dcsimg

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Taeniura lymma, commonly known as blue-spotted stingrays, is found primarily in the Indo-west Pacific. They may be found in shallow continental shelf waters ranging from temperate to tropical seas. They prefer areas with sandy or sedimentary substrates in which they bury themselves. Sightings of Taeniura lymma have been recorded in Australia in shallow tropical marine waters from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia to Bundaberg, Queensland. They can be found at depths of up to 25 m and have also been recorded to range in location from southern Africa and the Red Sea to the Solomon Islands.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Randall L. Morrison, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

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Taeniura lymma has very distinct feeding behaviors. During high tide, it migrates in groups into shallow sandy areas of tidal flats to feed on sand worms, shrimps, hermit crabs, and small fishes. At low tide it recedes back into the ocean, usually alone to hide in the coral crevices of the reef.

Blue-spotted stingrays will feed on many things such as bony fish, crabs, shrimp, polychaetes and other benthic invertebrates. Since the mouth is located on the underside of the body, food is trapped by pressing the prey into the substrate with their discs. The food is then directed into the mouth by maneuvering the disc over the prey.

Taeniura lymma can detect its prey through an electroreceptor system. The nostrils are partly covered with a broad fleshy lobe, known as the internasal flap. This is covered in sensory pores and extends to the mouth. These pores form part of the ampullae of Lorenzini (the electrorecption system.) This electroreceptor system can detect electrical fields produced by the prey. This electroreceptor system cannot only be used to detect prey but can also be used to detect predators and other members of the same species.

Animal Foods: fish; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations ( Inglês )

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Taeniura lymma plays an important role in their ecosystem. Taeniura lymma is a secondary consumer. It feeds on nekton such as bony fish. It also feeds on zoobenthos organisms including benthic crustaceans like crabs, shrimp/prawns, and worms such as polychaetes.

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Taeniura lymma is a popular aquarium pet. Their beautiful coloration makes them a prime candidate for an aquarium pet. In Australia, Taeniura lymma is often eaten and hunted for its meat.

Positive Impacts: pet trade

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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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The sting that of blue-spotted stingrays may be very painful.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)

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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

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When blue-spotted stingrays are born, they hatch out of egg cases and are pale gray or brown and are spotted with black or rusty red and white. These patterns and markings are distinct to each individual within a litter. As adults, they are olive-gray or gray-brown to yellow dorsally and white ventrally with numerous blue spots. When born, the young stingrays are about nine cm long and can grow to around 25cm as adults. The young are born out of egg cases with a soft tail that is encases in a thin layer of skin to prevent injury to the mother during birth. The skin is eventually lost and the tail is used as a protective mechanism.

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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Although this species is very wide ranging and common, it is subject to human-induced problems because of capture by inshore fisheries and its attractiveness for the marine aquarium fish trade. Another major threat to this species is the destruction of its coral reef habitat. Without a habitat in which to live, this species may be pushed to extinction along with other species of the coral reef habitat.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior ( Inglês )

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Taeniura lymma uses electroreception to communicate with other members of its species. Blue-spotted stingrays,use strucutres called the ampullae of Lorenzini, which allow them to detect slight electrical impulses within the water. This electroreception is often used as a means of recognizing members of the same species.

Communication Channels: chemical ; electric

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical ; electric

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Sem título ( Inglês )

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The body of Taeniura lymma is made completely out of cartilage and contains no bone whatsoever. The stinging barbs on its tail can be regenerated if broken off. One interesting fact about the venom that is contained within the stinging barbs is that it can be broken down by heat. Therefore, if you ever encounter one of these magnificent animals and happen to get stung, immediately soak the wound in hot water in order to break down the venom and reduce the pain. Another interesting fact about Taeniura lymma is that it is one of the few species of rays that can retain their urine.

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Taeniura lymma is found on sandy bottoms around coral reefs. These rays like to bury themselves just underneath the sand where they will feed on various invertebrates. They usually are found on shallow continental shelves; however, they have also been observed around coral rubble and shipwreck debris at depths of 20-25m deep. Divers and snokelers will often detect this ray by its distinctive ribbon-like tail poking out from a crack in the coral. These rays are most abundant inshore.

Range depth: 25 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; reef

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

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The lifespan of Taeniura lymma is still unknown.

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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Taeniura lymma is a colorful stingray with distinct, large, bright blue spots on its oval, elongated body. The snout is rounded and angular with broad outer corners. The tail tapers and can be equal to or slightly less than the body length when intact. Its caudal fin is broad and reaches to the tip of the tail. At the tip of the tail are two sharp venomous spines which permit this ray to strike at enemies forward of its head. The tail of Taeniura lymma can be easily recognized by the blue side-stripes found on either side. It has large spiracles that lie very close to its large eyes. It can grow to a disc diameter of about 25 cm but has been reported as being as large as 95 cm in diameter. The mouth is found on the underside of the body along with the gills. Within the mouth are two plates, which are used for crushing the shells of crabs, prawns, and mollusks.

Range length: 95 (high) cm.

Average length: 25 cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; venomous

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Randall L. Morrison, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The most dangerous predator to blue-spotted stingrays are human beings. Blue-spotted stingrays are a popular ray to have in aquarium tanks. However, Taeniura lymma is very hard to take care of in an at-home aquarium. Besides humans, the only other type of predator known to this species of stingrays is the hammerhead shark. The hammerhead shark uses the cartilaginous projections form the side of their heads to pin them down to the bottom of the substrate while taking bites from the stingray's disc. The hammerhead is able to avoid being stung by the poisonous spines on the rays tail by pinning the stingray down.

Known Predators:

  • great hammerheads (Sphyrna lewini)
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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
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Randall L. Morrison, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

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Taeniura lymma is ovoviviparous. This means that the embryo is nourished by the yolk and the eggs are retained within the female until they hatch. The ray produces about seven live young in every litter. Each juvenile is born with the distinctive blue markings of its parents in miniature. In courtship, the male often follows the female with his acutely sensitive nose close to her cloaca in search of a chemical signal that the female will emit. Courtship usually includes some sort of nibbling or biting of the disc. The teeth of the male are used to hold the female in place during population. The male fertilizes the female via internal fertilization through the use of their claspers. The breeding season is usually in late spring through the summer and gestation can be anywhere from 4 months to a year.

Because only about seven live young are produced in each litter, this species is highly vulnerable to population collapses from overfishing, habitat loss and the pet trade. They also have a long gestation period making them even more susceptible to population collapse.

Breeding season: late spring throught summer

Average number of offspring: 7.

Range gestation period: 4 to 12 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); ovoviviparous

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Miller, J. 2002. "Taeniura lymma" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html
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Jennifer Miller, Western Maryland College
editor
Randall L. Morrison, Western Maryland College
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Blue-spotted stingrays live alone or in small groups (6), migrating in large schools into shallow sandy areas on the rising tide in order to feed, and dispersing back into the ocean as the tide falls to shelter in the coral crevices of the reef (5) (7). Feeding most commonly occurs during the day, but sometimes also at night (6), and the diet consists largely of worms, shrimps, crabs, molluscs and small fish (5). Prey is often detected through electroreception, a system which senses the electrical fields produced by the prey (5). Not all small fish and invertebrates are potential prey, as blue-spotted stingrays can often be found at 'cleaning stations', areas of reef where large fish line up and tiny fish or shrimp pick off their dead skin and parasites (6). In courtship, males often follow females, using their acutely sensitive 'nose' to detect a chemical signal emitted by the female that indicates she is receptive. Breeding occurs from late spring through the summer, and gestation can last anything from four months to a year (5). Reproduction is ovoviviparous, meaning females give birth to live pups that have hatched from egg cases inside the uterus (6). Up to seven pups are born per litter and each juvenile is born with the distinctive blue markings of its parents in miniature (7).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

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Presently, this stingray is classified only as Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt) on the IUCN Red List 2004, and no direct conservation measures are currently in place for the species (1).
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Description ( Inglês )

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This colourful stingray is immediately recognisable by the large, bright, iridescent blue spots that adorn its oval, elongated body (3) (4). Distinctive blue stripes also run along either side of the tail, which is equipped with one or two sharp venomous spines at the tip, used by the ray to fend off predators (5). Indeed, the brightly-coloured skin acts as 'warning colouration' to alert other animals that it is venomous (6). The snout is rounded and the mouth is found on the underside of the body, along with the gills (5), perfect for scooping up animals hiding in the sand (6). Two plates exist within the mouth that are adapted for crushing the shells of crabs, prawns and molluscs (5). The upper surface of the body disc is grey-brown to yellow, olive-green or reddish brown, while the underside is white (3). Thus, when viewed from below the white belly blends in with the sunny waters above and when viewed from above, the dark, mottled back blends in with the dark ocean floor below (6).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Commonly found on the sandy or rocky bottoms of coral reefs, in shallow continental shelf waters, to depths of 20 m (3) (5). While usually inhabiting the deeper reef areas, where it hides in reef caves, under tabletop corals and overhangs, this stingray moves up to shallower reef flats and lagoons at high tide. Unlike most stingrays, blue-spotted stingrays rarely bury themselves in the sand (6).
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Range ( Inglês )

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Found in the Indo-West Pacific: ranging from South East Africa and the Red sea to the Solomon Islands, north to southern Japan and south to northern Australia (3).
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Status ( Inglês )

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Classified as Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats ( Inglês )

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Despite being both wide-ranging and common, the blue-spotted stingray is subject to a variety of human-imposed threats (1). Widespread destruction of coral reef habitat probably poses the most significant threat to the species (1). Harm is caused by poisoning through farm pesticides and fertilizers running into the sea, by dynamite fishing, and by cyanide, used to capture reef animals for the pet trade (6). This ray is hunted throughout its range by inshore fisheries and its beautiful colouration makes it an attractive candidate for an aquarium pet (5) (6). However, this species does not survive well as a pet, outgrowing most home aquariums (6). With such a low reproductive rate, consisting of long gestation periods and small litters, the blue-spotted stingray is particularly vulnerable to population collapses caused by over-fishing, habitat loss and the pet trade (5).
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Found on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Feeds on fish and invertebrates (Ref. 5578).
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Recorder
Pascualita Sa-a
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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

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Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Bears up to 7 young (Ref. 5578, 12951).
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Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
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Diagnostic Description ( Inglês )

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A colorful stingray with large bright blue spots on an oval, elongated disc and with blue side-stripes along the tail; snout rounded and angular, disc with broadly rounded outer corners, and tail stout, tapering and less than twice body length when intact, with a broad lower caudal finfold reaching the tail tip; disc with no large thorns but with small, flat denticles along midback (in adults); usually 1 medium-sized sting on tail further behind base than in most stingrays (Ref. 5578). Grey-brown to yellow, olive-green or reddish brown dorsally, white ventrally (Ref. 5578).
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Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
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Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Occurs around coral reefs (Ref. 6871, 58534). Migrates in groups into shallow sandy areas during the rising tide to feed on mollusks, worms, shrimps, and crabs; disperses on falling tide to seek shelter in caves and under ledges (Ref. 6871). Rarely found buried under the sand (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Small specimens are popular among marine aquarists (Ref. 5578). Does not do well in aquariums (Ref. 12951). Maximum length about 70 cm TL (Ref. 30573). Reports of specimens reaching 240 cm TL are probably inaccurate (Ref. 6871). Commonly caught by fisheries operating over shallow coral reefs and probably adversely affected by dynamite fishing. Utilized widely for its meat (Ref.58048).
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Recorder
Estelita Emily Capuli
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Importance ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: commercial
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Estelita Emily Capuli
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Bloukol-lintstertrog ( Africâner )

fornecido por wikipedia AF

Die Bloukol-lintstertrog (Taeniura lymma) kom voor aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika vanaf Durban. Die vis is grys-bruin tot olyf-groen met blou spikkels op die bokant van die lyf en vinne. Die rog word 90 cm oor die wydte van die vinne. Die rog hou van vlak, sandrige areas of naby koraalriwwe en is naglewend. In Engels staan die haai bekend as die Bluespotted ribbontailray.

Sien ook

Bron

Verwysings

  1. Compagno, L.J.V. (2005). Taeniura lymma. 2008 IUBN Rooi Lys van bedreigde spesies. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur 2008. Verkry op 13 November 2009.

Eksterne skakel

Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Bloukol-lintstertrog: Brief Summary ( Africâner )

fornecido por wikipedia AF

Die Bloukol-lintstertrog (Taeniura lymma) kom voor aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika vanaf Durban. Die vis is grys-bruin tot olyf-groen met blou spikkels op die bokant van die lyf en vinne. Die rog word 90 cm oor die wydte van die vinne. Die rog hou van vlak, sandrige areas of naby koraalriwwe en is naglewend. In Engels staan die haai bekend as die Bluespotted ribbontailray.

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Taeniura lymma ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Taeniura lymma és una espècie de rajada de la família dels dasiàtids.

Taxonomia

 src=
Taeniura lymma al Komodo National Park, Indonèsia

Aquesta espècie va ser descrita originalment pel naturalista suec Peter Forsskål amb el nom de Raja lymma, en la seva obra Descriptiones Animalium quae in itinere ad maris australis terras per annos 1772, 1773, et 1774 suscepto collegit, observavit, et delineavit Joannes Reinlioldus Forster, etc., curante Henrico Lichtenstein del 1775.[1] El nom específic lymma vol dir "brutícia".[2] Forsskål no va designar un tipus nomenclatural.[1] El 1837, els biòlegs alemanys Johannes Peter Müller i Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle van crear el gènere Taeniura per l'espècie Trygon ornatus, actualment considerada un sinònim d'aquesta espècie.[3][4]

Anàlisis morfològics han suggerit que aquesta espècie està més estretament relacionada amb les espècies nord-americanes del gènere Himantura (H. pacifica and H. schmardae) i els potamotrigònids (Potamotrygonidae) que amb el seu congènere Taeniura meyeni, el qual està més estretament relacionat amb les espècies del gènere Dasyatis i les espècies Indo-Pacífiques del gènere Himantura.[5]

Descripció

 src=
Imatge en la que es pot veure clarament la seva coloració distintiva.

