dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 104 years (wild)
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cc-by-3.0
direitos autorais
Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
editor
de Magalhaes, J. P.
site do parceiro
AnAge articles

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The size combined with the "characteristic quality of its flesh" makes it a valuable game fish in areas were it is not protected. Its roe can be used for caviar, and Columbia river roe production is "second only to the former Soviet Union" (Hart 1973; Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission 1996).

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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Dershimer, C. 2001. "Acipenser transmontanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html
autor
Charles Dershimer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

There are several distinguishing characteristics of the white sturgeon. Its body is elongate and cylindrical and can be large, with sizes as large as 3.8 to 6 meters and weights as high as 630 kg.

It has no scales but five rows of "scutes" along the body. There are 11-14 plates in front of the single dorsal fin, 38-48 plates from the head along the central caudal axis, and 9-12 from the head to the pelvic fins. Dorsal color is light gray while the ventral surface is white.

The mouth is ventral, moderate in size and directed downward. The white sturgeon has no teeth, instead using its 'vacuum cleaner' like mouth that is capable of siphoning up food. This fish is recognized by its short broad snout with four barbels closer to the tip of the snout than the mouth. (Hart, 1973; Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission 1996).

Range mass: 630 (high) kg.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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citação bibliográfica
Dershimer, C. 2001. "Acipenser transmontanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html
autor
Charles Dershimer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
100.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
80.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
82.0 years.

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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Dershimer, C. 2001. "Acipenser transmontanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html
autor
Charles Dershimer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Historically, white sturgeon spent their life in several habitats; streams, rivers, estuaries, and marine waters. They are anadromous fish but may spend much or all of their lives in fresh water if they cannot reach the sea (Hart 1973). White sturgeon historically occurred on the Pacific Coast, reproducing in at least three large river systems, including Sacramento-San Joaquin River in California, the Columbia River basin in the Pacific Northwest, and the Fraser River system in British Columbia (Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior, 1994). The building of dams along the rivers has impacted the populations of white sturgeons by creating landlocked populations and destroying spawning grounds.

White sturgeon are still distributed throughout the river systems of the Pacific northwest, but these populations are isolated and their migration is limited within the series of pools and lakes that make up these new dammed rivers (Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, 2000)

Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams; coastal

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Dershimer, C. 2001. "Acipenser transmontanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html
autor
Charles Dershimer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The White Sturgeon is found on the Pacific slope of North America from the Aleutian Islands, AK to Baja, CA. It is anadromous fish, spending most of its life in sea near the shore and can be found in estuaries of large rivers. It migrates far inland in large rivers to spawn. (Kee, et. al. 1981; Boschung, 1985).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Dershimer, C. 2001. "Acipenser transmontanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html
autor
Charles Dershimer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

White Sturgeon have been described as opportunistic feeders, feeding on the bottom with their long snouts and using their barbels to detect food. When small they feed on clams, mussels, crayfish, worms, and fish eggs. At a larger size, they prey on fish such as smelt, anchovies, lamprey, shad and salmon.

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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Dershimer, C. 2001. "Acipenser transmontanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html
autor
Charles Dershimer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

In 1994, the population of White Sturgeon located in the Kootenai river was granted endangered status. The population has been declining since the 1960's and there has been a complete lack of recruitment of breeding juveniles in the population since 1974. The decline corresponds to the opening of the Libby Dam in Montana and possibly from poor water quality and the effects of contaminants (Fish and Wildlife Service 1994).

Joint efforts between Canada and the United States are underway to address the needs of the Kootenai population by developing a regional recovery strategy (Duke, 2000).

US Federal List: endangered

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Dershimer, C. 2001. "Acipenser transmontanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html
autor
Charles Dershimer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Dershimer, C. 2001. "Acipenser transmontanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html
autor
Charles Dershimer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Sem título ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

White Sturgeons are the largest freshwater fish in North America. The largest white sturgeon was taken from the Snake River in Idaho in 1898 and it weighed 682 kilograms (Duke 2000).

The name comes from "acipenser," an Old World name meaning sturgeon and transmontantanus meaning beyond the mountains. This seems fitting for a fish found west in the New World (Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission 1996).

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direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Dershimer, C. 2001. "Acipenser transmontanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html
autor
Charles Dershimer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The exact reproductive window for white sturgeon is not known, however for sturgeons in general the males reproduce for 10 to 20 years and females for 15 to 25 years. The size or age of maturity is variable, and spawning occurs when the physical environment permits vitellogenesis (egg development) and cues ovulation. Landlocked sturgeons have been observed to spawn during periods of peak river flow with high water velocities that disperse and prevent clumping of the eggs. White sturgeon are broadcast spawners because they release their eggs and sperm in fast water. Information from Fish and Wildlife Service (1994)

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
6022 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
8212 days.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Dershimer, C. 2001. "Acipenser transmontanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html
autor
Charles Dershimer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Columbia River habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors
The Columbia River Basin of northwestern North America is an important habitat for Acipenser transmontanus. The Columbia River is the largest North American watercourse by volume that discharges to the Pacific Ocean. With headwaters at Columbia Lake, in Canadian British Columbia, the course of the river has a length of approximately 2000 kilometers and a drainage basin that includes most of the land area of Washington, Oregon and Idaho as well as parts of four other U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The hydrology and aquatic habitat of the Columbia River basin has been adversely altered by numerous large dams. There are over 250 reservoirs and around 150 hydroelectric projects in the basin, including 18 mainstem dams on the Columbia and its main tributary, the Snake River. Water quality has deteriorated over the last century, due to agricultural runoff and logging practices, as well as water diversions that tend to concentrate pollutants in the reduced water volume. For example nitrate levels in the Columbia generally tripled in the period from the mid 1960s to the mid 1980s, increasing from a typical level of one to three milligrams per liter. Considerable loading of herbicides and pesticides also has occurred over the last 70 years, chiefly due to agricultural land conversion and emphasis upon maximizing crop yields. Heavy metal concentrations in sediment and in fish tissue had become an issue in the latter half of the twentieth century; however, considerable progress has been made beginning in the 1980s with implementation of provisions of the U.S.Clean Water Act, involving attention to smelter and paper mill discharges along the Columbia. Other large demersal fish species occurring in the Columbia Basin are the 76 cm Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata); the 55 cm Brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebolosus); the 61 cm largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus); the 64 cm longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus catostomus); and the 65 cm Utah sucker (Catostomus ardens). Other large benthopelagic fish in the Columbia are the 63 cm northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) and the 45 cm Tui chub (Gila bicolor).
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C.Michael Hogan
citação bibliográfica
C.Michael Hogan. 2012. Columbia River. Eds. P.Saundry & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
autor
C. Michael Hogan (cmichaelhogan)
original
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EOL authors

Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
This anadromous sturgeon spends most of its time in the sea. It is thought to stay close to shore in shallow water were it has been seen leaping.It has been taken in water temperatures ranging from 0.0º C to 23.3º C, in salt, brackish and fresh water. Mature adults move grat distances and may enter fresh water in the fall and winter (Scott & Crossman, 1973).White sturgeon take a wide range of food, but about one-half of stomachs containing fish, especially eulachons (Thaleichthys pacificus), their main food item, and sculpins (Cottus spp.), sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and lampreys. Of the invertebrates, chironomid larvae are the most important food item followed by caryfish (Pacifastacus sp.), stoney fly larvae Ephemeroptera larvae, mysids, Daphnia spp. and freshwater copepods. The age at attainment of sexual maturity is variable. First spawning in Fraser River is from 11 to 22 years for males, and from 11 to 34 for females. Subsequent spawning is apparently at increasing intervals of years: in young females the interval is 4 years, and 9-11 in older females (Semakula & Larkin, 1968). The spawning period and water temperature is variable: usually May and June, at a water temperature from 8.9 to 16.7º C, but could be later for distant migrants (Scott & Crosman, 1990); March to June (Moyle, 1976); February to June in the Sacramento River, at a water temperature from 7.8 to 17.8º C, peaking at 14.4º C (Kohlhorst, 1976); spawning probably takes place over rocky bottom in swift currents, near rapids; the eggs are adhesive (Scott & Crosman, 1990).

Diagnostic Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
Spiracle present. Snout and caudal peduncle subconical. Gill membranes joined to isthmus. Mouth transverse. Gill rakers long, 34-36 on first arch. D: 44-48, A: 28-30 rays; 11-14 dorsal scutes, large, pointed; 38-48 lateral scutes, large, diamond-shaped; 9-12 ventral scutes. No scutes between dorsal and caudal or anal and caudal fins; 8 or 9 small scutes, in pairs between anus and anal fulcrum. Body covered with patches of very minute dermal denticles, and sometimes secundary rows of small scutes between usual rows. Dorsal surface dark to lighter grey, pale olive, or grey-brown, sometimes speckled with white. Sides pale grey to white. Ventral surface white. Fins dusky to opaque grey. Viscera pale black and heavily pigmented.

Referências

  • Carl, G.C., W.A. Clemens & C.C. Lindsey - 1959 . The freshwater fishes of British Columbia B.C. Prov. Mus. Handb. (3rd revision). 5. 192 p. Reprinted 1977.
  • Clemens, W.A. & G.V. Wilby - 1961 . Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada Bull. 2nd ed. (68):443 p.
  • Doroshov, S. - 1997. Culture of white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. In Book of Abstracts. World Aquaculture '97. February 19-23, 1997, Washington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. p. 126.
  • Duke, S., P. Anders, G. Ennis, R. Hallock, J. Hammond, S. Ireland, J. Laufle, R. Lauzier, L. Lockhard, B. Marotz, V.L. Paragamian & R. Westerhof - 1999 . Recovery plan for Kootenai river white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15:157-163.
  • Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald & H. Hammann - 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 336 p.
  • Escobar-Fernández, R & M. Siri - 1997. Nombres vernáculos y científicos de los peces del Pacífico mexicano. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Sociedad Ictiológica Mexicana, A.C. Mexico.
  • Fry, D. H., Jr. - 1973. Anadromous fishes of California. California Department of Fish and Game. 111 pp.
  • Goodson, G. - 1988 . Fishes of the Pacific coast. Alaska to Peru including the Gulf of California and the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. 267 p.
  • Hart, J.L. - 1973 . Pacific fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 180. 740 p. Reprinted 1988.
  • Kohlhorst, D. W - 1976. Sturgeon spawning in the Sacramento River in 1973, as determined by distribution of larvae. Calif. Fish Game . 62(1):32-40.
  • Lamb, A. & P. Edgell - 1986. Coastal fishes of the Pacific northwest. Harbour Publishing Co. Ltd., B.C., Canada. 224 p.
  • Miller D. J. & R. N. Lea - 1972 (1976). Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. California., Department of Fish and Game Bulletin 157 . 249 pp.
  • Morrow, J.E. - 1980. The freshwater fishes of Alaska. University of. B.C. Animal Resources Ecology Library. 248p.
  • Moyle, P. B. - 1976. Inland fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. 405 pp.
  • Page, L.M & B.M. Burr - 1991 . A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p.
  • Quast, J.C. & E.L. Hall - 1972 . List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-658. 47 p.
  • Radtke, L. D. - 1966 . Distribution of smelt, juvenile sturgeon, and starry flounder in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta with observations on food of sturgeon. In J. L. Turner and D. W. Kelly (comp.) Ecological studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Part II Fishes of the Delta. p. 115-129.
  • Scott, W. B. & E. J. Crossman - 1990. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184. 966 pp.
  • Semakula, S. & P. Larkin - 1968. Age, growth, food and yield of the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) of the Fraser River, British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25:2589-2602.

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
Pacific coast and rivers of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California (Scott & Crossman, 1990). Translocated to lower Colorado, Arizona; reported from northern Baja California, Mexico (Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Lamb & Edgell, 1986; Scott & Crosman, 1990).

Size ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
Maximum size: 6.10 m TL; maximum weight: 816 Kg; maximum reported age: 106 years.

Diagnostic Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Distinguished by the 2 rows of 4 to 8 bony plates on a midventral line between the anus and anal fin, and about 45 rays in the dorsal fin (Ref. 27547). Gray or brownish above, paler below; fins gray (Ref. 27547). Barbels situated closer to snout tip than to mouth; no obvious scutes behind dorsal and anal fins (Ref. 86798).
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FishBase
Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
original
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Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Epitheliocystis. Bacterial diseases
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FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
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Fishbase

Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Spends most of its time in the sea, usually close to shore (Ref. 27547). Enters estuaries of large rivers and moves far inland to spawn (Ref. 5723). Individuals larger than 48.3 cm feed mainly on fishes; smaller ones feed mainly on chironomids, but also takes small crustaceans, other insects and mollusks (Ref. 1998). Feeding ceases just before spawning (Ref. 1998).
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FishBase
Recorder
Pascualita Sa-a
original
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Fishbase

Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 44 - 48; Analsoft rays: 28 - 31
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FishBase
Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
original
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Fishbase

Migration ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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FishBase
Recorder
Rainer Froese
original
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Fishbase

Life Cycle ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Adults return to the sea after spawning (Ref. 27547). Spawning frequency interval every 4 years for younger females and every 10-11 years in older females (Ref. 1998).
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FishBase
Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
original
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Fishbase

Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Spends most of its time in the sea, usually close to shore (Ref. 27547). Enters estuaries of large rivers and moves far inland to spawn (Ref. 5723). Individuals larger than 48.3 cm feed mainly on fishes; smaller ones feed mainly on chironomids, but also takes small crustaceans, other insects and mollusks (Ref. 1998). Feeding ceases just before spawning (Ref. 1998). Excellent food fish that is sold fresh, smoked or frozen (Ref. 9988). Eggs marketed as caviar (Ref. 1998). In the past, the airbladder was made into isinglass (Ref. 27547).
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FishBase
Recorder
Rainer Froese
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Fishbase

Importance ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes
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FishBase
Recorder
Rainer Froese
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Fishbase

Ağ nərə ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Ağ nərə (lat. Acipenser transmontanus) — Nərələr fəsiləsindən balıq növü.

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Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
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wikipedia AZ

Esturió blanc ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA
 src=
Vista ventral
 src=
Esturió blanc a l'aquàrium de Vancouver
 src=
Dibuix de 1868

L'esturió blanc (Acipenser transmontanus) és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels acipensèrids.[2]

Descripció

  • Pot arribar a fer 610 cm de llargària màxima i 816 kg de pes.[3]

Alimentació

S'alimenta principalment de peixos, mol·luscs i crustacis.

Hàbitat

Viu als rius, badies i estuaris.

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a les costes pacífiques de l'Amèrica del Nord: des de les illes Aleutianes fins al centre de Califòrnia.

Ús comercial

Amb la seva fresa es produeix caviar.

Longevitat

Pot assolir els 104 anys.[3]

Referències

  1. Catalogue of Life (anglès)
  2. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  3. 3,0 3,1 FishBase (anglès)


Enllaços externs

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
Viquiespècies
Viquiespècies
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Autors i editors de Wikipedia
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wikipedia CA

Esturió blanc: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA
 src= Vista ventral  src= Esturió blanc a l'aquàrium de Vancouver  src= Dibuix de 1868

L'esturió blanc (Acipenser transmontanus) és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels acipensèrids.

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Autors i editors de Wikipedia
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wikipedia CA

Jeseter bílý ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Jeseter bílý (Acipenser transmontanus; Richardson, 1836) je největší sladkovodní rybou Severní Ameriky.

Popis

Tělo je mohutné, bez šupin. Místo nich má na těle pět řad kostěných štítků. Na hřbetě je v řadě 11-14 štítků, na boku 38-48 a na břiše 9-12 štítků. Hřbet je šedý až olivově zelený. Bezzubá ústa jsou opatřena 4 vousky. Dorůstá délky až 610 cm a hmotnosti 680 kg. Dožívá se i více než 100 let.

Výskyt

Obývá spodní, pomalu tekoucí části velkých toků, včetně zálivů a brakických vod Severní Ameriky.

Potrava

Jeho strava je značně variabilní. Živí se mrtvými rybami, mihulemi a jinými rybami, korýši a měkkýši.

Rozmnožování

Na začátku léta se jeseteři shromažďují ke tření v místech se štěrkovým dnem. Samice naklade až 100 000 hnědých jiker, které se lepí na dno. K líhnutí potěru dochází přibližně po týdnu.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]

Externí odkazy

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Wikipedia autoři a editory
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wikipedia CZ

Jeseter bílý: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Jeseter bílý (Acipenser transmontanus; Richardson, 1836) je největší sladkovodní rybou Severní Ameriky.

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Weißer Stör ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Weiße Stör (Acipenser transmontanus) ist eine Fischart aus der Familie der Störe (Acipenseridae) und kommt an der Pazifikküste Nordamerikas vom Golf von Alaska bis auf die Höhe von Monterey (Kalifornien) vor. Vom Menschen wurde er in den unteren Colorado River eingesetzt. Auch in Italien und Deutschland wurde er gezüchtet.

Merkmale

Der Weiße Stör erreicht eine Durchschnittslänge von 2,10 Metern, das größte gefangene Exemplar war 6,10 Meter lang bei einem Gewicht von 816 kg. Das höchste bekannt gewordene Alter liegt bei 104 Jahren. Seine Farbe ist grauweiß bis bräunlich auf der Oberseite, die Unterseite ist fahler, die Flossen grau. Die laterale Knochenplattenreihe besteht aus 38 bis 48 Knochenplatten. Die dorsale Knochenplattenreihe endet mit der Rückenflosse. Charakteristisch für die Art sind zwei Reihen von vier bis acht Knochenplatten entlang der Mittellinie zwischen Anus und Afterflosse. Die vier Barteln stehen üblicherweise näher zur Spitze des Rostrums als zum Maul.

Flossenformel: Dorsale 44–48, Anale 28–31.

Lebensweise

Der Weiße Stör verbringt die meiste Zeit boden- und küstennah im Meer. Er geht auch in Flussmündungen und große Flüsse und wandert weit die Flüsse hinauf, um zu laichen, unter anderem im Stromgebiet des Columbia River nach Montana, wahrscheinlich auch in den Shasta Lake. Bis zu einer Länge von einem halben Meter ernähren sich die Fische vor allem von Zuckmückenlarven, daneben auch von kleinen Krebstieren, anderen Insekten und Weichtieren. Größere Störe fressen Fische. Vor dem Ablaichen im Frühjahr stellen sie die Nahrungsaufnahme ein.

Nutzung und Gefährdung

Das Fleisch des Weißen Störs gilt als ausgezeichnet. Es wird frisch, geräuchert oder gefroren vermarktet, die Eier als Kaviar verkauft. Bis ins späte 18. Jahrhundert wurde die Schwimmblase als Hausenblase genutzt sowie zur Herstellung von Gelatine verwendet. Die IUCN stuft die Art als nicht gefährdet ein. Sie unterliegt jedoch dem Schutz des Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommens, wo sie im Anhang II aufgeführt ist.

Der Weiße Stör wird wie der Russische Stör (A. gueldenstaedtii) vom White sturgeon epivirus (veraltet: White Sturgeon Iridovirus, WSIV) parasitiert.

Literatur

  • William N. Eschmeyer, Earl S. Herald, Hamann: Pacific Coast Fishes. Peterson Field Guides. Houghton Mifflin, 1983, ISBN 0-395-33188-9.
  • P. Bronzi, H. Rosenthal, G. Arlati und P. Williot (1999): A brief overview on the status and prospects of sturgeon farming in Western and Central Europe. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15: 224–227.

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Weißer Stör: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Weiße Stör (Acipenser transmontanus) ist eine Fischart aus der Familie der Störe (Acipenseridae) und kommt an der Pazifikküste Nordamerikas vom Golf von Alaska bis auf die Höhe von Monterey (Kalifornien) vor. Vom Menschen wurde er in den unteren Colorado River eingesetzt. Auch in Italien und Deutschland wurde er gezüchtet.

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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia DE

White sturgeon ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) is a species of sturgeon in the family Acipenseridae of the order Acipenseriformes. They are an anadromous fish species ranging in the Eastern Pacific; from the Gulf of Alaska to Monterey, California. However, some are landlocked in the Columbia River Drainage, Montana, and Lake Shasta in California, with reported sightings in northern Baja California, Mexico.[3]

Description

A 7.6 foot long white sturgeon caught in 1998.

A. transmontanus is distinguished by the two rows of four to eight ganoid bony plates between the anus and anal fin, with about 45 rays present in the dorsal fin. Coloring can range from gray to brownish on the dorsal side, paler on the ventral side, and gray fins. Barbels are situated anterior to the mouth, closer to the snout than the mouth.

At sexual maturity, A. transmontanus can reach 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in length, while the maximum length recorded of any age class is 6.1 m (20 ft), with common lengths around 2.1 m (6.9 ft). While age at maturity is uncertain, possible age ranges of known A. transmontanus specimens range from 11–34 years old.[3] The most authentic record of the maximum weight of this species is reported to be 630 kg (1,390 lb), while other unauthenticated records show a higher weight estimate, as with the 816 kg (1,799 lb) estimate for an individual with a reported age of 104 years.[4][3] In one 1995 study, a sample of adults weighed from 34 to 75 kg (75 to 165 lb).[5] A specimen, considered the largest in the state in recent years, of 210 kg (460 lb) at a length of 2.8 m (9.2 ft) was recorded relatively recently in California.[6]

Taxonomy

Alternate common names include: Pacific Sturgeon, Oregon Sturgeon, Columbia Sturgeon, Snake River Sturgeon and Sacramento Sturgeon. The specific name is derived from the Latin words acipenser (sturgeon), trans (beyond), and montanus (mountain).

A white sturgeon at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, California

The white sturgeon is part of a Pacific clade of species including Kaluga (Huso dauricus), Sakhalin (Acipenser mikadoi), Green (Acipenser medirostris), Chinese (Acipenser sinensis) and Amur (Acipenser schrenkii) Sturgeon.[7] Recent genetic analysis supports a close relationship between (A. transmontanus) and (A. schrenckii), which is only found in Asia, showing a common ancestor between the two around 45.8 million years ago. Using microsatellites, genetic differentiation between different river systems in the Pacific Northwest and California is high enough to be able to distinguish between white sturgeon populations and validate a structure in which watershed (A. transmontanus) resides in.

Extant sturgeon species are polyploid, containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes, derived from an extinct ancestor containing 60 chromosomes.[8] Genome duplication during sturgeon evolution has led to three different groups of species with 120, 240, and 360 chromosomes. Recent study of microsatellite inheritance in white sturgeon supports that it is an ancestral octoploid, with 240 chromosomes.[9]

Distribution and habitat

White sturgeon are native to several large North American rivers that drain to the Pacific Ocean. They primarily live in estuaries of large rivers, but migrate to spawn in freshwater, and travel long distances between river systems. Reproducing populations have been documented along the West Coast, from northern Mexico up to the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. White sturgeon are commonly found in deep, soft bottomed areas of estuaries, where movements in the water column is dependent on salinity.[10] Historical ranges have been modified substantially by overharvesting, habitat changes due to dams, and river regulations; all affecting habitat quality, suitability and connectivity.[7]

In the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, movement and abundance are assessed by acoustic tags and mark recapture methods. While the model developed by Robichaud, English and Nelson[11] assumes a closed homogenous population, acoustic tags and mark-recapture data shows that they are sedentary during the winter months and mobile in the spring and fall, with data indicating that they leave the Fraser River and enter the Strait of Georgia during their mobile periods; this conclusion has been validated by microchemical evidence of marine exposure in Fraser River white sturgeon fin rays.

Construction of dams for hydroelectric power production affects seasonal movement of white sturgeon in many river systems, with the Columbia River Basin being a large contributor to shifts in the distribution and movement. The dams present in the basin have largely blocked the upstream movement of sturgeon, due to designs of fish ladders being more specified for salmon and steelhead. While downstream passage of sturgeon through the dams has been reported, the route of passage was never identified. Downstream movement through the dams are only possible through operating turbines, open spill gates and the ice and trash sluiceway.[12]

Diet

Larval white sturgeon 10–11 mm (0.39–0.43 in) in TL experience the highest mortality when they transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding, around 8–14 days post-hatch depending on conditions. Once larvae metamorphose into young of the year (YOY) and juveniles, they actively feed on the substrate, dominantly (Corophium) spp., relying on water currents to carry them downriver to areas of suitable food. The availability of (Corophium) spp. could play a key role in the survival of larval and YOY white sturgeon in the Columbia River and could possibly explain the apparent poor survival of larvae and YOY in some Snake and Columbia River reservoirs that apparently have successful spawning but poor recruitment.[13] Juveniles less than 600 mm (2.0 ft) TL are known to feed on tube-dwelling amphipods, mysids, isopods, (Corophium) spp, and other benthic invertebrates, as well as on the eggs and fry of other fish species.[14] Adults greater than 600 mm (2.0 ft) consume a variety prey species, adjusting to a piscivorous diet of herring, shad, starry flounder, goby, smelt, anchovy, lamprey, and salmon, as well as benthic items such as invasive overbite clam.[14][15] With feeding movements influenced due to tidal cycles, studies show more active movement at night, hinting that white sturgeon may be nocturnal foragers.[12]

Studies have shown that dietary lipid requirements on larval white sturgeon effect overall body composition, plasma biochemical parameters and liver fatty acids. With increasing dietary lipid levels, whole body and muscle lipid content increases, as well as increased plasma triglycerides and cholesterol content. This shows that larval sturgeon post-hatch grow faster on high lipid diets, reducing glycogen stores but increasing stores of lipid in the liver.[16] The importance of this can help to understand growth rates in changing environments with varying food sources.

Reproduction

A juvenile white sturgeon

"White sturgeons are iteroparous breeders with a spawning period in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers between mid-February to late May, with peak activity during March and April" - Kohlhorst 1976.[17]

There is much uncertainty around reproduction timing of events in white sturgeon, with many papers reporting differing results dependent on the river system observed. Chapman, Van Enennaam and Doroshov[18] witnessed sexually mature females 950 mm (3.12 ft) FL in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system estimated around 9 years old by using the Von Bertalannfy growth function, while the youngest sexual mature was a male 750 mm (2.46 ft) FL estimated to be six years old. However, other reports have sexual maturity for white sturgeon at 12 and 10 years old for females and males. Uncertainty around age estimates from fin ray annulus may account for any disparity.

Spawning periodicity is thought to be 2 to 4 years for females and 1 to 2 years for males. Behavior during spawning is not well known, but it is known that they are communal broadcast spawners, where a female's eggs are fertilized by many males. When ready to spawn, white sturgeon choose a variety of substrates dependent on the river system, spawning on gravel or rocky substrate in moderate to fast currents, with observed depths of 3–23 m (9.8–75.5 ft), and water velocities at the bottom on a range of 0.6-2.4 m/sec.[19] When eggs are released by the female, they are negatively buoyant, and develop an adhesive coat upon contact with water, which allows them to attach to the substrate near where they were spawned. Hatching time is temperature dependent, and can range from 3–13 days. Optimal temperature is between 14–16 °C (57–61 °F), with mortality observed below 8 °C (46 °F) and above 2 °C (36 °F).[20]

Importance to humans

A white sturgeon farm in California

White sturgeon are a resource to a variety of different social and economic groups around the world. Aquaculture facilities cultivate white sturgeon in California and juveniles can be sold to aquarists. They were once the main food source for First Nations people in the 1800s, until overfishing by commercial fleets for caviar drove them to near extinction by the early 1900s.[21] Besides their meat, other important economic products associated with caught sturgeon are caviar, isinglass, and oil. While selling a wild white sturgeon and eggs is illegal in California, it is legal to buy legal caviar from California White sturgeon farms.[22][23] Poaching is an ongoing issue, in which caviar can sell on the black market for 100-150 dollars a pound, while a consumer buying legally made caviar from California sturgeon farms pays anywhere from 40-700 dollars for an ounce.[24]

White sturgeon also play a role in sport fishing in the Pacific Northwest, while closed to retention in the Columbia River Basin, catch and release fishing is allowed, with enough popularity for guiding services to offer fishing trips targeted specifically at white sturgeon.

