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Diagnostic Description ( Inglês )

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Dorsal origin above middle of upper eye. Pectorals inclined to be pointed.
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Migration ( Inglês )

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 72 - 92; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 45 - 70; Vertebrae: 41 - 44
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Biology ( Inglês )

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Adults inhabit sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 4925). Young occur in intertidal areas. Feed on small crustaceans, marine worms, brittle stars and small mollusks (Ref. 6885). Spawning adults make extensive migrations (Ref. 6885).
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Importance ( Inglês )

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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English sole ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The English sole (Parophrys vetulus) is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy and muddy bottoms in estuaries and near shore areas, at depths of up to 550 metres (1,800 ft). It reaches up to 57 centimetres (22 in) in length, and can weigh up to 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb). Its native habitat is the Eastern Pacific, stretching from the coast of Baja California in the south to the Bering Sea in the north.[1][2]

English sole is an important commercial fish, primarily caught off Washington, Oregon and California. Though biomass is increasing, catches have been declining since the 1960s and are currently almost at an all-time low.[3]

The English sole is known in Spanish as platija limón, or lemon sole, a name by which it is also known in English,[3][4] though the true lemon sole is a separate species, Microstomus kitt.

Etymology

The genus name is derived from the Greek para, meaning "near", ophrys, meaning "eyebrow", and the species name vetulus is a word meaning "old man".[5]

Description

The English sole is a right-eyed flatfish with a compressed, diamond-shaped body and a small head with a pointed snout and small, asymmetric mouth. The upper surface is covered in rough scales and is usually uniformly brown, but occasionally speckled; the lower surface is smooth, and white to pale yellow in colour. The dorsal and ventral fin edges are dark. The lateral line is mostly straight, but curves slightly around the pectoral fin.[6]

Diet

The English sole's diet consists of zoobenthos organisms, primarily marine worms, molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms. English sole feed by day, using both sight and smell, and often dig for food.[1][2][3]

Commercial fishing

The English sole is an important commercial fish, and has been fished in the Eastern Pacific, almost exclusively by trawler, since 1876. Two fisheries exist: one on the West Coast of the United States, off Washington, Oregon and California, and one in the Bering Sea off Alaska. The majority of English sole landed is from the West Coast fishery.[2][3]

Although biomass is increasing, catches have been steadily decreasing since the 1960s — though catches peaked in the southern area in 1929 with 3,976 tonnes (3,913 long tons; 4,383 short tons) landed, and in the north in 1949 at 4,008 tonnes (3,945 long tons; 4,418 short tons)[2] — and have today almost reached a historical low. This decline is estimated to be due to a combination of market factors and management restrictions placed on fishing trawlers in order to protect other bottom-dwelling species.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2018). "Parophrys vetulus" in FishBase. April 2018 version.
  2. ^ a b c d Stewart, Ian J (25 May 2005). "Study of the US English sole resource 2005" (PDF). US National Marine Fisheries Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  3. ^ a b c d e "English Sole (Parophrys vetulus)". FishWatch. US National Marine Fisheries Service. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  4. ^ "Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  5. ^ "ENGLISH SOLE". Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission. 16 December 1996. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  6. ^ "English sole". Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory Bulletin No. 47. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
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English sole: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The English sole (Parophrys vetulus) is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy and muddy bottoms in estuaries and near shore areas, at depths of up to 550 metres (1,800 ft). It reaches up to 57 centimetres (22 in) in length, and can weigh up to 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb). Its native habitat is the Eastern Pacific, stretching from the coast of Baja California in the south to the Bering Sea in the north.

English sole is an important commercial fish, primarily caught off Washington, Oregon and California. Though biomass is increasing, catches have been declining since the 1960s and are currently almost at an all-time low.

The English sole is known in Spanish as platija limón, or lemon sole, a name by which it is also known in English, though the true lemon sole is a separate species, Microstomus kitt.

