nomes no trilho de navegação
La vaca comuna, la vaca enrampadora, la vaca tremolenca, la vaca tremolosa ocel·lada, la tremoloia, la tremoloia d'ulls, la tremolosa, el tremolor o el tremoló[4] (Torpedo torpedo) és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels torpedínids.[5]
És ovovivípara. En els exemplars mediterranis la gestació té una durada d'uns 10 mesos i la ventrada varia en funció de la mida de la femella (entre 5 i 32 cries, les quals fan 9 cm en el moment de néixer).[9][10][11]
Menja peixos i invertebrats bentònics.[9][12]
És un peix demersal i marí que viu fins als 400 m de fondària.[13][14][15]
Es troba a l'Atlàntic oriental (des del sud de la mar Cantàbrica fins a Angola)[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] i la mar Mediterrània (més comuna a la meitat meridional que a la septentrional).[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] És més freqüent en aigües de clima tropical.[12][41][42][43][44][45]
Té hàbits nocturns i sol passar el dia colgada a la sorra, de manera que només en sobresurten els ulls i els espiracles.[46]
És capturada mitjançant xarxes d'arrossegament de fons, tremalls i de manera artesanal. Tot i que és comestible, es desembarca en molt poques pesqueries i, molt sovint, és llençada al mar.[26]
És capaç d'infligir descàrregues elèctriques de fins a 200 volts[47] i les seues propietats electrògenes ja eren conegudes pels antics romans. Així, per exemple, el metge romà Escriboni Llarg en recomanava l'ús per al tractament del dolor en el seu Compositiones medicae (circa l'any 50).[48][49]
La vaca comuna, la vaca enrampadora, la vaca tremolenca, la vaca tremolosa ocel·lada, la tremoloia, la tremoloia d'ulls, la tremolosa, el tremolor o el tremoló (Torpedo torpedo) és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels torpedínids.
Der Gefleckte Zitterrochen (Torpedo torpedo) ist eine Rochenart aus der Familie der Zitterrochen. Er lebt vor den Küsten Südspaniens, Nord-, West, und Südwestafrikas, seinen Namen hat er von augenähnlichen Punkten auf seinem ansonsten bräunlichen Rücken. Die Rochenart erzeugt zur Betäubung von Beutetieren und zur Verteidigung Spannungsstöße bis 200 Volt.
Der Gefleckte Zitterrochen hat die typische, etwas breitere als lange Scheibenform seiner Familie. Die Oberseite ist braun mit großen, blauen Punkten, die Unterseite cremeweiß. Erwachsene männliche Exemplare sind bis 60 cm groß, weibliche bis 41 cm.
Gefleckte Zitterrochen halten sich meist über sandigem Grund in geringen Tiefen auf, werden aber auch in Tiefen bis 400 m gefunden. Sie sind Einzelgänger und jagen nachts kleinere Fische und wirbellose Meeresbewohner. Gefleckte Zitterrochen sind ovovivipar und bringen 3 bis 21 Junge zur Welt, die etwa 9 cm groß sind.
Der Gefleckte Zitterrochen (Torpedo torpedo) ist eine Rochenart aus der Familie der Zitterrochen. Er lebt vor den Küsten Südspaniens, Nord-, West, und Südwestafrikas, seinen Namen hat er von augenähnlichen Punkten auf seinem ansonsten bräunlichen Rücken. Die Rochenart erzeugt zur Betäubung von Beutetieren und zur Verteidigung Spannungsstöße bis 200 Volt.
The common torpedo (Torpedo torpedo), also known as ocellate torpedo or eyed electric ray, is a species of electric ray in the family Torpedinidae. It is found in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Bay of Biscay to Angola, and is a benthic fish typically encountered over soft substrates in fairly shallow, coastal waters. Growing to 60 cm (24 in) long, this species has a nearly circular pectoral fin disc and a short, thick tail with two dorsal fins of nearly equal size and a large caudal fin. It can be identified by the prominent blue spots on its back, which usually number five but may vary from zero to nine, as well as by the small knobs on the rims of its spiracles.
