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Ficus rubiginosa és una espècie de planta de la família de les Moràcies, endèmica de Nova Gal·les del Sud. És un arbre perenne que es troba sobre sòls secs a llocs rocosos de cales i barrancs.
Aquesta espècie és un bon exemple del que fan moltes espècies del gènere Ficus: emetre arrels aèries des de les branques i el tronc, les quals creixen cap avall cercant la terra. Una vegada contacten amb el sòl arrelen immediatament i es transformen en columnes molt gruixudes, com si fossin nous troncs, aportant així estabilitat, nous nutrients i aigua a l'arbre que arriba a assolir unes mesures gegantines.
Les flors dels Ficus es pol·linitzen una a una, per tant, necessiten un pol·linitzador molt petit, que en el cas de les figueres són les vespes. Cada espècie de Ficus té la seva vespa pol·linitzadora especifica, i en el cas de Ficus rubiginosa és Pleistodontes imperialis, amb la qual manté un mutualisme obligat. Les figueres produeixen unes flors poc vistoses dins una inflorescència coneguda com a siconi, que és la figa immadura. Hi ha tres tipus de flors: flors femenines amb estil curt, flors femenines amb estil llarg i flors masculines. La vespa femella, carregada de pol·len d'altres individus, és atreta per una essència que desprèn la figa immadura i entra dins d'aquesta per un forat a la base, on troben desenvolupades els dos tipus de flors femenines. El pol·len que porta l'insecte pol·linitza les flors d'estil llarg, mentre que a les d'estil curt la vespa hi pondrà els ous. Quan la larva creixi s'alimentarà d'aquestes flors, les quals tenen únicament aquesta funció, la nodrir les larves de la vespa pol·linitzadora. Quan neix la nova progènie, els macles inseminen les femelles dins la mateixa figa i moren fent el forat pel que sortiran posteriorment les femelles. En aquest moment, les flors masculines estan madures, i les joves vespes femelles es carregaran de pol·len i sortiran a l'exterior de la figa, a pol·linitzar-ne de noves.
Ficus rubiginosa és una espècie de planta de la família de les Moràcies, endèmica de Nova Gal·les del Sud. És un arbre perenne que es troba sobre sòls secs a llocs rocosos de cales i barrancs.
Aquesta espècie és un bon exemple del que fan moltes espècies del gènere Ficus: emetre arrels aèries des de les branques i el tronc, les quals creixen cap avall cercant la terra. Una vegada contacten amb el sòl arrelen immediatament i es transformen en columnes molt gruixudes, com si fossin nous troncs, aportant així estabilitat, nous nutrients i aigua a l'arbre que arriba a assolir unes mesures gegantines.
Les flors dels Ficus es pol·linitzen una a una, per tant, necessiten un pol·linitzador molt petit, que en el cas de les figueres són les vespes. Cada espècie de Ficus té la seva vespa pol·linitzadora especifica, i en el cas de Ficus rubiginosa és Pleistodontes imperialis, amb la qual manté un mutualisme obligat. Les figueres produeixen unes flors poc vistoses dins una inflorescència coneguda com a siconi, que és la figa immadura. Hi ha tres tipus de flors: flors femenines amb estil curt, flors femenines amb estil llarg i flors masculines. La vespa femella, carregada de pol·len d'altres individus, és atreta per una essència que desprèn la figa immadura i entra dins d'aquesta per un forat a la base, on troben desenvolupades els dos tipus de flors femenines. El pol·len que porta l'insecte pol·linitza les flors d'estil llarg, mentre que a les d'estil curt la vespa hi pondrà els ous. Quan la larva creixi s'alimentarà d'aquestes flors, les quals tenen únicament aquesta funció, la nodrir les larves de la vespa pol·linitzadora. Quan neix la nova progènie, els macles inseminen les femelles dins la mateixa figa i moren fent el forat pel que sortiran posteriorment les femelles. En aquest moment, les flors masculines estan madures, i les joves vespes femelles es carregaran de pol·len i sortiran a l'exterior de la figa, a pol·linitzar-ne de noves.
Ficus rubiginosa (lat.Ficus rubiginosa) është bimë që klasifikohet në familjen e bimëve Moraceae.
Ficus rubiginosa (lat.Ficus rubiginosa) është bimë që klasifikohet në familjen e bimëve Moraceae.