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Parophrys vetulus ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Parophrys vetulus Parophrys generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pleuronectidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Parophrys vetulus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Parophrys vetulus: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Parophrys vetulus Parophrys generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pleuronectidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Parophrys vetulus ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Le Carlottin anglais (Parophrys vetulus) est une espèce de poissons plats de la famille des Pleuronectidae. C'est la seule espèce du genre Parophrys.

Voir aussi

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Parophrys vetulus: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Le Carlottin anglais (Parophrys vetulus) est une espèce de poissons plats de la famille des Pleuronectidae. C'est la seule espèce du genre Parophrys.

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Parophrys vetulus ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician

Parophrys vetulus é un peixe teleósteo da orde dos pleuronectiformes, familia dos pleuronéctidos e subfamilia dos pleuronectinos,[1] a única do xénero Parophrys,[2] e coñecida en galego como linguado limanda do Pacífico.[3]

É un peixe plano mariño, demersal, que habita en augas costeiras pouco profundas, salgadas e salobres, do Pacífico oriental, desde o mar de Bering polo norte até a Baixa California polo sur.

Trátase dunha especie de grande importancia comercial, principalmente nos estados de Washington, Oregón e California.

Taxonomía

Descrición

Tanto o xénero como a especie foron descritas en 1854 polo ictiólogo estadounidense de orixe francesa Charles Frédéric Girard.[1]

Sinónimos

Ademais de polo nome actualmente válido, que é o orixinario que lle deu Girard, a especie coñeceuse tamén ao longo do tempo polos seguintes sinónimos:[1]

  • Parophrys hubbardii Gill, 1862
  • Parophrys vetula Girard, 1854 (incorrecto gramaticalmente)
  • Pleuronectes digrammus Günther, 1862
  • Pleuronectes vetulus (Girard, 1854)

Etimoloxía

Xénero

O nome xenérico, Parophrys, está formado polo elemento do latín científico para-, tirado do grego antigo παρα- para-, derivada de παρά pará, "ao lado", "cerca de", e o nome do grego antigo οφρύς ophrýs, "cella".

Especie

E o específico, do latín vetulus, -i, "home vello".

Características

 src=
Parophrys vetulus no Acuario de Vancouver.

Parophrys vetulus é un peixe plano con ambos os ollos situados no lado dereito do seu corpo deprimido, de forma de rombidal.
A súa cabeza é pequena, cun fociño aguzado, coa boca pequena e asimétrica.
A cara superior está cuberta de escamas ásperas, e adoita ser de cor parda uniforme, aínda que en ocasións presenta pequenas manchas; a cara inferior é lisa e de cor que vai da branca a amarela pálida.
Os bordos das aleta dorsal e anal son máis escuros.
A liña lateral é basicamente recta, describindo porén unha pequena curva sobre a aleta pectoral.[4]

A súa columna vertebral está formada por de 41 a 44 vértebras. A aleta dorsal está sustentada por de 72 a 92 raios, e a anal por de 45 a 70.[5]

Os machos poden alcanzar un tamaño máximo de até os 49 cm,[6] mentres que as femias poden chegar até os 57 cm; porén a lonxitude media dos espécimes capturados é duns 33 cm. O peso máximo rexitrado foi de 1,5 kg.[7]

Bioloxía

Hábitat e distribución

 src=
Área de distribución de Parophrys vetulus.

Parophrys vetulus é un peixe mariño, demersal, oceanódromo que habita en augas costeiras pouco profundas,[6] salgadas e salobres, entre os 0 e os 550 m de profundidade,[8]

Os adultos habitan en fondos areosos e lamacentos, e os individuos xuvenís encóntranse na zona intermareal.[9]

A súa distribución abarca as costas do nordeste do Pacífico, entre os 66° N e os 26° N, e entre os 170° W e os 110° W,[5] desde o mar de Bering até a bahia San Cristóbal, na Baixa California.[10]

Alimentación

A dieta do linguado limanda do Pacífico consiste sobre todo en organismos zoobentónicos: invertebrados como pequenos crustáceos e moluscos, veremes mariños e ofiúras.[11]

Lonxevidade

A idade máxima rexistrada para esta especie foi de 22 anos.[12]