Les aletes pectorals del seu cos tenen forma ovalada., el qual és aproximadament un 20% més llarg que ample, i amb una boca generalment entre arrodonida i angular. Els seus ulls grans i protuberants estan immediatament seguits pels espiracles. Tenen una estreta solapa de pell entre la narius, amb un marge posterior amb serrells, que arriba més enllà de la boca. Els buits de la meitat de la mandíbula inferior i solcs profunds es troben a les cantonades de la boca. Hi ha entre 15 i 24 files de dents en ambdós maxil·lars, i dues grans papil·les al fons de la boca.[2][6] Les aletes pèlviques són estretes i anguloses. La cua gruixuda i deprimida mesura al voltant d'1,5 vegades la longitud del cos i té una o dues (generalment dues) espines serrades molt per darrere de la base de la cua. La cua té una aleta profunda a la seva part ventral, que arriba a la punta, i una línia dorsal central a la cara superior.[7][6]

La pell és generalment llisa, amb l'excepció de petites espines al mig de l'esquena.[6] La coloració dorsal és sorprenent, consistint en nombroses taques circulars de color blau neó sobre un fons de color marró groguenc o verd. Les taques varien de mida, sent més petita i concentrades als marges del cos. La cua té dues ratlles del mateix blau que recorren cada costat, i que s'uneixen a la punta. Els ulls són de color groc brillant i el ventre és blanc.[2][8] De vegades les dues ratlles blaves de la cua es troben absents en els individus sud-africans.[9] Aquesta espècie creix fins als 35 centímetres d'ample, 80 centímetres de llarg, i els 5 quilograms de pes .[4][10]

Distribució i hàbitat

Àmpliament distribuïda per les aigües litorals de la regió Indo-Pacífica, aquesta espècie viu a la perifèria de l'oceà Índic, des de Sud-àfrica fins a la península Aràbiga i al Sud-est asiàtic, incloent Madagascar, Maurici, Zanzíbar, les Seychelles, Sri Lanka i les Maldives. És poc freqüent al golf Pèrsic i al golf d'Oman.[11][7] A l'oceà Pacífic, aquesta espècie viu des de les Filipines fins al nord d'Austràlia, així com en nombroses illes de la Melanèsia i la Polinèsia fins a l'est de Salomó.[11] Rarement trobada per sota dels 30 metres de fondària, es tracta d'una espècie que viu al fons marí que freqüenta els esculls de corall i les planúries sorrenques adjacents. Sovint viu a la zona intermareal i a piscines de marea, i a prop dels llits de praderies marines.[11][8] Cada estiu, un considerable nombres d'individus arriba a les costes de Sud-àfrica.[2]

Ecologia

 src=
Aquesta espècie s'amaga entre el corall durant el dia.

És una de les rajades més abundants que habiten els esculls de l'Indo-Pacífic. Generalment passa el dia en solitari amagada dins de coves, sota sortints de corall o sota d'altres residus (inclosos els de naufragis), sovint mostrant només la seva cua.[8][6][12] De nit, es formen petits grups durant la plenamar, que neden a poca profunditat sobre fons de sorra per alimentar-se. A diferència de moltes altres rajades, rara vegada s'enterra a la sorra.[13] Per alimentar-se excava forats a la sorra a la recerca de mol·luscs, poliquets, carideus, crancs i petits peixos ossis bentònics. Quan troba una presa, aquesta és atrapada amb el cos i conduïda a la boca. Altres peixos, com els múl·lids, segueixen amb freqüència a aquestes rajades quan s'alimenten, a la recerca de restes d'aliments.[9][14]

L'aparellament d'aquesta espècie té lloc des de finals de la primavera fins a l'estiu. El mascle segueix a la femella i li pessiga el cos, mossegant-la ocasionalment i aferrar-se a ella per copular.[14] Hi ha un cas documentat d'un mascle agafat al cos d'un altre mascle més petit de l'espècie Neotrygon kuhlii, sent un possible cas d'identitat equivocada. S'han observat mascles adults reunint-se en aigües menys profundes, fet que podria estar relacionat amb la reproducció.[12] Com en altres espècies de rajada, la reproducció és ovovivípara: l'embrió s'alimenta inicialment del rovell de l'ou, i a finals del seu desenvolupament és suplementat per una llet uterina produïda per la mare, que està formada per una barreja de mucositat, greixos i proteïnes. El període de gestació és incert, encara que es creu que té una durada d'entre 4 i 12 mesos. Les femelles donen a llum fins a 7 cries, que cadascuna té un cos que fa entre 13 i 14 centímetres d'amplada.[13][15] Els mascles assoleixen la maduresa sexual amb entre 20 i 21 centímetres d'amplada del cos, mentre que es desconeix quan ho han les femelles.[4][15]

Els predadors coneguts d'aquesta espècie són els taurons martells (Sphyrna) i els tursiops (Tursiops). També són potencials predadors altres peixos i mamífers marins grans.[13][16] quan es senten amenaçades, tendeixen a fugir desplaçant-se en zigzag, per desfer-se dels seus perseguidors.[8] S'han identificat nombrosos paràsits d'aquesta espècie: els cestodes Aberrapex manjajiae,[17] Anthobothrium taeniuri,[18] Cephalobothrium taeniurai,[19] Echinobothrium elegans and E. helmymohamedi,[20][21] Kotorelliella jonesi,[22] Polypocephalus saoudi,[23] i Rhinebothrium ghardaguensis i R. taeniuri,[24] els monogenis Decacotyle lymmae,[25] Empruthotrema quindecima,[26] Entobdella australis,[27] i Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae,[28] els platihelmints Pedunculacetabulum ghardaguensis i Anaporrhutum albidum,[29][30] el nematode Mawsonascaris australis,[31] el copèpode Sheina orri,[32] i el protozou Trypanosoma taeniurae.[33] S'ha vist a aquesta rajada demanant els serveis de neteja al làbrid netejador (Labroides dimidiatus), aixecant els extrems del seu cos i les aletes pectorals.[12]

Relacions amb humans

Encara que tímida e inofensiva vers els éssers humans, aquesta espècie pot infligir una ferida molt dolorosa per mitjà del verí que injecten les espines de la seva cua.[13] La seva aparença atractiva i la seva relativament petita mida, l'han convertit en la rajada més comunament trobada als aquaris.[34] No obstant això, poques vegades es comporta bé en captivitat i són molt pocs els aficionats capaços de mantenir-les durant molt temps.[12] Molts exemplars es neguen a alimentar-se en aquaris. Fins i tot individus aparentment sans sovint inexplicablement moren o deixen de menjar.[12] S'utilitza com a aliment a l'est d'Àfrica, el Sud-est asiàtic i Austràlia. És capturada intencionadament o accidentalment amb xarxes d'emmallament, palangres, fusells i trampes per peixos.[11][15]

La UICN cataloga aquesta espècie com gairebé amenaçada. Tot i que encara és relativament comuna i està àmpliament distribuïda, aquesta espècie s'enfronta a la contínua degradació dels esculls de coral en tot el seu hàbitat, a causa de les pràctiques pesqueres destructives per mitjà de l'ús de cianur i dinamita. A més, les seves poblacions es troben sota la forta pressió de la pesca artesanal i comercial, que les captura pel seu comerç per aquaris.[11]

Referències

  1. 1,0 1,1 Eschmeyer, W.N. and R. Fricke, eds. lymma, Raja. Catalog of Fishes electronic version (January 15, 2010). Retrieved on February 17, 2010. (anglès)
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Van der Elst, R.. A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. third. Struik, 1993, p. 52. ISBN 1868253945. (anglès)
  3. Eschmeyer, W.N. and R. Fricke, eds. Taeniura. Catalog of Fishes electronic version (January 15, 2010). Retrieved on February 17, 2010. (anglès)
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 "Taeniura lymma". FishBase. Ed. Rainer Froese i Daniel Pauly. November del 2009. N.p.: FishBase, 2009. (anglès)
  5. Lovejoy, N.R. «Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes)». Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 117, 1996), pàg. 207–257. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb02189.x. (anglès)
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Last, P.R. and L.J.V. Compagno. «Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae». A: Carpenter, K.E. and V.H. Niem. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific (Volume 3). Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1999, p. 1479–1505. ISBN 9251043027. (anglès)
  7. 7,0 7,1 Randall, J.E. and J.P. Hoover. Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, 1995, p. 47. ISBN 0824818083. (anglès)
  8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 Ferrari, A. and A. Ferrari. Sharks. Firefly Books, 2002, p. 214–215. ISBN 1552096297. (anglès)
  9. 9,0 9,1 Heemstra, P. and E. Heemstra. Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. NISC and SAIAB, 2004, p. 84. ISBN 1920033017. (anglès)
  10. Van Der Elst, R. and D. King. A Photographic Guide to Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. Struik, 2006, p. 17. ISBN 1770073450. (anglès)
  11. 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 Compagno, L.J.V.. Taeniura lymma. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 13 de novembre de 2009. (anglès)
  12. 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Michael, S.W.. Reef Sharks and Rays of the World – A Guide To Their Identification, Behavior and Ecology. Sea Challengers, 1993, p. 107. ISBN 0930118189. (anglès)
  13. 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Bester, C. Biological Profiles: Bluespotted Ribbontail Ray. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on November 13, 2009. (anglès)
  14. 14,0 14,1 Miller, J. (2002). Taeniura lymma (On-line). Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved on November 13, 2009. (anglès)
  15. 15,0 15,1 15,2 Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens. Sharks and Rays of Australia. second. Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 459–460. ISBN 0674034112. (anglès)
  16. Mann, J. and B. Sargeant. «Like mother, like calf: the ontogeny of foraging traditions in wild Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.)». A: Fragaszy, D.M. and S. Perry. The Biology of Traditions: Models and Evidence. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0521815975. (anglès)
  17. Jensen, K. «A new species of Aberrapex Jensen, 2001 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from Taeniura lymma (Forsskal) (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from off Sabah, Malaysia». Systematic Parasitology, vol. 64, 2, June 2006, pàg. 117–123. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-005-9026-2. PMID: 16612652. (anglès)
  18. Saoud, M.F.A. «On a new cestode, Anthobothrium taeniuri n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea) from the Red Sea Sting Ray and the relationship between Anthobothrium van Beneden, 1850, Rhodobothrium Linton, 1889 and Inermiphyllidium Riser, 1955». Journal of Helminthology, vol. 37, 1963, pàg. 135–144. DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X00019696. PMID: 13976441. (anglès)
  19. Ramadan, M.M. «Cestodes of the genus Cephalobothrium Shipley and Hornel, 1906 (Lecanicephaliidae), with description of C. ghardagense n. sp. and C. taeniurai n. sp. from the Red Sea fishes». Japanese Journal of Parasitology, vol. 35, 1, 1986, pàg. 11–15. (anglès)
  20. Tyler, G.A. (II) «Tapeworms of elasmobranchs (part II) a monograph on the Diphyllidea (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda)». Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, vol. 20, 2006, pàg. i–viii, 1–142. (anglès)
  21. Saoud, M.F.A., M.M. Ramadan and S.I. Hassan «On Echinobothrium helmymohamedi n. sp. (Cestoda: Diphyllidea): a parasite of the sting ray Taeniura lymma from the Red Sea». Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol. 12, 1, 1982, pàg. 199–207. PMID: 7086222. (anglès)
  22. Palm, H.W. and I. Beveridge «Tentaculariid cestodes of the order Trypanorhyncha (Platyhelminthes) from the Australian region». Records of the South Australian Museum, vol. 35, 1, May 2002, pàg. 49–78. (anglès)
  23. Hassan, S.H. «Polypocephalus saoudi n. sp. Lecanicephalidean cestode from Taeniura lymma in the Red Sea». Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol. 12, 2, December 1982, pàg. 395–401. PMID: 7153551. (anglès)
  24. Ramadan, M.M. «A review of the cestode genus Rhinebothrium Linton, 1889 (Tetraphyllidae), with a description of two new species of the sting ray Taeniura lymma from the Red Sea». Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol. 14, 1, 1984, pàg. 85–94. PMID: 6736718. (anglès)
  25. Cribb, B.W.; Whittington, Ian D. «Anterior adhesive areas and adjacent secretions in the parasitic flatworms Decacotyle lymmae and D. tetrakordyle (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the gills of stingrays». Invertebrate Biology, vol. 123, 1, 2004, pàg. 68–77. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00142.x. (anglès)
  26. Chisholm, L.A. and I.D. Whittington «Empruthotrema quindecima sp. n. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the nasal fossae of Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) from Heron Island and Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia». Folia Parasitologica, vol. 46, 4, 1999, pàg. 274–278. (anglès)
  27. Whittington, I.D. and B.W. Cribb «Glands associated with the anterior adhesive areas of the monogeneans, Entobdella sp. and Entobdella australis (Capsalidae) from the skin of Himantura fai and Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae)». International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 28, 4, April 1998, pàg. 653–665. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00016-2. PMID: 9602390. (anglès)
  28. Agrawal, N., L.A. Chisholm and I.D. Whittington «Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from the Gills of Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia». Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from the gills of Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, vol. 82, 1, February 1996, pàg. 131–136. (anglès)
  29. Saoud, M.F.A. and M.M. Ramadan «Two trematodes of genus Pedunculacetabulum Yamaguti, 1934 from Red Sea fishes». Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol. 14, 2, 1984, pàg. 321–328. PMID: 6512282. (anglès)
  30. Razarihelisoa, M. «Sur quelques trematodes digenes de poissons de Nossibe (Madagascar)». Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, vol. 84, 1959, pàg. 421–434. (francès)
  31. Sprent, J.F.A. «Some ascaridoid nematodes of fishes: Paranisakis and Mawsonascaris n. g.». Systematic Parasitology, vol. 15, 1, 1990, pàg. 41–63. (anglès)
  32. Kornicker, L.S. «Redescription of Sheina orri Harding, 1966, a myodocopid ostracode collected on fishes off Queensland, Australia». Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, vol. 99, 4, 1986, pàg. 639–646. (anglès)
  33. Burreson, E.M. «Haematozoa of fishes from Heron I., Australia, with the description of two new species of Trypanosoma». Australian Journal of Zoology, vol. 37, 1, 1989, pàg. 15–23. DOI: 10.1071/ZO9890015. (anglès)
  34. Burgess, W.E., H.R. Axelrod and R.E. Hunziker. Dr. Burgess's Atlas of Marine Aquarium Fishes. third. T.F.H. Publications, 2000, p. 676. ISBN 0793805759. (anglès)

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Taeniura lymma Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia CA

Taeniura lymma: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Taeniura lymma és una espècie de rajada de la família dels dasiàtids.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Trnucha modroskvrnná ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Trnucha modroskvrnná (Taeniura lymma Forsskål, 1775) je druh mořské paryby z čeledi trnuchovitých patřící mezi rejnoky. Obvykle dorůstá velikosti okolo 70 cm s průměrnou hmotností okolo 30 kg. Trnucha je mořský predátor, který se nachází na druhotném stupni potravního řetězce. Většinu času tráví zahrabána v písku či schována ve skalních puklinách, kde se ukrývá před predátory.

Na svoji obranu je vybavena jedovatým ostnem, který je schopna v případě ohrožení zabodnout do oběti a vypustit do ní jed. Ten člověku může způsobit bolestivé zranění. V současnosti se jedná o druh, který není soustavně loven a je využíván pouze jako dekorační ryba v akváriích.

 src=
Detail hlavy a oka s dobře viditelnými modrými skvrnami

Popis

Vnější popis

Trnucha modroskvrnná může dorůstat velikosti okolo 70 cm,[2] ale některé zdroje uvádějí velikost 1,5[3] až 2 m (pravděpodobně se jedná o nepodložená pozorování)[2] s průměrnou hmotností okolo 30 kg.[4] U druhu nebyl pozorován pohlavní dimorfismus, samec i samice mají podobnou velikost.[2]

Tělo má oválný tvar s široce zaoblenými vnějšími rohy. Je tvořeno oválným diskem, který je veliký od 25 až po 95 cm[5] a je zakončené dlouhým ocasem s jedním středně dlouhým jedovým ostnem. V případě ohrožení je trnucha schopna zabodnout osten do oběti, vypustit jed a následně část ostnu v oběti zanechat. Po čase se osten zase obnoví.[5] Pokud je ocas nepoškozen, nachází se na spodní straně ocasu široká ocasní rýha, která se táhne až ke špičce ocasu.[4] Na vrcholku hřbetní strany je umístěna dvojice očí, v jejichž blízkosti se nachází velké průduchy. Tlama se nalézá na břišní straně těla.

Charakteristickým znamením pro trnuchu je její zbarvení. Hřbetní strana těla má zelenohnědou, žlutou až olivově zelenou barvu, která je nepravidelně poseta výraznými[5] modrými skvrnami. Ty se v oblasti ocasu přeměňují v modré pruhy. Břišní strana je bílá.[4]

Vnitřní popis

Kostra trnuchy je zcela tvořena chrupavčitou kostrou, která neobsahuje jedinou pevnou kost.

Chování

Jedná se o velmi plachý druh, který se zahrabává do měkkého podloží, čímž se maskuje. Nad povrch vyčnívá pouze část hlavy s očima, kterými je schopna pozorovat okolí.[5] Pokud je takto zahrabána v písku či bahně, může se stát, že na ni šlápne člověk. Kontakt s trnuchou mu tak může způsobit bolestivé zranění. V tomto případě se doporučuje rychle vytáhnout osten a ponořit poraněné místo do teplé vody, aby se minimalizovalo působení jedu.[5]

Trnucha modroskvrnná se vyskytuje často osamoceně, ale také v malých skupinkách v mělkých vodách, kde se většinou skrývá na mořském dně. K plavbě se často odhodlávají, pokud jsou ve svém ukrytu vyrušení např. potápěči. Ke komunikaci s ostatními jedinci svého druhu využívá elektroreceptory, které jsou schopné zaznamenávat drobné elektrické výboje ve vodě emitované dalšími jedinci.[5]

 src=
Trnucha modroskvrnná

Rozšíření

Trnucha modroskvrnná se vyskytuje v oblastech tropických vod[5] v oblasti Indického a Tichého oceánu od oblastí Rudého moře, v pobřežních vodách východní Afriky, v okolí Šalamounových ostrovů až po oblast jižního Japonska na severní hranici jejího rozšíření a na jižní po pobřeží severní Austrálie.[4]

Obývá převážně mělké vody kontinentálního šelfu[5] s písčitým či bahnitým dnem, kde si vyhledává potravu či oblasti s korály a kamenitým dnem, kde vyhledává v době odpočinku úkryt před predátory.[4] Maximální hloubka, ve které byla pozorována, dosahovala 25 m.[5]

 src=
Plavoucí trnucha

Potrava

Rejnok vyhledává drobné živočichy žijící na mořském dně, jako jsou například měkkýši, červi, krevety, krabi či malé rybky. V době přílivu se vydává ve skupinkách blíže k pobřeží, kde v písčitém dně vyhledává potenciální kořist.[4] V době odlivu se pak samostatně vydává ke korálovým útesům. V nich vyhledává skrýš.[5]

Trnucha se během pojídání potravy dostane nad kořist a tlakem přitlačí kořist k podloží, následně ji nasává do tlamy. K lokalizaci kořisti využívá elektroreceptory, které jsou schopné zachytit elektrické pole vyvolávané kořistí okolo sebe.[5]

Vyjma člověka je znám jediný predátor, který trnuchu loví, jedná se o žraloky.[5]

Rozmnožování

 src=
Trnucha částečně zahrabána v písku

Během dvoření často samec sleduje samici. Přibližuje se svým citlivým čenichem k její kloace, ze které samice vydává specifické chemické stopy značící, že je připravena na páření. Samec následně začne okusovat či hryzat do disku samice, až se zakousne, což mu během páření umožňuje přidržovat se u samice. Rozmnožování zpravidla probíhá v pozdních částech jara či začátkem léta.[5]

Trnucha modroskvrnná se řadí mezi živorodé. Po oplození v sobě chová po dobu 4,5 měsíců až 1 roku zárodky[5] až do doby, kdy jsou schopné přežít v okolním prostředí. V jednom vrhu je schopna porodit 3 až 7 mláďat[4] o velikosti kolem 9 cm.[5] Během narození je osten zatím měkký a ohebný, čímž se minimalizuje možnost poranit matku během porodu. Po narození jsou mláďata šedá až nahnědlá s malými černými, červenými a bílými skvrnami, které jsou unikátní pro každého jedince.[5]

Vzhledem k tomu, že samice porodí pouze malý počet mláďat za dlouhou dobu, je tento druh velmi náchylný k náhlým změnám v populaci. Vlivem ekologické katastrofy či nadměrného rybolovu může snadno dojít k narušení jeho populace a rychlému vyhubení druhu.[5]

Hospodářský význam

V oblasti Austrálie je trnucha často lovena pro maso. Trnucha je častým obyvatelem akvárií, kde je ceněna pro svoji mírnou povahu. Pro úspěšné chování má ale vysoké nároky a vyžaduje značné zkušenosti. V současnosti je pro tento druh největší hrozbou náhodný rybolov a ničení korálových útesů.[5]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c CAPULI, Estelita Emily. Fishbase.org - Taeniura lymma [online]. [cit. 2008-08-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. E-planeta.cz - Trnucha modroskvrnná [online]. [cit. 2008-08-08]. Dostupné online.
  4. a b c d e f g ŠEBÍK, Jan. Zivazeme.cz - Trnucha modroskvrnná [online]. zivazeme.cz [cit. 2008-08-08]. Dostupné online.
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r MILLER, J. Animal Diversity Web - Taeniura lymma [online]. 2002 [cit. 2008-08-08]. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

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Trnucha modroskvrnná: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Trnucha modroskvrnná (Taeniura lymma Forsskål, 1775) je druh mořské paryby z čeledi trnuchovitých patřící mezi rejnoky. Obvykle dorůstá velikosti okolo 70 cm s průměrnou hmotností okolo 30 kg. Trnucha je mořský predátor, který se nachází na druhotném stupni potravního řetězce. Většinu času tráví zahrabána v písku či schována ve skalních puklinách, kde se ukrývá před predátory.

Na svoji obranu je vybavena jedovatým ostnem, který je schopna v případě ohrožení zabodnout do oběti a vypustit do ní jed. Ten člověku může způsobit bolestivé zranění. V současnosti se jedná o druh, který není soustavně loven a je využíván pouze jako dekorační ryba v akváriích.

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Blaupunktrochen ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Blaupunktrochen (Taeniura lymma) ist eine Fischart aus der Gattung der Fleckenstechrochen (Taeniura) in der Familie der Stechrochen (Dasyatidae).

Aussehen

Blaupunktrochen erreichen eine Körperlänge von 70 cm. Der nahezu kreisrunde, linsenförmige Körper ist, wie bei allen Rochen, stark abgeflacht. Sie verfügen über einen pfeilförmigen Schwanz, welcher so lang ist wie der Körper. In diesem Schwanz sind die beiden Giftstacheln untergebracht. Auf der gelblichen Oberseite der Tiere befinden sich die namensgebenden blauen Punkte, welche auf dem Schwanz in blaue Streifen übergehen. Zur Tarnung sind die Tiere in der Lage, die Intensität der auffälligen blauen Markierungen zu regulieren. Die Unterseite ist ebenfalls gelblich, jedoch mit weißen Flecken.

Verbreitung

Blaupunktrochen leben im Roten Meer und im indopazifischen Raum bis nach Japan und Australien.

Lebensraum

Blaupunktrochen sind typische Bewohner von Korallenriffen. Dort bevorzugen sie weiche Sandböden auf dem Sandplateau und die Höhlen im Riff. Sie graben sich zur Tarnung in den Sand ein. Die Tiere sind auch häufig auf dem Riffdach anzutreffen, wo sie sich im flachen Wasser in der Sonne aufwärmen. Blaupunktrochen leben zwischen der Meeresoberfläche und Wassertiefen von bis zu 40 m.

Ernährung

Die Tiere suchen ihre Nahrung, welche aus Weichtieren, Garnelen und Würmern besteht, in der Nacht oder bei Flut.

Fortpflanzung

Blaupunktrochen sind ovovivipar (lebendgebärend). In einem Wurf sind es bis zu sieben Jungtiere.

 src=
Im Sand eingegrabener Blaupunktrochen

Blaupunktrochen und Menschen

Menschen gegenüber sind Blaupunktrochen scheu und nicht aggressiv. Unfälle mit Blaupunktrochen sind jedoch bekannt. Die Tiere liegen oft gut verborgen im Sand in Strandnähe. Treten Badende dann auf die Tiere, so verteidigen sie sich mit ihren Giftstacheln. Auch Schnorchler in sehr flachem Wasser sind gefährdet, da die Tiere den großen Umriss des Schnorchlers für einen Räuber halten können und sich dann entsprechend zu verteidigen suchen. Das Gift des Blaupunktrochens ist für Menschen nicht tödlich, wenn diese keine Allergiker sind. Der Stich ist jedoch sehr schmerzhaft. Gefahr geht von den Stacheln an sich aus, welche sehr spitz und recht groß sind. Mit diesen kann der Rochen, insbesondere bei Schnorchlern im Flachwasser, auch innere Organe verletzen.

Bedrohung

Blaupunktrochen werden als Speisefisch und auch für die Aquaristik intensiv bejagt. Dies, sowie der Verlust und die Schädigung seines Lebensraumes Korallenriff[1], führt dazu, dass sich seine Bestandssituation wahrscheinlich verschlechtert. Die Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN stellt den Blaupunktrochen in die Rote Liste gefährdeter Arten und stuft ihn als gering gefährdet (Near Threatened)[1] ein.

Literatur

  • Alberto Siliotti u. A., Die Fische des Roten Meeres, Memofish-Book, Geodia Verlag, Verona, 2002, ISBN 88-87177-43-0

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Taeniura lymma in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2009. Eingestellt von: Compagno, L.J.V., 2005. Abgerufen am 4. März 2010.
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Blaupunktrochen: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Blaupunktrochen (Taeniura lymma) ist eine Fischart aus der Gattung der Fleckenstechrochen (Taeniura) in der Familie der Stechrochen (Dasyatidae).

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Bluespotted ribbontail ray ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The bluespotted ribbontail ray (Taeniura lymma) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae. Found from the intertidal zone to a depth of 30 m (100 ft), this species is common throughout the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans in nearshore, coral reef-associated habitats. It is a fairly small ray, not exceeding 35 cm (14 in) in width, with a mostly smooth, oval pectoral fin disc, large protruding eyes, and a relatively short and thick tail with a deep fin fold underneath. It can be easily identified by its striking color pattern of many electric blue spots on a yellowish background, with a pair of blue stripes on the tail.

At night, small groups of bluespotted ribbontail rays follow the rising tide onto sandy flats to root for small benthic invertebrates and bony fishes in the sediment. When the tide recedes, the rays separate and withdraw to shelters on the reef. Reproduction is aplacental viviparous, with females giving birth to litters of up to seven young. This ray is capable of injuring humans with its venomous tail spines, though it prefers to flee if threatened. Because of its beauty and size, the bluespotted ribbontail ray is popular with private aquarists despite being poorly suited to captivity.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Photo of the front part of a stingray from the side, showing large protruding eyes and bright blue spots
A bluespotted ribbontail ray in Komodo National Park, Indonesia.