For attack and defense, the common torpedo can deliver a strong electric shock of up to 200 volts. It is a solitary, nocturnal ambush predator that feeds mainly on bony fishes and crustaceans. This species is aplacental viviparous, with the developing embryos nourished by yolk and histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Females produce litters of up to 28 young every year in late summer or autumn, after a gestation period of 4–8 months; the specifics vary between geographical regions. The common torpedo's shock is painful but otherwise of little danger to humans. Its electrogenic properties led it to be used in medicine by the ancient Greeks and Romans. In modern times, it has no economic value and is mostly discarded when caught as bycatch in fisheries. The impact of fishing on its population is uncertain, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed it as Vulnerable.
The common torpedo and other electric rays were familiar to the peoples of classical antiquity. Torpedo was the Roman name for electric rays, derived from Latin torpere meaning 'to be numb'.[2][3] Carl Linnaeus, known as the "father of taxonomy", scientifically described the common torpedo as Raja torpedo in the 1758 tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. However, the common torpedo also appeared in at least 52 pre-Linnaean sources under various names such as Torpedo, Raja tota lævis, Torpedo maculosa, and Torpedo Sinûs Persici. These early accounts, including Linnaeus's, confounded the common torpedo with other electric ray species. As Linnaeus did not indicate any type specimens, the designation of a lectotype or neotype is warranted in the interest of taxonomic stability. This measure has yet to be taken.[4]
André Marie Constant Duméril was the first author to refer to Torpedo as a genus, in his 1806 Zoologie analytique, ou méthode naturelle de classification des animaux. Duméril did not name any Torpedo species; the first author to do so was probably Charles Lucien Bonaparte, who assigned Linnaeus's Raja torpedo to the genus Torpedo in 1838. Since at the time T. torpedo was the only member of the genus, it became the type species.[5] Within the genus Torpedo, the common torpedo is placed within the subgenus Torpedo, which differs from the other subgenus Tetronarce in having spiracles with papillate rims and ornate dorsal coloration.[6] This species may also be referred colloquially to as crampfish, cramp ray, or torpedo ray.[7][8]
Native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the common torpedo occurs from the Bay of Biscay to Angola.[7] It is present in the Mediterranean Sea as well, with higher densities in the western part of the Basin.[9] A single record from Belgian waters was most likely erroneous. In European waters, it is encountered less frequently than other electric ray species. This species prefers warmer temperatures.[10] It is rare north of the Mediterranean, and within the Mediterranean it is more common off North Africa than off southern Europe.[1][10] The common torpedo is a bottom-dweller usually found close to shore at depths of 2–70 m (6.6–229.7 ft), though it has occasionally been reported from as deep as 400 m (1,300 ft). It inhabits soft-bottomed habitats such as sandy flats and seagrass beds.[7][11]
The pectoral fin disc of the common torpedo is almost circular in shape and about 1.3–1.4 times wider than long. The front margin of the disc is nearly straight. The two large, kidney-shaped electric organs are visible beneath the skin on either side of the head. The eyes are small and followed by spiracles of comparable size. The lateral and posterior rims of the spiracles bear small, low knobs, which diminish in size with age and may be indiscernible in larger individuals. On the "nape" behind the spiracles, there is a pair of prominent mucous pores. There is a wide, quadrangular flap of skin between the nostrils that almost reaches the mouth. The teeth are small and arranged in a dense quincunx pattern; each tooth has a single sharp cusp. There are around 22–24 and 20–22 tooth rows in the upper and lower jaws respectively. The five pairs of gill slits are placed on the underside of the disc.[10][12][13]
