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Brugia timori

Brugia timori ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Brugia timori ist ein tropischer Fadenwurm aus der Gruppe der Filarien. Er parasitiert beim Menschen und kann eine lymphatische Filariose, die Timor-Filariose, verursachen. Die Krankheit wurde 1965 erstmals beschrieben,[1] die Identifikation von Brugia timori als eigene Art erfolgte erst 1977.[2] Im gleichen Jahr wurde bekannt, dass die Stechmücke Anopheles barbirostris als Vektor (Überträger) fungiert.[3]

Merkmale

Die Mikrofilarien von Brugia timori sind länger und unterscheiden sich morphologisch von denen der Arten Brugia malayi und Wuchereria bancrofti, wobei das Länge-zu-Breite-Verhältnis des Kopfes bei etwa 3:1 liegt. Anders als bei den beiden anderen Arten, die eine lymphatische Filariose verursachen, weist die Hülle der Filarien bei einer Giemsa-Färbung auch keine rosa Flecken auf.[4]

Verbreitung

Brugia timori wurde bisher nur auf den Kleinen Sunda-Inseln, einer Inselgruppe des Staates Indonesien, beschrieben. Die Verbreitung ist lokal auf die Bereiche beschränkt, in denen die Stechmücke Anopheles barbirostris vorkommt, die sich in Reisfeldern entwickelt. Eine Studie zur Prävalenz der Infektion in Mainang, Alor Island, fand Mikrofilarien von im Blut von 157 von 586 Personen (27 %), wobei 77 von ihnen (13 %) Lymphödeme des Beines aufwiesen.[5]

Infektion

Wie bei anderen Filariosen führt die Infektion mit Brugia timori zu akutem Fieber und chronischem Lymphödem. Der Lebenszyklus von Brugia timori ist dabei sehr ähnlich wie der von Wuchereria bancrofti und Brugia malayi und führt durch die circadiane Periodizität der Mikrofilarien zu einer nächtlichen Periodizität der Krankheitssymptome.

Die Anwendung von Anthelmintika wie Diethylcarbamazin und Albendazol konnten eine Wirkung bei der Behandlung von Brugia timori zeigen.[6] Einige Forscher sind zuversichtlich, dass die Filariose mit Brugia timori eine kontrollierbare und ausrottbare Krankheit ist.[7]

Belege

  1. H.L. David, J.F. Edeson: Filariasis in Portuguese Timor, with observations on a new microfilaria found in man. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 59, 1965; S. 193–204.
  2. F. Partono, D.T. Dennis, S. Atmosoedjono, S. Oemijati, J.H. Cross: Brugia timori sp.n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Flores Island, Indonesia. Journal of Parasitology 63(3), 1977; S. 540–546.
  3. S. Atomosoedjono, F. Partono, D.T. Dennis, Purnomo: Anopheles barbirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) as a vector of the Timor filaria on Flores Island: Preliminary observations. Journal of Medical Entomology 13(4-5), 1977; S. 611–613.
  4. Purnomo, D.T. Dennis, F. Partono: The microfilaria of Brugia timori (Partono et al. 1977 = Timor microfilaria, David and Edeson, 1964): Morphologic description with comparison to Brugia malayi of Indonesia. Journal of Parasitology 63 (3), 1964; S. 1001–1006.
  5. T. Supali, H. Wibowo, P. Rückert, K. Fischer, I.S. Ismid, Purnomo, Y. Djuardi, P. Fischer: High prevalence of Brugia timori infection in the highland of Alor Island, Indonesia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66 (5), 2002; S. 560–565.
  6. T. Oqueka, T. Supali, I.S. Ismid, Purnomo, P. Rückert, M. Bradley, P. Fischer: Impact of two rounds of mass drug administration using diethylcarbamazine combined with albendazole on the prevalence of Brugia timor and of intestinal helminths on Alor Island, Indonesia. Filaria Journal 4 (1), 2005; S. 5
  7. P. Fischer, T. Supali and R.M. Maizels: Lymphatic filariasis and Brugia timori: Prospects for elimination. Trends in Parasitology 20(8), 2004; S. 351–355.

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Brugia timori: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Brugia timori ist ein tropischer Fadenwurm aus der Gruppe der Filarien. Er parasitiert beim Menschen und kann eine lymphatische Filariose, die Timor-Filariose, verursachen. Die Krankheit wurde 1965 erstmals beschrieben, die Identifikation von Brugia timori als eigene Art erfolgte erst 1977. Im gleichen Jahr wurde bekannt, dass die Stechmücke Anopheles barbirostris als Vektor (Überträger) fungiert.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Brugia timori ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Brugia timori is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) which causes the disease "Timor filariasis", or "Timorian filariasis". While this disease was first described in 1965,[1] the identity of Brugia timori as the causative agent was not known until 1977.[2] In that same year, Anopheles barbirostris was shown to be its primary vector.[3] There is no known animal reservoir host.

Signs and symptoms

Like other human filariasis infections, Brugia timori filariasis causes acute fever and chronic lymphedema. The life cycle of Brugia timori is very similar to that of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, leading to nocturnal periodicity of the disease symptoms. Eosinophilia is common during acute stages of infection.