The bluespotted ribbontail ray was originally described as Raja lymma by Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål, in his 1775 Descriptiones Animalium quae in itinere ad maris australis terras per annos 1772, 1773, et 1774 suscepto collegit, observavit, et delineavit Joannes Reinlioldus Forster, etc., curante Henrico Lichtenstein.[2] The specific epithet lymma means "dirt".[3] Forsskål did not designate a type specimen.[2] In 1837, German biologists Johannes Peter Müller and Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle created the genus Taeniura for Trygon ornatus, now known to be a junior synonym of this species.[4][5]

Other common names used for this species include bluespotted ray, bluespotted fantail ray, bluespotted lagoon ray, bluespotted stingray, fantail ray, lesser fantail ray, lagoon ray, reef ray, ribbon-tailed stingray, and ribbontail stingray.[5] Morphological examination has suggested that the bluespotted ribbontail ray is more closely related to the amphi-American Himantura (H. pacifica and H. schmardae) and the river stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) than to the congeneric blotched fantail ray (T. meyeni), which is closer to Dasyatis and Indo-Pacific Himantura.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Widespread in the nearshore waters of the tropical Indo-Pacific region, the bluespotted ribbontail ray has a range that extends around the periphery of the Indian Ocean from South Africa to the Arabian Peninsula to Southeast Asia, including Madagascar, Mauritius, Zanzibar, the Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. It is rare in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman.[1][7] In the Pacific Ocean, this species is found from the Philippines to northern Australia, as well as around numerous Melanesian and Polynesian islands as far east as the Solomon Islands.[1] Rarely found deeper than 30 m (100 ft), the bluespotted ribbontail ray is a bottom-dwelling species that frequents coral reefs and adjacent sandy flats. It is also commonly encountered in the intertidal zone and tidal pools, and has been sighted near seagrass beds.[1][8] Every summer, considerable numbers of bluespotted ribbontail rays arrive off South Africa.[3]

Description

Photo of a stingray lying on sand, showing its oval shape and brilliant blue spots
The bluespotted ribbontail ray has distinctive coloration.

The pectoral fin disc of the bluespotted ribbontail ray is oval in shape, around four-fifths as wide as long, with a rounded to broadly angular snout. The large, protruding eyes are immediately followed by the broad spiracles. There is a narrow flap of skin between the nares with a fringed posterior margin, reaching past the mouth. The lower jaw dips at the middle and deep furrows are present at the mouth corners. There are 15–24 tooth rows in either jaw, arranged into pavement-like plates, and two large papillae on the floor of the mouth.[3][9] The pelvic fins are narrow and angular. The thick, depressed tail measures about 1.5 times the disc length and bears one or two (usually two) serrated spines well behind the tail base; there is a deep fin fold on the ventral surface, reaching the tip of the tail, and a low midline ridge on the upper surface.[7][9]

The skin is generally smooth, save for perhaps a scattering of small thorns on the middle of the back.[9] The dorsal coloration is striking, consisting of numerous circular, neon blue spots on a yellowish brown or green background; the spots vary in size, becoming smaller and denser towards the disc margin. The tail has two stripes of the same blue running along each side as far as the spines. The eyes are bright yellow and the belly is white.[3][8] Individuals found off southern Africa may lack the blue tail stripes.[10] The bluespotted ribbontail ray grows to 35 cm (14 in) across, 80 cm (31 in) long, and 5 kg (11 lb).[5][11]

Biology and ecology

Photo of a stingray from the front, as it rests right next to a coral ledge
The bluespotted ribbontail ray hides amongst coral during the day.

One of the most abundant stingrays inhabiting Indo-Pacific reefs, the bluespotted ribbontail ray generally spends the day hidden alone inside caves or under coral ledges or other debris (including from shipwrecks), often with only its tail showing.[8][9][12] At night, small groups assemble and swim onto shallow sandy flats with the rising tide to feed. Unlike many other stingrays, this species seldom buries itself in sand.[13] The bluespotted ribbontail ray excavates sand pits in search of molluscs, polychaete worms, shrimps, crabs, and small benthic bony fishes; when prey is located, it is trapped by the body of the ray and maneuvered into the mouth with the disc. Other fishes, such as goatfish, frequently follow foraging rays, seeking food missed by the ray.[10][14]

Breeding in the bluespotted ribbontail ray occurs from late spring to summer; the male follows the female and nips at her disc, eventually biting and holding onto her for copulation.[14] There is also a documented instance of a male holding onto the disc of a smaller male bluespotted stingray (Dasyatis kuhlii), in a possible case of mistaken identity. Adult males have been observed gathering in shallow water, which may relate to reproduction.[12]: 88  Like other stingrays, this species is aplacental viviparous: the embryos are initially sustained by yolk, which later in development is supplemented by histotroph ("uterine milk", containing mucus, fat, and proteins) produced by the mother. The gestation period is uncertain, but is thought to be between four and twelve months long. Females bear litters of up to seven young, each a miniature version of the adult measuring around 13–14 cm (5.1–5.5 in) across.[13][15] Males attain sexual maturity at a disc width of 20–21 cm (7.9–8.3 in); the maturation size of females is unknown.[5][15]

Known predators of the bluespotted ribbontail ray include hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops); it is also potentially preyed upon by other large fishes and marine mammals.[13][16] When threatened, this ray tends to flee at high speed in a zigzag pattern, to throw off pursuers.[8] Numerous parasites have been identified from this species: the tapeworms Aberrapex manjajiae,[17] Anthobothrium taeniuri,[18] Cephalobothrium taeniurai,[19] Echinobothrium elegans and E. helmymohamedi,[20][21] Kotorelliella jonesi,[22] Polypocephalus saoudi,[23] and Rhinebothrium ghardaguensis and R. taeniuri,[24] the monogeneans Decacotyle lymmae,[25] Empruthotrema quindecima,[26] Entobdella australis,[27] and Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae,[28] the flatworms Pedunculacetabulum ghardaguensis and Anaporrhutum albidum,[29][30] the nematode Mawsonascaris australis,[31] the copepod Sheina orri,[32] and the protozoan Trypanosoma taeniurae.[33] This ray has been observed soliciting cleanings from the bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) by raising the margins of its disc and pelvic fins.[12]

Human interactions

A photo of a bluespotted ribbontail ray laying on substrate at The Deep; the lump on its back indicates that it is pregnant
A pregnant bluespotted ribbontail ray at The Deep.

While timid and innocuous towards humans, the bluespotted ribbontail ray is capable of inflicting an excruciating wound with its venomous tail spines.[13] Its attractive appearance and relatively small size has resulted in its being the most common stingray found in the home aquarium trade.[34] It seldom fares well in captivity and few hobbyists are able to maintain one for long.[12] Many specimens refuse to feed in the aquarium, and seemingly healthy individuals often inexplicably die or stop feeding.[12] A higher degree of success has been achieved by public aquariums and a breeding project is maintained by the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (for example, a total of 15 pups were born at Lisbon Oceanarium from 2011 to 2013).[35] The bluespotted ribbontail ray is utilized as food in East Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia; it is captured intentionally or incidentally using gillnets, longlines, spears, and fence traps.[1][15]

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the bluespotted ribbontail ray as Least Concern. Although relatively common and widely distributed, this species faces continuing degradation of its coral reef habitat throughout its range, from development and destructive fishing practices using cyanide or dynamite. Its populations are under heavy pressure by artisanal and commercial fisheries, and by local collecting for the aquarium trade.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Sherman, C.S.; Simpfendorfer, C.; Bin Ali, A.; Derrick, D.; Dharmadi, Fahmi, Fernando, D.; Haque, A.B.; Maung, A.; Seyha, L.; Tanay, D.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Vo, V.Q.; Yuneni, R.R. (2021). "Taeniura lymma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T116850766A116851089. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T116850766A116851089.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b Eschmeyer, W.N. and R. Fricke, eds. lymma, Raja Archived 2012-02-21 at the Wayback Machine. Catalog of Fishes electronic version (January 15, 2010). Retrieved on February 17, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d Van der Elst, R. (1993). A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa (third ed.). Struik. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-86825-394-4.
  4. ^ Eschmeyer, W.N. and R. Fricke, eds. Taeniura Archived 2012-02-21 at the Wayback Machine. Catalog of Fishes electronic version (January 15, 2010). Retrieved on February 17, 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Taeniura lymma" in FishBase. November 2009 version.
  6. ^ Lovejoy, N.R. (1996). "Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (3): 207–257. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb02189.x.
  7. ^ a b Randall, J.E. & J.P. Hoover (1995). Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8248-1808-1.
  8. ^ a b c d Ferrari, A. & A. Ferrari (2002). Sharks. Firefly Books. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-1-55209-629-1.
  9. ^ a b c d Last, P.R. & L.J.V. Compagno (1999). "Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae". In Carpenter, K.E. & V.H. Niem (eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 1479–1505. ISBN 978-92-5-104302-8.
  10. ^ a b Heemstra, P. & E. Heemstra (2004). Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. NISC and SAIAB. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-920033-01-9.
  11. ^ Van Der Elst R.; D. King (2006). A Photographic Guide to Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. Struik. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-77007-345-6.
  12. ^ a b c d e Michael, S.W. (1993). Reef Sharks and Rays of the World – A Guide To Their Identification, Behavior and Ecology. Sea Challengers. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-930118-18-1.
  13. ^ a b c d Bester, C. Biological Profiles: Bluespotted Ribbontail Ray Archived 2016-01-04 at the Wayback Machine. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on November 13, 2009.
  14. ^ a b Miller, J. (2002). Taeniura lymma (On-line). Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved on November 13, 2009.
  15. ^ a b c Last, P.R. & J.D. Stevens (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia (second ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 459–460. ISBN 978-0-674-03411-2.
  16. ^ Mann, J. & B. Sargeant (2003). "Like mother, like calf: the ontogeny of foraging traditions in wild Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.)". In Fragaszy, D.M. & S. Perry (eds.). The Biology of Traditions: Models and Evidence. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81597-0.
  17. ^ Jensen, K. (June 2006). "A new species of Aberrapex Jensen, 2001 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from Taeniura lymma (Forsskal) (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from off Sabah, Malaysia". Systematic Parasitology. 64 (2): 117–123. doi:10.1007/s11230-005-9026-2. PMID 16612652. S2CID 28791035.
  18. ^ Saoud, M.F.A. (1963). "On a new cestode, Anthobothrium taeniuri n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea) from the Red Sea Sting Ray and the relationship between Anthobothrium van Beneden, 1850, Rhodobothrium Linton, 1889 and Inermiphyllidium Riser, 1955". Journal of Helminthology. 37 (1–2): 135–144. doi:10.1017/S0022149X00019696. PMID 13976441. S2CID 43767236.
  19. ^ Ramadan, M.M. (1986). "Cestodes of the genus Cephalobothrium Shipley and Hornel, 1906 (Lecanicephaliidae), with description of C. ghardagense n. sp. and C. taeniurai n. sp. from the Red Sea fishes". Japanese Journal of Parasitology. 35 (1): 11–15.
  20. ^ Tyler, G.A. (II) (2006). "Tapeworms of elasmobranchs (part II) a monograph on the Diphyllidea (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda)". Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum. 20: i–viii, 1–142.
  21. ^ Saoud, M.F.A.; M.M. Ramadan & S.I. Hassan (1982). "On Echinobothrium helmymohamedi n. sp. (Cestoda: Diphyllidea): a parasite of the sting ray Taeniura lymma from the Red Sea". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 12 (1): 199–207. PMID 7086222.
  22. ^ Palm, H.W. & I. Beveridge (May 2002). "Tentaculariid cestodes of the order Trypanorhyncha (Platyhelminthes) from the Australian region". Records of the South Australian Museum. 35 (1): 49–78.
  23. ^ Hassan, S.H. (December 1982). "Polypocephalus saoudi n. sp. Lecanicephalidean cestode from Taeniura lymma in the Red Sea". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 12 (2): 395–401. PMID 7153551.
  24. ^ Ramadan, M.M. (1984). "A review of the cestode genus Rhinebothrium Linton, 1889 (Tetraphyllidae), with a description of two new species of the sting ray Taeniura lymma from the Red Sea". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 14 (1): 85–94. PMID 6736718.
  25. ^ Cribb, B.W.; Whittington, Ian D. (2004). "Anterior adhesive areas and adjacent secretions in the parasitic flatworms Decacotyle lymmae and D. tetrakordyle (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the gills of stingrays". Invertebrate Biology. 123 (1): 68–77. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00142.x.
  26. ^ Chisholm, L.A. & I.D. Whittington (1999). "Empruthotrema quindecima sp. n. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the nasal fossae of Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) from Heron Island and Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia". Folia Parasitologica. 46 (4): 274–278.
  27. ^ Whittington, I.D. & B.W. Cribb (April 1998). "Glands associated with the anterior adhesive areas of the monogeneans, Entobdella sp. and Entobdella australis (Capsalidae) from the skin of Himantura fai and Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae)". International Journal for Parasitology. 28 (4): 653–665. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00016-2. PMID 9602390.
  28. ^ Agrawal, N.; L.A. Chisholm & I.D. Whittington (February 1996). "Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from the gills of Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia". The Journal of Parasitology. 82 (1): 131–136. doi:10.2307/3284128. JSTOR 3284128. PMID 8627482.
  29. ^ Saoud, M.F.A. & M.M. Ramadan (1984). "Two trematodes of genus Pedunculacetabulum Yamaguti, 1934 from Red Sea fishes". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 14 (2): 321–328. PMID 6512282.
  30. ^ Razarihelisoa, M. (1959). "Sur quelques trematodes digenes de poissons de Nossibe (Madagascar)". Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France. 84: 421–434.
  31. ^ Sprent, J.F.A. (1990). "Some ascaridoid nematodes of fishes: Paranisakis and Mawsonascaris n. g". Systematic Parasitology. 15 (1): 41–63. doi:10.1007/bf00009917. S2CID 27528485.
  32. ^ Kornicker, L.S. (1986). "Redescription of Sheina orri Harding, 1966, a myodocopid ostracode collected on fishes off Queensland, Australia". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 99 (4): 639–646.
  33. ^ Burreson, E.M. (1989). "Haematozoa of fishes from Heron I., Australia, with the description of two new species of Trypanosoma". Australian Journal of Zoology. 37 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1071/ZO9890015.
  34. ^ Burgess, W.E.; H.R. Axelrod & R.E. Hunziker (2000). Dr. Burgess's Atlas of Marine Aquarium Fishes (third ed.). T.F.H. Publications. p. 676. ISBN 978-0-7938-0575-4.
  35. ^ Ferreira, A.S. (2013), Breeding and juvenile growth of the ribbontail stingray Taeniura lymma at Oceanário de Lisboa (PDF), University of Lisbon

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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia EN

Bluespotted ribbontail ray: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The bluespotted ribbontail ray (Taeniura lymma) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae. Found from the intertidal zone to a depth of 30 m (100 ft), this species is common throughout the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans in nearshore, coral reef-associated habitats. It is a fairly small ray, not exceeding 35 cm (14 in) in width, with a mostly smooth, oval pectoral fin disc, large protruding eyes, and a relatively short and thick tail with a deep fin fold underneath. It can be easily identified by its striking color pattern of many electric blue spots on a yellowish background, with a pair of blue stripes on the tail.

