less common in upland situations, and rarely found in the flat
bottoms of major streams or in depressions (16).
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Special Uses
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One of the earliest reported uses of white ash was as a snake bite
preventive. Ash leaves in a hunter's pocket or boots were "proved"
to be offensive to rattlesnakes and thereby provided protection
from them. Seeds of white ash are eaten by the wood duck, bob
white, purple finch, pine grosbeak, and fox squirrel. White ash
is used in yard, street, and roadside plantings and also has been
planted on strip mines with some success.
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Stumps of freshly cut seedling
and sapling white ash sprout readily. Usually only one or two
stems are produced. This species can be propagated by
conventional methods of budding, grafting, or layering. Even open
field and bench grafting of unpotted stock are highly successful.
Diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid white ash have all been
successfully grafted on diploid stock.
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Distribution
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White ash grows naturally from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, to
northern Florida in the east, and to eastern Minnesota south to
eastern Texas at the western edge of its range (7).
-The native range of white ash.
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Brief Summary
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)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Oleaceae -- Olive family
Richard C. Schlesinger
White ash (Fraxinus americana), also called Biltmore ash
or Biltmore white ash, is the most common and useful native ash
but is never a dominant species in the forest. It grows best on
rich, moist, well-drained soils to medium size. Because white ash
wood is tough, strong, and highly resistant to shock, it is
particularly sought for handles, oars, and baseball bats. The
winged seeds provide food for many kinds of birds.
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Fraxinus americana
(
Asturiano
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fornecido por wikipedia AST
Fraxinus americana, el Fresnu blancu americanu,[1] fresnu americanu o fresnu blancu, ye una de les más conocíes especies del Xéneru Fraxinus, d'hasta 35 m d'altor. Ye nativu del este de Norteamérica, atopáu en forestas mesófitas dende Quebec a norte de Florida.
Descripción
La madera ye clara, fuerte, granosa. El nome inglés de Ceniza Blanca aparentemente deriva del viesu glauco de les fueyes. Les fueyes tienen de 2 a 3 cm de llargu, compuestes pinnaes con 7 (dacuando 5 ó 9) folíolos, de 6 a 13 cm de llargu. Tornen amarellentaes, coloraes o púrpures na seronda. Los cultivares que tienen bien marcáu'l color serondiegu son 'Autumn Applause' y 'Autumn Purple'.
Esti árbol, ye deciduo, con fustes separaos fema y machu. El floriamientu asocede en primavera dempués de 30 a 55 díes gráu de crecedera. El frutu ye una sámara de 3 a 5 cm de llargu, la grana de 1,5 a 2 cm con una nala pardu maciu de 1,5 a 3 cm de long., y puede ser abasnáu pol vientu a bona distancia.
La vida d'estos árboles ye d'alredor de 100 años.
Ye bona madera pa bates de béisbol y pa ferramientes de mano.
El fresnu ye bien similar n'apariencia al Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall 1785, con identificación difícil. El viesu de les fueyes del fresnu americanu ye más allumáu que'l fexe. El Fraxinus pennsylvanica tien les fueyes esactamente iguales enriba y embaxo. Tamién, cada especie ocupa distintos nichos ecolóxicos: el fresnu americanu de zones altes húmedes; el Fraxinus pennsylvanica en forestas húmedes y inundables, anque suelen solapearse na distribución.
Propiedaes
Los raigaños son astrinxente, tónicu, sudoríparu, diuréticu, purgante y emenagogo.
Les granes usáronse pa la obesidá.[2]
Taxonomía
Fraxinus americana describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 1057. 1753.[3]
- Etimoloxía
Fraxinus: nome xenéricu que ye'l nome en llatín clásicu d'esti xéneru.[4]
americana: epítetu xeográficu qu'alude al so localización n'América.
- Variedaes
-
Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J.Wright ex Fern.
-
Fraxinus americana var. crassifolia Sarg.
-
Fraxinus americana var. curtissii (Vasey) Small
-
Fraxinus americana var. juglandifolia (Lam.) Rehder
-
Fraxinus americana var. microcarpa Gray
- Sinonimia
-
Ornus americana (L.) Bosc, Mém. Cl. Sci. Math. Inst. Natl. France 9: 216 (1808 publ. 1811).
-
Calycomelia americana (L.) Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 1004 (1834).
-
Ornanthes americana (L.) Raf., New Fl. 2: 93 (1837).
-
Fraxinus novae-angliae Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: 5 (1768).
-
Fraxinus alba Marshall, Arbust. Amer.: 51 (1785).
-
Fraxinus carolinensis Wangenh., Beytr. Teut. Forstwiss.: 81 (1787).
-
Fraxinus acuminata Lam., Encycl. 2: 547 (1788).
-
Fraxinus canadensis Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 222 (1788).
-
Fraxinus juglandifolia Lam., Encycl. 2: 548 (1788).
-
Fraxinus nigra var. juglandifolia (Lam.) Castigl., Viagg. Stati Uniti 2: 244 (1790).
-
Fraxinoides alba (Marshall) Medik., Beytr. Pfl.-Anat.: 399 (1800).
-
Fraxinus epiptera Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 256 (1803).
-
Fraxinus pubescens var. latifolia Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 52 (1804).
-
Fraxinus caroliniana Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1103 (1806), nom. illeg.
-
Fraxinus viridis Bosc, Mém. Cl. Sci. Math. Inst. Natl. France 9: 209 (1808 publ. 1811).
-
Fraxinus villosa Dum.Cours., Bot. Cult., ed. 2, 2: 582 (1811).
-
Fraxinus discolor Muhl., Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept.: 111 (1813).
-
Fraxinus macrophylla Hoffmanns., Verz. Pfl.-Kult., Nachtr. 2: 120 (1828).
-
Calycomelia acuminata (Lam.) Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 1004 (1834).
-
Calycomelia juglandifolia (Lam.) Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 1004 (1834).
-
Leptalix acuminata (Lam.) Raf., New Fl. 2: 93 (1837).
-
Leptalix juglandifolia (Lam.) Raf., New Fl. 2: 93 (1837).
-
Fraxinus glauca Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 33 (1838).
-
Fraxinus grandifolia Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 38 (1838).
-
Leptalix alba (Marshall) Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 32 (1838).
-
Leptalix epiptera (Michx.) Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 33 (1838).
-
Leptalix glauca Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 33 (1838).
-
Leptalix grandifolia Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 38 (1838).
-
Leptalix viridis (Bosc) Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 32 (1838).
-
Calycomelia alba (Marshall) Kostel., Ind. Hort. Bot. Prag.: 26 (1844).
-
Calycomelia epiptera (Michx.) Kostel., Ind. Hort. Bot. Prag.: 26 (1844).
-
Calycomelia viridis (Bosc) Kostel., Ind. Hort. Bot. Prag.: 26 (1844).
-
Fraxinus albicans Buckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14: 4 (1863).
-
Fraxinus curtissii Vasey, Cat. For. Trees O.S.: 20 (1876).
-
Fraxinus pistaciifolia Y.Hall ex A.Gray., Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 75 (1878), nom. illeg.
-
Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 25: 358 (1898).
-
Calycomelia biltmoreana (Beadle) Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 186 (1914).
-
Calycomelia pistaciifolia Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 187 (1914).
-
Fraxinus pennsylvanica subsp. novae-angliae (Mill.) Buttler, Bot. Naturschutz Hessen 18: 19 (2005).[5]
Ver tamién
Referencies
Bibliografía
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogu taxonómicu d'especies de Méxicu. 1. In Capital Nat. Méxicu. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Killeen, T. J., Y. García Estigarribia & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 1993. Guía Árb. Bolivia 1–958. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia & Missouri Botanical Garden, Edit. Quipus srl., La Paz.