So far Brugia timori has only been found in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. It is locally confined to areas inhabited by its mosquito vector, which breeds in rice fields. One study of the prevalence of infection in Mainang village, Alor Island, found microfilariae in the blood of 157 of 586 individuals (27%), with 77 of them (13%) exhibiting lymphedema of the leg.[4]

Parasite

The microfilariae of Brugia timori are longer and morphologically distinct from those of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti, with a cephalic space length-to-width ratio of about 3:1. B. timori more closely resembles the symptoms caused by B. malayi and morphologically resembles B. malayi.[5] Also, the sheath of B. timori does not stain pink with Giemsa stain as is observed with B. malayi and W. bancrofti.[6]

Life cycle

The life cycle is:[7]

  1. During feeding, mosquitos ingest the infective filariform from an infected host
  2. Inside the mosquito the microfilariae penetrate the midgut and migrate to muscle tissue to grow and undergo two molts into infective filariform larvae (no sexual reproduction occurs within the mosquito)
  3. The filariform larvae will migrate to the mouthparts of the mosquito
  4. Larvae enter the host's circulation and migrate to lymphatic vessels where they develop into microfilariae-producing adults. Here the adults can live for several years
  5. The infective filariform enter the circulation of the host to repeat the life cycle

Morphology

B. timori microfilariae have nuclei that extend to the tip of the tail, which is also characteristic of B. malayi but not W. bancrofti.[5] B. timori microfilariae are slightly larger than B. malayi microfilariae.[5]

Endosymbiont

Aside from vectoring Brugia species, mosquitoes also maintain Wolbachia spp. which has been found to be an obligate intracellular bacterial endosymbiont of Brugia spp.[7] Wolbachia supports essential biochemical pathways necessary for the survival of Brugia, especially processes such as embryogenesis and molting.[7]

Treatment

Anthelmintics such as diethylcarbamazine and albendazole have shown promise in the treatment of Brugia timori filariasis.[8] Some researchers are confident that Brugia timori filariasis may be an eradicable disease.[9] Related filarial nematodes have been found highly sensitive to elimination of their endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria, and this may be a powerful attack route against Brugia timori as well.

See also

References

  1. ^ David HL, Edeson JF (June 1965). "Filariasis in Portuguese Timor, with observations on a new microfilaria found in man". Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 59 (2): 193–204. doi:10.1080/00034983.1965.11686299. PMID 14345284.
  2. ^ Partono F, Dennis DT, Atmosoedjono S, et al. (June 1977). "Brugia timori sp. n. (nematoda: filarioidea) from Flores Island, Indonesia". J. Parasitol. 63 (3): 540–6. doi:10.2307/3280019. JSTOR 3280019. PMID 864573.
  3. ^ Atmosoedjono S, Partono F, Dennis DT, Purnomo (January 1977). "Anopheles barbirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) as a vector of the timor filaria on Flores Island: preliminary observations". J. Med. Entomol. 13 (4–5): 611–3. doi:10.1093/jmedent/13.4-5.611. PMID 15122.
  4. ^ Supali T, Wibowo H, Rückert P, et al. (May 2002). "High prevalence of Brugia timori infection in the highland of Alor Island, Indonesia". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66 (5): 560–5. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.560. PMID 12201590.
  5. ^ a b c "Lymphatic Filariasis Endemic Countries and Territories." Lymphatic Filariasis Disease. May 2006. The Carter Center. 13 May 2006.
  6. ^ Purnomo, Dennis DT, Partono F (December 1977). "The microfilaria of Brugia timori (Partono et al. 1977 = Timor microfilaria, David and Edeson, 1964): morphologic description with comparison to Brugia malayi of Indonesia". J. Parasitol. 63 (6): 1001–6. doi:10.2307/3279833. JSTOR 3279833. PMID 22593.
  7. ^ a b c LeAnne M Fox; Christopher L King (2013). "110 - Lymphatic Filariasis". In Alan J Magill; David R Hill; Tom Solomon; Edward T Ryan (eds.). Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease (ninth ed.). London: W.B. Saunders. pp. 815–822.
  8. ^ Oqueka T, Supali T, Ismid IS, et al. (July 2005). "Impact of two rounds of mass drug administration using diethylcarbamazine combined with albendazole on the prevalence of Brugia timori and of intestinal helminths on Alor Island, Indonesia". Filaria J. 4: 5. doi:10.1186/1475-2883-4-5. PMC 1201159. PMID 16014169.
  9. ^ Fischer P, Supali T, Maizels RM (August 2004). "Lymphatic filariasis and Brugia timori: prospects for elimination". Trends Parasitol. 20 (8): 351–5. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2004.06.001. PMID 15246315.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Brugia timori: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Brugia timori is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) which causes the disease "Timor filariasis", or "Timorian filariasis". While this disease was first described in 1965, the identity of Brugia timori as the causative agent was not known until 1977. In that same year, Anopheles barbirostris was shown to be its primary vector. There is no known animal reservoir host.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Brugia timori ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Brugia timori é uma espécie de nematódeo da família Onchocercidae. Parasitam humanos causando a dirofilariose linfática.[1] A espécie está restrita nas Pequenas Ilhas da Sonda da Indonésia.[2][3]

Referências

  1. Sasa, Manabu. 1979. A review on classification and geographic distribution on brugian filariasis. Joint WPRO/SEARO Working Group on Brugian Filariasis. World Health Organization. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/wpro/-1993/WG_FIL_79.3.pdf
  2. David, H.L.; Edeson, J.F. (1965). «Filariasis in Portuguese Timor, with observations on a new microfilaria found in man». Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 59: 193-204
  3. Supali, T.; Wibowo, H.; Rückert, P.; Fischer, K.; Ismid, I.S.; Purnomo, Y.; Djuardi; Fischer, P. (2002). «High prevalence of Brugia timori infection in the highland of Alor Island, Indonesia». American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 66 (5): 560-565
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT

Brugia timori: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Brugia timori é uma espécie de nematódeo da família Onchocercidae. Parasitam humanos causando a dirofilariose linfática. A espécie está restrita nas Pequenas Ilhas da Sonda da Indonésia.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT