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Macadamia tetraphylla ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Silberbaumgewächse (Proteaceae). Sie stammt aus dem Südosten Australiens. Bekannt sind ihre essbaren Früchte, die Macadamianüsse.
Macadamia tetraphylla wächst als kleiner bis mittelgroßer Baum, oft mit kurzem, kurz über dem Boden verzweigten Stamm, und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 3 bis 18 m.
Die ledrigen Laubblätter stehen zu viert, selten zu dritt oder fünft, in Quirlen an den Zweigen. Im Austrieb sind die Blätter rötlich[1] und leicht behaart, die Behaarung verliert sich später. Der Blattstiel fehlt oder misst höchstens 0,4 cm. Die Blätter sind 7 bis 30 cm lang bei einer Breite von 1,4 bis 6 cm. Die Blattspreite ist länglich bis lanzettlich, oberhalb der Mitte am breitesten. Der Blattrand ist leicht gewellt und regelmäßig stachlig gezähnt. Das Blattspreite endet spitz oder mit aufgesetzter Spitze. Die Blattoberseite ist leicht glänzend, die Unterseite ist heller, die Mittelrippe tritt auf beiden Blattseiten deutlich hervor.[2]
Der traubige Blütenstand ist 5,5 bis 38 cm lang und je zwei Blüten stehen in der Achsel eines Tragblattes. Die Blütenstandsachse ist gelblich-braun behaart. Die cremefarbenen oder rosafarbenen, behaarten Blütenhüllblätter sind 0,55 bis 1,5 cm lang. Die Staubbeutel sind 0,7 bis 2,2 mm lang. Der Fruchtknoten und die Basis des Griffels sind bräunlich behaart.[3]
Die Frucht ist rundlich, vorne etwas zugespitzt, mit einem Durchmesser von 2,4 bis 5 cm. Sie umgibt mit einer ledrigen, 2 bis 9 mm dicken Schale (Perikarp) den einzelnen Samen. Die verholzte, manchmal runzlige Samenschale (Testa) ist 2 bis 6 mm dick.[2]
Macadamia tetraphylla ist in einem kleinen Gebiet im Norden von New South Wales und im Südosten von Queensland beheimatet. Sie wächst dort in Regenwäldern.[2]
Die Samen von Macadamia tetraphylla sind essbar. Angebaut werden meist Hybriden von Macadamia tetraphylla und Macadamia integrifolia.[4]
Macadamia tetraphylla ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Silberbaumgewächse (Proteaceae). Sie stammt aus dem Südosten Australiens. Bekannt sind ihre essbaren Früchte, die Macadamianüsse.
Macadamia tetraphylla is a tree in the family Proteaceae, native to southern Queensland and northern New South Wales in Australia. Common names include macadamia nut, bauple nut, prickly macadamia, Queensland nut, rough-shelled bush nut and rough-shelled Queensland nut.
This species has dense foliage and grows up to 18 metres in height. The leaves, which have toothed margins, are 7 to 25 cm in length. As the species name "tetraphylla" implies, it usually has four leaves more or less equally spaced around each leaf node, whereas the other main commercial species "integrifolia" has a variable leaf number but usually three. It has long, pendant white to creamy pink to purple flowers, followed by woody, rounded fruits which are 2 to 3 cm in diameter and contain edible seeds.[2] As one common name implies, the shell of this species is often dimpled or "rough shelled" as compared to the integrifolia, which has a smooth shell, and always white flowers.
It has been introduced to Mexico and has done well in the states of Michoacán and Jalisco and has become an important export crop for the Mexican market.[3] Hawaii is the largest exporter of this crop worldwide. Both species of Macadamia have not done well in the pure tropics, with no fully successful plantations less than 15 degrees from the equator. Major plantations in Costa Rica, at 10 degrees north, are said to produce much less than in Hawaii at 19 to 22 degrees north, in one case 20% the production. Plantations in Guatemala at 15 degrees north are successful. However, individual seedling trees have produced well in the pure tropics and need to be selected. One grower noted that the integrifolia flowers in Costa Rica have no aroma, leading to low and erratic pollination. Macadamia tetraphylla has a higher sugar content than integrifolia, leading to problems of burning when baked in cookies and other desserts, thus most commercial macadamias are of the integrifolia species to assure conformity of roasting and baking results. Many tetraphylla or hybrids of tetraphylla and integrifolia are grown in home orchards. The higher sugar content of tetraphylla is preferred by some, especially for eating raw.
Macadamia tetraphylla was the first Australian native food plant to be grown by non-indigenous Australians as a commercial crop. The first commercial plantation of macadamia trees were planted in the early 1880s by Charles Staff at Rous Mill, 12 km southeast of Lismore, New South Wales, consisting of M. tetraphylla.[4] Seedlings from the original plantation were used as rootstock for grafted modern varieties well into the 20th century. This original plantation was finally cleared and replaced with grafted modern varieties in the 1990s.
