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Oecanthus fultoni Walker & T. J. 1962

Snowy Tree Cricket (Oecanthus fultoni)

fornecido por Singing Insects of North America (text)
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Identification: Length 15-18 mm. Black mark on first antennal segment round or oval; length of black mark on second antennal segment greater that half length of segment; width of dorsal field of male forewings more than 0.4 the length; more than 35 teeth in stridulatory file.

Habitat: Shrubbery and vines around houses, unsprayed fruit trees, tangles of vines and trees at edges of clearings and along neglected fence rows; broadleaved trees, esp. scrubby oaks.

Season: July to October; one generation per year.

Song at 25°C: Regular, melodious chirps at ca. 2.8 ch/sec. in the east and ca 3.1 ch/sec in the west. Chirps usually have either 8 or 5 pulses, produced at ca. 52/sec. A chirp's pulses are not quite evenly spaced—chirps generally begin with a group of two pulses closely followed by consecutive groups of three. Thus most chirps have pulses grouped as 2,3,3 or 2,3. Carrier frequency is 2.7 kHz.

Song data: See Fulton 1925 and Walker 1962. Similar species: Riley's tree cricket—dark mark on second antennal segment reduced (less than half length of segment) or absent; center of mark near distal border of segment.

Remarks: The snowy tree cricket is sometimes called the “thermometer cricket” because its chirps are easily countable and their rate correlates well with the temperature at the cricket. In eastern United States, Fahrenheit temperature can be estimated by counting the chirps in 13 sec. and adding 40. West of the Great Plains, the snowy tree cricket chirps a bit faster (at a given temperature) and the recipe changes—e.g., count the chirps in 12.5 sec and add 38. Of course if you are really interested in using the snowy tree cricket as a thermometer, you should calibrate your local crickets against a thermometer placed near where they sing. Count their chirps per minute at a variety of temperatures, graph the results, draw a line that fits the points, and use a little algebra to arrive at a handy formula. One explanation of why snowy tree crickets sing faster in the West is that their faster chirps are more easily distinguished from the similar but slower chirps of Riley's tree crickets, which do not occur in the East. Careful studies in the West of chirp rates in and out of the zone of overlap between snowy and Riley's tree crickets should help interpret the variation.

There is yet more to know about the song of the snowy tree cricket. Nathaniel Hawthorne described it as “audible stillness” and declared, “If moonlight could be heard, it would sound just like that.” On a more commercial note, producers of movies and television shows often dub the song of this species onto sound tracks to signal that the action is taking place on a quiet summer’s night in a rural or suburban setting.

More information: genus Oecanthus, subfamily Oecanthinae.

References: Shull 1907; Fulton 1915, 1925, 1926b; Allard 1930a, 1930b; Walker 1962, 1969; Block 1966.

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Referências

  • Fulton BB. 1925. Physiological variation in the snowy tree-cricket Oecanthus niveus De Geer. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18: 363-383.
  • Allard HA. 1930a. The chirping rates of the snowy tree cricket (Oecanthus niveus) as affected by external conditions. Can. Entomol. 62: 131-142.
  • Allard HA. 1930b. Changing the chirp-rate of the snowy tree cricket Oecanthus niveus with air currents. Science 72: 347-349.
  • Block BC. 1966. The relation of temperature to the chirp-rate of male snowy tree cricket, Oecanthus fultoni (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 56-59.
  • Shull AF. 1907. The stridulation of the snowy tree-cricket (Oecanthus niveus). Can. Entomol. 39: 213-228.
  • Walker TJ. 1969. Acoustic synchrony: two mechanisms in the snowy tree cricket. Science 166: 891-894.

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Thomas J. Walker

Oecanthus fultoni ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Oecanthus fultoni ist eine Blütengrille (englisch „Tree Cricket“) und gehört damit zu den Langfühlerschrecken. Sie kommt fast im gesamten Gebiet der USA vor[1] und heißt dort aufgrund ihrer häufig sehr hellen Färbung „Snowy (wörtlich übersetzt etwa „Schneeweiße“) Tree Cricket“. Da sich aus dem Tempo ihres Gesangs mittels des Dolbearschen Gesetzes sehr zuverlässig die Lufttemperatur ermitteln lässt, wird sie oft auch als Thermometergrille (Thermometer Cricket) bezeichnet. Dabei wird die Zirprate in der Zeit von 13 Sekunden gezählt und anschließend die Zahl 40 addiert. Dieser Wert entspricht ziemlich exakt der Temperatur in Grad Fahrenheit. Die Art wurde erst 1962 von Oecanthus niveus getrennt. Beide Arten haben jedoch neben anderen Merkmalen einen völlig unterschiedlichen Gesang.

Merkmale

Die Tiere sind 15–18 mm lang. Von anderen, sehr ähnlichen Arten der Gattung Oecanthus lässt sich O. fultoni leicht unterscheiden, wenn man von vorn auf die Basis der Fühler sieht. Auf dem ersten Fühlerglied befindet sich ein schwarzer, fast kreisrunder bis ovaler Fleck (statt eines länglichen Flecks oder zwei Flecken).[2] Das zweite Fühlerglied trägt ebenfalls nur einen einzigen ovalen schwarzen Fleck, der größer ist, als die halbe Länge des Segments. Die Männchen haben, wie bei vielen Blütengrillen üblich, gegenüber den Weibchen sehr breite Deckflügel mit einer speziell für die Resonanzverstärkung des Gesangs ausgebildeten Aderung. Singende Männchen können außerdem sehr gut anhand ihres arteigenen Lockgesangs unterschieden werden, wobei allerdings die Temperaturabhängigkeit berücksichtigt werden muss.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Die Art ist fast im gesamten Gebiet der USA (außer auf Hawaii, in Alaska, Florida und Montana), in Mexiko und im Süden Kanadas verbreitet. Die Männchen singen an gestrüppartigem Unterwuchs an Waldrändern oder auch innerhalb weniger dichter Wälder. In Kälteperioden finden sich die Tiere dicht am Boden an den Stämmen kleiner Bäume, vermutlich weil es dort wärmer ist.

Trivia

Der Gesang dieser Blütengrille ist so bekannt, dass er vielen US-amerikanischen Filmen beigemischt wird, insbesondere um eine stille Sommernacht in ländlicher Umgebung zu suggerieren. Der Schriftsteller Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864) beschrieb in The Old Manse den Gesang dieser Grille als „audible stillness“ (hörbare Stille) und schrieb in The Canterbury Pilgrims: „If moonlight could be heard, it would sound just like that.“ (Wäre Mondlicht hörbar, dann wäre es ein Klang genau wie dieser.).

In Folge 2 von Staffel 3 der US-amerikanischen Sitcom The Big Bang Theory mit dem Titel The Jiminy Conjecture (deutscher Titel Die Grillenwette) führen Sheldon Cooper und Howard Wolowitz eine strittige Diskussion, ob eine in der Wohnung vorgefundene Grille eine Thermometergrille (Oecanthus fultoni) oder eine Gemeine Feldgrille, Gryllus assimilis, sei. Allerdings bezeichnet Gryllus assimilis die in den Vereinigten Staaten nur in Florida und dem äußersten Süden von Texas vorkommende Steppengrille (englisch meist Jamaican field cricket), wohingegen die nicht in Amerika vorkommende Gemeine Feldgrille Gryllus campestris wäre. Das in der Serie gegen Ende dargestellte Tier ist zumindest keine grünliche, schlanke Thermometergrille, sondern (soweit erkennbar) eine bräunliche Steppengrille, die jedoch in der Folge nie ausdrücklich so benannt wird. Zumindest die in der Folge genannten wissenschaftlichen Bezeichnungen könnte daher dementsprechend korrekt sein, allerdings kommt das Tier, im Gegensatz zur Thermometergrille, nicht in Kalifornien vor. Hier sollte eher an die in Kalifornien eingeschleppte Acheta domesticus oder eine andere der vielen Arten der Gattung Gryllus gedacht werden.[3]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Walker TJ (1966): Annotated Checklist of Oecanthinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) of the World. The Florida Entomologist 49 (4): 265–277. http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/walker/fe49p265.pdf
  2. Elliott L & Hershberger W: The songs of insects. Houghton Mifflin: Boston 2007. ISBN 0-618-66397-5.
  3. David B. Weissman, D. C. F. Rentz, Richard D. Alexander, Werner Loher (1980): Field Crickets (Gryllus and Acheta) of California and Baja California, Mexico (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 106 (3), Seiten 327–356. pdf auf www.jstor.org
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia DE