Conservation status

Trends in white sturgeon abundance has been monitored in California for decades, with data showing large variations in recruitment, including 5 or more consecutive years of low or no recruitment, with probable cause being due to low flows during winter and/or spring months. Although some present white sturgeon populations have been reduced over the past 30 years, some population trends in California are promising, resulting in new angling regulations, monitoring, research efforts, fish passage and habitat restoration.[21]

Despite being a relatively robust population that includes tens of thousands of sub-adults and adults, management is complicated due to exposure of pollutants, freshwater and estuary alteration, harvest, and because of its long life span, which can mask detection of reproductive success.[7] NatureServe ranks white sturgeon globally secure, but imperiled in California due to anthropogenic impacts on their habitats. The American Fisheries Society considers them to be Endangered.[25] The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora has white sturgeon listed as Appendix II, which includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival.[26]

References

  1. ^ Duke, S. (USF&WS), Down, T.; Ptolemy, J.; Hammond, J.; Spence, C.; et al. (Ministry of Water, Land & Air Protection, Canada) (2022). "Acipenser transmontanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T234A97440736. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T234A97440736.en. Retrieved 21 July 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)|date= / |doi= mismatch
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c [Acipenser transmontanus summary page. (n.d.). Retrieved October 04, 2017, from https://www.fishbase.se/summary/2594]
  4. ^ Hildebrand, L.; McLeod, C.; McKenzie, S. (1999). "Status and management of white sturgeon in the Columbia River in British Columbia, Canada: an overview". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 15 (4–5): 164–172. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00227.x.
  5. ^ Watson, L. R., Yun, S. C., Groff, J. M., & Hedrick, R. P. (1995). Characteristics and pathogenicity of a novel herpesvirus isolated from adult and subadult white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 22(3), 199-210.
  6. ^ White Sturgeon, UC Davis California Fish Website [1].
  7. ^ a b c Hildebrand, L. R.; Drauch Schreier, A.; Lepla, K.; McAdam, S. O.; McLellan, J.; Parsley, M. J.; Paragamian, V. L.; Young, S.P. (2016). "Status of White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1863) throughout the species range, threats to survival, and prognosis for the future". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 32: 261–312. doi:10.1111/jai.13243.
  8. ^ Dingerkus, G; Howell, W. (1976-11-19). "Karyotypic analysis and evidence of tetraploidy in the North American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula". Science. 194 (4267): 842–844. Bibcode:1976Sci...194..842D. doi:10.1126/science.982045. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 982045.
  9. ^ Drauch Schreier, A.; Gille, D.; Mahardja, B.; May, B. (2011). "Neutral markers confirm the octoploid origin and reveal spontaneous autopolyploidy in white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 27: 24–33. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01873.x.
  10. ^ [Kohlhorst, D. W.; Botsford, L. W.; Brennan, J. S.; Caillet, G. M. (1991): Aspects of the structure and dynamics of an exploited central California population of White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). In: Acipenser. Actes du premier colloque international sur l’esturgeon. P. Williot (Ed.). CEMAGREF, Bordeaux, France, pp. 277–293. 518 pp. (ISBN 2-85362-208-8)]
  11. ^ Robichaud, David; English, Karl K.; Nelson, Troy C. (2017). "Annual Movements of Acoustic-Tagged White Sturgeon in the Lower Reaches of the Fraser River and its Tributaries". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 146 (4): 611–625. doi:10.1080/00028487.2017.1294542.
  12. ^ a b Parsley, Michael J.; Popoff, Nicholas D.; Wright, Corey D.; van der Leeuw, Bjorn K. (July 2008). "Seasonal and Diel Movements of White Sturgeon in the Lower Columbia River". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 137 (4): 1007–1017. doi:10.1577/t07-027.1. ISSN 0002-8487.
  13. ^ [Muir, W. D., McCabe, G. J., Parsley, M. J., & Hinton, S. A. (2000). Diet of first-feeding larval and young-of-the-year White Sturgeon in the lower Columbia river. Northwest Science, 74(1), 25-33]
  14. ^ a b Crossman, James A.; Jay, Kathleen J.; Hildebrand, Larry R. (2016). "Describing the Diet of Juvenile White Sturgeon in the Upper Columbia River Canada with Lethal and Nonlethal Methods". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 36 (2): 421–432. doi:10.1080/02755947.2015.1125976.
  15. ^ "Acipenser transmontanus (Oregon sturgeon)". Animal Diversity Web.
  16. ^ Gawlicka, A.; Herold, M. A.; Barrows, F. T.; de la Noue, J.; Hung, S. S. O. (2002). "Effects of dietary lipids on growth, fatty acid composition, intestinal absorption and hepatic storage in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus R.) larvae". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 18 (4–6): 673–681. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00371.x.
  17. ^ State of California. "Life History Conceptual Model for White Sturgeon". Data Portal. California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
  18. ^ Chapman, F. A.; Van Eenennaam, J. P.; Doroshov, S. I. "The reproductive condition of white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, in San Francisco Bay, California". Fishery Bulletin. 94: 628–634.
  19. ^ Marineau, Mathieu D.; Wright, Scott A.; Whealdon-Haught, Daniel R.; Kinzel, Paul J. (2017). "Physical characteristics of the lower San Joaquin River, California, in relation to white sturgeon spawning habitat, 2011–14". Scientific Investigations Report. doi:10.3133/sir20175069.
  20. ^ Coutant, Charles C. (2004). "A Riparian Habitat Hypothesis for Successful Reproduction of White Sturgeon". Reviews in Fisheries Science. 12: 23–73. doi:10.1080/10641260490273023. S2CID 85121758.
  21. ^ a b [Israel, J., Drauch, A., Gingras, M. (2009). Life history conceptual model for white sturgeon. Unpubl. technical report to Bay Delta Ecosystem Restoration and Improvement Program, Sacramento, CA, USA, 54 pp.]
  22. ^ "Raising Sturgeon". Sterling Caviar. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  23. ^ "About". Tsar Nicoulai Caviar. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  24. ^ Schreier, A.; Stephenson, S.; Rust, P.; Young, S. (2015). "The case of the endangered Kootenai River white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) highlights the importance of post-release genetic monitoring in captive and supportive breeding programs". Biological Conservation. 192: 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.09.011.
  25. ^ Jelks, Howard L.; Walsh, Stephen J.; Burkhead, Noel M.; Contreras-Balderas, Salvador; Diaz-Pardo, Edmundo; Hendrickson, Dean A.; Lyons, John; Mandrak, Nicholas E.; McCormick, Frank; Nelson, Joseph S.; Platania, Steven P.; Porter, Brady A.; Renaud, Claude B.; Schmitter-Soto, Juan Jacobo; Taylor, Eric B.; Warren, Melvin L. (August 2008). "Conservation Status of Imperiled North American Freshwater and Diadromous Fishes" (PDF). Fisheries. 33 (8): 372–407. doi:10.1577/1548-8446-33.8.372.
  26. ^ How CITES works. Retrieved 14 November 2017.

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White sturgeon: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) is a species of sturgeon in the family Acipenseridae of the order Acipenseriformes. They are an anadromous fish species ranging in the Eastern Pacific; from the Gulf of Alaska to Monterey, California. However, some are landlocked in the Columbia River Drainage, Montana, and Lake Shasta in California, with reported sightings in northern Baja California, Mexico.

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Acipenser transmontanus ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Acipenser transmontanus Acipenser generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Acipenseridae familian.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez) FishBase

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Acipenser transmontanus: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Acipenser transmontanus Acipenser generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Acipenseridae familian.

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Esturgeon blanc ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Acipenser transmontanus

L'esturgeon blanc (Acipenser transmontanus), est une espèce d'esturgeons.

Description de l'espèce

L'esturgeon blanc est un poisson dulçaquicole qui migre entre les grands fleuves de la côte Ouest américaine et l’océan Pacifique (baie de San Francisco ou de Vancouver)[1]. Il pèse dans les 200 kg et ne dépasse qu’exceptionnellement les 500 kg et les 4 m de long. En 1912, un spécimen de 580 kg faisant 3,80 m de long fut pêché dans le fleuve Columbia, à la limite du Canada et des États-Unis[1].

Cet esturgeon produit un caviar dont le goût est proche de l'osciètre. Depuis les mesures prises par le secrétariat de la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction (Cites) on l'élève dans des fermes aquacoles en Californie[2].

L'esturgeon blanc est parfois aussi commercialisée comme poisson d'ornement pour les bassins[1].

Notes et références

  1. a b et c LES POISSONS D'ORNEMENT - LES ESTURGEONS
  2. D'un caviar l'autre Enquête Le Monde du 12.12.07 (mis à jour le 12.12.07)

Voir aussi

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Esturgeon blanc: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Acipenser transmontanus

L'esturgeon blanc (Acipenser transmontanus), est une espèce d'esturgeons.

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Bijela jesetra ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Bijela jesetra (lat. Acipenser transmontanus), vrsta jesetre. Živi u slanim, bočatim i slatkim vodama.[1]

Rasprostranjenost

Rasprostranjena je u istočnom Pacifiku od Aljaskog zaljeva do zaljeva Monterrey u Kaliforniji, nekim rijekama na zapadu SAD-a, i možda u jezeru Shasta.[1]

Opis vrste

Naraste maksimalno 610 cm. Najteži poznati izmjereni primjerak imao je 816 kg. Može živjeti preko 100 godina.[1]

Ugroženost i zaštita

Kritično ugrožena vrsta.[1]

Izvori

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 [1] FishBase
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Bijela jesetra: Brief Summary ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Bijela jesetra (lat. Acipenser transmontanus), vrsta jesetre. Živi u slanim, bočatim i slatkim vodama.

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Acipenser transmontanus ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Lo storione bianco[2] (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836) è un pesce appartenente alla famiglia Acipenseridae[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

È endemico delle coste pacifiche del Nord America tra l'Alaska e la Baja California[4]. È stato introdotto in molti altri stati degli USA e in alcuni allevamenti dell'Europa: è soprattutto allevato in Italia.
È una specie anadroma che vive in mare e penetra nei fiumi solo per la riproduzione ma si conoscono anche popolazioni che passano tutta la loro vita nei fiumi[1].

Descrizione

Simile agli altri storioni, si distingue per il numero dei raggi delle pinne e dalle caratteristiche degli scudi ossei cutanei[4]. Il colore è grigio brunastro con ventre bianco e pinne grigie. Può raggiungere i 610 cm di lunghezza e vivere fino a 104 anni[4]. Gli esemplari anadromi possono pesare fino a 682 kg[1], mentre quelli esclusivamente di acqua dolce non raggiungono dimensioni così elevate[1].

Biologia

Alimentazione

Gli adulti catturano prevalentemente pesci (spinarelli, lamprede, altri storioni) e anfibi, i giovani insetti (Tricotteri, Chironomidi, Efemerotteri), crostacei (anfipodi, gamberetti, copepodi) ed altri invertebrati come molluschi[5].

Riproduzione

Si riproduce nei fiumi, e ritorna al mare dopo la deposizione[6]. Tende a scegliere zone con corrente non troppo forte e fondali sabbiosi per riprodursi.

Pesca

Viene comunemente allevato in cattività, quasi tutti gli storioni nei laghetti per pesca sportiva in Italia appartengono a questa specie. Le carni sono eccellenti e le uova si prestano alla produzione di caviale di ottima qualità.

Conservazione

Le principali minacce sono dovute all'attività umana sui fiumi, che rende difficoltoso ai pesci raggiungere i siti riproduttivi e alla pesca[1]. La specie è comunque classificata come "a rischio minimo" (LC) dalla lista rossa IUCN.

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e (EN) Acipenser transmontanus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Decreto Ministeriale n°19105 del 22 settembre 2017 - Denominazioni in lingua italiana delle specie ittiche di interesse commerciale, su politicheagricole.it.
  3. ^ (EN) Acipenser transmontanus, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species).
  4. ^ a b c (EN) Acipenser transmontanus, su FishBase. URL consultato il 23.02.10.
  5. ^ Acipenser transmontanus, su fishbase.org. URL consultato il 3 aprile 2014.
  6. ^ Riproduzione, su fishbase.org. URL consultato il 3 aprile 2014.

Bibliografia

  • Kottelat M., Freyhof J. Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes, Publications Kottelat, Cornol (CH), 2007
  • Zerunian S. Condannati all'estinzione? Biodiversità, biologia, minacce e strategie di conservazione dei Pesci d'acqua dolce indigeni in Italia, Edagricole 2002

 title=
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Acipenser transmontanus: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Lo storione bianco (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836) è un pesce appartenente alla famiglia Acipenseridae.

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Witte steur ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Vissen

De witte steur (Acipenser transmontanus, wat "steur van voorbij de bergen" betekent) is een steur uit het geslacht Acipenser. De witte steur komt vooral voor langs de westkust van Noord-Amerika, van de Aleoeten tot aan centraal Californië.

De witte steur is de grootste zoetwatervis van Noord-Amerika, en de op twee na grootste steur ter wereld (na de Belugasteur en de Kalugasteur). Een witte steur kan tot 816 kilo zwaar worden.[2]

Uiterlijk

De witte steur heeft een lang, slank lichaam, kop en bek. De vis heeft geen gewone schubben, maar grote hoornachtige schubben die dienstdoen als natuurlijk pantser. De witte steur komt voor in de kleuren grijs, bleek olijfkleurig, of grijs-bruin. De vinnen zijn altijd grijs. De onderbuik van de steur is wit. De vis heeft vier baarddraden nabij zijn grote, tandenloze mond.

Steuren behoren officieel tot de Beenvisachtigen, maar hebben meer kraakbeen dan echt bot. Hun skelet is vergelijkbaar met dat van een haai. Steuren zijn maar relatief weinig veranderd sinds de soort ongeveer 175 miljoen jaar geleden is ontstaan.

Habitat

De witte steur komt voor op de bodem van traagstromende rivieren, baaien en estuariums. Behalve in zoet water kunnen ze ook in brak water leven. Ze kunnen goed voorbijdrijvend voedsel vinden met hun sterk ontwikkelde reuk- en smaakzintuigen.

Witte steuren zijn anadroom. Ze migreren meerdere keren in hun leven van zout naar zoet water en andersom. Tijdens het paaiseizoen begeven witte steuren zich naar schone, snelstromende rivieren, met grind of grotere stenen op de bodem. Vanwege het bouwen van dammen in rivieren als de Snake en Columbia zijn meerdere populaties van de witte steur afgesloten geraakt van de zee, en leven nu uitsluitend in zoetwater.

Levenscyclus

 src=
Jonge witte steur

De witte steur paait meerdere keren in zijn leven. Vrouwtjes paaien minder vaak naarmate ze ouder worden, maar produceren wel elke keer meer eieren.

Het paaiseizoen van de witte steur is doorgaans ver in het voorjaar of vroeg in de zomer. Steuren paaien bij voorkeur in water met een temperatuur van 14 tot 19 graden Celsius. De vrouwtjes, die vaak veruit in de meerderheid zijn, laten gemiddeld 100.000 tot een miljoen eitjes los, die dan door de mannetjes worden bevrucht. De bevruchte eitjes zinken naar de bodem. De eitjes hebben een bruine kleur en komen binnen ongeveer een week uit, afhankelijk van de watertemperatuur.

