dcsimg

Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The waved whelk is a carnivore, and feeds on crabs, polychaete worms, bivalves, and dead organisms. Water enters the siphon which is pointed in the direction of the current and the osphridia's chemoreceptors detect for prey. The whelk moves to the prey using its foot, and uses it to grasp the shell in the case of a crab or bivalve. The radula is extended from the mouth and if the prey has a shell, the radula's teeth are used to drill a beveled hole through which the radula can extract the body matter. Radular teeth of whelks are solid and do not contain poison as in the case of cones, but the tongue may confer a secreted acidic mucus to the shell that is being bored. Digestion is primarily extracellular and takes place within a digestive gland at the end of a long esophagus that empties into a stomach (Anderson 1988, Alexander 1979, Brusca 1990, Ghiselin 2000).

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Carter, Z. 2000. "Buccinum undatum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Buccinum_undatum.html
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Sem título ( Inglês )

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One interesting note is that hermit crabs frequently use the empty shells of whelks (Grzinek 1972).

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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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The northern whelk is found readily in along the coasts of its geographic range in large numbers, especially in North America, probably due in part to its excellent and complex reproductive adaptations (Anderson 1988, Ghiselin 2000, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 2000, Sea World Education Dep. 2000).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

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Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

N/A

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Benefits ( Inglês )

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On the coast of North America fishermen often use the body of the whelk without the shell as bait for cod. In the past fishermen have been known to use the egg capsule of the whelk as "sea soap" to clean their hands. In Europe and Scandinavia the waved whelk serves as a food source for humans. We also receive the indirect benefit of the scavenging habits of the whelk in the disposal of carrion on the ocean floor (Grzinek 1972, Brusca 1990).

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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The waved whelk, or common northern whelk, can be found in the North Atlantic along the coastline of North America from New Jersey northward, the coastline of Greenland, the coastline of Europe from France northward, the coastlines of Norway, the British Isles, Iceland, and the coastlines of some islands in the Arctic Ocean (George and George 1979, Grzimek 1972, Ghiselin 2000).

Biogeographic Regions: arctic ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native )

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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Waved whelks occupy coastlines within the range described above from the tide level to 180 meters depth. They live in the mud and sand of these areas on the ocean floor (Ghiselin 2000, George-George 1979, Grzimek 1972, Anderson 1988).

Aquatic Biomes: coastal

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Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The marbled body of the whelk is encased in a calcified shell, which ranges from 6-10 cm in length. The shell is spiraled, and lacks the nacreous surface layer of some other gastropods. The body is composed of three basic parts: the foot, the head, and a visceral mass. The foot extends from the shell next to the head and is used for locomotion and grasping prey or a substrate when feeding on algae. The head includes a mouth, from which the radula, an elongated tongue-like apparatus bearing three central teeth and two rows of transverse teeth, is extended for feeding. There are also two cephalic tentacles which have some tactile sensation. These tentacles and the osphradia, a structure that does not emerge from the shell but is positioned at the end of a siphon pointing in the direction of the current, have chemoreceptors which aid in scavenging. Whelks are either male or female, with gonads positioned deep within the shell behind the body because of the torsion of the spiral shell. Males of the species have a penis for sperm transfer (George and George 1979, Grzimek 1972, Brusca 1990).

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Reproduction ( Inglês )

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Sexes are separate, and the male has a penis which transfers sperm to the female, where internal fertilization occurs. There are two types of sperm produced by the male whelk. The first is the viable euspermatozoa, which are the functional gametes that will unite with the egg in the reproductive tract of the female. Accompanying these are paraspermatozoa, which have multiple external tails and help to control and assist in the movement of the viable sperm, as well as provide them with nutrients. After fertilized eggs emerge from the oviduct, they are coated in mucus and approximately 1000 are contained in a flexible capsule. These capsules are then released into piles. Of the 1000 eggs in a capsule, only about 10 undergo full development, the rest providing nutrition. Snails hatch from these capsules fully developed (Anderson 1988, Grzimek 1972).

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Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
This whelk is carnivorous, and feeds on polychaete worms and other molluscs, such as bivalves. It uses the edge of its shell to prize open bivalve shells (2), and may drill holes into the shell of its prey in order to access the soft tissues inside. It also scavenges for carrion, which it detects by smell from some distance (2). When searching for food, whelks extend a tube known as the 'siphon', which is used to funnel water to the gills, and leads to a sensory organ used for smelling prey (4). The sexes are separate; breeding takes place from October to May, and the eggs are attached to rocks, shells and stones in protective capsules. Each capsule contains as many as 1000 eggs, and the capsules of several females are grouped together in large masses of over 2000 (2). Only a few of these eggs will develop; most eggs are used as a source of food by the growing embryos (3). There is no free-swimming larval stage (4), instead, crawling young emerge from the capsules after several months (3). Empty egg masses frequently wash up on beaches, and are often mistaken for sponges (2). They are known as 'sea wash balls' because they were once used to wash with (3). Common whelks are thought to live for 10 years. They are fished commercially using traps; most whelks are exported to the Far East (2).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

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Conservation action has not been targeted at this species.
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Description ( Inglês )

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This large, common whelk has a stout, yellowish-brown shell with lighter and darker spiral areas (3). It has 7-8 whorls, and a large oval aperture (opening), which tapers to a point (3).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Found from the extreme low water mark of the intertidal zone down to depths of 1200m (3). It lives on soft sediments including muddy sand and gravel as well as on rocks (3).
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Range ( Inglês )

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Common around all coasts of Britain (3), it also has a wide distribution in northwest Europe (2).
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Status ( Inglês )

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Common and widespread; not listed under any conservation designations (2).
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Threats ( Inglês )

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This species is currently widespread and not threatened.
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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por Ecomare
You have probably never seen a living whelk. Nevertheless, the whelk is a large sea snail belonging to the normal benthic fauna of the North Sea. It lives at deeper sea depths. You usually only find the empty shells on the beach sometimes occupied by a hermit crab. This snail is very sensitive to overfishing, churning up of the sea floor and toxins, such as tributyltin. Due to a combination of all these factors, the whelk has practically disappeared from the Dutch coastal region and the Wadden Sea.
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Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por Ecomare
Waarschijnlijk heb je nog nooit een levende wulk in het echt gezien. Toch is de wulk een grote zeeslak die behoort tot de normale bodemfauna van de Noordzee. Ze leven wat dieper in zee, en je ziet ze meestal als een leeg slakkenhuis op het strand, of als het huis van een heremietkreeftje. Deze slak is heel gevoelig voor overbevissing, voor het omwoelen van de zeebodem en voor giftige stoffen zoals tributyltin. Door een combinatie van deze oorzaken is de wulk zo goed als verdwenen uit het Nederlandse kustgebied en de Waddenzee.
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Diagnostic Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
An extremely variable species, in shell size as well as in weight, sculpture, shape and colour. Shell solid, mature individuals especially robust and heavy. Periostracum hispid in juveniles, missing from most of shell in adults. Spire of seven or eight tumid whorls, last whorl large (about 70% of shell height); sutures deep. Sculpture of strong crescentic costae, spiral striae and growth lines. Costae do not extend to base of last whorld; 12-15 on penultimate whorl. Spiral striae numerous, major ridges separated by variable number of minor ridges to form a regular pattern. A thick spiral keel, the siphonal fasciole, runs from base of shell to umbilical region. Aperture broadly oval. The outer lip describes a high arc to tip of short, siphonal canal. Inner lip reflected over columella and large area of parietal region of last whorl.