Oecanthus fultoni: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Oecanthus fultoni ist eine Blütengrille (englisch „Tree Cricket“) und gehört damit zu den Langfühlerschrecken. Sie kommt fast im gesamten Gebiet der USA vor und heißt dort aufgrund ihrer häufig sehr hellen Färbung „Snowy (wörtlich übersetzt etwa „Schneeweiße“) Tree Cricket“. Da sich aus dem Tempo ihres Gesangs mittels des Dolbearschen Gesetzes sehr zuverlässig die Lufttemperatur ermitteln lässt, wird sie oft auch als Thermometergrille (Thermometer Cricket) bezeichnet. Dabei wird die Zirprate in der Zeit von 13 Sekunden gezählt und anschließend die Zahl 40 addiert. Dieser Wert entspricht ziemlich exakt der Temperatur in Grad Fahrenheit. Die Art wurde erst 1962 von Oecanthus niveus getrennt. Beide Arten haben jedoch neben anderen Merkmalen einen völlig unterschiedlichen Gesang.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Oecanthus fultoni ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Oecanthus fultoni, also known as the snowy tree cricket,[1] or thermometer cricket,[1] is a species of tree cricket from North America.[2] It feeds on leaves but also damages fruit. The chirp of this species is often dubbed onto sound tracks of films and television shows to depict a quiet summer's night. The rate of chirp varies depending on the heat of the environment, allowing a listener to estimate the temperature.

Etymology

Oecanthus fultoni's common name of the thermometer cricket is derived from a relationship between the rate of its chirps and the temperature. An estimate of the temperature in Fahrenheit can be made by adding 40 to the number of chirps made in 15 seconds.[3] Before 1960, the name Oecanthus niveus was wrongly applied to this species.[4] Oecanthus fultoni was named in honor of Bentley Ball Fulton (1880–1960), an American entomologist who laid the principal groundwork on North American cricket classification.[1][5]

Description

The species is 15–18 mm (0.6–0.7 in) long and is light green with translucent light green wings.[6] It has black marks on the first and second antennal segments, that are either round or oval shaped, and is about half the length of a segment.[7][8] The antennae are longer than its body and it has a small head. The 3mm eggs are pale yellow and shaped like a kidney. Its nymphs are pale and slender with wings that are not completely developed. The nymphs develop wings slowly. It has one generation per year.[6]

Oecanthus fultoni was for a long time confused with Oecanthus niveus described by entomologist Charles De Geer in 1773. However, in 1962 entomologist Thomas J. Walker found it to be a different species. In the far west of the United States, the species has been thought to be Oecanthus rileyi which is a region where both species are sympatric. Both O. fultoni and O. rileyi are the only two Oecanthus species within the United States that have a regular chirp, but they both have a different chirp rate per minute and O. rileyi is the loudest.[7] In the west of the Great Plains, the species chirps faster.[8] Only the males chirp and they often do so as a group.[9]