De larven van de witte steur zijn bij de geboorde ongeveer 13 centimeter lang, en lijken qua uiterlijk op kikkervisjes. Ze laten zich met de stroming meedrijven tot ze een geschikte habitat vinden. Binnen een maand na de geboorte ontwikkeld de larve vinnen en schubben. De jonge witte steuren voeden zich met insecten, kleine vissen en kleine schaaldieren. Binnen 5 tot 11 jaar worden de witte steuren volwassen, maar ook dit is afhankelijk van de temperatuur van het water.

Witte steuren kunnen 100 jaar oud worden. Ze groeien relatief langzaam in vergelijking met andere vissen.

Voedsel

Met zijn baarddraden kan een witte steur voelen of een potentiële voedingsbron eetbaar is of niet, voor ze deze inslikken. De voeding van de witte steur hangt af van zijn omgeving. In de Columbia voedt de vis zich vooral met dode vissen, schaaldieren en weekdieren. Prikken, die rond dezelfde tijd als de witte steuren de rivier opzwemmen om te paaien, vormen in het paaiseizoen een favoriete prooi. Ook spieringen worden veel gegeten door witte steuren in het paaiseizoen.

Vangst

Historisch is de witte steur van groot belang voor zowel de commerciële visserij als sportvissen. In de jaren 80 van de 19e eeuw werd er veel op witte steur gevist, maar dit leidde er al snel toe dat de vis dreigde uit te sterven. Er werd op het hoogtepunt meer dan 5,5 miljoen pond witte steur gevangen. In de jaren 40 van de 20e eeuw werd de visserij op witte steuren daarom sterk aan banden gelegd. Toch wordt er ook vandaag de dag nog op witte steuren gevist.

Ook bij sportvisserij zijn beperkingen gesteld aan het vangen van witte steuren. Zo mogen sportvissers alleen witte steuren van 96.5 tot 137 centimeter groot vangen.

Bedreigingen

Behalve visserij is ook het bouwen van dammen een bedreiging voor de witte steur. Veel populaties kunnen de zee niet meer bereiken, en door dammen verdwijnen veel paaiplaatsen. Momenteel is de witte steur populatie in de onderste helft van de Columbia de enige gezonde populatie in die rivier. Populaties die zijn afgesneden van de zee kunnen veel belangrijke voedingsbronnen niet meer vinden.

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Witte steur: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De witte steur (Acipenser transmontanus, wat "steur van voorbij de bergen" betekent) is een steur uit het geslacht Acipenser. De witte steur komt vooral voor langs de westkust van Noord-Amerika, van de Aleoeten tot aan centraal Californië.

De witte steur is de grootste zoetwatervis van Noord-Amerika, en de op twee na grootste steur ter wereld (na de Belugasteur en de Kalugasteur). Een witte steur kan tot 816 kilo zwaar worden.

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wikipedia NL

Jesiotr amerykański ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Jesiotr amerykański[3], jesiotr biały[4] (Acipenser transmontanus) – gatunek wędrownej, dwuśrodowiskowej ryby z rodziny jesiotrowatych (Acipenseridae), największej z rodzaju Acipenser. Druga co do wielkości ryba z rodziny jesiotrowatych ustępuje rozmiarom tylko kałudze. Poławiany dla mięsa i ikry, z której sporządzany jest kawior.

Występowanie

Zamieszkuje wody morskie od Alaski do północnej Kalifornii. Przebywa w płytkich wodach szelfu kontynentalnego. Na tarło wpływa do rzek takich jak Fraser czy Kolumbia, przy czym jest to ta sama rzeka, w której się urodził.

Cechy morfologiczne

Osiąga do 6 m długości i masę 816 kg. W stosunku do innych jesiotrów mających wydłużone głowy w postaci ryja, jesiotr biały ma głowę szeroko spłaszczoną. Otwór gębowy w położeniu dolnym z mięsistymi wargami i czterema wąsikami. Grzbiet ma barwę oliwkowozieloną, brązową lub szarą. Brzuch niemalże biały. Na bokach ciała występuje 38–48 kostnych tarczek.

Odżywianie

Młode jesiotry początkowo odżywiają się różnymi bezkręgowcami, by z czasem zacząć odżywiać się głównie rybami.

Rozród

Tarło odbywa kilka razy w życiu, a dojrzewa płciowo bardzo późno, bo samce w wieku 14-22 lat, a samice około 30 roku życia. Składają kilka milionów ziaren ikry w jednym złożeniu. Tarlaki spływają z prądem do morza. Jesiotr biały może żyć ponad 100 lat.

Przypisy

  1. Acipenser transmontanus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Acipenser transmontanus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Krystyna Kowalska, Jan Maciej Rembiszewski, Halina Rolik Mały słownik zoologiczny, Ryby, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa 1973
  4. Stanisław Rutkowicz: Encyklopedia ryb morskich. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie, 1982. ISBN 83-215-2103-7.

Bibliografia

  • Acipenser transmontanus. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 22 lutego 2009]
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wikipedia POL

Jesiotr amerykański: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Jesiotr amerykański, jesiotr biały (Acipenser transmontanus) – gatunek wędrownej, dwuśrodowiskowej ryby z rodziny jesiotrowatych (Acipenseridae), największej z rodzaju Acipenser. Druga co do wielkości ryba z rodziny jesiotrowatych ustępuje rozmiarom tylko kałudze. Poławiany dla mięsa i ikry, z której sporządzany jest kawior.

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wikipedia POL

Vit stör ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Vit stör (Acipenser transmontanus) är en art av släktet Acipenser som finns i Nordamerika. Med en längd på upp till 6 m är den den största nordamerikanska färskvattenfisken.[3]

Utseende

En avlång fisk med cylindrisk kroppsform som saknar fjäll, men med 5 rader av stora benplattor längs kroppen. Även huvudet är klätt med benplattor. Munnen är ganska liten, nedåtvänd och saknar tänder, utan används i stället för att suga upp mat. Nosen är kort, och har 4 skäggtömmar placerade långt fram. [4]Färgen är gröngrå på ovansidan, blekt grå till vit på undersidan.[3] Som mest kan den bli 6,1 m lång och väga 816 kg.[5]

Vanor

Den vita stören är vanligen anadrom, det vill säga den lever i saltvatten men vandrar upp i sötvatten för att leka; vissa delpopulationer lever dock hela livet i sjöar utan kontakt med havet.[1] I sötvatten föredrar de vuxna fiskarna större floder med god ström, där de uppehåller sig vid eller nära bottnen, medan ungfiskarna håller till i mindre, långsammare vattendrag. De vuxna fiskarna lever i huvudsak på fisk, men fjädermygglarver ingår också i dieten. Eftersom vita störar inte har särskilt god syn, lokaliserar de bytet främst med hjälp av skäggtömmarna. Ungfiskar tar framför allt fjädermygglarver och andra vattenlevande insektslarver,[3] men tar även musslor, maskar, kräftor och fiskrom.[4] Arten utvecklas långsamt; hanarna blir i genomsnitt könsmogna vid 14 års ålder, honorna vid 18.[3] Högsta konstaterade ålder är 104 år.[5]

Fortplantning

Den vita stören leker i strömmande vattendrag, dit de kan vandra lång väg. Leken sker under våren; under denna kan honan avge mellan 100 000 och 3 miljoner ägg, som hanen befruktar. De befruktade äggen är klibbiga och fastnar i bottenmaterialet, där de kläcks efter 8 till 15 dagar. Larverna stannar dolda i flodbädden i ytterligare 20 till 30 dagar.[3]

Utbredning

Arten finns i vattendrag och längs med kusten i Kanada (British Columbia) och USA (Alaska, Kalifornien, Idaho, Montana, Oregon och Washington).