The pelvic fins are distinct from the disc and have rounded outer margins. The short and thick tail bears skin folds along either side and two dorsal fins on top. The first dorsal fin is slightly larger than the second. The well-developed caudal fin is triangular with blunt corners, and is approximately as long as the space between it and first dorsal fin. The skin is smooth and soft, entirely lacking dermal denticles. The dorsal coloration of the common torpedo is rusty orange to reddish brown, with distinctive large spots ("ocellae") on the disc; each ocellus is blue and encircled by darker and lighter rings. Typically there are five ocellae arranged symmetrically in a row of three and another of two; rays with 0–4 ocellae are less common, and those with more than five are rarer still. An unusual male with eight ocellae was caught off Tunisia, and another with nine off southern France. When present, the sixth ocellus is similarly sized to the first five and positioned at their center; any additional ocellae tend to be smaller than the first six and placed asymmetrically towards the snout. The underside is cream-colored, with dark disc margins.[12][13] An adult albino female was captured off Tunisia.[14] Males and females typically measure 30 and 39 cm (12 and 15 in) long respectively; the largest individual on record was 60 cm (24 in) long.[7] Rays from off West Africa grow larger than those from the Mediterranean.[15]
As with other members of its family, the common torpedo can subdue prey and deter threats with strong electric shocks generated from a pair of large electric organs. Derived from muscle tissue, each organ is made up of 400–500 columns, each column constituting a stack of around 400 jelly-filled disks ("electroplaques"). The columns together essentially act as batteries connected in parallel.[16] The discharge of the electric organs can reach 200 volts, and may occur singly or in bursts ("trains").[7][17] Experiments in vitro have found that the nerves innervating the electric organ essentially stop functioning at temperatures below 15 °C (59 °F). Winter water temperatures regularly drop below this threshold in the wild, suggesting the ray may not use its electric organs for part of the year, or has a yet-unknown physiological mechanism to adapt electric organ function to colder conditions.[18]
Solitary and nocturnal, the common torpedo spends much time resting on the sea floor, often buried in sediment.[11] It is an ambush predator that pounces onto prey and stuns them with electricity, the process taking only a fraction of a second. Once the prey is immobilized, it is manipulated to the mouth with motions of the disc, and swallowed whole.[17] Adults feed almost entirely on small benthic bony fishes, including soles, herring, mullet, gobies, goatfishes, porgies, dragonets, and jack mackerels. Large decapod crustaceans are a minor secondary food source, while very rarely skates may be consumed. Juveniles are less exclusively piscivorous than the adults and feed on a variety of invertebrates as well. The most significant prey species differ between seasons and geographic regions. For example, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, juvenile common sole (Solea solea) are by far the most important prey item in autumn and winter, but in spring and summer they become less available and other fishes figure more prominently in the ray's diet.[19][20] Known parasites of this species include the tapeworm Phyllobothrium lactuca,[21] and the monogeneans Amphibdella paronaperugiae[22] and Amphibdelloides benhassinae.[23]
The common torpedo is aplacental viviparous, in which the embryos are sustained by yolk, supplemented by histotroph ("uterine milk") secreted by the mother. However, the organic content of the histotroph in this species is only 1.2%, much lower than in stingrays, and the embryo loses mass over the course of development as its initial yolk supply is expended for metabolic processes.[15][24] Adult females have two functional ovaries and two functional uteruses, though the reproductive tract on the right side is more developed and consequently tends to carry more embryos. It has an annual reproductive cycle with well-defined seasonality, though the details differ between geographic regions. In the Mediterranean, mating occurs from December to February and birthing from late August to early September after a gestation period of 4–6 months; litter sizes range up to 19 and the newborns measure 8.0–9.7 cm (3.1–3.8 in) long. By contrast, off West Africa the gestation period lasts 6–8 months and birthing occurs from September to October; litter sizes range up to 28 and the newborns measure 10.2–12.5 cm (4.0–4.9 in) long. The litter size increases with female size.[15][19][25]
Sexual segregation occurs during the breeding season as pregnant females move into shallow coastal waters. The common torpedo is unusual among sharks and rays in that birthing has been documented both at higher and at lower salinities than seawater, in estuaries and lagoons.[15] Immediately after birth, this species is capable of producing electric shocks of up to four volts. Newborns grow rapidly, with a commensurate increase in electrogenic capacity: after four months, they almost double in weight and can generate 26 volts.[17] Males and females mature sexually at similar lengths: 25 and 26 cm (9.8 and 10.2 in) respectively in the Tyrrhenian Sea,[25] 18 and 22 cm (7.1 and 8.7 in) respectively off Egypt,[19] 19 cm (7.5 in) for both off Tunisia, and 30 and 31 cm (12 and 12 in) respectively off Senegal.[15]