Ficus rubiginosa, the rusty fig or Port Jackson fig (damun in the Dharug language), is a species of flowering plant native to eastern Australia in the genus Ficus. Beginning as a seedling that grows on other plants (hemiepiphyte) or rocks (lithophyte), F. rubiginosa matures into a tree 30 m (100 ft) high and nearly as wide with a yellow-brown buttressed trunk. The leaves are oval and glossy green and measure from 4 to 19.3 cm (1+1⁄2–7+1⁄2 in) long and 1.25 to 13.2 cm (1⁄2–5+1⁄4 in) wide.
The fruits are small, round, and yellow, and can ripen and turn red at any time of year, peaking in spring and summer. Like all figs, the fruit is in the form of a syconium, an inverted inflorescence with the flowers lining an internal cavity. F. rubiginosa is exclusively pollinated by the fig wasp species Pleistodontes imperialis, which may comprise four cryptospecies. The syconia are also home to another fourteen species of wasp, some of which induce galls while others parasitise the pollinator wasps and at least two species of nematode. Many species of bird, including pigeons, parrots, and various passerines, eat the fruit. Ranging along the Australian east coast from Queensland to Bega in southern New South Wales (including the Port Jackson area, leading to its alternative name), F. rubiginosa grows in rainforest margins and rocky outcrops. It is used as a shade tree in parks and public spaces, and when potted is well-suited for use as an indoor plant or in bonsai.
Ficus rubiginosa was described by French botanist René Louiche Desfontaines in 1804,[3] from a type specimen whose locality is documented simply as "New Holland". In searching for the type specimen, Australian botanist Dale Dixon found one from the herbarium of Desfontaines at Florence Herbarium and one from the herbarium of Étienne Pierre Ventenat at Geneva. As Ventenat had used Desfontaines' name, Dixon selected the Florence specimen to be the type in 2001.[4] The specific epithet rubiginosa related to the rusty coloration of the undersides of the leaves.[5] Indeed, rusty fig is an alternate common name; others include Illawarra fig and Port Jackson fig.[5] It was known as damun (pron. "tam-mun") to the Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney basin.[6]
In 1806, German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow gave it the botanical name Ficus australis in Species Plantarum,[7] but this is a nomen illegitimum as the species already had a validly published name.[2] Italian botanist Guglielmo Gasparrini broke up the genus Ficus in 1844, placing the species in the genus Urostigma as U. rubiginosum.[8] In 1862, Dutch botanist Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel described Urostigma leichhardtii from material collected from Cape Cleveland, Queensland, noting it had affinities to F. rubiginosa.[9] In 1867, he placed Urostigma as a subgenus in the reunited Ficus, which resulted in the taxon becoming Ficus leichhardtii. Miquel also described Ficus leichhardtii variety angustata from Whitsunday Island,[10] later classified as F. shirleyana by Czech botanist Karel Domin.[11] Queensland state botanist Frederick Manson Bailey described Ficus macrophylla variety pubescens in 1911 from Queensland, Domin later renaming it Ficus baileyana.[12] All these taxa were found to be indistinguishable from (and hence reclassified as) F. rubiginosa by Dixon in 2001.[4]
In a study published in 2008, Nina Rønsted and colleagues analysed the DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacers, and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase region, in the first molecular analysis of the section Malvanthera. They found F. rubiginosa to be most closely related to the rainforest species F. watkinsiana and two rock-growing (lithophytic) species of arid northern Australia (F. atricha and F. brachypoda). They classified these species in a new series Rubiginosae in the subsection Platypodeae. Relationships are unclear and it is uncertain into which direction the group radiated (into rainforest or into arid Australia).[13]
Joseph Maiden described variety lucida in 1902, and Bailey described variety glabrescens in 1913.[14] Both had diagnosed their varieties on the basis of their hairlessness. Maiden described a taxon totally devoid of hair, while Bailey described his as nearly glabrous (hairless). As Bailey's description more closely matched Dixon's findings (that these variants were only partly and not completely hairless), Dixon retained Bailey's name and reclassified it as Ficus rubiginosa forma glabrescens in 2001 as it differed only in the lack of hairs on new growth from the nominate form.[4]