- Radford, A. Y., H. Y. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.Y. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Voss, Y. G. 1996. Michigan Flora, Part III: Dicots (Pyrolaceae-Compositae). Cranbrook Inst. of Science, Ann Arbor.
- Wallander. 2008. Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy. Pl. Syst. Evol. 273(1–2): 25–49.
- Zuloaga, F. O. 1997. Catálogu de les plantes vasculares de l'Arxentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74(1–2): 1–1331.
Enllaces esternos
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Fraxinus americana: Brief Summary
(
Asturiano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AST
Fraxinus americana Fraxinus americana, el Fresnu blancu americanu, fresnu americanu o fresnu blancu, ye una de les más conocíes especies del Xéneru Fraxinus, d'hasta 35 m d'altor. Ye nativu del este de Norteamérica, atopáu en forestas mesófitas dende Quebec a norte de Florida.
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Ilustración
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Fueyes
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Vista del árbol
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Fraxinus americana
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Fraxinus americana (freixe blanc, freixe blanc d'Amèrica, freixe d'Amèrica) és una de les espècies més conegudes del gènere Fraxinus, de fins a 35 m d'alçària. És nativa de l'est de Nord-amèrica, podent ser trobada a boscos mesòfils des de Quebec fins al nord de Florida.
Descripció
La fusta és clara, forta, granosa. Les fulles tenen de 2 a 3 cm de longitud, pinnaticompostes amb 7 (ocasionalment 5 o 9) folíols, de 6 a 13 cm de longitud. Es tornen groguenques, vermelles o porpres a la tardor. Les cultivars que tenen molt marcat el color de la tardor són Autumn Applause i Autumn Purple.
Aquest arbre és decidu, amb sexes separats. La floració succeeix a la primavera després de 30 a 55 dies segons el grau de creixement. El fruit és una sàmara de 3 a 5 cm de longitud, la llavor mesura d'1,5 a 2 cm amb una ala marró pàl·lid d'1,5 a 3 cm de longitud, i pot ser arrossegat pel vent a bona distància. La vida d'aquests arbres és d'uns 100 anys. És una bona fusta per bats de beisbol i per a eines de mà.
Aquesta espècie és molt similar en aparença a Fraxinus pennsylvanica, amb identificació difícil. El revers de les fulles del Fraxinus americana és més brillant que el feix, mentre que Fraxinus pennsylvanica té les fulles exactament iguals amunt i avall. Alhora, cada espècie ocupa diferents nínxols ecològics: F. americana de zones altes humides i F. pennsylvanica a boscos humits i inundables, tot i que solen solapar-se en la distribució.
Propietats
Les arrels s'usen com a astringent, tònic, sudorífic, diürètic, purgant i emmenagog. Les llavors s'han fet servir per a l'obesitat.[1]
Fraxinus americana va ser descrita per Linné i publicada a Species Plantarum 2: 1057. 1753.[2]
-
Fraxinus: nom genèric que és el nom en llatí d'aquest gènere.[3]
-
americana: epítet geogràfic que fa al·lusió a la seva localització a Amèrica.
-
Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle
-
Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J. Wright ex Fernald
-
Fraxinus americana var. crassifolia Sarg.
-
Fraxinus americana var. curtissii (Vasey) Small
-
Fraxinus americana var. juglandifolia (Lam.) Rehder
-
Fraxinus americana var. microcarpa A. Gray[4]
Referències
Bibliografia
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Killeen, T. J., E. García Estigarribia & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 1993. Guía Árb. Bolivia 1–958. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia & Missouri Botanical Garden, Edit. Quipus srl., La Paz.
- Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Voss, E. G. 1996. Michigan Flora, Part III: Dicots (Pyrolaceae-Compositae). Cranbrook Inst. of Science, Ann Arbor.
- Wallander. 2008. Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy. Pl. Syst. Evol. 273(1–2): 25–49.
- Zuloaga, F. O. 1997. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74(1–2): 1–1331.
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Fraxinus americana: Brief Summary
(
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)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Fraxinus americana (freixe blanc, freixe blanc d'Amèrica, freixe d'Amèrica) és una de les espècies més conegudes del gènere Fraxinus, de fins a 35 m d'alçària. És nativa de l'est de Nord-amèrica, podent ser trobada a boscos mesòfils des de Quebec fins al nord de Florida.
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Weiß-Esche
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Alemão
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fornecido por wikipedia DE
Die Weiß-Esche (Fraxinus americana) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eschen (Fraxinus) in der Familie der Ölbaumgewächse (Oleaceae).
Beschreibung
Die Weiß-Esche ist ein Baum, der Wuchshöhen bis 26 m (zuweilen bis 40 m) erreicht. Die dunkelgraue Rinde ist meistens fein rissig und in sehr kleine kurze Leisten zerteilt. Die Baumkrone ist hoch gewölbt und offen. Die Zweige sind dünn und gerade. Die Knospen sind hellbraun, klein und kegelförmig. Das schwere und oft hängende Laubblatt ist 12 bis 35 cm lang[1][2] und unpaarig gefiedert mit fünf bis neun (meist sieben) Fiederblättchen.[1] Die fast sitzenden oder bis 1,5 cm lang gestielten[1] Fiederblättchen sind in der Form variabel, von breit lanzettlich über oval bis elliptisch und zugespitzt,[1][2] weisen eine stattliche Länge von 5 bis 15 (18) cm[1][2] und eine Breite von 3 bis 7 cm[2] auf. Sie sind oben dunkelgrün und unten weißlich.[1] Der Blattaustrieb erfolgt in Mitteleuropa nach der Gemeinen Esche.
Die Blüten und Früchte ähneln dieser. Die Weiß-Esche ist zweihäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (diözisch).[3][4]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 46.[5]
Vorkommen
![src=]()
Verbreitung der Weiß-Esche auf dem nordamerikanischen Kontinent
Die Weiß-Esche ist die häufigste und forstlich wichtigste Eschenart Nordamerikas. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in der östlichen Hälfte Nordamerikas, und zwar von Nordflorida und Osttexas im Süden bis nach Neubraunschweig und Ontario in Kanada[6]. Die Weiß-Esche stellt hohe Ansprüche an die Nährstoffversorgung und Bodenfeuchte. Sie wächst entlang von Bächen und auf feuchten Böden und verträgt zeitweilige Überflutungen. In der Jugend ist sie relativ schattentolerant, stellt aber im Alter hohe Ansprüche an den Lichtgenuss. Sie kommt in Laubmischwäldern mit Zuckerahorn, Tulpenbaum, Amerikanischer Buche, Amerikanischem Amberbaum, Sumpfeiche und verschiedenen Hickorynussarten vor. Sie ist eine Art der Liriodendretalia-Wälder sowie der Ulmen-Silberahornwälder (Ulmo-Aceretalia sacharini).[7] Sie steigt im Norden bis auf Höhenlagen von 600 Meter, im Süden bis auf 1500 Meter.
Die Weiß-Esche wurde 1724 nach Europa eingeführt und wächst verbreitet in Mitteleuropa.
Systematik
Fraxinus americana wurde 1753 durch Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, 2, S. 1057 erstveröffentlicht. Synonyme für Fraxinus americana L. sind: Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J.Wright ex Fernald, Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle. Fraxinus americana gehört zur Sektion Melioides aus der Gattung der Fraxinus.[6] Nach R. Govaerts ist auch Fraxinus albicans Buckley ein Synonym von Fraxinus americana L.[8] Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich dann auch bis Mexiko.[8]
Nutzung
Das ringporige Holz der Weiß-Esche ist hart, zäh, schwer und sehr elastisch. Der Splint ist hell-weißlich, das Kernholz braun. Es wird ähnlich dem Holz der Gemeinen Esche verwendet.