The electric shock of the common torpedo can be severe, but is not life-threatening.[26] In classical antiquity, the electrogenic properties of this species led it (and other strongly electric fishes) to be used in medicine for the treatment of pain and diseases such as gout.[27] For example, the Roman physician Scribonius Largus, in his Compositiones medicae (c. 50 AD), recommended that chronic headaches be treated by the application of a live torpedo to the affected area.[28] The common torpedo is edible, but is little-valued by commercial or artisanal fisheries and is mostly discarded when caught. Because of its shallow-water habits, it may survive being captured and discarded relatively well. It is susceptible to several types of demersal fishing gear, including bottom trawls and trammel nets; fishing activity is heavy within its range but no specific data regarding this species are available. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed it as Vulnerable.[1] The common torpedo has been kept in aquariums, but requires live fish for food.[8]
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The common torpedo (Torpedo torpedo), also known as ocellate torpedo or eyed electric ray, is a species of electric ray in the family Torpedinidae. It is found in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Bay of Biscay to Angola, and is a benthic fish typically encountered over soft substrates in fairly shallow, coastal waters. Growing to 60 cm (24 in) long, this species has a nearly circular pectoral fin disc and a short, thick tail with two dorsal fins of nearly equal size and a large caudal fin. It can be identified by the prominent blue spots on its back, which usually number five but may vary from zero to nine, as well as by the small knobs on the rims of its spiracles.
For attack and defense, the common torpedo can deliver a strong electric shock of up to 200 volts. It is a solitary, nocturnal ambush predator that feeds mainly on bony fishes and crustaceans. This species is aplacental viviparous, with the developing embryos nourished by yolk and histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Females produce litters of up to 28 young every year in late summer or autumn, after a gestation period of 4–8 months; the specifics vary between geographical regions. The common torpedo's shock is painful but otherwise of little danger to humans. Its electrogenic properties led it to be used in medicine by the ancient Greeks and Romans. In modern times, it has no economic value and is mostly discarded when caught as bycatch in fisheries. The impact of fishing on its population is uncertain, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed it as Vulnerable.
La tremielga (Torpedo torpedo) es un pez cartilaginoso mediano similar a la tembladera un nombre que también se usa para llamar al pez.
Para defenderse, emite descargas eléctricas de 220 voltios gracias a unos órganos que tiene a los lados para defenderse de los que se lo quieren comer.
Los pescadores le identifican por las cinco grandes manchas que tiene en el dorso. El tremielga tiene los ojos pequeños, cinco grandes ocelos o manchas, grandes aletas pectorales, el cuerpo en forma de disco y la piel de color marrón.
Mide entre 30 y 60 cm. Vive en el océano Atlántico oriental y en el mar Mediterráneo. Nada en los fondos fangoso o arenosos próximos a las costas. Su carácter es solitario.
Suele nadar a 100 m de profundidad. Caza por la noche y le gusta ocultarse durante el día. Se alimenta de crustáceos, moluscos y pequeños peces, a quienes aturde con su electricidad y luego engulle enteros.
Datos: Q1498066
Multimedia:
Especies: Torpedo torpedo
Ikaraio pikarta (Torpedo torpedo) ur gaziko arrain kartilaginosoa da, Torpedinidae familiakoa[1].
Ekialdeko Ozeano Atlantikoan eta Mediterraneo itsasoan bizi da.
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Ikaraio pikarta (Torpedo torpedo) ur gaziko arrain kartilaginosoa da, Torpedinidae familiakoa.
Ekialdeko Ozeano Atlantikoan eta Mediterraneo itsasoan bizi da.
La torpille ocellée (Torpedo torpedo) est une espèce de poissons marins de la famille des Torpedinidae. Cette famille est notamment célèbre pour la capacité de ses membres de produire des décharges électriques pour se défendre et pour chasser. Ces décharges sont produites grâce à des cellules spécialisées appelées des électrocytes (qui dérivent de cellules musculaires type myocytes). Ces décharges peuvent dépasser les 200 volts[1]. Pour cette espèce, ces chiffres ne sont par contre pas atteints, elle reste dans une plage plus modeste inférieure à 100 volts[2].