A spreading, densely-shading tree when mature, F. rubiginosa may reach 30 m (100 ft) or more in height,[15] although it rarely exceeds 10 m (30 ft) in the Sydney region.[16] The trunk is buttressed and can reach 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in diameter. The bark is yellow-brown.[5] It can also grow as on other plants as a hemiepiphyte,[4] or 1–5 m (3–16 ft) high lithophyte.[17] Alternately arranged on the stems, the ovate (egg-shaped), obovate (reverse egg-shaped) or oval-shaped leaves are anywhere from 4–19.3 cm (1+5⁄8–7+5⁄8 in) long and 1.25–13.2 cm (1⁄2–5+1⁄4 in) wide, on 7–8.2 cm (2+3⁄4–3+1⁄4 in)-long petioles (stalks that join the leaves to stems). They are smooth or bear tiny rusty hairs. There are 16 to 62 pairs of lateral veins that run off the midvein at an angle of 41.5–84.0°, while distinct basal veins run off the midvein at an angle of 18.5–78.9°.[4] As with all figs, the fruit (fig) is actually an inverted inflorescence (compound flower) known as a syconium, with tiny flowers arising from the fig's inner surface into a hollow cavity.[16] F. rubiginosa is monoecious—both male and female flowers are found on the same plant, and in fact in the same fruit, although they mature at different times.[18] Often growing in pairs, the figs are yellow initially and measure 4–10 mm (1⁄8–3⁄8 in) across.[19] Ripening to red in colour, they are tipped with a small nipple and on a 2–5 mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) stalk.[16] Fruits ripen throughout the year, although more so in spring and summer.[5] Some trees have ripe and unripe fruit at the same time.[19]
It closely resembles its relative, the Moreton Bay fig (F. macrophylla). Having similar ranges in the wild, they are often confused. The smaller leaves, shorter fruit stalks, and rusty colour of the undersides of the leaves of F. rubiginosa are the easiest distinguishing features.[16] It is also confused with the small-leaved fig (F. obliqua), the syconia of which are smaller, measuring 4–12 mm long and 4–11 mm in diameter, compared with 7–17 mm long and 8–17 mm diameter for F. rubiginosa.[4]
Ficus rubiginosa's range spans the entire eastern coastline of Australia, from the top of the Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland to the vicinity of Bega on the south coast of New South Wales.[16] The range extends westwards to Porcupine Gorge National Park in Queensland and the far western plains in New South Wales.[4] F. rubiginosa f. rubiginosa and F. rubiginosa f. glabrescens are found over most of the range, though the latter does not occur south past the New South Wales-Queensland border region. Lithophytic, hemiepiphytic, and tree forms can be found together in local populations of plants.[4]
F. rubiginosa is found in rainforest,[4] rainforest margins, gullies,[16] riverbank habitat, vine thickets,[4] and rocky hillsides.[16] It is found on limestone outcrops in Kanangra-Boyd National Park.[20] Fig seedlings often grow from cracks in stone where seeds have been lodged, in locations such as cliffs and rock faces in natural environments,[5] or in brickwork on buildings and elsewhere in the urban environment. The soils it grows on are often well-drained and low in nutrients. They are derived from sandstone, quartzite, and basalt. In the Sydney region, F. rubiginosa grows from sea level to 1000 m (3500 ft) altitude, in areas with an average yearly rainfall of 600–1,400 mm (24–55 in).[19] F. rubiginosa is largely sympatric with F. obliqua, though its range extends further west into dryer regions than the latter species.[4]
Outside its native range, F. rubiginosa has naturalised to some degree in urban Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, as well as New Zealand, Hawaii and California, and Mediterranean Europe.[21] F. rubiginosa has been planted widely in Malta since the early 1990s but has not been observed to fruit.[22]
The fruit is consumed by many bird species including the rose-crowned fruit dove (Ptilinopus regina), wompoo fruit dove (P. magnificus), wonga pigeon (Leucosarcia melanoleuca), topknot pigeon (Lopholaimus antarcticus), Pacific koel (Eudynamys orientalis),[5] Australasian swamphen (Porphyrio melanotus),[23] Australian king parrot (Alisterus scapularis),[24] Australasian figbird (Sphecotheres vieilloti), green catbird (Ailuroedus crassirostris), regent bowerbird (Sericulus chrysocephalus), satin bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus) and pied currawong (Strepera graculina),[5] as well as the mammalian grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus),[19] and spectacled flying fox (Pteropus conspicillatus).[25] It is one of several plant species used as food by the endangered Coxen's fig parrot.[26] Many fruits drop onto the ground around the tree, though others are dispersed by animals that eat them.[19]
The thrips species Gynaikothrips australis feeds on the underside of new leaves of F. rubiginosa, as well as F. obliqua and F. macrophylla. As plant cells die, nearby cells are induced into forming meristem tissue, and a gall results and the leaves become distorted and curl over. The thrips begin feeding when the tree has flushes of new growth, and live for around six weeks. At other times, thrips reside on old leaves without feeding. The species pupates sheltered in the bark. The thrips remain in the galls at night, wander about in the daytime and return in the evening, possibly to different galls about the tree.[27] Psyllids have almost defoliated trees in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney in spring.[19]