Ironically, even as the macadamia has spread worldwide in commercial agriculture, it is now listed as a vulnerable species in its native Australia due to habitat loss and degradation. The loss and impoverishment of its habitat has resulted from clearance of lowland rainforest for agriculture and urban development; invasive weeds; and poorly-designed fire management systems.[5]
Like many other nuts, as well as olives, macadamia nuts are high in monounsaturated fatty acids (containing approximately 86%). Monounsaturated fatty acids have been linked to reduced cholesterol in the blood.[6]
The FDA has approved for manufacturers of macadamia products to use this verbiage, “Supportive but not conclusive research shows that eating 1.5 ounces per day of macadamia nuts, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol and not resulting in increased intake of saturated fat or calories may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. See nutrition information for fat [and calorie] content.” It is important to note that this is a "qualified health claim" and not meeting the rigorous standard of "significant scientific agreement".[7]
Macadamia tetraphylla pink flowers Macadamia tetraphylla is a tree in the family Proteaceae, native to southern Queensland and northern New South Wales in Australia. Common names include macadamia nut, bauple nut, prickly macadamia, Queensland nut, rough-shelled bush nut and rough-shelled Queensland nut.
This species has dense foliage and grows up to 18 metres in height. The leaves, which have toothed margins, are 7 to 25 cm in length. As the species name "tetraphylla" implies, it usually has four leaves more or less equally spaced around each leaf node, whereas the other main commercial species "integrifolia" has a variable leaf number but usually three. It has long, pendant white to creamy pink to purple flowers, followed by woody, rounded fruits which are 2 to 3 cm in diameter and contain edible seeds. As one common name implies, the shell of this species is often dimpled or "rough shelled" as compared to the integrifolia, which has a smooth shell, and always white flowers.
It has been introduced to Mexico and has done well in the states of Michoacán and Jalisco and has become an important export crop for the Mexican market. Hawaii is the largest exporter of this crop worldwide. Both species of Macadamia have not done well in the pure tropics, with no fully successful plantations less than 15 degrees from the equator. Major plantations in Costa Rica, at 10 degrees north, are said to produce much less than in Hawaii at 19 to 22 degrees north, in one case 20% the production. Plantations in Guatemala at 15 degrees north are successful. However, individual seedling trees have produced well in the pure tropics and need to be selected. One grower noted that the integrifolia flowers in Costa Rica have no aroma, leading to low and erratic pollination. Macadamia tetraphylla has a higher sugar content than integrifolia, leading to problems of burning when baked in cookies and other desserts, thus most commercial macadamias are of the integrifolia species to assure conformity of roasting and baking results. Many tetraphylla or hybrids of tetraphylla and integrifolia are grown in home orchards. The higher sugar content of tetraphylla is preferred by some, especially for eating raw.
Macadamia tetraphylla es un árbol en la familia Proteaceae, nativo de Nueva Gales del Sur y Queensland en Australia. Nombres comunes incluyen nuez de macadamia, nuez poppel (poppel nut), macadamia espinosa (prickly macadamia), nuez de Queensland, y nuez de cáscara áspera (rough-shelled Queensland nut)
Esta especie tiene un follaje denso y crece hasta 18 metros de altura. Las hojas, las cuales tienen los márgenes dentados y miden de 7 a 25 cm de largo. Tiene flores largas pendientes rosas cremosas a púrpura, a las cuales le siguen frutos leñosos y redondeados, los cuales miden de 2 a 3 cm de diámetro y contienen semillas comestibles.[1]
Ha sido introducido en México y se ha desarrollado bien en los estados Michoacán y Jalisco.[2]
Macadamia tetraphylla fue la primera planta en ser cultivada por australianos no indígenas como cultivo comercial. La primera plantación comercial de árboles de macadamia se realizó a principios de los 1880s, a 12 km al sureste de Lismore, Nueva Gales del Sur consistente de M. tetraphylla.[3] Plantones de la plantación original fueron usadas como portainjerto para las variedades modernas injertadas bien entrado el siglo XX. Esta plantación original fue finalmente clareada y reemplazada por variedades modernas injertadas a mediados de los 1990s.