Les torpilles sont des raies avec une partie postérieure en forme de disque quasi parfait, suivie d'un disque non parfait et d'une nageoire caudale[2]. Les deux dernières parties portent les deux nageoires dorsales, qui sont donc assez en arrière du corps.
Cette espèce se distingue des autres torpilles surtout par son fond beige à marronâtre non homogène sur la face dorsale, ses multiples tâches blanchâtres, et surtout 5 taches très caractéristiques, formées d'un centre arrondi bleu entouré d'une bande noire, puis d'un espace brun avant d'arriver à une auréole externe brun foncé[3],[2],[4].
Elle est répandue en mer Méditerranée et dans l'est de l'océan Atlantique, du Golfe de Gascogne à l'Angola. On la retrouverait surtout dans les zones d'eaux tropicales[2].
Ce poisson, comme la plupart des autres membres de cette famille, a une écologie benthique et côtière. Il évolue donc dans des profondeurs qui n'excèdent pas quelques dizaines de mètres de fond. Les fonds sablo-vaseux sont ceux préférés.
Sa zone de répartition chevauche à minima celle de la torpille marbrée (Torpedo marmorata) et celle de la torpille rosette (Torpedo bauchotae)[2].
Cette espèce est assez peu recherchée pour la consommation ou pour d'autres usages. Elle est plutôt crainte par les populations côtières et les pêcheurs qui conservent des histoires parfois exagérées de rencontres périlleuses et douloureuses.
Bien que l'UICN considère encore en Août 2021 que les données sont insuffisantes pour statuer sur le statut de conservation de cette espèce et sur la tendance globale populationnelle[5], il est à penser que la population soit mondialement en baisse douce, voire en baisse moyenne.
Drhtulja obična ˙(lat.Torpedo torpedo) riba je iz porodice drhtulja. Ima nekoliko drugih naziva kod nas kao što su devetopjegna drhtulja , drhtulja kolobarka, botun drhtulja. Ima plosnato tijelo, okruglog oblika, debeli rep i veliku repnu peraju, kao i ostale drhtulje. Koža joj je glatka, smeđe boje koja se prelijeva ka boji cigle s mnoštvom svijetlijih pjegica na gornjem dijelu tijela. Trbuh joj je bijel. Najkarakterističnije obilježje na tijelu su velike eđe, skoro crne pjege po leđima. Ima ih točno devet, tri prednje su nešto manje, a stražnjih šest je veće. Hrani se ribama i račićima, hvatajući ih tako da ih paralizira elektricitetom koji ispušta. Električna pražnjenja mogu imati napon i do 200 V[1]. Mužjaci narastu do 60 cm, a ženke su manje i narastu do 41 cm. Živi na muljevitom i pjeskovitom dnu, najčešće na dubinama do 70 m iako znaju biti i dublje, do 400 m. Rasprostranjena je u Mediteranu, i Atlantiku od Biskajskog zaljeva pa južno do Angole, a najčešća je u tropskom pojasu.
Drhtulja obična ˙(lat.Torpedo torpedo) riba je iz porodice drhtulja. Ima nekoliko drugih naziva kod nas kao što su devetopjegna drhtulja , drhtulja kolobarka, botun drhtulja. Ima plosnato tijelo, okruglog oblika, debeli rep i veliku repnu peraju, kao i ostale drhtulje. Koža joj je glatka, smeđe boje koja se prelijeva ka boji cigle s mnoštvom svijetlijih pjegica na gornjem dijelu tijela. Trbuh joj je bijel. Najkarakterističnije obilježje na tijelu su velike eđe, skoro crne pjege po leđima. Ima ih točno devet, tri prednje su nešto manje, a stražnjih šest je veće. Hrani se ribama i račićima, hvatajući ih tako da ih paralizira elektricitetom koji ispušta. Električna pražnjenja mogu imati napon i do 200 V. Mužjaci narastu do 60 cm, a ženke su manje i narastu do 41 cm. Živi na muljevitom i pjeskovitom dnu, najčešće na dubinama do 70 m iako znaju biti i dublje, do 400 m. Rasprostranjena je u Mediteranu, i Atlantiku od Biskajskog zaljeva pa južno do Angole, a najčešća je u tropskom pojasu.