Pesca

Parophrys vetulus é unha especie de grande importancia comercial, pescándose no Pacífico oriental, nas zonas de pesca 67 e 77,[3] case exclusivamente mediante artes de arrastre, dese 1876. Existen dúas pesquerías importantes: unha na costa oeste dos Estados Unidos (nos estados de Washington, Oregón e California), e outra no mar de Bering, en Alasca.[13]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854 no WoRMS.
  2. Parophrys Girard, 1854 no WoRMS.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Lahuerta Mouriño, Fernando e Francisco X. Vázquez Álvarez (2000): Vocabulario multilingüe de organismos acuáticos. Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia / Termigal. ISBN 84-453-2913-8, p. 82.
  4. Parophrys vetulus en Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory Bulletin No. 47. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Consultada o 25-07-2015.
  5. 5,0 5,1 Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854 en FishBase.
  6. 6,0 6,1 Riede, K. (2004): Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany.
  7. Fadéev, N. S. (2005): Guide to biology and fisheries of fishes of the North Pacific Ocean. Vladivostok, Russia: TINRO-Center.
  8. Allen, M. J. & G. B. Smith (1988): Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 66.
  9. Clemens, W. A. & G. V. Wilby (1961): Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. 2nd ed. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada Bull. 68: 443.
  10. Lamb, A. & P. Edgell (1986): Coastal fishes of the Pacific northwest. Harbour Publishing Co. Ltd., B.C., Canada.
  11. Hart, J. L. (1973): "Pacific fishes of Canada". Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 180: 740.
  12. Munk, K. M. (2001): "Maximum ages of groundfishes in waters off Alaska and British Columbia and consideration of age determination". Alaska Fish. Res. Bull. 8 (1): 12-21.
  13. English Sole (Parophrys vetulus). En FishWatch. US National Marine Fisheries Service. Consultada o 25-07-2015.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Cooper, J. A. & F. Chapleau (1998): "Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification". Fish. Bull. 96 (4): 686-726.
  • Nelson, Joseph S. (2006): Fishes of the World. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.

Outros artigos

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wikipedia gl Galician

Parophrys vetulus: Brief Summary ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician

Parophrys vetulus é un peixe teleósteo da orde dos pleuronectiformes, familia dos pleuronéctidos e subfamilia dos pleuronectinos, a única do xénero Parophrys, e coñecida en galego como linguado limanda do Pacífico.

É un peixe plano mariño, demersal, que habita en augas costeiras pouco profundas, salgadas e salobres, do Pacífico oriental, desde o mar de Bering polo norte até a Baixa California polo sur.

Trátase dunha especie de grande importancia comercial, principalmente nos estados de Washington, Oregón e California.

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Autores e editores de Wikipedia
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Parophrys vetulus ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Vissen

Parophrys vetulus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van schollen (Pleuronectidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1854 door Girard.

 src=
Verspreidingsgebied van Parophrys vetulus
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Parophrys vetulus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2011 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
Geplaatst op:
22-10-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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副眉鰈 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Parophrys vetulus
Girard, 1854 English Sole Distribution Map.png

副眉鰈輻鰭魚綱鰈形目鰈亞目鰈科的其中一,為溫帶海水魚,分布於東太平洋區,從白令海墨西哥下加利福尼亞海域,棲息深度0-550公尺,體長可達49公分,棲息在沙泥底質底層水域,幼魚出現在潮間帶,以軟體動物蠕蟲甲殼類等為食,會進行遷徙,生活習性不明,可作為食用魚及遊釣魚。

参考文献

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副眉鰈: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

副眉鰈為輻鰭魚綱鰈形目鰈亞目鰈科的其中一,為溫帶海水魚,分布於東太平洋區,從白令海墨西哥下加利福尼亞海域,棲息深度0-550公尺,體長可達49公分,棲息在沙泥底質底層水域,幼魚出現在潮間帶,以軟體動物蠕蟲甲殼類等為食,會進行遷徙,生活習性不明,可作為食用魚及遊釣魚。

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维基百科作者和编辑
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