American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne said of the species' chirps, "If moonlight could be heard, it would sound just like that." Producers of films and television shows have often dubbed the chirps on sound tracks to let the viewers know that what is on screen is happening on a quiet summer's night.[8]

Habitat

The species can be found throughout the United States except the southeastern part of the country.[7] It is located in shrubs, vines, fruit trees, broadleaved trees, and oaks.[8] The cricket can rarely be found in grass.[10] Adults of the species can be found from mid-July to mid-November. The cricket can sometimes be so high in oak trees that its chirp is the only way to identify it.[7]

Feeding

Both nymphs and adults feed on leaves and their feeding causes barely any damage.[6] The cricket is known to destroy apples, plums, peaches, and cherries. The female drills a hole into a twig's cambium to lay its egg in. It then makes a row of punctures on one side of the hole and seals it with either excrement or chewed plant tissue once the egg is placed. Adults of the species eat holes in ripe fruits which results in the fruit rotting. It normally does not cause any damage in orchards that are consistently sprayed.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Walker, Thomas J. (1962). "The Taxonomy and Calling Songs of United States Tree Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecaiithinae). I. The Genus Neoxabea and the niveus and varicornis Groups of the Genus Oecanthus" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Entomological Society of America. 55 (3): 303–322. doi:10.1093/aesa/55.3.303. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  2. ^ Walker, Thomas J. Walker, Thomas J.; Moore, Thomas E. (eds.). "snowy tree cricket". Singing Insects of North America. University of Florida. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  3. ^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Snowy Tree Cricket". Britannica.
  4. ^ Walker, Thomas J. Walker, Thomas J.; Moore, Thomas E. (eds.). "narrow-winged tree cricket". Singing Insects of North America. University of Florida. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  5. ^ Gurney, Ashley B. (1964). "The entomological work of Bentley B. Fulton". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 66 (3): 151–159. Retrieved 2018-10-18.
  6. ^ a b c "Pest Profile" (PDF). University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d David C. Rentz; David B. Weissman (1981). Faunal Affinities, Systematics, and Bionomics of the Orthoptera of the California Channel Islands. University of California Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-520-09640-0.
  8. ^ a b c d J. Walker, Thomas. "Snowy Tree Cricket". University of Florida. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  9. ^ Gilbert, Jim (August 30, 2018). "Nature Notes: Tree crickets are regularly heard in late summer but rarely seen". Star Tribune. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  10. ^ Murray, Tom (2012). Insects of New England & New York. Kollath+Stensass Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 9781936571024.
  11. ^ "Snowy tree cricket". Michigan State University. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
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wikipedia EN

Oecanthus fultoni: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Oecanthus fultoni, also known as the snowy tree cricket, or thermometer cricket, is a species of tree cricket from North America. It feeds on leaves but also damages fruit. The chirp of this species is often dubbed onto sound tracks of films and television shows to depict a quiet summer's night. The rate of chirp varies depending on the heat of the environment, allowing a listener to estimate the temperature.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Oecanthus fultoni ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El grillo arboreo de la nieve (Oecanthus fultoni)[2]​ es una especie de grillo arbóreo de América del Norte.[3]​ Antes de 1960, a esta especie se le llamó erróneamente Oecanthus niveus.[4]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Oecanthus fultoni en el Catalogue of Life (en inglés).
  2. Walker, Thomas J. (1962). «The Taxonomy and Calling Songs of United States Tree Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecaiithinae). I. The Genus Neoxabea and the niveus and varicornis Groups of the Genus Oecanthus». Annals of the Entomological Society of America (Entomological Society of America) 55 (3): 303-322. Consultado el 27 de noviembre de 2012.
  3. Walker, Thomas J. «snowy tree cricket». En Walker, Thomas J.; Moore, Thomas E., ed. Singing Insects of North America. University of Florida. Consultado el 25 de abril de 2012.
  4. Walker, Thomas J. «narrow-winged tree cricket». En Walker, Thomas J.; Moore, Thomas E., ed. Singing Insects of North America. University of Florida. Consultado el 25 de abril de 2012.
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Oecanthus fultoni: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El grillo arboreo de la nieve (Oecanthus fultoni)​ es una especie de grillo arbóreo de América del Norte.​ Antes de 1960, a esta especie se le llamó erróneamente Oecanthus niveus.​