Macadamia tetraphylla fue descrita por Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson y publicado en Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 79(1): 15–16. 1954.[4][5]
Macadamia tetraphylla es un árbol en la familia Proteaceae, nativo de Nueva Gales del Sur y Queensland en Australia. Nombres comunes incluyen nuez de macadamia, nuez poppel (poppel nut), macadamia espinosa (prickly macadamia), nuez de Queensland, y nuez de cáscara áspera (rough-shelled Queensland nut)
A macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) é unha árbore na familia Proteaceae, nativa de Nova Gales do Sur e Queensland en Australia. Coñécese polo seu froito comestíbel, a noz de macadamia, noz poppel (Poppel Nut), noz de Queensland ou noz de casca áspera (Rough-shelled Queensland Nut)
Esta especie ten unha follaxe densa e medra até 18 metros de altura. As follas, de marxes dentades, miden de 7 a 25 cm de longo. Ten flores longas pénsiles, do cor rosa cremosa a púrpura, ás que seguen froitos lígneos e arredondados, que miden de 2 a 3 cm de diámetro e conteñen sementes comestíbeis.[1]
Foi introducido en México, desenvolvéndose con xeito nos estados Michoacán e Xalisco.[2]
Macadamia tetraphylla foi a primeira planta en terse cultivado por australianos non indíxenas como cultura comercial. A primeira plantación comercial de árbores de macadamia realizouse a comezos da década de 1880, a 12 km ao sueste de Lismore, Nova Gales do Sur consistente de M. tetraphylla.[3] Plantóns da plantación orixinal foron usados como portaenxerto para as variedades modernas enxertadas ben entrado o século XX. Esta plantación orixinal foi finalmente clareada e substituída por variedades modernas enxertadas a mediados da década de 1990.
Macadamia tetraphylla foi descrita por Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson e publicado en Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 79(1): 15–16. 1954.[4][5]
A macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) é unha árbore na familia Proteaceae, nativa de Nova Gales do Sur e Queensland en Australia. Coñécese polo seu froito comestíbel, a noz de macadamia, noz poppel (Poppel Nut), noz de Queensland ou noz de casca áspera (Rough-shelled Queensland Nut)
Macadamia tetraphylla é uma árvore da família Proteaceae, nativa da Nova Gales do Sul e Queensland (Austrália), cultivada para produção da macadâmia, uma noz comestível utilizada em alimentação humana e para produção de um óleo utilizado na preparação de alimentos e em cosmética.
A espécie apresenta uma folhagem densa, crescendo até aos 18 metros de altura. As folhas apresentam margens dentados, com 7 a 25 cm de comprimento. As flores são grandes, pendentes, de coloração rosada cremosa a púrpura. Os frutos são lenhosos e arredondados, com 2 a 3 cm de diâmetro. As sementes são comestíveis.[1]
Macadamia tetraphylla foi cultivada pelos aborígenes australianos e uma das primeiras plantas nativas da Austrália a ser cultivada para fins comerciais. A primeira plantação comercial para produção macadâmia foi realizada em princípios da ´década de 1880, numa localidade situada a 12 km a sudeste de Lismore, Nova Gales do Sul.[2]
A espécie foi introduzido no México, sendo cultivada nos estados de Michoacán e Jalisco.[3]
A espécie Macadamia tetraphylla foi descrita por Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson e publicade em Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 79(1): 15–16. 1954.[4][5] A espécie tem como sinonímia o binome Macadamia ternifolia F.Muell.[6]
Macadamia tetraphylla é uma árvore da família Proteaceae, nativa da Nova Gales do Sul e Queensland (Austrália), cultivada para produção da macadâmia, uma noz comestível utilizada em alimentação humana e para produção de um óleo utilizado na preparação de alimentos e em cosmética.
Macadamia tetraphylla Proteaceae ailesinden güney Queensland ve kuzey New South Wales-Avustralya'ya özgü bir ağaçtır. Macadamia Nut (Makademya Fındığı), Bauple Nut, Prickly Macadamia, Queensland Nut, Rough-shelled Bush Nut veya Rough-shelled Queensland Nut(Sert Kabuklu Queensland Fındığı) olarak da bilinir.
Bu tür yoğun yapraklı ve 18 metre yüksekliğe ulaşır. Dişli kenarları olan yapraklar,7 ile 25 cm arası uzunluğundadır. Uzun, krem pembeden mora kayan çiçekleri,odunsu, yuvarlak 2–3 cm çapında ve yenilebilir tohumlu meyveleri içerir.[1]
Macadamia, Meksika'ya giren ve Michoacán,Jalisco eyaletlerinden yetiştirilen bu ürün ve Meksika marketlerinde önemli bir ihracat girdisi olmuştur.[2] Hawaii bu bitkinin en büyük üreticilerindendir.
Makademya'nın bu türü sert,daha kalın ve zor kırılır kabuklu ama tatlı meyveleri ve 4lü yapıdaki yapraklarıyla, bütün yapraklı ve biraz daha az tatlı meyveli ama daha ince kabuklu ve çok az daha büyük integratifolia ve 3lü yapıdaki yaprakları,küçük ve acı tatlı meyveleri bulunan ternifolia türünden [3][4] ayrılır. İntegratifolia türünden çok olmasa da biraz daha fazla soğuğa dayanıklı bir tür olup Avustralya'da integratifolia türüne oranla biraz daha güneye yayılım göstermektedir.