Schädlinge
Der Hauptschädling der Weiß-Esche ist der Asiatische Eschenprachtkäfer (Agrilus planipennis, englisch emerald ash borer). Dieses Insekt wurde erstmals im Jahr 2002 als Schadorganismus bei verschiedenen Eschenarten auf dem amerikanischen Kontinent entdeckt. Es handelt sich um eine invasive Spezies, der Käfer ist eigentlich in Asien und im östlichen Russland heimisch und wurde vermutlich mit Verpackungsholz wohl schon in den 1980er oder 1990er Jahren von dort eingeschleppt. Bisher wurden vor allem Eschenbestände in Michigan (USA), Ohio (USA) und Ontario (Kanada) geschädigt.[9] Es wird geschätzt, dass mittlerweile etwa 60 Millionen Weiß-Eschen dem Käfer zum Opfer gefallen sind und das Insekt wird als das zerstörerischste Schadinsekt angesehen, das jemals in den Wäldern der Vereinigten Staaten aufgetreten ist. Der zu erwartende wirtschaftliche Schaden in der Dekade 2011–2021 wird auf mindestens $ 20 Milliarden geschätzt.[10]
Der Rostpilz Puccinia sparganioides befällt die Weiß-Esche.[11]
Einzelnachweise
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↑ a b c d e f Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. 2. Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-8001-4832-5, S. 303.
-
↑ a b c d Ulrich Hecker, Peter A. Schmidt, Bernd Schulz (Bearbeiter): Fitschen – Gehölzflora. Ein Buch zum Bestimmen der in Mitteleuropa wild wachsenden und angepflanzten Bäume und Sträucher. Hrsg.: Peter A. Schmidt, Bernd Schulz. 13. Auflage. Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2017, ISBN 978-3-494-01712-9, S. 553.
-
↑ Fraxinus americana bei Common Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont.
-
↑ Fraxinus americana bei New Brunswick tree and shrub. (Memento vom 11. März 2008 im Internet Archive)
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↑ Fraxinus americana bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
-
↑ a b Fraxinus americana - Eintrag bei GRIN.
-
↑ Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. Unter Mitarbeit von Angelika Schwabe und Theo Müller. 8., stark überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, S. 748.
-
↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Fraxinus americana. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2017.
-
↑ T. Schröder: Der Asiatische Eschenprachtkäfer. (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) waldwissen.de, 2004, archiviert vom Original am 15. Oktober 2013; abgerufen am 14. Oktober 2013.
-
↑ Biological Control. emeraldashborer.info, abgerufen am 14. Oktober 2013.
-
↑ Ash Rust. University of Delaware. Online Fact Sheet (Memento vom 7. Mai 2015 im Internet Archive)
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Weiß-Esche: Brief Summary
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Gefiederte Laubblätter
Die Weiß-Esche (Fraxinus americana) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eschen (Fraxinus) in der Familie der Ölbaumgewächse (Oleaceae).
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Fraxinus americana
(
Inglês
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fornecido por wikipedia EN
Fraxinus americana, the white ash or American ash, is a species of ash tree native to eastern and central North America.
The species is native to mesophytic hardwood forests from Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, south to northern Florida, and southwest to eastern Texas. Isolated populations have also been found in western Texas, Wyoming, and Colorado, and the species is reportedly naturalized in Hawaii.[3][4][5]
There are an estimated 8 billion ash trees in the United States – the majority being the white ash trees and the green ash trees.[6][7][8][9]
Characteristics
The name white ash derives from the glaucous undersides of the leaves. It is similar in appearance to the green ash, making identification difficult. The lower sides of the leaves of white ash are lighter in color than their upper sides, and the outer surface of the twigs of white ash may be flaky or peeling. Green ash leaves are similar in color on upper and lower sides, and twigs are smoother. White ash leaves turn yellow or red in autumn. Despite some overlap, the two species tend to grow in different locations as well; white ash is a forest tree that commonly occurs alongside sugar maple while green ash is a pioneer species that inhabits riparian zones and disturbed areas.[10][11] The white ash's compound leaves usually have 7 leaflets per leaf whereas the counts in other ash trees more often vary.[12]
Like other species in the section Melioides, Fraxinus americana is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate individuals.[13]
Detail of
Fraxinus americana twig. The C-shaped
leaf scars of white ash are useful in distinguishing this species from the closely related green ash (
Fraxinus pennsylvanica). The
lateral buds of
F. pennsylvanica share a less curved margin with their corresponding leaf scars, imparting an overall D-shape to the latter.
[14]
Cultivation and uses
White ash is one of the most used trees for everyday purposes and, to keep up with high demand, is cultivated almost everywhere possible. The wood is white and quite dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m3),[15] strong, and straight-grained. Its species produces an ideal, atypical dominant excurrent structured crown. It is a traditional timber of choice for production of baseball bats and tool handles. The wood is also favorable for furniture and flooring. A study[16] compared it to eight other different species, and it showed the highest antibacterial activity in the context of manufacturing chopping boards.
Woodworkers use the timber mainly for interior uses due to high perishability in contact with ground soil.[15] It is also used to make lobster traps. Since the 1950s, it has also become a popular choice for solid electric guitar bodies.[17] It makes a serviceable longbow if properly worked. The wood was used in ceiling fan blades from the 1970s through the mid-1980s, though cane was sometimes simulated with plastic then. It is no longer used for ceiling fan blades in most countries.
White ash is not seen in cultivation as often as green ash, due to its preference for undisturbed forest sites away from urban pollution and soil compaction. It sometimes has been planted for its consistently reliable autumn colors, which typically are bright orange and red hues as opposed to other species of ash that produce a uniform yellow color.