Kommersiell användning

Den vita stören är en populär matfisk som säljs både färsk, rökt och frusen. Dessutom gör man kaviar av rommen.[5]

Status

Arten är klassificerad som livskraftig ("LC") av IUCN, och populationen är stabil. Vissa subpopulationer, som har stängts av från havet av dammutbyggnad och liknande åtgärder, är dock hotade. I synnerhet populationerna i övre Columbiafloden vid gränsen mellan USA och Kanada samt Nechakofloden i British Columbia är strarkt hotade; båda är klassificerade som akut hotade ("CR"). Även i Kootenayfloden och Fraserfloden, också de i British Columbia, är arten hotad.[1] Detta har lett till att arten i British Columbia är rödlistad som imperiled (näst högsta klassificeringen).[3]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c] Duke, S. (USF&WS), Down, T., Ptolemy, J., Hammond, J. & Spence, C. 2004 Acipenser transmontanus Från: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-07-11.
  2. ^ Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161068. Läst 11 juli 2012.
  3. ^ [a b c d e f] ”Fish & Habitats - White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in British Columbia” (på engelska). British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Arkiverad från originalet den 22 april 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120422225146/http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/fishhabitats/sturgeon/index.html. Läst 11 juli 2012.
  4. ^ [a b] Charles Dershimer (2001). Acipenser transmontanus Columbia Sturgeon” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acipenser_transmontanus.html. Läst 11 juli 2012.
  5. ^ [a b c] Froese, Rainer; Garilao, Cristina V. (15 november 2011). Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836 White sturgeon” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Acipenser-transmontanus.html. Läst 11 juli 2012.
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Vit stör: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Vit stör (Acipenser transmontanus) är en art av släktet Acipenser som finns i Nordamerika. Med en längd på upp till 6 m är den den största nordamerikanska färskvattenfisken.

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Осетер білий ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Осетер білий (лат. Acipenser transmontanus) — вид риб родини осетрових роду осетер. Зустрічається вздовж західного узбережжя Північної Америки від Алеутських островів до центральної Каліфорнії. Найбільша прісноводна риба Північної Америки, третій по величині з осетрових, після білуги і калуги.


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wikipedia UK

Осетер білий: Brief Summary ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Осетер білий (лат. Acipenser transmontanus) — вид риб родини осетрових роду осетер. Зустрічається вздовж західного узбережжя Північної Америки від Алеутських островів до центральної Каліфорнії. Найбільша прісноводна риба Північної Америки, третій по величині з осетрових, після білуги і калуги.


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Cá tầm trắng ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cá tầm trắng (danh pháp hai phần: Acipenser transmontanus) là một loài cá tầm. Loài cá này sinh sống dọc theo bờ biển phía tây của Bắc Mỹ từ quần đảo Aleutia đến Trung California.

Nó là loài cá nước ngọt lớn nhất ở Bắc Mỹ và là loài cá tầm lớn thứ ba, sau cá tầm Belugacá tầm Kaluga. Cá tầm trắng được biết đến để đạt được một kích thước tối đa là 816 kg (£ 1.799) và 6,1 m (20 ft).

Cá tầm lớn nhất đánh bắt trên hồ sơ được đánh bắt trên sông Fraser, British Columbia, và nặng khoảng 498,9 kg và dài 12 feet, 4 inch (3,75 m). Con cá tầm này được đánh bắt bởi Michael Snell Salisbury, Anh, và sau đó được thả[2].

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Duke, S. (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service), Down, T., Ptolemy, J., Hammond, J. & Spence, C. (Ministry of Water, Land & Air Protection, Canada) (2004). Acipenser transmontanus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 2 năm 2009.
  2. ^ Strege, David. “Monster white sturgeon weighing 1,100 pounds caught in Canada”. GrindTV.com/Yahoo Sports.

Bản mẫu:Sơ khai cá tầm

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Cá tầm trắng: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cá tầm trắng (danh pháp hai phần: Acipenser transmontanus) là một loài cá tầm. Loài cá này sinh sống dọc theo bờ biển phía tây của Bắc Mỹ từ quần đảo Aleutia đến Trung California.

Nó là loài cá nước ngọt lớn nhất ở Bắc Mỹ và là loài cá tầm lớn thứ ba, sau cá tầm Belugacá tầm Kaluga. Cá tầm trắng được biết đến để đạt được một kích thước tối đa là 816 kg (£ 1.799) và 6,1 m (20 ft).

Cá tầm lớn nhất đánh bắt trên hồ sơ được đánh bắt trên sông Fraser, British Columbia, và nặng khoảng 498,9 kg và dài 12 feet, 4 inch (3,75 m). Con cá tầm này được đánh bắt bởi Michael Snell Salisbury, Anh, và sau đó được thả.

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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia VI

Белый осётр ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Группа: Костные рыбы
Подотряд: Осетровидные
Семейство: Осетровые
Подсемейство: Осетровые
Род: Осетры
Вид: Белый осётр
Международное научное название

Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 161068NCBI 7904EOL 223783

Белый осётр[1] (лат. Acipenser transmontanus) — вид рыб семейства осетровых, встречающийся вдоль западного побережья Северной Америки от Алеутских островов до центральной Калифорнии. Крупнейшая пресноводная рыба Северной Америки, третий по величине из осетровых (после белуги и калуги). Максимальная масса тела белого осетра 816 кг и длина 6,1 м[2].

Описание

Тело белого осетра имеет удлиненную и стройную форму. Как и все осетры, белый осётр не имеет чешуи. Вместо нее на теле рыбы есть широкие защитные костяные щитки-жучки. На спине Осетра таких щитков насчитывается от 11 до 14 штук (все находятся перед спинным плавником), на боках тела их число колеблется от 38 до 48, также имеется от 9 до 12 брюшных щитков на каждой стороне брюха.

Цвет спины и боков белого осетра варьируется от серого и бледно-оливкового до серо-коричневого. Брюхо и нижняя часть головы осетра светло-белые. Плавники, как правило, темно-серого цвета. Белый осётр имеет на носе, выше своего большого беззубого рта 4 белых сенсорных усика, которые он использует для поиска пищи.

Осётр причисляется к классу костных рыб, тем не менее он более хрящевая рыба, чем костная, а его внутреннее костное строение больше напоминает строение акул. Осетры очень мало изменились с момента своего возникновения (около 175 миллионов лет тому назад), поэтому осётр и напоминает своим внешним видом многих исчезнувших древних рыб.

Примечания

  1. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 53. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. Белый осётр (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.


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Белый осётр: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Белый осётр (лат. Acipenser transmontanus) — вид рыб семейства осетровых, встречающийся вдоль западного побережья Северной Америки от Алеутских островов до центральной Калифорнии. Крупнейшая пресноводная рыба Северной Америки, третий по величине из осетровых (после белуги и калуги). Максимальная масса тела белого осетра 816 кг и длина 6,1 м.

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