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Der Dreiteilige Wasserhahnenfuß (Ranunculus tripartitus)[1] ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Hahnenfuß (Ranunculus) innerhalb der Familie der Hahnenfußgewächse (Ranunculaceae).
Der Dreiteilige Wasserhahnenfuß ist eine sommergrüne, einjährige oder ausdauernde krautige Pflanze.
Sie bildet dunkelgrüne, drei- bis fünflappige, keilförmige, tiefgespaltene Schwimmblätter aus. Diese können aber auch fehlen. In tieferem Wasser bildet sie fein zerteilte, haarförmige Wasserblätter. Die Wasserblätter sind stark gegliedert und sehr viel kürzer als die Abstände der Stängelknoten. Die Nebenblätter sind zu mehr als 2/3 mit dem Blattstiel verwachsen.
Die Blütezeit reicht von März bis Mai. Am oberen Teil der Stängel entspringen wenige Blüten und ragen über die Wasseroberfläche. Die langen Blütenstiele entspringen gegenüber dem Blattansatz.
Die zwittrige Blüte ist relativ klein und fünfzählig. Die Kelchblätter sind nur wenig kürzer als die Kronblätter und behaart. Die weißen Kronblätter sind in der Regel weniger als 5 Millimeter lang (1,25 bis 4,5 mm) und nicht verwachsen. Die Blüte entwickelt zahlreiche Staubblätter, dabei werden auch Nektarblätter ausgebildet.
In einer kugelförmigen Sammelnussfrucht befinden sich 10 bis 15 kahle Nüsschen.
Es liegt Hexaploidie mit einer Chromosomenzahl von 2n = 48 vor.[2]
Beim Dreiteiligen Wasserhahnenfuß handelt es sich um eine Wasserpflanze = Hydrophyten. Manchmal ist es ein Therophyt.[1] Der Dreiteilige Wasserhahnenfuß tritt in kleineren bis größeren Gruppen auf.
Die Bestäubung der Blüten erfolgt durch Insekten oder durch Selbstbestäubung der zwittrigen Blüten. Zu ihrer Vermehrung nützt diese Pflanze die Wasserausbreitung.
Das Hauptverbreitungsgebiet ist Westeuropa, von Portugal bis Großbritannien. Der Dreiteilige Wasserhahnenfuß tritt sporadisch in den warm gemäßigten Gebieten Nordwesteuropas und im Mittelmeerraum bis in Höhenlagen von etwa 700 Meter auf. Außerhalb Europas kommt er nur noch in Marokko und in Algerien vor.[3] In einigen europäischen Ländern wird er auf der Roten Liste für gefährdete Arten geführt. Fundstellen in Deutschland gab es von dem Jahr 2000 lediglich in Schleswig-Holstein. Die Bewertungen in der Roten Liste gefährdeten Pflanzenart in Deutschland nach Metzing et al. 2018 ist Kategorie 0 = „ausgestorben“. Es ist umstritten ob diese Art überhaupt in Deutschland vorkam oder nur falsch bestimmt wurde.[1]
Diese lichtliebende Pflanzenart wächst in saisonalen Wasserstellen, flachen Teichen und Gräben mit leicht sauren Lehm- und Sandböden. Bevorzugt findet man sie in Heidegebieten. Nach den ökologischen Zeigerwerten von Ellenberg markiert diese Wasserpflanze warmes bis mäßig warmes, extremes Seeklima. Sie weist auf stark wechselnde Wasserstände und schwach basische oder saure, stickstoffarme Böden hin. Sie ist eine Charakterart des Ranunculetum peltati, kommt aber in der Landform auch in Pflanzengesellschaften des Verbands Nanocyperion vor.[4]
Die Erstbeschreibung von Ranunculus tripartitus erfolgte 1808 durch Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in Icones Plantarum Gall. Rar. 1, S. 15.[3] Das Typusmaterial vermutete man in Paris, da es dort nicht auffindbar ist wurde die Illustration aus de Candolle's Erstbeschreibung als Typotypus festgelegt.