Cultivation of white ash differs across North American continent. For example, within the City of Chicago region, 2010 statistics show most common street tree species is white ash at 6.2%. Along with third ranked green type at 4.9%, ashes combine to make up 11% percent of the city's street trees, with an overall population of 13,648,044 million standing ashes within Cook County alone.[18]
Autumn Purple, or Junginger, a wild variety of American white ash selected for its purple leaf color, was discovered by University of Wisconsin horticulturist Karl Junginger of McKay Nursery in Waterloo, Iowa. After its introduction in 1956, it quickly became the most popular and most expensive landscaping selection, surpassing the high priced ginkgo, London plane and white/burr oak.[19] A related species, Biltmore ash, is sometimes treated as a variety of white ash. Other taxonomists argue that Biltmore ash is its own species (Fraxinus biltmoreana).[20][21]
North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources.[22] Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source — resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes.[22] The lack of tannins in the American ash variety makes them a good food source for frogs, but are not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels.[22] Ash species native to North America also provide important habitat and food for various other creatures that are native to North America.[23]
Emerald ash borer
The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), also commonly known by the acronym EAB, is a green beetle native to Asia. In North America, the EAB is an invasive species, highly destructive to ash trees in its introduced range. The damage of this insect rivals that of chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease.[24] To put its damage in perspective, the number of chestnuts killed by the chestnut blight was around 3.5 billion chestnut trees while there are 3.5 billion ash trees in Ohio alone. Dutch elm disease killed only 200 million elm trees while EAB threatens 7.5 billion ash trees in the United States. The insect threatens the entire North American genus Fraxinus. Since its accidental introduction into the United States and Canada in the 1990s, and its subsequent detection in 2002, it has spread to eleven states and adjacent parts of Canada. It has killed at least 50 million ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the ash trees throughout North America. White ash exhibits a little more resistance to the EAB than green ash, which has nearly no resistance; however this could also possibly be due to white ash not being used in landscaping as extensively or placed in high-stress environments.[25][26][27]
An infested tree can be recognized by premature fall color and leaf senescence observed on affected branches between August and last week of September. Before the EAB was officially identified, such dieback symptoms were thought to have been caused by a vascular disease classified as ash yellows. It was assumed damage was caused by the EAB taking advantage of weakened trees. Other recognizable signs regularly observed have been upper crown dieback, epicormic shoots or sprouts, bark lesions, frass filled larval galleries,[28] and deformed exit holes. When the "flatheaded" beetle has fully developed, it will bore out of the tree, in this instance, with a hole in a deformed "D" shape. In past it was assumed, once any symptoms had started to show, or once a tree had become infested, it was likely too late to begin management. Today only on-site professionals diagnosing an individual tree can responsibly make such determinations.[29]
Ash fungal disease
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is a fungal disease that attacks ash trees. The disease causes leaf loss, crown dieback, and lesions in the bark. This fungus is, for the most part, fatal, both directly and indirectly, by weakening the tree's immune system so that it is more susceptible to attacks from pests or pathogens. Because of this, younger trees are more affected, and fully mature ash trees are incapable of living long enough to reproduce. The disease has spread over most of Europe and has been confirmed in Britain, however, it has not yet been found in North America. The scale of the threat is not yet known, but is thought to be able to cause significant damage to the ash landscape of Europe and the UK.[30]
References
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^ Jerome, D.; Westwood, M.; Oldfield, S.; Romero-Severson, J. (2017). "Fraxinus americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T61918430A61918432. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T61918430A61918432.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
-
^ "Fraxinus americana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
-
^ "Fraxinus americana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
-
^ "Fraxinus americana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
-
^ "Fraxinus americana". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
-
^ "The most common Ash species in the United States". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
-
^ Griffith, Randy Scott (1991). "Fraxinus americana". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
-
^ "Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Plant Finder". Missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
-
^ Gucker, Corey L. (2005). "Fraxinus pennsylvanica". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
-
^ Common Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont: Fraxinus americana
-
^ New Brunswick tree and shrub: Fraxinus americana Archived 11 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
-
^ "White Ash (Fraxinus americana)". Devostree.ca. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
-
^ Wallander, Eva (2008). "Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 273 (1–2): 25–49. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0005-3. S2CID 24152294.
-
^ "Fraxinus comparison chart". Uwgb.edu. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
-
^ a b White Ash, Niche Timbers. Retrieved on 2009-07-24.
-
^ MILLER, ARTHUR J.; BROWN, TARA; CALL, JEFFREY E. (1 August 1996). "Comparison of Wooden and Polyethylene Cutting Boards: Potential for the Attachment and Removal of Bacteria from Ground Beef†". Journal of Food Protection. 59 (8): 854–858. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-59.8.854. ISSN 0362-028X. PMID 31159115.
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^ "Ash vs. Alder: What's the Diff?". Fender.com. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
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^ "Urban Trees and Forests of the Chicago Region" (PDF). Fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
-
^ "Patriotically Protecting American Ash from Species Modern Day Extinction". 29 April 2017.
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^ Nesom, G.L. (2010) "Fraxinus biltmoreana and Fraxinus smallii (Oleaceae): forest trees of the eastern United States". Phytoneuron 2010-51: 1-30
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^ Weakley (2015) Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. University of North Carolina Herbarium, Chapel Hill, NC
-
^ a b c Stephens, Jeffrey; Bervan, Keith; Tiegs, Scott (3 May 2013). "Anthropogenic changes to leaf litter input affect the fitness of a larval amphibian". Freshwater Biology. 58 (8): 1631–1646. doi:10.1111/fwb.12155.
-
^ "Black Ash". Illinois Wildflowers. Dr. John Hilty. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
-
^ Bruce Schlink (2012). Americans Held Hostage by the Environmentalist Movement. Dorrance Publishing. p. 494. ISBN 978-1-4349-7536-2.
-
^ Robinett, Molly A.; McCullough, Deborah G. (2019). "White ash (Fraxinus americana) survival in the core of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) invasion". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 49 (5): 510–520. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0320. S2CID 92553498.
-
^ "Andrea C. Anulewicz, Deborah G. McCullough, and David L. Cappaert. 2007. Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Density and Canopy Dieback in Three North American Ash Species". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 33 (55): 338–349. 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
-
^ "Emerald Ash Borer". Emeraldashborer.info. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
-
^ "Insect galleries in Ash trees". Minnesota State.
-
^ "Emerald ash borer - Tree pests and diseases not present in UK". Forestry.gov.uk. GB Forestry Commission. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
-
^ GB, Forestry Commission. "Chalara dieback of ash - tree pests and diseases". Forestry.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
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Fraxinus americana: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Fraxinus americana, the white ash or American ash, is a species of ash tree native to eastern and central North America.
The species is native to mesophytic hardwood forests from Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, south to northern Florida, and southwest to eastern Texas. Isolated populations have also been found in western Texas, Wyoming, and Colorado, and the species is reportedly naturalized in Hawaii.
There are an estimated 8 billion ash trees in the United States – the majority being the white ash trees and the green ash trees.
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Fraxinus americana
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Fraxinus americana, el fresno blanco americano,[2] fresno de la Carolina,[3] fresno americano o fresno blanco, es una de las más conocidas especies del género Fraxinus, de hasta 35 m de altura. Es nativo del este de Norteamérica, encontrado en bosques mesófitos desde Quebec hasta el norte de Florida.
![src=]()
Fresno blanco americano en Sudamérica.
Descripción
La madera es clara, fuerte, granosa. El nombre inglés de Ceniza Blanca aparentemente deriva del envés glauco de las hojas. Las hojas tienen de 2 a 3 cm de ancho, compuestas pinnadas con 7 (ocasionalmente 5 o 9) folíolos, de 6 a 13 cm de largo. Tornan amarillentas, rojas o púrpuras en el otoño. Los cultivares que tienen muy marcado el color otoñal son 'Autumn Applause' y 'Autumn Purple'.
Este árbol, es deciduo, con fustes separados hembra y macho. La floración ocurre en primavera después de 30 a 55 días grado de crecimiento. El fruto es una sámara de 3 a 5 cm de largo, la semilla de 1,5 a 2 cm con un ala pardo pálido de 1,5 a 3 cm de long., y puede ser arrastrado por el viento a buena distancia.
La vida de estos árboles es de alrededor de 100 años.
Es buena madera para bates de béisbol y para herramientas de mano.
El fresno es muy similar en apariencia al Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall 1785, con identificación difícil. El envés de las hojas del fresno americano es más iluminado que el haz. El Fraxinus pennsylvanica tiene las hojas exactamente iguales arriba y abajo. También, cada especie ocupa distintos nichos ecológicos: el fresno americano de zonas altas húmedas; el Fraxinus pennsylvanica en forestas húmedas e inundables, aunque suelen solapearse en la distribución.
Propiedades
Las raíces son astringente, tónico, sudorífico, diurético, purgante y emenagogo.
Las semillas se han usado para la obesidad.[4]
Taxonomía
Fraxinus americana fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 1057. 1753.[5]
- Etimología
Ver: Fraxinus
americana: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en América.
- Variedades
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Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J.Wright ex Fern.
-
Fraxinus americana var. crassifolia Sarg.