P. imperialis crossed the waters between Australia and New Zealand some time between 1960 and 1972, and seedlings of the previously infertile trees of F. rubiginosa began appearing in brick and stone walls, and on other trees, particularly in parks and gardens around Auckland. They have been recorded as far south as Napier.[28] P. imperialis has been transported to Hawaii, California, and Israel, where it has been observed to pollinate its host.[29]
They can live to 100 years or more and have been known to resprout after bushfire, bearing fruit within three years.[19]
As with many other Ficus species, the community of wasps inside the figs of F. rubiginosa is made up mostly of pollinator wasps.[17] These develop deep inside the syconium, presumably protected there from parasites.[30] Also present are much smaller numbers of other wasp species, which do not pollinate the fig. At least fourteen species have been recorded,[a] of which four—two each belonging to the genera Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis—are common while others are rare.[17] Investigation of F. rubiginosa syconia found that the fig seeds and parasitic wasps develop closer to the wall of the syconium. The wasps of the genera Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis are parasitic and are around the same size as the pollinator species.[30] Their larvae are thought to feed on the larvae of the pollinator wasp.[17] Male Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis wasps fight other males of the same species when they encounter each other in a F. rubiginosa fig.[31] Several genera of uncommon larger wasp species enter the immature figs before other wasps and induce galls, which may impact on numbers of pollinator wasps in the fig later. An example of this is Pseudidarnes minerva,[17] a metallic green wasp species.[32]
Nematodes of the genus Schistonchus are found in the syconia (and the pollinator wasps) of many species of fig, with F. rubiginosa hosting two species. They appear to be less species-specific than wasps. S. altermacrophylla is generally associated with F. rubiginosa though it has been recorded on several other fig species.[33]
Ficus rubiginosa was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1789, where it is grown in glasshouses.[34] It is commonly used as a large ornamental tree in eastern Australia, in the North Island of New Zealand,[28] and also in Hawaii and California, where it is also listed as an invasive species in some areas.[35] It is useful as a shade tree in public parks and on golf courses.[36] Not as prodigious as other figs, F. rubiginosa is suited to slightly more confined areas, such as lining car parks or suburban streets. However, surface roots can be large and intrusive and the thin bark readily damaged when struck. Tolerant of acid or alkaline soils, it is hardy to US Hardiness Zones 10B and 11, reaching 10 m (30 ft) high in 30 years. Planting trees 8–12 m (30–40 ft) apart will eventually result in a continuous canopy.[37] The trees are of great value in providing fruit for birds and mammals, though drop large quantities of fruit and leaves, leaving a mess underfoot.[34]
In a brief description, William Guilfoyle recorded a variegated fig from New South Wales "12–15 ft high" in 1911 as F. rubiginosa variety variegata.[38] A variegated form is in cultivation on Australia's east coast,[39] and in the United States.[40] It is a chimera lacking in chlorophyll in the second layer of the leaf meristem.[39] The leaves have an irregular central green patch along the midvein with irregular yellow and green elsewhere.[34] Leaves that grow in winter generally have larger green patches than those that do in summer. The chimera is unstable, and branches of all-green growth appear sporadically.[39]
Despite the relatively large size of the leaves, it is popular for bonsai work as it is highly forgiving to work with and hard to kill; the leaves reduce readily by leaf-pruning in early summer. Described as the best tree for a beginner to work with, it is one of the most frequently used native species in Australia.[41] Its bark remains smooth, and does not attain a rugged, aged appearance. Known as "Little Ruby",[42] a narrow-leaved form with its origins somewhere north of Sydney is also seen in cultivation.[43]
F. rubiginosa is also suited for use as a houseplant in low, medium or brightly lit spaces, although a variegated form requires brighter light.[44] It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[45] It is easily propagated by cuttings or aerial layering.[5]
The light-coloured wood is soft and brittle. Lightweight, it has some value in the making of such items as toys and small boxes.[15]
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Ficus rubiginosa, the rusty fig or Port Jackson fig (damun in the Dharug language), is a species of flowering plant native to eastern Australia in the genus Ficus. Beginning as a seedling that grows on other plants (hemiepiphyte) or rocks (lithophyte), F. rubiginosa matures into a tree 30 m (100 ft) high and nearly as wide with a yellow-brown buttressed trunk. The leaves are oval and glossy green and measure from 4 to 19.3 cm (1+1⁄2–7+1⁄2 in) long and 1.25 to 13.2 cm (1⁄2–5+1⁄4 in) wide.