At night, small groups of bluespotted ribbontail rays follow the rising tide onto sandy flats to root for small benthic invertebrates and bony fishes in the sediment. When the tide recedes, the rays separate and withdraw to shelters on the reef. Reproduction is aplacental viviparous, with females giving birth to litters of up to seven young. This ray is capable of injuring humans with its venomous tail spines, though it prefers to flee if threatened. Because of its beauty and size, the bluespotted ribbontail ray is popular with private aquarists despite being poorly suited to captivity.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Taeniura lymma ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La raya de arrecife (Taeniura lymma) es una especie de elasmobranquio rajiforme de la familia Dasyatidae (rayas látigo). Tiene manchas azules dispersas que contrastan sobre un cuerpo verdoso o grisáceo. Este pez tiene una espina tóxica en la base de su cola y es capaz de clavar su peligroso aguijón si se ve amenazado. Se encuentra en zonas arenosas junto arrecifes del Océano Índico principalmente.

La hembra da luz de 3 a 7 crías y las alimenta con la secreción de una leche uterina.

Ecología

 src=
Ejemplar escondido en la arena entre el coral durante el día en el mar Rojo, por las costas de Egipto.

Es una de las rayas más abundantes que habitan los arrecifes del Indo-Pacífico. Generalmente se desplaza durante el día en solitario, escondida dentro de cuevas, bajo salientes de coral o debajo de otros elementos (incluidos los pecios), a menudo mostrando sólo su cola. De noche, se mueve en pequeños grupos durante la pleamar, que nadan a poca profundidad sobre fondos de arena para alimentarse.[2]​ A diferencia de muchas otras rayas, rara vez se entierra en la arena. Para alimentarse excava agujeros en busca de moluscos, cangrejos y pequeños peces óseos bentónicos. Cuando encuentra una presa, la atrapa con el cuerpo y la conduce a la boca. Otros peces siguen con frecuencia a estas manadas de rayas cuando se alimentan, en busca de restos de alimentos.[3]

Los predadores conocidos de esta especie son los tiburones martillos (Sphyrnidae) y los Tursiops (Tursiops). También son potenciales predadores otros peces y mamíferos marinos grandes. Cuando se sienten amenazadas, tienden a huir desplazándose en zigzag, para deshacerse de sus perseguidores.

Relación con los humanos

Aunque tímida e inofensiva hacia los seres humanos, esta especie puede infligir una herida muy dolorosa por medio del veneno que inyectan las espinas de su cola. Su apariencia atractiva y su relativamente pequeño tamaño, la han convertido en la raya más comúnmente encontrada en los acuarios. Sin embargo, pocas veces se comporta bien en cautividad y son muy pocos los aficionados capaces de mantenerlas durante mucho tiempo. Incluso individuos aparentemente sanos inexplicablemente mueren o dejan de comer. Se utiliza como alimento en el este de África, el Sudeste asiático y Australia. Se captura intencionada o accidentalmente con redes de arrastre y trampas para peces.

Referencias

  1. «Taeniura lymma». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235.
  2. Bester, C. Biological Profiles: Bluespotted Ribbontail Ray. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on November 13, 2009. (inglés)
  3. Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens. Sharks and Rays of Australia. second. Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 459–460. ISBN 0674034112.

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Taeniura lymma: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La raya de arrecife (Taeniura lymma) es una especie de elasmobranquio rajiforme de la familia Dasyatidae (rayas látigo). Tiene manchas azules dispersas que contrastan sobre un cuerpo verdoso o grisáceo. Este pez tiene una espina tóxica en la base de su cola y es capaz de clavar su peligroso aguijón si se ve amenazado. Se encuentra en zonas arenosas junto arrecifes del Océano Índico principalmente.

La hembra da luz de 3 a 7 crías y las alimenta con la secreción de una leche uterina.

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Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Taeniura lymma ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Taeniura lymma Taeniura generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Dasyatidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Taeniura lymma FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Taeniura lymma: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Taeniura lymma Taeniura generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Dasyatidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Raie pastenague à taches bleues ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Taeniura lymma

La raie pastenague à taches bleues ou pastenague queue à ruban (Taeniura lymma) est une espèce de poissons cartilagineux de la famille des Dasyatidae. Cette raie est présente de la zone intertidale jusqu'à une profondeur de 30 m. Elle est fréquente dans les habitats côtiers ou à proximité de récifs coralliens des océans Indien et Pacifique occidental. Cette raie assez petite ne mesure pas plus de 35 cm de largeur : le disque pectoral est ovale et largement régulier, les grands yeux sont protubérants, la queue courte et épaisse surmonte un repli encaissé dans la nageoire. Le poisson est facilement reconnaissable à son éclatant jeu de couleurs qui consiste en de nombreux points bleus électriques sur un fond jaunâtre avec une queue striée de deux bandes bleues.

La nuit tombée, la raie pastenague à taches bleues rejoint des congénères et forme un petit groupe pour chasser sur des plaines sablonneuses en se laissant porter par la marée montante ; elle se nourrit d'invertébrés benthiques ainsi que de poissons osseux. Quand la marée est descendante, la raie se sépare de son groupe et se retire à l'abri sur un récif. La reproduction est ovovivipare : la femelle peut mettre au monde jusqu'à sept petits. Cette raie est en mesure d'infliger à l'homme une piqûre douloureuse grâce aux épines venimeuses situées sur sa queue ; la fuite est cependant préférée en cas de menace. Malgré ses inaptitudes à la vie en captivité, la beauté et la taille du poisson sont des attraits pour les aquariophiles. En raison de la détérioration généralisée de son habitat (récifs coralliens) et de la menace que représente la pêche intensive, l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) range la raie pastenague à taches bleues parmi les espèces « Quasi menacées »[2].

Description

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La coloration de la raie pastenague à taches bleues est facilement reconnaissable.

La raie pastenague à taches bleues atteint 80 cm de long, 35 cm de large et pèse jusqu'à 5 kg[3],[4].

Le disque formé par la nageoire pectorale adopte une forme ovale, il est environ un cinquième plus long que large.

Le museau est arrondi ou légèrement anguleux. Les stigmates sont situés immédiatement derrière les grands yeux protubérants. Un étroit rabat de peau chevauchant la gueule fait la jonction entre les narines : la bordure postérieure de ce rabat de peau est ourlée. La mâchoire inférieure se creuse au milieu et est cernée de larges sillons situés de chaque côté de la gueule. Chacune des mâchoires compte entre 15 et 24 rangées de dents agencées à la façon d'un pavement ; deux grandes papilles sont disposées sur le plancher de la gueule[5],[6].

Les nageoires pelviennes sont étroites et anguleuses. La queue épaisse et pendante est environ une fois et demie plus longue que le disque : elle supporte deux (plus rarement une seule) épines crénelées loin derrière la base de la queue. Un profond repli de nageoire est visible sur la surface ventrale, il se prolonge jusqu'au bout de la queue ; une crête peu marquée se dessine sur la surface supérieure[7],[6].

 src=
Raie pastenague à taches bleues (île de Ko Tao, Thaïlande)

À l'exception de quelques petites épines au milieu de la surface dorsale, la peau est lisse[6]. La coloration dorsale est éclatante : elle consiste en de nombreuses taches circulaires bleu électrique sur un fond ocre ou verdâtre. Les taches sont de tailles différentes mais elles se rétrécissent aux bordures du disque.

La queue présente deux bandes du même bleu qui s'élancent de chaque côté de l'organe jusqu'aux épines. Il arrive que des spécimens rencontrés au large de l'Afrique australe ne disposent pas de ces deux bandes[8].

Les yeux sont d'un jaune brillant, la surface ventrale est blanche[5],[9].

Répartition géographique et habitat

 src=
Raie pastenague à taches bleues (Charm el-Cheikh, Égypte)

La raie pastenague à taches bleues vit dans les eaux côtières de la zone tropicale du bassin Indo-Pacifique. Dans l'océan Indien, sa présence est établie depuis l'Afrique du Sud jusqu'à la Péninsule Arabique et l'Asie du Sud-Est : cela comprend Madagascar, Maurice, Zanzibar, les Seychelles, le Sri Lanka ainsi que les Maldives. Il est rare de rencontrer ce poisson dans le golfe Persique et dans le golfe d'Oman[1],[7]. Dans l'océan Pacifique, l'espèce est présente des Philippines jusqu'aux côtes septentrionales de l'Australie ; elle est également aperçue autour de nombreuses îles de Mélanésie et de Polynésie, l'extrémité orientale de la répartition étant les îles Salomon[1]. La raie pastenague à taches bleues se rencontre rarement au-delà de 30 m de profondeur : ce poisson démersal apprécie en effet les récifs coralliens et les plaines sablonneuses qui les bordent, ainsi que les herbiers marins[1]. Il est souvent aperçu dans la zone intertidale et dans des mares résiduelles[9]. Tous les étés, un nombre considérable de raies pastenagues à taches bleues se rend près des côtes sud-africaines[5].

Taxinomie et phylogénie

La raie pastenague à taches bleues est originellement décrite par le naturaliste suédois Pehr Forsskål sous le nom Raja lymma dans son ouvrage Descriptiones Animalium quae in itinere ad maris australis terras per annos 1772, 1773, et 1774 suscepto collegit, observavit, et delineavit Joannes Reinlioldus Forster, etc., curante Henrico Lichtenstein publié en 1775. L'épithète spécifique lymma signifie « boue »[5]. Forsskål ne désigne pas de spécimen type. En 1837, les biologistes allemands Johannes Peter Müller et Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle créent le genre Taeniura qui doit accueillir l'espèce Trygon ornatus ; cette dernière est maintenant reconnue comme un synonyme plus récent[3].

Un autre nom vulgaire utilisé en français pour désigner cette espèce est pastenague queue à ruban ; celui-ci se rencontre plus rarement[3],[10]. Une étude morphologique publiée en 1996 suggère que la raie pastenague à taches bleues est plus proche des raies du genre Himantura vivant près des côtes américaines ainsi que des raies d'eau douce de la famille Potamotrygonidae, plutôt que de la raie à taches noires (T. meyeni) avec qui elle partage son genre. Celle-ci serait en effet affiliée au genre Dasyatis et aux raies du genre Himantura vivant dans le bassin Indo-Pacifique[11].

Biologie et écologie

 src=
La pastenague à taches bleues se cache parmi les coraux durant la journée.

La raie pastenague à taches bleues est habituellement solitaire durant la journée qu'elle passe cachée à l'intérieur de cavernes, à l'abri sous un récif corallien ou sous des débris divers (notamment des épaves) ; bien souvent, seule sa queue est visible[9],[6],[12]. Contrairement à beaucoup d'espèces proches, il est rare que ce poisson s'enfonce dans le sable[13]. La nuit, de petits groupes se forment et, suivant la marée montante, se dirigent vers des plaines sablonneuses peu profondes où se nourrir. La raie creuse les fonds sablonneux à la recherche de mollusques, de polychètes, de crevettes, de crabes et de petits poissons osseux benthiques ; quand une proie est découverte, elle est piégée sous le corps de la raie est dirigée vers sa gueule à l'aide du disque. Certains poissons, comme ceux issus de la famille Mullidae, suivent le groupe lors de sa chasse et se nourrissent des proies restantes[8],[14].

La période de reproduction de l'espèce s'étend de la fin du printemps jusqu'en été : le mâle suit la femelle et s'y accroche en mordant son disque, il se maintient sur elle afin de procéder à la copulation[14]. Il existe un exemple documenté d'un mâle se tenant sur le disque d'un autre mâle de plus petite taille de l'espèce Neotrygon kuhlii (pastenague à points bleus), il pourrait s'agir d'une identification erronée. Des rassemblements de mâles adultes ont été observés en eaux peu profondes, cela pourrait être lié à la reproduction[12]. Comme les autres poissons apparentés, cette espèce est ovovivipare : lors du développement intra-utérin, les embryons se nourrissent de vitellus puis d'un liquide histotrophe contenant du mucus, de la graisse ainsi que des protéines, il s'agit d'une sorte de « lait utérin » sécrété par la mère. La durée de la gestation n'est pas connue avec précision, on pense cependant qu'elle est comprise entre quatre et douze mois. La femelle met au monde de trois à sept petits[15] qui mesurent environ 13 ou 14 cm de large : le petit est un portrait réduit du poisson à la taille adulte[13],[16]. Le mâle arrive à maturité sexuelle quand la largeur du disque atteint 20 ou 21 cm ; la donnée similaire pour la femelle est inconnue[3],[16].

La liste des prédateurs connus de la raie pastenague à tache bleues comprend les requins-marteaux et les dauphins du genre Tursiops ; il est possible que l'espèce soit la proie d'autres grands poissons et mammifères marins[13],[17]. Quand elle est menacée, cette raie a tendance à fuir en zigzag afin de semer ses poursuivants[9]. De nombreux parasites de l'espèce ont été identifiés : les cestodes Aberrapex manjajiae[18], Anthobothrium taeniuri[19], Cephalobothrium taeniurai[20], Echinobothrium elegans et E. helmymohamedi[21],[22], Kotorelliella jonesi[23], Polypocephalus saoudi[24], Rhinebothrium ghardaguensis et R. taeniuri[25], les monogènes Decacotyle lymmae[26], Empruthotrema quindecima[27], Entobdella australis[28], et Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae[29], les vers plats Pedunculacetabulum ghardaguensis et Anaporrhutum albidum[30],[31], le nématode Mawsonascaris australis[32], le copépode Sheina orri[33], et le protozoaire Trypanosoma taeniurae[34]. Cette raie a été observée profitant des « services » du labre nettoyeur commun : elle indique son accord en soulevant les rebords du disque et les nageoires pelviennes[12].