Macadamia tetraphylla ilk Avustralya'nın avrupalılarca ticari ürün olarak yetiştirilen doğal . İlk ticari Makademya çiftliği 1880'de Rous Mill'de, Lismore'dan 12 km uzakta,Charles Staff tarafından yapıldı ve ağaçların hepsi M. tetraphylla idi..[5] Buradaki bitkiler sonrasında 20.yüzyılda modern varyeteler için anaç olarak kullanıldı. Bu orijinal çiftlik sonrasında temizlenip 1990larda modern aşılanmış varyetelerle ağaçlar değiştirildi. Tetraphylla türü, sürekli olarak daha zor kırılır ve kalın kabukları nedeniyle kültüre alınıp, anaç olarak integratifolia türü için veya bu türle çaprazlanıp hibrit türler yaratılması için kullanılması,çevre ve orman talanı nedeniyle doğal yabani ortamında tehdit altındadır.
Pek çok kabuklu yemiş türü ve zeytin gibi diğer yemişler gibi Makademya tekli doymamış yağlar yönünden çok zengindir.(yaklaşık %86 oranında). Tekli doymamış yağlar kandaki kolestrolün düşürülmesine yardımcıdır.[6]
Bununla birlikte cilt bakımı için kullanılan macadamia yağı yaklaşık %22 Omega 7 palmitoleic asit içerdiğinden dolayı değerlidir [7] Bu asit mink yağında da %17 oranında bulunup,makademya onun botanik bir alternatifidir. Mink yağına nazaran daha fazla deri bakımını sağlayan palmitoleic asit içermesi ve üzerine Macadamia'nın yüksek antioksidan özelliği onun özellikle cilt bakımı için kozmetikte yoğun talep görmesine yol açmıştır. Fakat pek çok tohumun yaptığı gibi Makademya'da insanlarda alerjik reaksiyonlara neden olabilmektedir.
Bu reaksiyonlar dudaklarda şişme, boyunda aşırı derece kaşıntı gibi semptomlar ve anafilaksi şeklinde olur. Bu sebeple özellikle bu tohumları hiç tüketmemiş çocuk ve yetişkinlerinde kullanımında dikkat etmesi gerekir.
Macadamia tetraphylla Proteaceae ailesinden güney Queensland ve kuzey New South Wales-Avustralya'ya özgü bir ağaçtır. Macadamia Nut (Makademya Fındığı), Bauple Nut, Prickly Macadamia, Queensland Nut, Rough-shelled Bush Nut veya Rough-shelled Queensland Nut(Sert Kabuklu Queensland Fındığı) olarak da bilinir.
Bu tür yoğun yapraklı ve 18 metre yüksekliğe ulaşır. Dişli kenarları olan yapraklar,7 ile 25 cm arası uzunluğundadır. Uzun, krem pembeden mora kayan çiçekleri,odunsu, yuvarlak 2–3 cm çapında ve yenilebilir tohumlu meyveleri içerir.
Macadamia, Meksika'ya giren ve Michoacán,Jalisco eyaletlerinden yetiştirilen bu ürün ve Meksika marketlerinde önemli bir ihracat girdisi olmuştur. Hawaii bu bitkinin en büyük üreticilerindendir.
Makademya'nın bu türü sert,daha kalın ve zor kırılır kabuklu ama tatlı meyveleri ve 4lü yapıdaki yapraklarıyla, bütün yapraklı ve biraz daha az tatlı meyveli ama daha ince kabuklu ve çok az daha büyük integratifolia ve 3lü yapıdaki yaprakları,küçük ve acı tatlı meyveleri bulunan ternifolia türünden ayrılır. İntegratifolia türünden çok olmasa da biraz daha fazla soğuğa dayanıklı bir tür olup Avustralya'da integratifolia türüne oranla biraz daha güneye yayılım göstermektedir.
Cây Mắc ca bốn lá hay còn gọi là Mắc ca mép lá răng cưa, Mắc ca lá gai, Mắc ca hạt nhám có danh pháp khoa học Macadamia tetraphylla là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Quắn hoa. Loài này được L.A.S. Johnson miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1954.[1]
Bài viết phân họ thực vật Grevilleoideae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Cây Mắc ca bốn lá hay còn gọi là Mắc ca mép lá răng cưa, Mắc ca lá gai, Mắc ca hạt nhám có danh pháp khoa học Macadamia tetraphylla là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Quắn hoa. Loài này được L.A.S. Johnson miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1954.
四叶澳洲坚果（学名：Macadamia tetraphylla）为山龙眼科澳洲坚果属下的一个种。
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