The fruits are small, round, and yellow, and can ripen and turn red at any time of year, peaking in spring and summer. Like all figs, the fruit is in the form of a syconium, an inverted inflorescence with the flowers lining an internal cavity. F. rubiginosa is exclusively pollinated by the fig wasp species Pleistodontes imperialis, which may comprise four cryptospecies. The syconia are also home to another fourteen species of wasp, some of which induce galls while others parasitise the pollinator wasps and at least two species of nematode. Many species of bird, including pigeons, parrots, and various passerines, eat the fruit. Ranging along the Australian east coast from Queensland to Bega in southern New South Wales (including the Port Jackson area, leading to its alternative name), F. rubiginosa grows in rainforest margins and rocky outcrops. It is used as a shade tree in parks and public spaces, and when potted is well-suited for use as an indoor plant or in bonsai.
Ficus rubiginosa, la higuera de Puerto Jackson, higuera de hojas chicas o higuera mohosa (rusty fig), es nativa del este de Australia y un baniano del género Ficus el cual comprende alrededor de 750 especies en climas cálidos y templados de todo el mundo, incluyendo el higo común (Ficus carica).
Ficus rubiginosa forma un árbol de sombra densa extensa cuando maduro, y puede formar hasta 30 m de altura, sin embargo raramente exceden los 10 m en el área de Sídney.[1] Se parece mucho a su pariente cercano Higuera de Bahía Moreton, la higuera de Puerto Jackson es generalmente más pequeña, con hojas y frutas más chicas. Sus hojas ovadas a elípticas miden 6-10 cm de largo en pecíolos de 1-4 cm. Con frecuencia desarrollándose en pares, los higos son amarillos y cuando maduran se ponen de color rojo, tienen en el extremo un pequeño pezón y están en un tallo de a 2-5 mm.[1] Es polinizado por avispas de los higos de los géneros Pegoscapus o Pleistodontes.
Teniendo similares rangos en la naturaleza a veces se les confunde, las hojas más pequeñas, los tallos de los frutos más pequeños, y el color mohoso de las hojas de la higuera de Puerto Jackson son la característica más fácil de distinguir.[1]
En climas húmedos y tropicales, las ramas inferiores de la higuera de Puerto Jackson pueden formar raíces aéreas las cuales alcanzan el suelo, formando sistemas de raíces secundarios.
Ficus rubiginosa crece desde el norte de Queensland hacia el sur a lo largo de la línea costera del este hasta las cercanías de Bega en la costa sur de Nueva Gales del Sur.[1] Se le encuentra en los límites de los bosques lluviosos, barrancos y colinas rocosas.[1]
Como todas las higueras requiere de polinización de una avispa particular para poder producir semillas. Esto realmente ocurre con franca rapidez si los árboles son una atracción a común en bardas, grietas y edificios en áreas urbanas de ciudades tales como Sídney. Es bien conocida en parques y jardines públicos en villas y ciudades de la costa este, es también una planta muy valiosa la naturaleza y preservación del hábitat locales. Los viejos especímenes pueden lograr una talla considerable. Su agresivo sistema de raíces excluye su uso en muchos aspectos menos en los grandes jardines privados, sin embargo es muy popular y bastante conveniente para su uso en bonsái.