Für Ranunculus tripartitus DC. gibt es einige Synonyme:[3] Batrachium tripartitum (DC.) Gray, Batrachium lutarium Revel, Ranunculus petiveri W.D.J.Koch, Batrachium petiveri (W.D.J.Koch) F.W.Schultz, Ranunculus tripartitus var. minoriflorus Pau, Ranunculus tripartitus var. minoriflorus Pau, Ranunculus aquatilis subsp. minoriflorus (Pau) Maire.[3]
Der Dreiteilige Wasserhahnenfuß (Ranunculus tripartitus) gehört zur Artengruppe Wasserhahnenfuß (Ranunculus aquatilis agg.). Wegen der sehr ähnlichen Merkmale wurde für die Wasserhahnenfuß-Arten eine eigene Artengruppe Ranunculus aquatilis agg. gebildet. Sie besteht aus den folgenden Mitgliedern:
Der Artikel beruht hauptsächlich auf folgenden Unterlagen:
Der Dreiteilige Wasserhahnenfuß (Ranunculus tripartitus) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Hahnenfuß (Ranunculus) innerhalb der Familie der Hahnenfußgewächse (Ranunculaceae).
Ranunculus tripartitus, three-lobed crowfoot, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, which grows in pools and muddy hollows in coastal parts of Europe, North Africa and West Asia. It is rare and endangered throughout its range, and is considered to be an indicator of favourable environmental conditions.
Ranunculus tripartitus is a procumbent annual to perennial herbaceous plant that grows in shallow water and on exposed mud or peat. Under water it has finely divided, thread-like submerged (capillary) leaves. Floating on the surface, or growing on exposed mud, it has flat, deeply-lobed laminar leaves. Sometimes both leaf shapes are present on the same plant, but intermediate leaves are rare. The laminar leaves are reniform overall, divided more than half-way into three (rarely 5) lobes which are broadest towards the tip, and which are themselves shallowly indented (crenate) at the end. They are 0.5 - 1.5 cm across, with the middle lobe narrower than the side ones. The submerged leaves are 1 - 4 cm long, divided up to 5 times, with sometimes as many as 90 terminal segments. The leaves are opposite or alternate along stems that can be up to 50 cm long, with small stipules at the base of the petiole, which can be between 1 and 10 mm long. The stems and leaves are glabrous (hairless).[1][2][3]
The actinomorphic flowers are borne singly on long stalks (pedicels) from the leaf axils. Each flower has 5 petals and 5 sepals. The petals are white with a yellow patch towards to base, up to 4.5 mm long, and there is a small space between them. Towards the base of each petal is a small crescent-shaped nectar pit. The sepals are up to 3 mm long, green with a blue tip, and recurved towards the flower stalk. There are 5 - 8 stamens and numerous (more than 6) carpels. The receptacle is hairy.[4] The fruits are hairless and, as they develop, the pedicel becomes recurved.
Ranunculus tripartitus is included in the taxonomically difficult subgenus (or "section") Batrachium of the buttercup family, which includes all the water-crowfoots. They are aquatic or amphibious species, with white petals, transversely ridged achenes (fruits), and stipules at the base of the leaf stalk. It can be separated from other members of the section by the three-lobed laminar leaves, the petals being about twice as long as the sepals and not contiguous, the reflexed pedicel and the hairy receptacle.[3]
It was described by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1808. The type specimen, which was thought to be in Paris, is missing, so the plate and description in de Candolle's "Icones Plantarum"[5] has been designated a typotype. Ranunculus petiveri W.D.J. Koch, which was later found in Germany, and Batrachium lutarium Revel (France) are considered to be the same species.[3]
There are no subspecies of R. tripartitus, but it does form hybrids with other species in the section, including R. omiophyllus (=R. × novae-forestae S.D. Webster) (which is only known in Britain); common water-crowfoot (also only in Britain); and R. ololeucos (= R. × felixii Segret) (only in France). A key feature for the identification of hybrids is the presence of leaves that are intermediate between the capillary and laminar forms; such plants are also sterile.[1][3]
The chromosome number of R. tripartitus is 2n = 48.[1]
This is primarily a European plant, although it has been reported as far east as Turkey and as far south as Morocco, so it is perhaps present on three continents. Owing to the difficulty of identifying species in the section Batrachium, there is some uncertainty about its range. For example, the Turkish plants were recorded as R. kastamonuensis. It may occur on the Aegean Islands, but this is also unconfirmed. In all parts of its range, R. tripartitus is considered to be rare and possibly endangered.[3]