La torpedine ocellata o torpedine comune (Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un pesce cartilagineo appartenente alla famiglie Torpedinidae.
Come tutti i torpediniformi, hanno forma appiattita e sono caratterizzati dalla presenza, ai lati del corpo, di un particolare organo, definito organo elettrico, in grado di produrre scariche elettriche sensibili anche per l'uomo.
Gli organi deputati alla produzione di questa particolare forma di energia animale sono due, disposti uno per parte a lato del tronco, nella sua porzione anteriore, e derivano dalla trasformazione di muscoli. La scarica va dalla superficie ventrale verso quella dorsale, negativa la prima e positiva la seconda.
La torpedine ocellata vive sui fondi sabbio-fangosi fra i 5 e i 100 m di profondità, nel Mediterraneo e nell'Atlantico orientale.
Può raggiungere i 60 cm ed ha carni di scarsa appetibilità.
In alcune aree mediterranee, viene pescata con una certa frequenza con reti da posta di tipo tramaglio[2].
La torpedine ocellata o torpedine comune (Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un pesce cartilagineo appartenente alla famiglie Torpedinidae.
De gevlekte sidderrog (Torpedo torpedo) is een vissensoort uit de familie van de sidderroggen (Torpedinidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Drętwa pawik[3], drętwa elektryczna[4] (Torpedo torpedo) – gatunek ryby chrzęstnoszkieletowej z rodziny drętwowatych (Torpedinidae).
We wschodnim Atlantyku od południowej części Zatoki Biskajskiej do Angoli, także w Morzu Śródziemnym.
Występuje w płytkich wodach na piaszczystym lub mulistym dnie, wśród łąk morskich do 50 m głębokości. Dzień spędza zagrzebana w dnie, w nocy poluje.
Osiąga maksymalnie do 60 cm długości. Ciało spłaszczone grzbietobrzusznie o kształcie okrągłej tarczy z wyraźnie oddzielonym krótkim trzonem ogonowym. Skóra gładka. Oczy małe. Uzębienie: w górnej szczęce 18–33 zęby, w dolnej 15–26 zębów. Dwie płetwy grzbietowe, z których pierwsza jest większa znajdują się na trzonie ogonowym. Płetwy piersiowe są przyrośnięte, wyraźnie oddzielone od siebie. Na każdym z boków znajduje się duży narząd elektryczny.
Strona grzbietowa od jasno- do ciemnobrązowej, z od 1 do 7 (zwykle 5) plamami koloru niebieskiego, obwiedzionymi żółto lub czarno. Strona brzuszna biaława z ciemną obwódką.
Pokarm stanowią małe przydenne ryby oraz skorupiaki.
Ryba jajożyworodna. Czas rozwoju zarodka w zależności od temperatury wynosi 5–6 miesięcy. W miocie w zależności od wielkości samicy znajduje się od 3 do 21 młodych o długości 8 cm.
Pierwszy opis Raja torpedo zapisany w języku polskim sporządził Krzysztof Kluk w 1780 roku w pracy Zwierząt domowych i dzikich, osobliwie krajowych [...]. W rozdziale O gadzie pływającym nazwał ją drętwikiem i zaliczył do rodzaju Rochy[5].
Drętwa pawik, drętwa elektryczna (Torpedo torpedo) – gatunek ryby chrzęstnoszkieletowej z rodziny drętwowatych (Torpedinidae).
A tremelga-de-olhos (Torpedo torpedo), também conhecida como trememão, e em Portugal por vezes referida simplesmente como tremelga, é um peixe cartilagíneo da família Torpedinae.
Pode atingir o comprimento de 60 centímetros.