Es polinizada por una relación simbiótica con una especie de avispa de higo (Pleistodontes imperialis) La hembra avispa fertilizada entra en el 'higo' (el siconio) a través de un minúsculo hoyo en la corona (el ostiolo). Ella se arrastra por la inflorescencia interior del higo, polinizando algunas de las flores femeninas. Ella deposita sus huevos adentro de algunas de las flores y muere. Después de semanas de desarrollo en sus agallas, las avispas macho emergen antes que las hembras. Estos producen hoyos masticando las agallas que contienen a las hembras y las fertilizan por medio del hoyo que ellos justamente han producido. Los machos regresan más tarde a las hembras fertilizadas y alargan los hoyos de cópula para facilitar que las hembras salgan. Algunos machos entonces se comen parte del camino que ellos mismos hicieron a través de la pared del siconio, el cual permite a las hembras dispersarse después de colectar el polen de las ahora flores masculinas desarrolladas. Las hembras tienen ahora un corto lapso (
Es comúnmente usado como un gran árbol ornamental en el este de Australia, partes de Nueva Zelanda, y también en Hawaii y California en los Estados Unidos, donde está listado como una especie invasora en algunas áreas. Es muy útil como árbol de sombra en parques públicos y campos de golf.[2] A pesar del tamaño de las hojas, es popular en trabajos de bonsái ya que se puede olvidar por algún tiempo su mantenimiento y es difícil que se muera; las hojas se achican rápidamente al podarlas a principio de verano. Se ha descrito como el mejor árbol para que un principiante trabaje, y es una de las especies nativas más frecuentemente usadas en Australia.[3] Una especie de hojas estrechas con sus orígenes en un lugar cerca del norte de Sídney también está en cultivo.[4] En España hay varios especímenes de gran porte en Cádiz.[5]
Ficus rubiginosa es también conveniente como una planta de interior en espacios de baja, media o alta luminosidad, sin embargo una forma variegada requiere de una luz brillante.[6]
Es muy fácil de propagar por estacas.
La higuera de Puerto Jackson fue descrita por primera vez por el botánico francés René Louiche Desfontaines. Su epíteto específico rubiginosa lo relacionó a su coloración mohosa. En realidad higuera mohosa (rusty fig) es un nombre alternativo. Los aborígenes australianos del área de Sídney la llamaban damun.[7]
Ficus rubiginosa fue descrita por Desf. ex Vent. y publicado en Jardin de la Malmaison , pl. 114. 1803.[8]
Ficus rubiginosa, la higuera de Puerto Jackson, higuera de hojas chicas o higuera mohosa (rusty fig), es nativa del este de Australia y un baniano del género Ficus el cual comprende alrededor de 750 especies en climas cálidos y templados de todo el mundo, incluyendo el higo común (Ficus carica).
Ficus rubiginosa, le Figuier de Port Jackson, est un arbre du genre Ficus originaire de l'est de l'Australie.
Arbre bien connu des parcs et jardins publics des villes de la côte Est de l'Australie, il joue un rôle important pour l'habitat et la vie de la faune sauvage. Comme tous les figuiers, il a besoin d'une guêpe particulière pour une pollinisation et une fécondation des fleurs. On le rencontre souvent en train de pousser dans des fentes, des crevasses, des fissures des murs des villes comme Sydney.
Il a une croissance lente. Adulte, il peut atteindre 7 à 15 mètres de haut, formant un grand buisson touffu. Il ressemble beaucoup à un petit figuier de la baie de Moreton, avec des feuilles et des fruits plus petits que son cousin auquel il ressemble beaucoup. Pour éviter de les confondre - ils ont le même habitat -il faut savoir que la face inférieure des figuiers de port Jackson est rouille.
Dans les climats chauds et humides, les branches inférieures peuvent émettre des racines aériennes qui s'enfoncent ensuite dans le sol, un peu comme son cousin, le figuier des banians.
Sa reproduction se fait en symbiose avec une espèce de guêpe: Pleistodontes imperialis. La guêpe femelle fécondée rentre dans le faux-fruit ou sycone à travers l'ostiole trouvé à son extrémité. En se déplaçant dans la fleur, elle pollinise un certain nombre de fleurs femelles. Elle pond ses œufs à l'intérieur de quelques fleurs puis meurt. Les petites guêpes éclosent et se développent dans le fruit. Les mâles sont prêts avant les femelles et les fécondent dans la petite galle qui les abritent. puis les aident à se dégager en élargissant d'abord la galle puis l'ostiole ce qui permet aux femelles chargées de pollen de s'envoler pour aller pondre dans les 48 heures dans un autre sycone.
C'est un arbre ornemental courant dans l'est de l'Australie, dans certaines régions de Nouvelle-Zélande, aux îles Hawaii et en Californie aux États-Unis, où il est classé comme espèce nuisible en certains endroits. En dépit de la taille de ses feuilles, il est utilisé comme bonsaï car il est résistant et facile à travailler.
Il se reproduit facilement par bouture.
Ficus rubiginosa, le Figuier de Port Jackson, est un arbre du genre Ficus originaire de l'est de l'Australie.