Relations avec l'homme

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Océanopolis, Brest, France

La raie pastenague à taches bleues est généralement d'un tempérament craintif et s'éloigne des plongeurs qu'elle aperçoit ; en revanche, si elle se sent menacée, elle est capable d'infliger une blessure très douloureuse à l'homme à l'aide des épines venimeuses qu'elle porte sur sa queue[13], piqûre qui guérit difficilement[35]. En raison de son apparence attrayante ainsi que de sa taille relativement modeste, ce poisson est celui de l'ordre des Myliobatiformes que l'on retrouve le plus fréquemment chez les aquariophiles[36]. Cependant, il est rare que la raie s'adapte à ce nouveau milieu et très peu d'aquariophiles parviennent à maintenir un spécimen en vie bien longtemps[12]. Il est courant que la raie pastenague à taches bleues refuse de se nourrir dans l'aquarium ; fréquemment, des spécimens apparemment en bonne santé arrêtent de se nourrir ou meurent de façon inexplicable[12].

La chair du poisson est consommée en Afrique de l'Est, en Asie du Sud-Est et en Australie. Cette prise est soit celle recherchée, soit une prise accessoire ; la raie est capturée à l'aide d'un filet maillant, d'une palangre, d'une pointe ou d'une nasse[1],[16].

L'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) donne à la raie pastenague à taches bleues le statut d'espèce « Quasi menacée ». Même si elle se rencontre fréquemment et qu'elle occupe une vaste répartition, cette espèce souffre de la dégradation persistante de son habitat partout dans sa zone de distribution : les récifs coralliens à proximité desquels elle vit sont mis en danger par des pratiques halieutiques destructrices recourant au cyanure et à la dynamite. Enfin, la pêche locale destinée à l'aquariophilie, ainsi que la pêche sous une forme commerciale ou artisanale sont des menaces importantes[1].

Annexes

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. a b c d e et f (en) Compagno, L.J.V., « Taeniura lymma », sur iucnredlist.org, 2005 (consulté en février 2015)
  2. Muséum Aquarium de Nancy, « Pastenague à points bleus », sur especeaquatique.museumaquariumdenancy.eu (consulté le 25 décembre 2020)
  3. a b c et d (en) Froese, R. et D. Pauly, « Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775) Ribbontail stingray », sur FishBase.org, 2014 (consulté en février 2015)
  4. (en) Van Der Elst, R. and D. King, A Photographic Guide to Sea Fishes of Southern Africa, Struik, 2006 (ISBN 1-77007-345-0), p. 17
  5. a b c et d (en) Van der Elst, R., A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa, Struik, 1993 (ISBN 1-86825-394-5), p. 52
  6. a b c et d (en) Last, P.R. and L.J.V. Compagno, The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific (Volume 3), Rome, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1999, 1479–1505 p. (ISBN 92-5-104302-7), « Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae »
  7. a et b (en) Randall, J.E. and J.P. Hoover, Coastal Fishes of Oman, University of Hawaii Press, 1995 (ISBN 0-8248-1808-3), p. 47
  8. a et b (en) Heemstra, P. and E. Heemstra, Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa, NISC and SAIAB, 2004 (ISBN 1-920033-01-7), p. 84
  9. a b c et d (en) Ferrari, A. and A. Ferrari, Sharks, Firefly Books, 2002, 214–215 p. (ISBN 1-55209-629-7)
  10. (en) Sommer, C., Schneider W. et Poutiers J.-M., The Living Marine Resources of Somalia, Rome, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1996 (ISBN 92-5-103742-6, lire en ligne).
  11. (en) Lovejoy, N.R., « Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes) », Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 117, no 3,‎ 1996, p. 207–257 (DOI , lire en ligne)
  12. a b c d et e (en) Michael, S.W., Reef Sharks and Rays of the World – A Guide To Their Identification, Behavior and Ecology, Sea Challengers, 1993 (ISBN 0-930118-18-9), p. 107
  13. a b c et d (en) Bester, C., « Bluespotted ribbontail ray », sur Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department (consulté en février 2015)
  14. a et b (en) Miller, J., « Taeniura lymma (On-line) », sur animaldiversityweb.com, 2002 (consulté en février 2015)
  15. Collectif (trad. Josette Gontier), Le règne animal, Gallimard Jeunesse, octobre 2002, 624 p. (ISBN 2-07-055151-2), Pastenague mouchetée page 477
  16. a b et c (en) Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, Sharks and Rays of Australia, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Press, 2009, 459–460 p. (ISBN 978-0-674-03411-2 et 0-674-03411-2)
  17. (en) Mann, J. and B. Sargeant, The Biology of Traditions : Models and Evidence, Cambridge University Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-521-81597-5), « Like mother, like calf: the ontogeny of foraging traditions in wild Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) »
  18. (en) Jensen, K., « A new species of Aberrapex Jensen, 2001 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from Taeniura lymma (Forsskal) (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from off Sabah, Malaysia », Systematic Parasitology, vol. 64, no 2,‎ juin 2006, p. 117–123 (DOI , lire en ligne)
  19. (en) Saoud, M.F.A., « On a new cestode, Anthobothrium taeniuri n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea) from the Red Sea Sting Ray and the relationship between Anthobothrium van Beneden, 1850, Rhodobothrium Linton, 1889 and Inermiphyllidium Riser, 1955 », Journal of Helminthology, vol. 37,‎ 1963, p. 135–144 (DOI )
  20. (en) Ramadan, M.M., « Cestodes of the genus Cephalobothrium Shipley and Hornel, 1906 (Lecanicephaliidae), with description of C. ghardagense n. sp. and C. taeniurai n. sp. from the Red Sea fishes », Japanese Journal of Parasitology, vol. 35, no 1,‎ 1986, p. 11–15
  21. (en) Tyler, G.A. (II), « Tapeworms of elasmobranchs (part II) a monograph on the Diphyllidea (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) », Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, vol. 20,‎ 2006, i–viii, 1–142
  22. (en) Saoud, M.F.A., M.M. Ramadan and S.I. Hassan, « On Echinobothrium helmymohamedi n. sp. (Cestoda: Diphyllidea): a parasite of the sting ray Taeniura lymma from the Red Sea », Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol. 12, no 1,‎ 1982, p. 199–207
  23. (en) Palm, H.W. and I. Beveridge, « Tentaculariid cestodes of the order Trypanorhyncha (Platyhelminthes) from the Australian region », Records of the South Australian Museum, vol. 35, no 1,‎ mai 2002, p. 49–78
  24. (en) Hassan, S.H., « Polypocephalus saoudi n. sp. Lecanicephalidean cestode from Taeniura lymma in the Red Sea », Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol. 12, no 2,‎ décembre 1982, p. 395–401
  25. (en) Ramadan, M.M., « A review of the cestode genus Rhinebothrium Linton, 1889 (Tetraphyllidae), with a description of two new species of the sting ray Taeniura lymma from the Red Sea », Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol. 14, no 1,‎ 1984, p. 85–94
  26. (en) Cribb, B.W. et Ian D. Whittington, « Anterior adhesive areas and adjacent secretions in the parasitic flatworms Decacotyle lymmae and D. tetrakordyle (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the gills of stingrays », Invertebrate Biology, vol. 123, no 1,‎ 2004, p. 68–77 (DOI , lire en ligne)
  27. (en) Chisholm, L.A. and I.D. Whittington, « Empruthotrema quindecima sp. n. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the nasal fossae of Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) from Heron Island and Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia », Folia Parasitologica, vol. 46, no 4,‎ 1999, p. 274–278 (lire en ligne)
  28. (en) Whittington, I.D. and B.W. Cribb, « Glands associated with the anterior adhesive areas of the monogeneans, Entobdella sp. and Entobdella australis (Capsalidae) from the skin of Himantura fai and Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) », International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 28, no 4,‎ avril 1998, p. 653–665 (DOI , lire en ligne)
  29. (en) Agrawal, N., L.A. Chisholm and I.D. Whittington, « Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from the gills of Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia », The Journal of Parasitology, vol. 82, no 1,‎ février 1996, p. 131–136 (DOI )
  30. (en) Saoud, M.F.A. and M.M. Ramadan, « Two trematodes of genus Pedunculacetabulum Yamaguti, 1934 from Red Sea fishes », Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol. 14, no 2,‎ 1984, p. 321–328
  31. Razarihelisoa, M., « Sur quelques trematodes digenes de poissons de Nossibe (Madagascar) », Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, vol. 84,‎ 1959, p. 421–434
  32. (en) Sprent, J.F.A., « Some ascaridoid nematodes of fishes: Paranisakis and Mawsonascaris n. g », Systematic Parasitology, vol. 15, no 1,‎ 1990, p. 41–63 (DOI , lire en ligne)
  33. (en) Kornicker, L.S., « Redescription of Sheina orri Harding, 1966, a myodocopid ostracode collected on fishes off Queensland, Australia », Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, vol. 99, no 4,‎ 1986, p. 639–646
  34. (en) Burreson, E.M., « Haematozoa of fishes from Heron I., Australia, with the description of two new species of Trypanosoma », Australian Journal of Zoology, vol. 37, no 1,‎ 1989, p. 15–23 (DOI )
  35. Andrea et Antonella Ferrari (trad. de l'italien par Dominique Le Bouteiller Johnson), Guide des récifs coralliens : la faune sous-marine des corauxBarriere corraline »], Paris, Delachaux et Niestlé, coll. « Les compagnons du naturaliste », 2000 (1re éd. 1999), 288 p. (ISBN 2603011936), Raie ou Pastenague à taches bleues page 52
  36. (en) Burgess, W.E., H.R. Axelrod and R.E. Hunziker, Dr. Burgess's Atlas of Marine Aquarium Fishes, T.F.H. Publications, 2000 (ISBN 0-7938-0575-9), p. 676
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Raie pastenague à taches bleues: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Taeniura lymma

La raie pastenague à taches bleues ou pastenague queue à ruban (Taeniura lymma) est une espèce de poissons cartilagineux de la famille des Dasyatidae. Cette raie est présente de la zone intertidale jusqu'à une profondeur de 30 m. Elle est fréquente dans les habitats côtiers ou à proximité de récifs coralliens des océans Indien et Pacifique occidental. Cette raie assez petite ne mesure pas plus de 35 cm de largeur : le disque pectoral est ovale et largement régulier, les grands yeux sont protubérants, la queue courte et épaisse surmonte un repli encaissé dans la nageoire. Le poisson est facilement reconnaissable à son éclatant jeu de couleurs qui consiste en de nombreux points bleus électriques sur un fond jaunâtre avec une queue striée de deux bandes bleues.

La nuit tombée, la raie pastenague à taches bleues rejoint des congénères et forme un petit groupe pour chasser sur des plaines sablonneuses en se laissant porter par la marée montante ; elle se nourrit d'invertébrés benthiques ainsi que de poissons osseux. Quand la marée est descendante, la raie se sépare de son groupe et se retire à l'abri sur un récif. La reproduction est ovovivipare : la femelle peut mettre au monde jusqu'à sept petits. Cette raie est en mesure d'infliger à l'homme une piqûre douloureuse grâce aux épines venimeuses situées sur sa queue ; la fuite est cependant préférée en cas de menace. Malgré ses inaptitudes à la vie en captivité, la beauté et la taille du poisson sont des attraits pour les aquariophiles. En raison de la détérioration généralisée de son habitat (récifs coralliens) et de la menace que représente la pêche intensive, l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) range la raie pastenague à taches bleues parmi les espèces « Quasi menacées ».

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Taeniura lymma ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La pastinaca a macchie blu o trigone a macchie blu (Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775)) è un pesce cartilagineo della famiglia Dasyatidae[2], distribuita nelle acque dell'oceano Indo-Pacifico.

Descrizione

Taeniura lymma leyte.jpg
Raya de arrecife (Taeniura lymma), Temple, Sharm el-Sheij, Egipto, 2022-03-26, DD, DD 04.jpg

La lunghezza di questo dasiatide supera raramente i 70 centimetri. Il corpo è piatto e tondeggiante, molto rilevato in prossimità della testa. Il colore del dorso varia dal rosato al giallo-verdastro, ornato da evidenti macchie ovali di colore blu elettrico. Il ventre è bianco-azzurrino. La coda presenta uno o due aculei velenosi alla estremità, utilizzati per difendersi dai predatori. Subito dietro la cavità orbitale è molto evidente uno spiracolo. Il muso è arrotondato e la bocca si trova nella parte inferiore del corpo.

Biologia

È una pastinaca molto timida e se disturbata preferisce allontanarsi velocemente piuttosto che difendersi.

Alimentazione

Si nutre soprattutto di piccoli pesci e invertebrati, come gamberi, granchi e molluschi, che cattura setacciando il fondale[3].

Riproduzione

È una specie ovovivipara e dà alla luce circa 7 piccoli alla volta[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

Vive nelle acque dell'oceano Indo-Pacifico, dall'Africa meridionale al Mar Rosso fino alle isole Salomone[1].

Vive in prevalenza sui fondali sabbiosi, nei pressi di scogliere e tra le formazioni di madrepore sino a 25 metri di profondità[3].

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Compagno, L.J.V. 2005, Taeniura lymma, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 23 ottobre 2014.
  2. ^ (EN) Taeniura lymma, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 13 gennaio 2016.
  3. ^ a b c Miller, J., Taeniura lymma, su Animal Diversity Web, 2002. URL consultato il 24 ottobre 2014.

Bibliografia

 title=
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Taeniura lymma: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La pastinaca a macchie blu o trigone a macchie blu (Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775)) è un pesce cartilagineo della famiglia Dasyatidae, distribuita nelle acque dell'oceano Indo-Pacifico.