-
Fraxinus americana var. curtissii (Vasey) Small
-
Fraxinus americana var. juglandifolia (Lam.) Rehder
-
Fraxinus americana var. microcarpa Gray
- Sinonimia
-
Ornus americana (L.) Bosc, Mém. Cl. Sci. Math. Inst. Natl. France 9: 216 (1808 publ. 1811).
-
Calycomelia americana (L.) Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 1004 (1834).
-
Ornanthes americana (L.) Raf., New Fl. 2: 93 (1837).
-
Fraxinus novae-angliae Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: 5 (1768).
-
Fraxinus alba Marshall, Arbust. Amer.: 51 (1785).
-
Fraxinus carolinensis Wangenh., Beytr. Teut. Forstwiss.: 81 (1787).
-
Fraxinus acuminata Lam., Encycl. 2: 547 (1788).
-
Fraxinus canadensis Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 222 (1788).
-
Fraxinus juglandifolia Lam., Encycl. 2: 548 (1788).
-
Fraxinus nigra var. juglandifolia (Lam.) Castigl., Viagg. Stati Uniti 2: 244 (1790).
-
Fraxinoides alba (Marshall) Medik., Beytr. Pfl.-Anat.: 399 (1800).
-
Fraxinus epiptera Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 256 (1803).
-
Fraxinus pubescens var. latifolia Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 52 (1804).
-
Fraxinus caroliniana Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1103 (1806), nom. illeg.
-
Fraxinus viridis Bosc, Mém. Cl. Sci. Math. Inst. Natl. France 9: 209 (1808 publ. 1811).
-
Fraxinus villosa Dum.Cours., Bot. Cult., ed. 2, 2: 582 (1811).
-
Fraxinus discolor Muhl., Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept.: 111 (1813).
-
Fraxinus macrophylla Hoffmanns., Verz. Pfl.-Kult., Nachtr. 2: 120 (1828).
-
Calycomelia acuminata (Lam.) Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 1004 (1834).
-
Calycomelia juglandifolia (Lam.) Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 1004 (1834).
-
Leptalix acuminata (Lam.) Raf., New Fl. 2: 93 (1837).
-
Leptalix juglandifolia (Lam.) Raf., New Fl. 2: 93 (1837).
-
Fraxinus glauca Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 33 (1838).
-
Fraxinus grandifolia Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 38 (1838).
-
Leptalix alba (Marshall) Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 32 (1838).
-
Leptalix epiptera (Michx.) Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 33 (1838).
-
Leptalix glauca Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 33 (1838).
-
Leptalix grandifolia Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 38 (1838).
-
Leptalix viridis (Bosc) Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 32 (1838).
-
Calycomelia alba (Marshall) Kostel., Ind. Hort. Bot. Prag.: 26 (1844).
-
Calycomelia epiptera (Michx.) Kostel., Ind. Hort. Bot. Prag.: 26 (1844).
-
Calycomelia viridis (Bosc) Kostel., Ind. Hort. Bot. Prag.: 26 (1844).
-
Fraxinus albicans Buckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14: 4 (1863).
-
Fraxinus curtissii Vasey, Cat. For. Trees U.S.: 20 (1876).
-
Fraxinus pistaciifolia E.Hall ex A.Gray., Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 75 (1878), nom. illeg.
-
Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 25: 358 (1898).
-
Calycomelia biltmoreana (Beadle) Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 186 (1914).
-
Calycomelia pistaciifolia Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 187 (1914).
-
Fraxinus pennsylvanica subsp. novae-angliae (Mill.) Buttler, Bot. Naturschutz Hessen 18: 19 (2005).[6]
Referencias
-
↑ «Fraxinus americana». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235.
-
↑ Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
-
↑ Colmeiro, Miguel: «Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo», Madrid, 1871.
-
↑ «Fraxinus americana». Plantas útiles: Linneo. Archivado desde el original el 21 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 15 de marzo de 2014.
-
↑ «Fraxinus americana». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 15 de marzo de 2014.
-
↑ «Fraxinus americana». Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 7 de mayo de 2010.
Bibliografía
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Killeen, T. J., E. García Estigarribia & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 1993. Guía Árb. Bolivia 1–958. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia & Missouri Botanical Garden, Edit. Quipus srl., La Paz.
- Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Voss, E. G. 1996. Michigan Flora, Part III: Dicots (Pyrolaceae-Compositae). Cranbrook Inst. of Science, Ann Arbor.
- Wallander. 2008. Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy. Pl. Syst. Evol. 273(1–2): 25–49.
- Zuloaga, F. O. 1997. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74(1–2): 1–1331.
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Fraxinus americana: Brief Summary
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Fraxinus americana, el fresno blanco americano, fresno de la Carolina, fresno americano o fresno blanco, es una de las más conocidas especies del género Fraxinus, de hasta 35 m de altura. Es nativo del este de Norteamérica, encontrado en bosques mesófitos desde Quebec hasta el norte de Florida.
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Ilustración
![src=]()
Hojas
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Vista del árbol
![src=]()
Fresno blanco americano en Sudamérica.
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Fraxinus americana
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
Lizar arrunt amerikarra (Fraxinus americana) Fraxinus generoko espezie ezagunenetakoa da. Ipar Amerikako ekialdekoa jatorriz, Quebeceko baso mesofiloetan aurkitzen da, Florida iparraldean.
Fraxinus izena genero honen latinezko izen klasikoa da. [1]. Americana, berriz, epiteto geografikoa da, bere jatorrizko kokapenari dagokiona, hots, Amerikari.
Deskribapena
35 metroko altuera izan dezake. Hostoek 2-3 cmko zabalera dute eta udazkenean horia, gorria edo more kolorea har dezakete.
Zuhaitz hauen bizitza 100 urte ingurukoa da.
Taxonomia
Fraxinus americana Carlos Linneo- k deskribatu zuen eta Species Plantarum 2: 1057. 1753-an argitaratu zuten [2]
Erreferentziak
Bibliografia
- CONABIO. 2009. Mexikoko espezieen katalogo taxonomikoa. 1. Kapitalean Nat. Mexikon. CONABIO, Mexiko Hiria.
- Correll, DS eta MC Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i-xv, 1-1881. Texasko Unibertsitatea Dallasen, Richardson.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Eskuliburua (ed. 8) i-lxiv, 1-1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Gleason, HA eta AJ Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. NEUS Pl. (Ed.2) i-910. New Yorkeko lorategi botanikoa, Bronx.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i-vii, 1-1392. Kansaseko Kansas Unibertsitateko Prentsa.
- Killeen, TJ, E. García Estigarribia eta SG Beck. (eds.) 1993. Gida Arb. Bolivia 1-958. Bolivia eta Missouri lorategi botanikoaren Herbarium Nazionala, Edit. Quipus srl., La Paz.
- Radford, AE, HE Ahles eta CR Bell. 1968an. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i-lxi, 1-1183. North Carolina Press Unibertsitatea, Chapel Hill.
- Scoggan, HJ 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). 4. zatia. 1117-1711 pp. Fl. Kanadan. Kanadako Museo Nazionalak, Ottawa.
- Txikia, JK 1933. Man. SE Fl. I-xxii, 1-1554. Egilea, New York-ek argitaratua. Ikusi Botanicusen ikusi Biodibertsitatearen ondarearen liburutegian
- Voss, EG 1996. Michigan Flora, III. Zatia: Dicots (Pyrolaceae-Compositae). Cranbrook Zientzien Institutua, Ann Arbor.
- Wallander. 2008. Fraxinoren (Oleaceae) sistematikoa eta dioiaren bilakaera. Pl. Syst. Evol. 273 (1-2): 25-49.