Arbre bien connu des parcs et jardins publics des villes de la côte Est de l'Australie, il joue un rôle important pour l'habitat et la vie de la faune sauvage. Comme tous les figuiers, il a besoin d'une guêpe particulière pour une pollinisation et une fécondation des fleurs. On le rencontre souvent en train de pousser dans des fentes, des crevasses, des fissures des murs des villes comme Sydney.
Il fico di Port Jackson o fico ruggine (Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ex Vent.) è un albero della famiglia delle Moraceae[1], nativo della regione costiera della Australia orientale.
La specie è importante per l'habitat e la vita della fauna selvatica. Come tutti i fichi, ha bisogno di un particolare insetto per l'impollinazione e la fecondazione dei fiori e quindi della maturazione dei frutti.
È pianta in origine epifita, sempreverde, ma facilmente diventa individuo singolo, cioè con fusto proprio, o rupicolo, vivente cioè su rocce o rupi, con le radici a volte incastrate in fessure o spaccature di muri, anche in ambiente urbano.
Per la sua resistenza e bellezza è utilizzato come pianta decorativa in giardini pubblici nelle città della costa orientale dell'Australia.
È un albero a lenta crescita. Da adulto, si può raggiungere i 7-15 metri, formando una macchia fitta di foglie. Salvo la dimensione più modesta assomiglia molto al fico di Moreton Bay (Ficus macrophylla) da cui si distingue per i fichi rossi e più piccoli, e con foglie più piccole e colorate color ruggine al ventre (da cui il nome di “fico ruggine”).
Nei climi caldi e umidi, i rami più bassi possono emettere radici aeree che poi affondano nel terreno, in analogia ad altri fichi come il macrophylla.
L'insetto impollinatore di Ficus ruginosa è l'imenottero agaonide Pleistodontes imperialis.[2] Gli insetti vivono all'interno di galle prodotte all'interno dei frutti. I maschi escono un poco prima delle femmine dalle galle in epoca di sciamatura, aiutano le femmine a uscire delle galle e si accoppiano con esse, quindi muoiono. Le femmine fecondate che sciamano ed hanno il corpo coperto di polline raccolto involontariamente nella regione dell'ostiolo, devono deporre le loro uova, ed hanno 48 ore di tempo per farlo in un altro siconio (fico) di una fioritura del fico successiva. La vespa femmina fecondata entra nel siconio in fioritura attraverso l'ostiolo. Spostandosi sui fiori all'interno del siconio impollina un certo numero di fiori femminili, e depone le uova all'interno degli ovari di alcuni fiori. Le piccole larve della vespa inducono la formazione di galle negli ovari, e qui si sviluppano.
L'albero è usato come ornamentale comune in Australia orientale, parti della Nuova Zelanda, Hawaii e California e nelle isole degli Stati Uniti, dove è classificato come specie invasiva in alcune zone. È coltivata in parchi e giardini in luoghi caldi dell'Europa ed anche in Italia, dove non si riproduce per semi (mancando l'insetto impollinatore).
È usato come bonsai perché è durevole, resistente e facile da lavorare.
È facilmente moltiplicabile per talea di ramo.
Il fico di Port Jackson o fico ruggine (Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ex Vent.) è un albero della famiglia delle Moraceae, nativo della regione costiera della Australia orientale.
La specie è importante per l'habitat e la vita della fauna selvatica. Come tutti i fichi, ha bisogno di un particolare insetto per l'impollinazione e la fecondazione dei fiori e quindi della maturazione dei frutti.
Ficus rubiginosa é uma espécie de planta com flor do gênero Ficus.[1]
A espécie Ficus rubiginosa foi descrita pelo botânico francês René Desfontaines, em 1804.[2]
Muitas espécies de pássaros se alimentam de seu fruto, incluindo as espécies Ptilinopus regina, P. magnificus, Leucosarcia melanoleuca, Lopholaimus antarcticus, Eudynamys orientalis,[3] Porphyrio melanotus,[4] Alisterus scapularis,[5] Sphecotheres vieilloti, Ailuroedus crassirostris, Sericulus chrysocephalus, Ptilonorhynchus violaceus e Strepera graculina,[3] bem como o mamífero Pteropus poliocephalus,[6] e Pteropus conspicillatus.[7] É uma das várias espécies de plantas usadas como fonte de alimentação pelo ameaçado papagaio-do-figo-de-cara-azul.[8] Muitos frutos caem no solo em torno da arvore, enquanto outros são dispersados por animais que os comem.[6]
A espécie de tripse Gynaikothrips australis se alimenta na superfície inferior das folhas da espécie, bem como as espécies F. obliqua e F. macrophylla.[9] Psilídeos quase desfolham as árvores no Jardim Botânico Real de Sydney na primavera.[6]
Ficus rubiginosa foi primeiramente cultivada no Reino Unido em 1789, onde foi cultivada em casas de vidro.[10] A espécie é comumente utilizada como planta ornamental no oeste da Austrália, e na Ilha Norte da Nova Zelândia.[11] e também no Havaí e Califórnia, onde também estão também listado como espécies invasoras nalgumas áreas.[12] É muito plantada para servir como árvore de sombra, em alguns parques e clubes de golfe nos países onde é mais amplamente disseminada.[13]
Ficus rubiginosa é uma espécie de planta com flor do gênero Ficus.