Vive nas profundezas, até aos 150 metros, mas não se importa de explorar os fundos próximos da costa. Em Portugal aparece nos estuários dos rios Sado e Tejo.
É com recurso aos órgãos eléctricos que a tremelga lança ataques fulminantes às suas presas, escolhendo, sobretudo, peixes de dimensões mais reduzidas, embora na sua dieta também caibam pequenos invertebrados e alguns crustáceos. Para atacar uma presa ou se defender de predadores pode dar descargas eléctricas na casa dos 200 volts
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A tremelga-de-olhos (Torpedo torpedo), também conhecida como trememão, e em Portugal por vezes referida simplesmente como tremelga, é um peixe cartilagíneo da família Torpedinae.
Raja torpedo Linnaeus, 1758
Torpedo narke Delaroche, 1809
Torpedo ocellata Rafinesque, 1810
Torpedo oculata Davy, 1834
Torpedo unimaculata Risso, 1810
Pegasti električni skat (znanstveno ime Torpedo torpedo) je vrsta električnih skatov iz družine Torpedinidae, ki je razširjena po Sredozemskem morju in vzhodnem Atlantiku od Biskajskega zaliva do Angole.[2]
Pegasti električni skat je bentološka vrsta, ki se običajno zadržuje v obalnem pasu na muljastem morskem dnu. V dolžino doseže okoli 60 cm, zanj pa so značilne modre pege na hrbtu. Običajno ima pegasti električni skat pet peg, vendar pa je število peg različno. Tako so poznani primeri, ko ta vrsta nima peg, lahko pa jih ima celo do devet.
Za napad in obrambo proizvede močan električni sunek, ki lahko doseže 200 voltov.[2]
Pegasti električni skat (znanstveno ime Torpedo torpedo) je vrsta električnih skatov iz družine Torpedinidae, ki je razširjena po Sredozemskem morju in vzhodnem Atlantiku od Biskajskega zaliva do Angole.
Cá đuối điện thông thường hoặc cá đuối điện (tên khoa học Torpedo torpedo) là một loài trong họ Torpedinidae, được tìm thấy ở vùng biển Địa Trung Hải và phía đông Đại Tây Dương từ Vịnh Biscay tới Angola. Đây là một loài cá tầng đáy, thường xuất hiện trong vùng nước nông có phần chất nền mềm. Nó không có giá trị kinh tế và chủ yếu bị bỏ đi khi bắt gặp trong lúc đánh bắt thủy sản. Cá đực và cái có chiều dài trung bình tương ứng 30 và 39 cm (12 và 15 in); cá thể dài nhất tường được ghi nhận phát triển đến 60 cm (24 in).[2]
Khi tấn công và tự vệ, cá đuối điện thông thường có thể tạo nên một cú sốc điện có hiệu điện thế 200 vôn.[2][3]
Cá đuối điện thông thường hoặc cá đuối điện (tên khoa học Torpedo torpedo) là một loài trong họ Torpedinidae, được tìm thấy ở vùng biển Địa Trung Hải và phía đông Đại Tây Dương từ Vịnh Biscay tới Angola. Đây là một loài cá tầng đáy, thường xuất hiện trong vùng nước nông có phần chất nền mềm. Nó không có giá trị kinh tế và chủ yếu bị bỏ đi khi bắt gặp trong lúc đánh bắt thủy sản. Cá đực và cái có chiều dài trung bình tương ứng 30 và 39 cm (12 và 15 in); cá thể dài nhất tường được ghi nhận phát triển đến 60 cm (24 in).
Khi tấn công và tự vệ, cá đuối điện thông thường có thể tạo nên một cú sốc điện có hiệu điện thế 200 vôn.
Подобно прочим представителям своего отряда глазчатые электрические скаты способны генерировать электричество с помощью парных электрических органов, которые происходят из мускульной ткани и состоят из 400—500 вертикальных столбцов, заполненных в свою очередь 400-ми кипами, наполненных желеобразной массой «электрических плат», действующих подобно параллельно соединённым батареям[15]. Они способны генерировать электричество напряжением до 200 вольт и испускать как одиночные импульсы, так и целые серии разрядов[4][16]. Эксперименты, проведённые в искусственных условиях, показали, что при понижении температуры воды ниже 15° С электрические органы практически перестают функционировать. В природе зимой вода остывает ниже этой температуры, что даёт основание предположить, что часть года скаты не используют свою способность генерировать электричество или обладают пока неизвестным механизмом адаптации к прохладным условиям[17].