In Britain, it was first recorded (as R. innominatus) by C.C. Babington in 1848, "near Claremont House, Surrey",[6] an area now known as Esher Commons. It still occurs in this part of the country. The other main populations in Britain are in the heaths of Sussex and Kent, the New Forest, the Lizard peninsula, Pembrokeshire and Anglesey.[7] Because populations fluctuate dramatically, it is difficult to assess its conservation status. In 1962[8] it was thought to be present in 28 places (10 x 10 km squares) on the map. This had shrunk to 19 by 1987,[9] as low as 10 by 1999,[10] and back up to 27 by 2002.[7] Given a Change Index[11] of -1.09, it narrowly missed being classed as one of the 100 least successful plants in the British Isles.[7]
The habitat of R. tripartitus is in shallow pools and muddy hollows in heathland. It requires high levels of moisture and light, and low levels of nutrients. In Britain it is considered an axiophyte wherever it occurs, and it has been described as a useful bioindicator in the Mediterranean region.[12] In the Doñana National Park in Spain, it is found in species-rich ponds of special conservation value.[13] Although it is typically found in coastal areas, it is not tolerant of saline conditions.[14] Its Ellenberg values in Britain are L = 9, F = 10, R = 6, N = 3, and S = 0.[15]
Disturbance, such as trampling and grazing by livestock, is an important factor in its conservation.[16]
It is mainly a lowland plant, recorded only as high as 300 m in Britain, at Belstone in Devon (by William Keble Martin in 1934).[17]
Ranunculus tripartitus, three-lobed crowfoot, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, which grows in pools and muddy hollows in coastal parts of Europe, North Africa and West Asia. It is rare and endangered throughout its range, and is considered to be an indicator of favourable environmental conditions.
Třidźělna maslenka (Ranunculus tripartitus) je rostlina ze swójby maslenkowych rostlinow (Ranunculaceae).
Třidźělna maslenka (Ranunculus tripartitus) je rostlina ze swójby maslenkowych rostlinow (Ranunculaceae).
De driedelige waterranonkel (Ranunculus tripartitus) is een waterplant uit de ranonkelfamilie, sterk gelijkend op Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus.
De plant kenmerkt zich door niervormige drijvende bladeren van ongeveer 4 centimeter breed. De bloem heeft kelkbladeren van 1 tot 3 millimeter lengte. Deze bladeren zijn tijdens de bloei blauwpaars van kleur. De plant is 15 tot 50 cm hoog.
De plant groeit vooral in ondiep water in het kustgebied.
De driedelige waterranonkel (Ranunculus tripartitus) is een waterplant uit de ranonkelfamilie, sterk gelijkend op Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus.
De plant kenmerkt zich door niervormige drijvende bladeren van ongeveer 4 centimeter breed. De bloem heeft kelkbladeren van 1 tot 3 millimeter lengte. Deze bladeren zijn tijdens de bloei blauwpaars van kleur. De plant is 15 tot 50 cm hoog.
De plant groeit vooral in ondiep water in het kustgebied.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Ranunculus tripartitus DC. – gatunek rośliny z rodziny jaskrowatych (Ranunculaceae Juss.). Występuje naturalnie w zachodniej i południowo-zachodniej części Europy[3][4].
Rośnie w Portugalii, Hiszpanii, Francji, Belgii, Holandii, Niemczech, Wielkiej Brytanii oraz Irlandii[3].
Rośnie w rowach i płytkich stawach. Dobrze rośnie na glebach o kwaśnym odczynie, nie lubi wapiennego podłoża[4].
Ranunculus tripartitus DC. – gatunek rośliny z rodziny jaskrowatych (Ranunculaceae Juss.). Występuje naturalnie w zachodniej i południowo-zachodniej części Europy.
Ranunculus tripartitus é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Ranunculaceae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é DC., tendo sido publicada em Icon. Pl. Gall. Rar. 1: 15. 1808.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental.
Em termos de naturalidade é nativa da região atrás indicada.
Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.
Ranunculus tripartitus é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Ranunculaceae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é DC., tendo sido publicada em Icon. Pl. Gall. Rar. 1: 15. 1808.
Ranunculus tripartitus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Mao lương. Loài này được Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1808.[1]
Bài viết về chủ đề tông mao lương Ranunculeae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Ranunculus tripartitus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Mao lương. Loài này được Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1808.