- Zuloaga, FO 1997. Argentinako baskularreko landareen katalogoa. Monogram. Duena. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74 (1-2): 1-1331.
Artikulu hau landareei buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Fraxinus americana: Brief Summary
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
Lizar arrunt amerikarra (Fraxinus americana) Fraxinus generoko espezie ezagunenetakoa da. Ipar Amerikako ekialdekoa jatorriz, Quebeceko baso mesofiloetan aurkitzen da, Florida iparraldean.
Fraxinus izena genero honen latinezko izen klasikoa da. . Americana, berriz, epiteto geografikoa da, bere jatorrizko kokapenari dagokiona, hots, Amerikari.
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Valkosaarni
(
Finlandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FI
Valkosaarni (Fraxinus americana) on amerikkalainen saarnilaji. Valkosaarni on kotoisin itäisestä Pohjois-Amerikasta,[1] jossa sitä tavataan pohjoisessa Nova Scotiaan, lännessä Minnesotaaan, lounaassa Texasiin ja etelässä Pohjois-Floridaan asti. Euroopassa laji menestyy viljeltynä jopa lounaisimpaan Suomeen asti.
Ulkonäkö
Valkosaarni on suuri, kesävihanta puu joka kasvaa 20–30 metriä, joskus jopa 50 metriä korkeaksi puuksi. Rungolla on ympärysmittaa 0,5–1,8 metriä. Kaarna on nuorella puulla sileää ja harmaata, muuttuen ryppyiseksi puun vanhetessa. Talvisilmujen väri on tummanruskea tai lähes ruskea.[1] Lehti on 20–35 senttimetriä pitkä[1] ja siinä on yhdessä tavallisimmin seitsemän, satunnaisesti viisi, yhdeksän tai 11 lehdykkää. Lehdykät ovat 5–15 (harvinaisesti 18) senttimetriä pitkiä ja 3–7,5 senttimetriä leveitä. Ne ovat päältä tummanvihreitä ja alta sinivihreitä ja valkonystyisiä, syksyllä väri vaihtuu punaiseksi, keltaiseksi tai pronssinpunaiseksi.[1] Kukat ovat pieniä, violettiin vivahtavia ja niissä ei ole terälehtiä. Hede ja emi voivat sijaita eri puissa.[1] Pölytys tapahtuu tuulen mukana. Hedelmä on siivellinen, siipi on 1,5–4 senttimetriä pitkä ja siemen 1,5–2 senttimetriä pitkä. Valkosaarni elää enintään 300-vuotiaaksi.
Nimi valkossarni tulee lehdyköiden sameanvalkoisesta alapuolesta. Se on samankaltainen kuin punasaarni (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), mikä tekee sen erottamisesta hankalaa. Valkosaarnen lehtien alapuoli on vaaleampi kuin yläpuoli, ja varpujen pinta on hilseilevä. Punasaarnen lehtien ylä- ja alapinta ovat samanvärisiä ja varvut ovat sileämpiä. Valkosaarnen lehdet ovat ruokaa monille perhosentoukille.
Käyttö
Valkosaarnen puuaines on valkoista, vahvaa ja suorajuovaista. Siitä tehdään usein baseballmailoja ja muita urheiluvälineitä[1] sekä työkalujen kädensijoja. Puuainesta käytetään paljon parkettiin ja sisustukseen.
Valkosaarni on lisäksi suosittu puistopuuna; siitä on jalostettu monia lajikkeita.
Lähteet
-
↑ a b c d e f Allen Coombers: Puut. WSOY 2005. s. 77.
Aiheesta muualla
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Valkosaarni: Brief Summary
(
Finlandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FI
Valkosaarni (Fraxinus americana) on amerikkalainen saarnilaji. Valkosaarni on kotoisin itäisestä Pohjois-Amerikasta, jossa sitä tavataan pohjoisessa Nova Scotiaan, lännessä Minnesotaaan, lounaassa Texasiin ja etelässä Pohjois-Floridaan asti. Euroopassa laji menestyy viljeltynä jopa lounaisimpaan Suomeen asti.
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Frêne blanc
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Fraxinus americana
Le Frêne blanc, Frêne d'Amérique ou Franc Frêne (Fraxinus americana) est un arbre de la famille des Oleaceae[1]. Il s’agit de l’espèce la plus répandue des Oleaceae en Amérique du Nord[1].
Habitat
L’arbre est originaire de l’Est des États-Unis. On le trouve depuis la Caroline du Sud et le Tennessee jusqu’au sud-est du Canada[1]. Il apprécie les terrains humides à proximité des cours d’eau. L’arbre bourgeonne plus tard que le frêne commun ce qui fait qu’il résiste mieux au gel. Plus l’arbre devient âgé et plus celui-ci appréciera un ensoleillement important[1].
L’arbre a été introduit en Europe en 1724. Au Nord, on le trouve jusqu’en Suède ou Saint-Pétersbourg[1].
Description
Le frêne d’Amérique atteint une taille de 30 mètres pour un tronc de 1 mètre de diamètre. Le tronc est garni d’une écorce grise cannelée sur la longueur[1].
Les feuilles, longues de 20 à 25 cm, sont imparipennées et possèdent en général 7 folioles. De forme ovée, les folioles mesurent 7 à 12 cm[1].
Les fleurs sont dépourvues de pétales. Arbre dioïque, les fleurs mâles et femelles s’ouvrent sur des pieds distincts[1].
Le fruit est une samare ailée longue d’environ 4 cm. L’aile est deux fois plus longue que la samare. Le fruit murit en octobre et la graine germe au printemps qui suit[1]. Un frêne peut produire environ 100 000 graines et vivre jusqu'à 200 ans.
Utilisation
En Amérique du Nord, son bois blanc à grains droit et dense (670 kg/m3) est très apprécié en menuiserie fine, ébénisterie, manchisterie, lutherie (violon et surtout guitare), articles de sports (bâtons de hockey, baseball, "archerie"). Putrescible, il doit être utilisé en intérieur. Il est très populaire aux États-Unis et au Canada en parquet.
En Europe, on le plante comme arbre d’ornement ou d’alignement. Son bois aurait en Europe une qualité inférieure par rapport au frêne commun. On cultive également une espèce proche, le frêne rouge (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), qui se distingue par ses rameaux duveteux[1].
Les Iroquois fabriquaient une décoction d'écorce comme laxatif et une décoction des racines contre les plaies et les morsures de serpent. Les Mesquakies faisaient bouillir les rameaux pour combattre les poux, les piqûres de moustiques et les plaies infectées.
Une étude[2] a constaté que cette essence, parmi huit autres, possède le plus fort pouvoir antibactérien (sur E. coli) en vue de son usage pour la confection de planches à découper en industrie agro-alimentaire.
L'agrile du frêne
L'espèce est menacée par un insecte venu d'Asie, l'agrile du frêne. Les insectes adultes se nourrissent des feuilles tandis que les larves mangent la sève et creusent des galeries dans le cambium, ce qui provoque la mort de l'arbre en quelques années. À Montréal, plusieurs frênes ont ainsi dû être abattus et remplacés par des chênes, des érables, des tilleuls ou des ginkgos bilobés.
Notes et références
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i et j (fr) Arbres - Jaromir Pokorny - p.210 - (ISBN 2-7000-1818-4) - Éditions Gründ - 1987
-
↑ ARTHUR J. MILLER, TARA BROWN et JEFFREY E. CALL, « Comparison of Wooden and Polyethylene Cutting Boards: Potential for the Attachment and Removal of Bacteria from Ground Beef† », Journal of Food Protection, vol. 59, no 8, 1er août 1996, p. 854–858 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 5 mai 2021)
Voir aussi
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Frêne blanc: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Fraxinus americana
Le Frêne blanc, Frêne d'Amérique ou Franc Frêne (Fraxinus americana) est un arbre de la famille des Oleaceae. Il s’agit de l’espèce la plus répandue des Oleaceae en Amérique du Nord.
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Amerikinis uosis
(
Lituano
)
fornecido por wikipedia LT
Amerikinis uosis (Fraxinus americana) – alyvmedinių (Oleaceae) šeimos, uosių (Fraxinus) genties medžių rūšis. Paplitusi JAV ir Kanados rytinėje dalyje.
Užauga 20-27 m, retkarčiais iki 40 m aukščio. Kamienas iki 43-100 cm skersmens (vid ūgio žmogaus krūtinės aukštyje) lapus metantis medis. Jaunų medžių žievė pilka, lygi, senstant aižėja. Lapai plunksniški, 20-30 cm ilgio, sudaryti paprastai iš 7 lapelių, kurių ilgis 5-15 cm, plotis 3-7,5 cm. Viršutinė jų pusė žalia, apatinė kiek melsva, rudenį prieš nukrentant įgauna raudoną, geltoną ar purpurinę spalvą. Žiedai smulkūs, be vainiklapių, apdulkinami vėjo. Žydi anksti pavasarį, prieš sulapojant. Vaisius – 2,5-6,5 cm ilgio sparnavaisis. Jame yra 1,5-2 cm sėkla. Vėjas sparnavaisį dažnai nuneša toli nuo medžio. Amerikinis uosis auga iki 300 metų.
Mediena tvirta, tanki, bet lengva, todėl plačiai naudojama. Medis dažnai auginamas kaip dekoratyvinis parkuose, želdiniuose. Introdukuotas Lietuvoje.
Vikiteka
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Kvitask
(
Norueguês
)
fornecido por wikipedia NO
Kvitask (Fraxinus americana) er et løvfellende tre i oljetrefamilien.
Den blir opptil 27 m høy. Barken har dype furer, og knoppene er små og lysebrune. Bladene er finnete og 35 cm lange. Det er 7 småblad som sitter på 1–1,5 cm lange stilker; de er mørkegrønne på oversiden og hvitaktige under. Den er særbu og vindpollinert.
Kvitask vokser på fuktig, næringsrik jord i mange ulike skogtyper, men er aldri en dominerende art. Treslag som den vokser sammen med, omfatter weymouthfuru, rødeik, kviteik, sukkerlønn, rødlønn, gulbjørk, amerikabøk, romhegg, svartlind, canadahemlokk, kvitalm og tulipantre. Busker og små trær i disse skogene er tresøtmispel, Asimina triloba, amerikaagnbøk, blomsterkornell, virginiatrollhassel, virginiahumlebøk og lønnebladkrossved. Den er utbredt i det østlige Nord-Amerika fra østlige Minnesota og Nova Scotia i nord sørover til østlige Texas og nordlige Florida.
Kvitask er den vanligste og økonomiske viktigste askearten i det østlige Nord-Amerika. Veden brukes til å lage verktøyskaft, parkett, møbler og balltrær til baseball.
En invaderende art, asiatisk askepraktbille (Agrilus planipennis), dreper kvitask og andre amerikanske askearter, og kvitask er derfor vurdert som kritisk truet på IUCNs rødliste.
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Kvitask: Brief Summary
(
Norueguês
)
fornecido por wikipedia NO
Kvitask (Fraxinus americana) er et løvfellende tre i oljetrefamilien.
Den blir opptil 27 m høy. Barken har dype furer, og knoppene er små og lysebrune. Bladene er finnete og 35 cm lange. Det er 7 småblad som sitter på 1–1,5 cm lange stilker; de er mørkegrønne på oversiden og hvitaktige under. Den er særbu og vindpollinert.
Kvitask vokser på fuktig, næringsrik jord i mange ulike skogtyper, men er aldri en dominerende art. Treslag som den vokser sammen med, omfatter weymouthfuru, rødeik, kviteik, sukkerlønn, rødlønn, gulbjørk, amerikabøk, romhegg, svartlind, canadahemlokk, kvitalm og tulipantre. Busker og små trær i disse skogene er tresøtmispel, Asimina triloba, amerikaagnbøk, blomsterkornell, virginiatrollhassel, virginiahumlebøk og lønnebladkrossved. Den er utbredt i det østlige Nord-Amerika fra østlige Minnesota og Nova Scotia i nord sørover til østlige Texas og nordlige Florida.
Kvitask er den vanligste og økonomiske viktigste askearten i det østlige Nord-Amerika. Veden brukes til å lage verktøyskaft, parkett, møbler og balltrær til baseball.
En invaderende art, asiatisk askepraktbille (Agrilus planipennis), dreper kvitask og andre amerikanske askearter, og kvitask er derfor vurdert som kritisk truet på IUCNs rødliste.
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Jesion amerykański
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
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Jesion amerykański: Brief Summary
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Jesion amerykański (Fraxinus americana L.) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny oliwkowatych, występującego we wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej w lasach od Nowej Szkocji i Minnesoty na północy po Florydę i Teksas na południu. Jest także uprawiany.
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Amerika dişbudağı
(
Turco
)
fornecido por wikipedia TR
Amerika dişbudağı (Fraxinus americana), zeytingiller (Oleaceae) familyasından ABD'nin doğusunda doğal olarak yetişen dişbudak türü.
35–40 m kadar boy yapar. Yumurta biçiminde bir taca sahiptir. Yaprakları tüysü yaprak biçiminde, 7-9 yaprakçıktan oluşmuştur. Yaprakçıklar 7–15 cm uzunlukta, kenarları tam, üst yüzü koyu yeşil, alt yüzü boz renklidir. Sonbaharda kızıl-sarı bir renk alırlar.
Dış bağlantılar
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
Amerika dişbudağı: Brief Summary
(
Turco
)
fornecido por wikipedia TR
Amerika dişbudağı (Fraxinus americana), zeytingiller (Oleaceae) familyasından ABD'nin doğusunda doğal olarak yetişen dişbudak türü.
35–40 m kadar boy yapar. Yumurta biçiminde bir taca sahiptir. Yaprakları tüysü yaprak biçiminde, 7-9 yaprakçıktan oluşmuştur. Yaprakçıklar 7–15 cm uzunlukta, kenarları tam, üst yüzü koyu yeşil, alt yüzü boz renklidir. Sonbaharda kızıl-sarı bir renk alırlar.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
Ясень американский
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Ясень американский
Международное научное название
Fraxinus americana L.
Синонимы Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 32931NCBI 38872EOL 579138GRIN t:316687IPNI 608911-1TPL kew-369468 Я́сень америка́нский (лат. Fraxinus americana) — дерево, вид рода Ясень (Fraxinus) семейства Маслиновые (Oleaceae).
Ботаническое описание
Дерево высотой до 40 м. Крона имеет яйцевидную форму, широкая. Веточки голые, только очень молодые покрыты небольшими волосками, зеленовато-бурого цвета с красноватым оттенком, позже приобретают светло-оранжевый или блестящий окрас, иногда бурые или сизые.
Листья крупные, длина до 30 см. Листочки с цельными краями или зубчатые, продолговато-эллиптической или продолговато-овальной формы, количество в одном листе 5—9 (в большинстве случаев 7); длина 15 см, ширина 5 см, на черешочках 0,4—0,8 см; верхняя часть тёмно-зелёная, со вдавленной сетью жилок, нижняя часть светло-зелёная, с ячеистой структурой или гладкие.