Ficus rubiginosa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Moraceae. Loài này được Desf. ex Vent. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1805.[1] Nó có nguồn gốc Đông Úc trong chi Ficus. Bắt đầu là một cây mọc trên cây khác (hemiepiphyte) hoặc các loại đá (lithophyte), F. rubiginosa trưởng thành thành một cây 30 m (100 ft) cao và gần như rộng với một thân chắc có màu nâu hơi vàng. Các lá hình bầu dục và bóng màu xanh lá cây và có kích thước dài 4-19,3 cm và rộng 1,25-13,2 cm.
Quả nhỏ, tròn và màu vàng, và có thể chín và có màu đỏ ở bất kỳ thời gian của năm, đạt đỉnh điểm vào mùa xuân và mùa hè. Quả được biết đến như một syconium, một cụm hoa ngược với những bông hoa xếp một khoang bên trong. F. rubiginosa chỉ được thụ phấn bởi loài ong bắp cày vả Pleistodontes imperialis, có thể bao gồm bốn loài crypto. Syconia là cũng là nơi có một mười bốn loài ong, một số trong đó có tạo mật, trong khi những loài khác ký sinh ong bắp cày thụ phấn, và ít nhất hai loài giun tròn. Nhiều loài chim, trong đó có chim bồ câu, vẹt và bộ sẻ khác nhau, ăn trái cây này. Phân bố dọc theo bờ biển phía đông của Úc từ Queensland tới Bega ở miền nam New South Wales, F. rubiginosa mọc ở mép rừng nhiệt đới và các mỏm đá. Nó được sử dụng như một cây bóng mát trong công viên và không gian công cộng, và khi trồng trong chậu là rất phù hợp để sử dụng như một nhà máy trong nhà hoặc trong cây cảnh.
Ficus rubiginosa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Moraceae. Loài này được Desf. ex Vent. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1805. Nó có nguồn gốc Đông Úc trong chi Ficus. Bắt đầu là một cây mọc trên cây khác (hemiepiphyte) hoặc các loại đá (lithophyte), F. rubiginosa trưởng thành thành một cây 30 m (100 ft) cao và gần như rộng với một thân chắc có màu nâu hơi vàng. Các lá hình bầu dục và bóng màu xanh lá cây và có kích thước dài 4-19,3 cm và rộng 1,25-13,2 cm.
Quả nhỏ, tròn và màu vàng, và có thể chín và có màu đỏ ở bất kỳ thời gian của năm, đạt đỉnh điểm vào mùa xuân và mùa hè. Quả được biết đến như một syconium, một cụm hoa ngược với những bông hoa xếp một khoang bên trong. F. rubiginosa chỉ được thụ phấn bởi loài ong bắp cày vả Pleistodontes imperialis, có thể bao gồm bốn loài crypto. Syconia là cũng là nơi có một mười bốn loài ong, một số trong đó có tạo mật, trong khi những loài khác ký sinh ong bắp cày thụ phấn, và ít nhất hai loài giun tròn. Nhiều loài chim, trong đó có chim bồ câu, vẹt và bộ sẻ khác nhau, ăn trái cây này. Phân bố dọc theo bờ biển phía đông của Úc từ Queensland tới Bega ở miền nam New South Wales, F. rubiginosa mọc ở mép rừng nhiệt đới và các mỏm đá. Nó được sử dụng như một cây bóng mát trong công viên và không gian công cộng, và khi trồng trong chậu là rất phù hợp để sử dụng như một nhà máy trong nhà hoặc trong cây cảnh.