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Autores y editores de Wikipedia
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Oecanthus fultoni ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Grillon de Fulton

Oecanthus fultoni, le grillon de Fulton, appelé en anglais « Snowy Tree Cricket » ou « Thermometer Cricket » est une espèce d'insectes orthoptères appartenant à la famille des Gryllidae (grillons).

Son nom vernaculaire de « grillon thermomètre » indique que la fréquence de ses stridulations est en relation avec la température ambiante : voir loi de Dolbear.

Description

Longueur du corps : 15-18 mm. Les 2 premiers segments des antennes longues et fines portent de petites marques noires.

Distribution

Amérique du Nord : Canada et États-Unis.

Habitat

Cette espèce vit dans la végétation dont elle se nourrit : arbres, arbustes, buissons et végétaux divers (sauvages ou cultivés) ; on ne la trouve généralement pas dans les prairies et gazons. On peut rencontrer les adultes de juillet à octobre (une génération par an).

Taxonomie

D'abord nommé Gryllus niveus par Charles de Geer, il est connu sous le nom Oecanthus niveus jusqu'à 1962 : Thomas J. Walker l'appelle alors Oecanthus fultoni en hommage au Dr. B. B. Fulton qui contribua à la connaissance de ce genre de grillons.

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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
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wikipedia FR

Oecanthus fultoni: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Grillon de Fulton

Oecanthus fultoni, le grillon de Fulton, appelé en anglais « Snowy Tree Cricket » ou « Thermometer Cricket » est une espèce d'insectes orthoptères appartenant à la famille des Gryllidae (grillons).

Son nom vernaculaire de « grillon thermomètre » indique que la fréquence de ses stridulations est en relation avec la température ambiante : voir loi de Dolbear.

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wikipedia FR

Criogar crainn sneachtúil ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Is feithid é an criogar crainn sneachtúil. Ball d'fhine na Gryllidae atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
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Oecanthus fultoni ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Oecanthus fultoni Walker, 1962 è un insetto ortottero della famiglia Gryllidae, diffuso nell'America settentrionale.[1]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) D.C. Eades, D. Otte, M.M. Cigliano e H. Braun, Oecanthus fultoni, in Ortoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. URL consultato il 25 agosto 2013.

 title=
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Oecanthus fultoni: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Oecanthus fultoni Walker, 1962 è un insetto ortottero della famiglia Gryllidae, diffuso nell'America settentrionale.

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Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
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wikipedia IT

Oecanthus fultoni ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Insecten

Oecanthus fultoni is een rechtvleugelig insect uit de familie krekels (Gryllidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van deze soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1962 door Walker.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Geplaatst op:
22-04-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Oecanthus fultoni ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Oecanthus fultoni là một loài dế cây từ Bắc Mỹ.[1] Trước năm 1960, tên Oecanthus niveus bị sai áp dụng đối với loài này.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Walker, Thomas J. Walker, Thomas J.; Moore, Thomas E., biên tập. “snowy tree cricket”. Singing Insects of North America. University of Florida. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 4 năm 2012.
  2. ^ Walker, Thomas J. Walker, Thomas J.; Moore, Thomas E., biên tập. “narrow-winged tree cricket”. Singing Insects of North America. University of Florida. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 4 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến côn trùng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Oecanthus fultoni: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Oecanthus fultoni là một loài dế cây từ Bắc Mỹ. Trước năm 1960, tên Oecanthus niveus bị sai áp dụng đối với loài này.

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original
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wikipedia VI