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Blauwgespikkelde pijlstaartrog ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De blauwgespikkelde pijlstaartrog (Taeniura lymma) is een rog uit de familie Dasyatidae.

Kenmerken

Het lichaam is groen- tot geelachtig, met talrijke contrasterende blauwe vlekjes en blauwe strepen opzij van de staart. De buikzijde is lichter. Boven op de staartwortel bevindt zich een giftige stekel. De vis kan een diameter bereiken van 25 centimeter en met staart meegerekend bijna 200 cm lang worden. Het gewicht bedraagt ruim 30 kg. De zwaarste die ooit gevonden is was 45 kg.

Leefwijze

De rog trekt in groepen door ondiep water waar ze zich bij hoog water voeden met kreeftachtigen, schelpdieren, wormen, garnalen en krabben. Tijdens laag water zoekt de vis beschutting in grotten en onder richels. In het nauw gedreven kan de blauwgespikkelde pijlstaartrog, hoewel hij niet agressief is, echter wel een giftige steek uitdelen met zijn staart. Net als alle andere pijlstaartroggen heeft hij namelijk een giftige angel aan het eind van zijn staart. Om te ademen zuigt hij via de openingen vlak achter zijn ogen water naar binnen om het zo langs zijn kieuwen te leiden.

Voortplanting

Een worp bestaat meestal uit 3 tot 7 jongen, die in de baarmoeder worden gevoed met een melkachtige afscheiding uit de baarmoederwand.

Verspreiding

Deze soort komt voor rond koraalriffen bij de kust van Afrika in de Indische Oceaan tot het Groot Barrièrerif ten oosten van Australië in het westelijke deel van de Grote Oceaan.

Status

De vis heeft last van overbevissing door de kleinschalige beroepsvisserij rond koraalriffen. Meestal is deze rog bijvangst, maar nabij de kusten waar de rog voorkomt wordt de gevangen vis altijd aangeland en geconsumeerd. Verder wordt het leefgebied aangetast door de vernietiging van koraalriffen en bestaat er plaatselijk gerichte visserij op de vis voor aquaria (waarin de vis het overigens niet goed doet). Daarom nemen de populatie-aantallen af en om deze redenen staat de blauwgespikkelde pijlstaartrog als gevoelig (voor uitsterven) op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

 src=
Blauwgespikkelde pijlstaartrog uit Rode Zee
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Taeniura lymma van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Blauwgespikkelde pijlstaartrog: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De blauwgespikkelde pijlstaartrog (Taeniura lymma) is een rog uit de familie Dasyatidae.

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Patelnica niebieskoplama ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Patelnica niebieskoplama[3] (Taeniura lymma) – gatunek ryby orleniokształtnej z rodziny ogończowatych (Dasyatidae), występujący u wybrzeży Oceanu Indyjskiego i Pacyfiku.

Wygląd

Ciało patelnicy jest zielonkawe, pokryte jaskrawymi niebieskimi plamami. Zwierzę zazwyczaj osiąga długość 25 cm, choć spotykano osobniki niemal metrowe. Na końcu długiego, cienkiego ogona znajdują się dwa kolce jadowe. Otwór gębowy znajduje się na spodniej stronie ciała.

Tryb życia

Ryba żyje przy dnie, na terenach pokrytych piaskiem, w którym może się zakopać. Występuje samotnie, lub w niewielkich grupach. Żywi się niewielkimi stworzeniami morskimi – niewielkimi rybami, krabami, krewetkami, wieloszczetami. Swoje ofiary lokalizuje za pomocą receptorów czułych na elektryczność.

Rozmnażanie

Patelnica niebieskoplama jest jajożyworodna. Okres rozrodczy przypada na koniec wiosny i początek lata. Samica rodzi zazwyczaj 7 młodych o długość ok. 9 cm każde. Ogon nowo narodzonej patelnicy jest pokryty warstwą skóry, by nie poranić matki podczas porodu.

Relacje z ludźmi

Jad patelnicy niebieskoplamej nie jest śmiertelny dla ludzi, ale jej ukłucie powoduje silny ból. Z racji swojego ciekawego wyglądu ryba ta jest popularnym zwierzęciem akwariowym, aczkolwiek jej hodowla wymaga dużej wiedzy i doświadczenia. W Australii patelnice są łowione ze względu na swoje smaczne mięso.

Przypisy

  1. Taeniura lymma, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Taeniura lymma. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Ryby : encyklopedia zwierząt. Henryk Garbarczyk, Małgorzata Garbarczyk i Leszek Myszkowski (tłum.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN : Dorota Szatańska, 2007. ISBN 978-83-01-15140-9.

Bibliografia

  • Thompson, L. & S. Frost: Taeniura lymma (ang.). (On-line), Animal Diversity Web, 2008. [dostęp 3 stycznia 2010].
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Patelnica niebieskoplama: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Patelnica niebieskoplama (Taeniura lymma) – gatunek ryby orleniokształtnej z rodziny ogończowatych (Dasyatidae), występujący u wybrzeży Oceanu Indyjskiego i Pacyfiku.

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Taeniura lymma ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT
Taeniura lymma egypt.jpg

A arraia-uge-manchas-azuis (Taeniura lymma) é um peixe cartilagíneo do gênero Taeniura. Esta arraia colorida tem manchas azuis no corpo e riscas azuis na cauda. Raramente se enterra na areia, preferindo refugiar-se em grutas e debaixo de pedras. O aguilhão da cauda é menos adiantado do que nas outras arraias.

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Blåfläckig stingrocka ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Blåfläckig stingrocka (Taeniura lymma)[5] är en rockeart som först beskrevs av Peter Forsskål 1775. Taeniura lymma ingår i släktet Taeniura, och familjen spjutrockor.[6][7] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad.[1] Inga underarter finns listade.[6]


Källor

  1. ^ [a b] 2005 Taeniura lymma Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.) (1999) Catalog of fishes. Updated database version of November 1999., Catalog databases as made available to FishBase in November 1999.
  3. ^ Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene (1990) Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea., University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 506 p.
  4. ^ Bianchi, G. (1985) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-water species of Tanzania., Prepared and published with the support of TCP/URT/4406 and FAO (FIRM) Regular Programme. FAO, Rome. 199 p.
  5. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. (1999) Checklist of living elasmobranchs., p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland.
  6. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/taeniura+lymma/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  7. ^ FishBase. Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds), 2011-06-14


Externa länkar


Blue morpho butterfly 300x271.jpg Denna artikel om spjutrockor saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Blåfläckig stingrocka: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Blåfläckig stingrocka (Taeniura lymma) är en rockeart som först beskrevs av Peter Forsskål 1775. Taeniura lymma ingår i släktet Taeniura, och familjen spjutrockor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad. Inga underarter finns listade.


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Cá đuối chấm xanh ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cá đuối chấm xanh, tên khoa học Taeniura lymma, là một loài cá đuối thuộc họ Dasyatidae.

Loài này nhỏ hơn (12-14 inches) có một đĩa ngực hình bầu dục thường có màu vàng đến nâu ô-liu xanh và rải rác với những đốm màu xanh trên đầu trang, và màu trắng bên dưới. Nó trông rất giống con cá đuối bluespotted, nhưng loài này là nhiều tròn hơn và có một cái đuôi đáng dày hơn. Nó có hai gai độc trên đuôi của nó, nhưng nó có xu hướng ngại con người và sẽ chỉ sử dụng như là vệ nếu bị đe dọa hoặc bước vào. Họ thích động vật giáp xác và cá nhỏ săn bắn ở rặng san hô và sẽ theo thủy triều cao vào các khu vực nông, cát.

Tác dụng

Cá Đuối Chấm Xanh là loài thủy sản thương mại cũng như các ngư dân giải trí như một cá để chơi. Loài này cũng rất phổ biến với người nuôi cá nhà hàng hải mặc dù nó có xu hướng không làm tốt trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt.

Tính nguy hiểm

Các Đuối Chấm xanh thường nhút nhát, bơi ra xa khi tiếp cận bởi các thợ lặn. Tuy nhiên, khi bị đe dọa, nó sẽ sử dụng đuôi có nọc độc của nó cột sống để mang nọc độc vào lùm cây hẹp chạy dọc theo mặt dưới của ngòi. Toàn bộ cấu trúc được bao phủ bởi một lớp mỏng của da mà khi bị phá vỡ, giải phóng nọc độc của nó vào nạn nhân của nó. Cái nọc từ cột sống của nó có thể được khá đau đớn.

Tình trạng bảo tồn

Mặc dù tia Cá Đuối Chấm Xanh được phân phối rộng rãi, nó phụ thuộc vào con người áp lực do nghề cá ven bờ dữ dội và tàn phá môi trường sống rộng rãi của các rạn san hô. Nó cũng chịu áp lực từ việc buôn bán cá cảnh biển do sự phổ biến của nó với người nuôi cá nhà.

Phân bố địa lý

Cá Đuối Chấm Xanh được tìm thấy ở khu vực Ấn Độ-Tây Thái Bình Dương bao gồm cả Biển Đỏ và Đông Phi đến quần đảo Solomon ở phía bắc đến Nhật Bản và phía nam tới phía bắc nước Úc. Ở Úc nó đã được ghi lại từ bờ biển miền Trung của Tây Úc và các vùng nhiệt đới phía bắc và phía nam tới bờ biển phía bắc của New South Wales.

Môi trường sống

Cá Đuối Chấm Xanh được tìm thấy ở vùng biển ôn đới và nhiệt đới nông trên thềm lục địa tới độ sâu 66 feet (20 m). Là một cư dân của các rạn san hô, ray này phân tán khi triều xuống để mất nơi trú ẩn trong crevasses và dưới gờ đá. Trong thời gian thủy triều dâng trào, nó di chuyển trong các kết hợp nhỏ vào bãi cát nông để tìm kiếm con mồi. loài này hiếm khi được quan sát thấy bị chôn vùi dưới các trầm tích cát.

Sinh học

Cá đuối này có hình bầu dục và đĩa dài với góc ngoài làm tròn một cách rộng rãi. Các mõm là thẳng thừng tròn với lỗ mũi hẹp mảnh mai và lỗ thở lớn và nằm sát với mắt lớn. Miệng và mang được đặt trên bề mặt bụng của tia. Vây vùng chậu là vừa phải về kích thước và thanh mảnh. Đuôi mập mạp và nến cây, kích thước nhỏ hơn hai lần chiều dài cơ thể. Các finfold đuôi thấp hơn là rộng và đạt đến chóp đuôi. Thông thường có hai, nhưng đôi khi một, gai vừa có mặt trên đuôi sử dụng để chống lại muốn trở thành kẻ săn mồi.

Cá Đuối Chấm Xanh trông giống như cá đuối gai độc bluespotted, đôi khi bị nhầm lẫn với những con cá đuối bluespotted vì sự giống nhau trong màu sắc, là cũng tìm thấy gần bờ trên các rạn san hô. Tuy nhiên, con cá đuối bluespotted có thể được phân biệt với đĩa góc cạnh hơn và một cái đuôi thon thả hơn.

màu sắc: Một tia thị giác thú vị, tia ribbontail bluespotted có màu xám-nâu vàng đến nâu ô liu xanh hoặc đỏ nhạt trong màu với những đốm màu xanh tươi sáng lớn trên bề mặt lưng của đĩa. Có sọc xanh ở cả hai bên của đuôi. Các bề mặt bụng là thống nhất màu trắng.

Cách mọc răng: Bên trong miệng, nhiều răng nhỏ được bố trí trong các tấm và được sử dụng để nghiền con mồi như động vật thân mềm và cua.

Kích thước, tuổi, và tăng trưởng: Các báo cáo tối đa kích thước của tia ribbontail bluespotted là 12 inch (30 cm) chiều rộng đĩa và tổng chiều dài tối đa là 28 inch (70 cm). Tuổi thọ vẫn chưa được xác định.

Thói quen ăn: Ăn ở các vùng đất cát tiếp giáp với các rạn san hô trong triều cường, con mồi của ribbontail ray bluespotted bao gồm động vật thân mềm, giun, tôm, cua, cá và nhỏ.

Sinh sản: Chế độ sinh sản của tia này là ovoviviparous với phôi nuôi ban đầu vào lòng đỏ, sau đó nhận thêm dinh dưỡng từ con cái mẹ bằng cách hấp thụ gián tiếp của tử cung "sữa" được làm giàu với chất nhầy, chất béo và protein. Con cái sinh lên đến bảy con mỗi lứa sau một thời gian mang thai của 4-12 tháng (không rõ). Những con con có dấu hiệu tương tự như con lớn bao gồm các điểm màu xanh đặc trưng.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. (2005). Taeniura lymma. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày November 13, 2009.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cá đuối chấm xanh  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cá đuối chấm xanh
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Cá đuối chấm xanh: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cá đuối chấm xanh, tên khoa học Taeniura lymma, là một loài cá đuối thuộc họ Dasyatidae.

Loài này nhỏ hơn (12-14 inches) có một đĩa ngực hình bầu dục thường có màu vàng đến nâu ô-liu xanh và rải rác với những đốm màu xanh trên đầu trang, và màu trắng bên dưới. Nó trông rất giống con cá đuối bluespotted, nhưng loài này là nhiều tròn hơn và có một cái đuôi đáng dày hơn. Nó có hai gai độc trên đuôi của nó, nhưng nó có xu hướng ngại con người và sẽ chỉ sử dụng như là vệ nếu bị đe dọa hoặc bước vào. Họ thích động vật giáp xác và cá nhỏ săn bắn ở rặng san hô và sẽ theo thủy triều cao vào các khu vực nông, cát.