Цветки двудомные. Пестичные соцветия достигают 10 см в длину, тычиночные короткие, густые. Чашечка хорошо заметна.
Плод — крылатка, длина 2,4—3,4 см, орешки в длину составляют чуть менее половины крылатки, цилиндрической формы, крылья не окаймлённые. Цветение происходит в апреле-мае, до появления листьев. Плодоносит с августа по октябрь, семена распространяются с сентября по ноябрь[2].
Экология и распространение
На востоке США ясень американский используется для озеленения и считается декоративным растением[3]. Страдает от вредителей.
Распространён в Канаде — провинции Нью-Брансуик, Новая Шотландия, Онтарио, Квебек; в США — штаты Коннектикут, Индиана, Мэн, Массачусетс, Мичиган, Нью-Гэмпшир, Нью-Джерси, Нью-Йорк, Пенсильвания, Вермонт, Западная Виргиния, Иллинойс, Канзас, Миннесота, Миссури, Оклахома, Висконсин, Алабама, Арканзас, Флорида, Кентукки, Мэриленд, Миссисипи, Северная Каролина, Южная Каролина, Теннесси, Виргиния, Техас[4].
Классификация
Вид Ясень американский (Fraxinus americana) входит в род Ясень (Fraxinus) семейство Маслиновые (Oleaceae).
ещё 45 порядков покрытосеменных
(согласно
Системе APG II) ещё 24 рода 4 вариации отдел
Цветковые растения семейство
Маслиновые вид
Ясень американский царство
Растения порядок
Ясноткоцветные род
Ясень ещё около 21 отдела ещё 21 семейство
(согласно
Системе APG II) ещё 50 видов
Включает 4 вариации:
Галерея
Слева направо: 1 — листья; 2 — плоды; 3 — почки; 4 — кора
Примечания
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
Ясень американский: Brief Summary
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Я́сень америка́нский (лат. Fraxinus americana) — дерево, вид рода Ясень (Fraxinus) семейства Маслиновые (Oleaceae).
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
ホワイト・アッシュ
(
Japonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
この項目では、樹木について説明しています。日本のロック・バンドについては「
WHITE ASH」をご覧ください。
ホワイト・アッシュ
ホワイト・アッシュの葉
分類 界 :
植物界 Plantae 門 :
被子植物門 Magnoliophyta 綱 :
双子葉植物綱 Magnoliopsida 目 :
ゴマノハグサ目 Scrophulariales 科 :
モクセイ科 Oleaceae 属 :
トネリコ属 Fraxinus 種 :
アメリカトネリコ F. americana 学名 Fraxinus americana 和名 アメリカトネリコ 英名 White Ash
ホワイト・アッシュ（White Ash、学名：Fraxinus americana、別名：アメリカトネリコ、アメリカタモ、アメリカアッシュ）とは、モクセイ科トネリコ属の落葉広葉樹。
材木として利用され、通常の場合「アッシュ」とだけ表記している場合をこの木材を指す事が多い。日本のヤチダモ、トネリコやシオジなどと近縁種である。主な生育地域はアメリカ合衆国南部から中西部全域およびカナダの一部。
材木の特徴[編集]
辺材は白色で心材は淡灰褐色。適度に硬く、重量がある。耐久性があり、加工しやすいが、乾燥によって狂いが生じやすい。
楽器に使った場合、低・高音域特性がよい。楢などと比較して安価であるが、木目が単調で美しさに欠ける。
材木としての利用方法[編集]
亜種・代用材[編集]
- ホワイト・アッシュの亜種で、生育地はアメリカ合衆国南部から中西部の湿地帯であり、地域的には被・包含関係となる(北部に存在しない)。ホワイト・アッシュと較べ生育が早い為、質量が軽く、強度も軟らかい。そのため、別名「ライト・ウェイト・アッシュ」とも呼ばれる。木目もやや細かくハッキリしている。エレクトリック・ギターおよびベースのボディ材として広く用いられる。高音域特性に優れ、音抜けがよく、シングルコイルピックアップとの相性が良い。
- もしくは単純にセンとも呼ぶ。ホワイト・アッシュと同様の色調と木理をもつため、主に日本産のエレクトリック・ギターに代用材として用いられた[1]。
関連項目[編集]
![src=]()
ウィキメディア・コモンズには、
ホワイト・アッシュに関連するカテゴリがあります。
![src=]()
ウィキスピーシーズに
ホワイト・アッシュに関する情報があります。
銘木 唐木 狭義の
シタン（紫檀） - インディアン・ローズウッド
- イーストインディアン・ローズウッド
- ビルマ・ローズウッド（チンチャン）
その他
ローズウッド、
広義のシタン
シタン以外
西洋三大銘木
その他の銘木
英語版
その他
関連項目
関連カテゴリ
ホワイト・アッシュ: Brief Summary
(
Japonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
![src=]()
ホワイト・アッシュの生育地域
ホワイト・アッシュ（White Ash、学名：Fraxinus americana、別名：アメリカトネリコ、アメリカタモ、アメリカアッシュ）とは、モクセイ科トネリコ属の落葉広葉樹。
材木として利用され、通常の場合「アッシュ」とだけ表記している場合をこの木材を指す事が多い。日本のヤチダモ、トネリコやシオジなどと近縁種である。主な生育地域はアメリカ合衆国南部から中西部全域およびカナダの一部。
미국물푸레나무
(
Coreano
)
fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과
미국물푸레(Fraxinus americana)는 북아메리카 원산으로 한국 각처의 산지에 나는 낙엽관목이다. 높이는 40m 정도이고, 잎은 어긋나며, 깃꼴겹잎, 작은잎은 5-9장, 난형, 난상 피침형, 끝이 뾰족하다. 길이 6-15cm, 대개 가장자리는 밋밋하고, 표면은 짙은 녹색, 뒷면은 회청색이다. 꽃은 암수딴그루, 잎보다 먼저 피고, 자주색으로 가지 끝에 원추꽃차례로 달린다. 수꽃은 수술 3개, 자주색이나 노란색으로 변한다. 열매는 시과이며 길이 3-5cm, 좁고 긴 타원형으로 처지지 않고, 끝이 둔하다.
미국물푸레나무: Brief Summary
(
Coreano
)
fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과
미국물푸레(Fraxinus americana)는 북아메리카 원산으로 한국 각처의 산지에 나는 낙엽관목이다. 높이는 40m 정도이고, 잎은 어긋나며, 깃꼴겹잎, 작은잎은 5-9장, 난형, 난상 피침형, 끝이 뾰족하다. 길이 6-15cm, 대개 가장자리는 밋밋하고, 표면은 짙은 녹색, 뒷면은 회청색이다. 꽃은 암수딴그루, 잎보다 먼저 피고, 자주색으로 가지 끝에 원추꽃차례로 달린다. 수꽃은 수술 3개, 자주색이나 노란색으로 변한다. 열매는 시과이며 길이 3-5cm, 좁고 긴 타원형으로 처지지 않고, 끝이 둔하다.
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카카오)에서
GFDL 또는
CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한
글로벌 세계대백과사전의 내용을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다.
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Artikulu hau landareei buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. 
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この項目では、樹木について説明しています。日本のロック・バンドについては「WHITE ASH」をご覧ください。 
이 문서에는 다음커뮤니케이션(현 카카오)에서 GFDL 또는 CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한 글로벌 세계대백과사전의 내용을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다. 
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