Глазчатые электрические скаты ведут одиночный образ жизни, большее время суток они проводят зарывшись на дне в грунт[10]. Они охотятся из засады, молниеносно бросаясь на жертву и оглушая её электричеством. Весь процесс занимает долю секунды. Обездвижив добычу, они с помощью движений диска направляют её ко рту и целиком заглатывают[16]. Взрослые скаты питаются почти исключительно небольшими костистыми рыбами, такими как камбалы, сельди, барабули, бычки, кефали, спаровые, лировые и ставриды. Вторым источником пищи являются десятиногие ракообразные, изредка глазчатые электрические скаты поедают мелких скатов. Рацион молодых скатов более разнообразен, в него входит больше беспозвоночных. Наиболее предпочтительная пища зависит от сезона и географического района. Например, в Тирренском море осенью и зимой основу рациона этих скатов составляют молодые европейские солеи, а весной и летом они уже не столь многочисленны и уступают место другим видам рыб[18][19]. На глазчатых электрических скатах паразитируют ленточные черви Phyllobothrium lactuca[20] и моногенеи Amphibdella paronaperugiae[21][22].
Глазчатые электрические скаты размножаются яйцеживорождением, эмбрионы питаются желтком и гистотрофом, однако органическое содержимое гистотрофа составляет у них всего 1,2 %. Поэтому после того, как вследствие метаболических процессов первоначальные запасы желтка подходят к концу, эмбрионы теряют вес[14][23]. У взрослых самок имеется 2 функциональных яичника и 2 функциональные матки. Правый репродуктивный тракт более развит и способен произвести больше эмбрионов. Размножение имеет годичный цикл с ярко выраженной сезонностью, которая зависит от географического района. В Средиземном море спаривание происходит с декабря по февраль, а новорожденные появляются на свет в августе и в начале сентября. Беременность длится 4—6 месяцев. В помёте до 19 новорожденных длиной 8—9,7 см. У побережья Западной Африки беременность более продолжительна — 6—8 месяцев, роды происходят в сентябре и октябре. Численность потомства напрямую коррелирует с размером самки[14][18][24].
В период размножения у глазчатых электрических скатов наблюдается половая сегрегация — самки перемещаются на прибрежное мелководье. В отличие от акул и прочих скатов роды у этого вида происходят как при высокой так и при пониженной солёности воды, характерной для эстуариев и лагун[14]. Новорожденные способны генерировать электричество напряжением до 4 вольт. Они быстро растут, по мере роста увеличивается и напряжение производимого ими тока. При удвоенном от рождения весе молодого ската оно достигает 26 вольт[16]. В Тирренском море самцы и самки достигают половой зрелости при длине 25 и 26 см соответственно[24], в водах Египта этот показатель составляет 18 и 22 см[18], у берегов Туниса 19 см для обоих полов, а у побережья Сенегала 30 и 31 см соответственно[14].
Глазчатые электрические скаты способны оглушить электрическим разрядом человека. Способность этих рыб производить электричество была известна с времён античности, её использовали в медицине. Древние греки и римляне прикладывали живых скатов для лечения головной боли и подагры[25]. Например, римский физик Скрибоний Ларг в своём труде Compositiones medicae (50 в. до н .э.) рекомендовал в случае хронической головной боли прикладывать к больному месту электрического ската[26]. Мясо глазчатых электрических скатов съедобно, но ценится невысоко. Эти скаты не представляют интереса для коммерческого рыболовства. В качестве прилова они могут попадаться при коммерческом донном промысле. Пойманных рыб, как правило, выбрасывают за борт. Этих скатов можно содержать в аквариумах при условии, что их кормят живой пищей. Данных для оценки Международным союзом охраны природы статуса сохранности вида недостаточно[3].