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Тэниура-лимма ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Днём тэниуры-лимма часто прячутся в разных укрытиях

На тэниур-лимма охотятся молотоголовые акулы и бутылконосые дельфины, потенциально они могут стать добычей прочих крупных рыб и морских млекопитающих[15][19]. В случае опасности эти скаты спасаются бегством, двигаясь на большой скорости зигзагами, чтобы сбить нападающего со следа[10]. На тэниурах-лимма паразитируют ленточные черви Aberrapex manjajiae[20], Anthobothrium taeniuri[21], Cephalobothrium taeniurai[22], Echinobothrium elegans и E. helmymohamedi[23][24], Kotorelliella jonesi[25], Polypocephalus saoudi[26], Rhinebothrium ghardaguensis и R. taeniuri[27], моногенеи Decacotyle lymmae[28], Empruthotrema quindecima[29], Entobdella australis[30] и Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae[31], плоские черви Pedunculacetabulum ghardaguensis и Anaporrhutum albidum[32], нематода Mawsonascaris australis[33], копеподы Sheina orri[34] и простейшие Trypanosoma taeniurae[35]. Иногда можно наблюдать, как тэниуры-лимма приподнимают края диска и брюшные плавники, подставляясь для чистки от паразитов губанчикам Labroides dimidiatusruen[14].

Взаимодействие с человеком

Тэниуры-лимма довольно робки и неагрессивны, но, поскольку у них есть ядовитый шип и они обитают на мелководье, они представляют потенциальную опасность для человека[15]. По некоторым данным, яд разлагается при нагревании. Поэтому рекомендуется замочить рану, нанесённую хвостоколом, в горячей воде, чтобы остановить действие яда и уменьшить боль[16]. Яркая окраска и небольшой размер делают их популярными среди аквариумистов, хотя они плохо переносят неволю[36] Их содержат в аквариумах объёмом не менее 450 л, при температуре воды 22—25,5 °С, pH 8,1—8,4, dKH 8—12 и солёности 1,020—1,025[37].

Эти скаты не являются объектом целевого лова. Они попадаются в качестве прилова при коммерческом промысле с помощью ярусов, жаберных сетей и садков. В Юго-Восточной Азии, Восточной Африке и Австралии их мясо используют в пищу[3][18]. Эти скаты страдают от ухудшения условий среды обитания, в частности от уничтожения коралловых рифов. Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду статус сохранности «Вызывающий наименьшие опасения»[3].

Примечания

  1. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 44. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. 1 2 3 Тэниура-лимма (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Taeniura lymma (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  4. Forsskål, P. (1775) Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium / quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Adjuncta est materia medica kahirina atque tabula maris Rubri geographica. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae. Descriptiones animalium quae in itinere ad Maris Australis terras per annos 1772 1773 et 1774 suscepto, …: 1—20 + i-xxxiv + 1—164, map. [Pisces on pp. x-xix and 22—76.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Van der Elst, R. A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. — 3-е. — Struik, 1993. — P. 52. — ISBN 1-86825-394-5.
  6. Lovejoy, N. R. Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes). — 1996. — Vol. 117, № (3). — P. 207—257. — DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb02189.x.
  7. Puckridge, М. et al. Phylogeography of the Indo-West Pacific maskrays (Dasyatidae, Neotrygon): a complex example of chondrichthyan radiation in the Cenozoic // Ecology and Evolution : журнал. — 2013. — Vol. 3, № 2. — P. 217—232. — DOI:10.1002/ece3.448.
  8. Rosenberger, L.J. Phylogenetic Relationships within the Stingray Genus Dasyatis (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae) // Copeia. — American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 2001. — Vol. 2001, № 3. — P. 615—627. — DOI:10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0615:PRWTSG]2.0.CO;2.
  9. 1 2 Randall, J. E. and Hoover J. P. Coastal Fishes of Oman. — University of Hawaii Press, 1995. — P. 47. — ISBN 0-8248-1808-3.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Ferrari, A. & Ferrari A. Sharks. — Firefly Books, 2002. — P. 214—214. — ISBN 1-55209-629-7.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Last, P. R. and Compagno, L. J. V. Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae = In Carpenter, K.E. and Niem, V.H. FAO identification guide for fishery purposes // The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. — Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1999. — Vol. 3. — P. 1479—1505. — ISBN 92-5-104302-7.
  12. 1 2 Heemstra, E. Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. — NISC (PTY) LTD, 2004. — P. 84. — ISBN 1-920033-01-7.
  13. Van Der Elst, R. and King D. A Photographic Guide to Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. — Struik, 2006. — P. 17. — ISBN 1-77007-345-0.
  14. 1 2 3 Michael, S. W. Reef Sharks & Rays of the World. — Sea Challengers, 1993. — P. 88. — ISBN 0-930118-18-9.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Bester, C. Biological Profiles: Bluespotted Ribbontail Ray (неопр.). Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Проверено 13 июня 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Jennifer Miller. Taeniura lymma (неопр.). ADW. Проверено 14 июня 2015.
  17. Rosenberger, L. Functional morphology of undulatory pectoral fin locomotion in the stingray taeniura lymma // Journal of Experimental Biology. — 1999. — Vol. 202. — P. 3523—3539.
  18. 1 2 3 Last, P. R. and Stevens J. D. Sharks and Rays of Australia (second ed.). — Harvard University Press, 2009. — P. 457—458. — ISBN 0-674-03411-2.
  19. Mann, J. and Sargeant B. Like mother, like calf: the ontogeny of foraging traditions in wild Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). In Fragaszy, D.M. and S. Perry. The Biology of Traditions: Models and Evidence. — Cambridge University Press, 2003. — ISBN 0-521-81597-5.
  20. Jensen, K. A new species of Aberrapex Jensen, 2001 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from Taeniura lymma (Forsskal) (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from off Sabah, Malaysia // Systematic Parasitology. — 2006. — Vol. 64, № (2). — P. 117—123. — DOI:10.1007/s11230-005-9026-2. — PMID 16612652.
  21. Saoud, M. F. A. On a new cestode, Anthobothrium taeniuri n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea) from the Red Sea Sting Ray and the relationship between Anthobothrium van Beneden, 1850, Rhodobothrium Linton, 1889 and Inermiphyllidium Riser, 1955 // Journal of Helminthology. — 1963. — Vol. 37. — P. 135—144. — DOI:10.1017/S0022149X00019696. — PMID 13976441.
  22. Ramadan, M. M. Cestodes of the genus Cephalobothrium Shipley and Hornel, 1906 (Lecanicephaliidae), with description of C. ghardagense n. sp. and C. taeniurai n. sp. from the Red Sea fishes // Japanese Journal of Parasitology. — 1986. — Vol. 35, № (1). — P. 11—15.
  23. Tyler, G. A. (II). Tapeworms of elasmobranchs (part II) a monograph on the Diphyllidea (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) // Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum. — 2006. — Vol. 20, № i–viii. — P. 1—142.
  24. Saoud, M. F. A., Ramadan, M. M. and Hassan, S. I. On Echinobothrium helmymohamedi n. sp. (Cestoda: Diphyllidea): a parasite of the sting ray Taeniura lymma from the Red Sea // Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. — 1982. — Vol. 12, № (1). — P. 199—207. — PMID 7086222.
  25. Palm, H. W. and Beveridge I. Tentaculariid cestodes of the order Trypanorhyncha (Platyhelminthes) from the Australian region // Records of the South Australian Museum. — 2002. — Vol. 35, № (1). — P. 49—78.
  26. Hassan, S. H. Polypocephalus saoudi n. sp. Lecanicephalidean cestode from Taeniura lymma in the Red Sea // Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. — 1982. — Vol. 12, № (2). — P. 395—401. — PMID 7153551.
  27. Ramadan, M. M. A review of the cestode genus Rhinebothrium Linton, 1889 (Tetraphyllidae), with a description of two new species of the sting ray Taeniura lymma from the Red Sea // Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. — 1984. — Vol. 14, № (1). — P. 85—94. — PMID 6736718.
  28. Cribb, B. W.; Whittington, Ian D. Anterior adhesive areas and adjacent secretions in the parasitic flatworms Decacotyle lymmae and D. tetrakordyle (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the gills of stingrays // Invertebrate Biology. — 2004. — Vol. 123, № (1). — P. 68—77. — DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00142.x.
  29. Chisholm, L. A. and Whittington I. D. Empruthotrema quindecima sp. n. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the nasal fossae of Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) from Heron Island and Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia // Folia Parasitologica. — 1999. — Vol. 46, № (4). — P. 274—278.
  30. Whittington, I. D. and Cribb B. W. Glands associated with the anterior adhesive areas of the monogeneans, Entobdella sp. and Entobdella australis (Capsalidae) from the skin of Himantura fai and Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) // International Journal for Parasitology. — 1998. — Vol. 28, № (4). — P. 653—665. — DOI:10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00016-2. — PMID 9602390.
  31. Agrawal, N., Chisholm, L. A. and Whittington, I. D. Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from the gills of Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia // The Journal of Parasitology. — 1996. — Vol. 82, № (1). — P. 131—136. — DOI:10.2307/3284128. — PMID 8627482.
  32. Saoud, M. F. A. and Ramadan, M. M. Two trematodes of genus Pedunculacetabulum Yamaguti, 1934 from Red Sea fishes // Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. — 1984. — Vol. 14, № (2). — P. 321—328. — PMID 6512282.
  33. Sprent, J. F. A. Some ascaridoid nematodes of fishes: Paranisakis and Mawsonascaris n. g // Systematic Parasitology. — 1990. — Vol. 15, № (1). — P. 41—63. — DOI:10.1007/bf00009917.
  34. Kornicker, L. S. Redescription of Sheina orri Harding, 1966, a myodocopid ostracode collected on fishes off Queensland, Australia // Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. — 1986. — Vol. 99, № (4). — P. 639—646.
  35. Burreson, E. M. Haematozoa of fishes from Heron I., Australia, with the description of two new species of Trypanosoma // Australian Journal of Zoology. — 1989. — Vol. 37, № (1). — P. 15—23. — DOI:10.1071/ZO9890015.
  36. Burgess, W. E., Axelrod, H. R. and Hunziker, R. E. Dr. Burgess's Atlas of Marine Aquarium Fishes (third ed.).. — T.F.H. Publications. — P. 676. — ISBN 0-7938-0575-9.
  37. Blue Spotted Stingray (неопр.). http://www.aquariumdomain.com/.
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Тэниура-лимма: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Днём тэниуры-лимма часто прячутся в разных укрытиях

На тэниур-лимма охотятся молотоголовые акулы и бутылконосые дельфины, потенциально они могут стать добычей прочих крупных рыб и морских млекопитающих. В случае опасности эти скаты спасаются бегством, двигаясь на большой скорости зигзагами, чтобы сбить нападающего со следа. На тэниурах-лимма паразитируют ленточные черви Aberrapex manjajiae, Anthobothrium taeniuri, Cephalobothrium taeniurai, Echinobothrium elegans и E. helmymohamedi, Kotorelliella jonesi, Polypocephalus saoudi, Rhinebothrium ghardaguensis и R. taeniuri, моногенеи Decacotyle lymmae, Empruthotrema quindecima, Entobdella australis и Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae, плоские черви Pedunculacetabulum ghardaguensis и Anaporrhutum albidum, нематода Mawsonascaris australis, копеподы Sheina orri и простейшие Trypanosoma taeniurae. Иногда можно наблюдать, как тэниуры-лимма приподнимают края диска и брюшные плавники, подставляясь для чистки от паразитов губанчикам Labroides dimidiatusruen.

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藍斑條尾魟 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
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二名法 Taeniura lymma
Forsskål, 1775 藍斑條尾魟分佈範圍
藍斑條尾魟分佈範圍

藍斑條尾魟,又稱藍點魟,學名(Taeniura lymma),為軟骨魚綱鰩目魟科的其中一

分布

本魚分布於印度西太平洋區,包括紅海東非馬爾地夫伊朗巴基斯坦斯里蘭卡日本台灣韓國中國越南柬埔寨孟加拉馬來西亞泰國印尼印度菲律賓澳洲新幾內亞索羅門群島萬那杜等海域。

深度

水深1至20公尺。

特徵

本魚體鮮豔,身上有卵形的大藍點,尾上有沿著尾巴方向的藍色條紋。口部圓形有角,藍點有濶邊,尾巴粗壯,向後漸漸變細,長度短於身體的兩倍,末端有寬濶的尾鰭。藍點上沒有刺,但成年藍點魟沿背脊中線有一些突起物,尾部後端比其他魟魚多一條刺。體長可達35公分。

生態

本魚為近海底棲魚類,棲息於大陸朋,漲潮時,它們會成群進入淺沙海域去吃軟體動物蠕蟲等,退潮時回去洞穴,岩底找庇護所,偶爾會發現被埋在沙下,卵胎生

經濟利用

食用魚,也是遊釣魚種,小藍斑條尾魟是海洋生物愛好者的熱門選擇,但在水族箱中很難飼養。

参考资料

外部链接

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:藍斑條尾魟
 title=
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site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

藍斑條尾魟: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

藍斑條尾魟,又稱藍點魟,學名(Taeniura lymma),為軟骨魚綱鰩目魟科的其中一

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wikipedia 中文维基百科

꽁지가오리 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

꽁지가오리(Bluespotted ribbontail ray)는 색가오리과의 한 종이다. 조간대에서 깊이 30m까지에서 발견되고, 열대 인도양 지방, 서태평양 지방의 산호초 지역에 분포한다. 35cm의 길이를 넘지 않은 작은 체구를 가지고 있고, 매끄러운 타원형의 가슴지느러미, 큰 퉁방울눈, 상대적으로 짧고 굵은 꼬리를 가지고 있다. 몸은 노란색 바탕에 파란 색 무늬이고, 꼬리는 파란색 줄무늬로 되어 있어서, 다른 가오리와 쉽게 구별할 수 있다.

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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Found inshore, at depths less than 20 m (Ref. 9840). Migrates in groups into shallow sandy areas during the rising tide to feed on molluscs, worms, shrimps, and crabs; disperses on falling tide to seek shelter in caves and under ledges (Ref. 6871). Disk width about 95 cm. Reports of specimens reaching 240 cm TL are probably inaccurate (Ref. 6871). Taken mainly by traditional fishermen (Ref. 9840).

Referência

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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contribuidor
Edward Vanden Berghe [email]