Referências

  • Bailey, D. F & M. S. Laverak - 1966. Aspects of the neurophysiology of Buccinum undatum L. (Gastropoda). I. Central responses to stimulation of the osphradium. J. Exp. Biol. 44: 131-148.
  • Gowanloch, J.N. - 1927. Contribution to the study of marine grastropods: the intertidal life of Buccinum undatum, a study in non adaptation. Contributions to Canada biology and fisheries . 3: 167-178.
  • Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C., Everaarts, J.M., Mensink, B.P. & J. P. Boon - 1996. The decline of the North Sea whelk (Buccinum undatum L.) between 1970 and 1990: a natural or a human-induced event?
  • Hancock, D.A. - 1967. Whelks. Laboratory Leaflet, Fisheries Laboratory, Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, U.K. 14 pp.
  • Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. - 1995. Handbook of the marine fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hayward, P. J., Wigham, G.D. & Yonow, N. - 1990. Mollusca I: Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, and Gastropoda. In: The marine fauna of teh British Isles and North-West Europe, Vol. 2. Molluscs to Chordates. P.J. Hayward & J. S. Ryland (Eds). Clarendon Press, Oxford .
  • Martel, A., D. H. Larrivée, K. R. Klein & J. H. Himmelman - 1986. Reproductive cycle and seasonal feeding activity in the neogastropod Buccinum undatum. Mar. Biol. 92: 211-221.
  • Nielsen, C. - 1975. Observations on Buccinum undatum (L.) attacking bivalves and on prey responses, with a short review on attack methods of other prosobranchs. Ophelia. 13: 87-108.
  • Russell-Hunter, W. & M. Russell-Hunter - 1963. Buccinum undatum L. in teh Clyde Estuary. Glasgow Naturalist. 18: 249-250.
  • Santarelli, L., G. Véron & J. Huet - 1986. Exploitation du buccin dans le Golfe Normano-Breton. La pêche maritime. 65: 48-52.
  • Staaland, H. - 1972. Respiratory rate and salinity preference in relation to the ecology of three marine prosobranchs Buccinum undatum (L.), Neptunea antiqua (L.), and Neptunea despecta (L). Norw. J. Zool. 20: 35-51.
  • Taylor, J.D. & N. Taylor - 1977. Latitudinal distribution of predatory gastropods on the eastern Atlantic shelf. J. Biogeogr. 4: 73-81.

Size ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
Usually around 60 mm but sometimes much larger (120 mm).

Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
Sublitoral, they are poor adapted to intertidal conditions. From below the low tide line to a depth of 100 m. Prefers sand, sandy mud or stony bottoms.Whelks are active predators that mainly feed on live bivalves (Nielsen, 1975) and identify the location of food sources by chemoreception (Bailey & Laverak, 1966). Sexual maturity is reported to occur after 5 to 7 years depending on the sex of the individual and other factors. In the North Sea whelks reproduce in the autumn. The spawning period can be different in other areas (Martel et al., 1986). Females retreat to hard substrate areas to deposit their egg capsules. Often several females will attach their eggs to the same egg mass. The eggs hatch in winter into benthic juvenile snails, rendering a limited dispersion of offspring. Whelks have a fairly long life span of at leas 10 years (Santarelli et al., 1986).Living in moderate or cold sea temperatures. This species responds adversely to elevated temperatures, while 29 C is lethal (Gowanloch, 1927). Tolerance for low salinity is limited (Russell-Hunter & Russell-Hunter, 1963), with a lower limit at a salinity of 2.0% (Staaland, 1972).

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
Whelks have traditionally been fished for food in several countries around the North Sea, either by baited pots along the coast of East Anglia and Lincolnshire (Hancock, 1967) or by special trawl nets in and around the German and Dutch Wadden Sea and in southwestern Dutch waters. They are also fished for food along the French and English Channel coast. From the central North Sea, whelks are mainly landed as a bycatch. There is a newly emerging fishery in the Gulf of Maine targeting the waved or common whelk. Whelks in Maine have traditionally been landed as an incidental by-catch of the lobster fishery, with only a handful of harvesters utilizing specially designed whelk traps in a directed effort. FAO's Yearbook of Fishery Statistics reports a range of yearly production from around 15852 mt in 1995 to 17988 mt in 1999 (Belgium, Channel Is., Denmark, Faroe Is., France, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Netherlands, Spain, UK) in Northeast Atlantic. As food in Europe. In USA the product is typically shipped live for mostly ethnic (oriental) markets in Boston and New York City. A cottage industry also exists that produces pickled meats, and creates shell ornaments.

Kilhog-mor ( Bretã )

fornecido por wikipedia BR
lang="br" dir="ltr">

Ar c'hilhog-mor (Buccinum undatum) zo ur blotvil gasteropod debradus.

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Konksnegl ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Konksneglen (Buccinum undatum), også kaldet konk eller konkylie, er en op til 14 cm høj forgællesnegl, der lever på sandet eller stenet bund i Nordatlanten. I Danmark er den almindelig i alle farvande, fra ganske lavt vand til 100 meters dybde. Små skaller er rødlige, mens de større er mere grå.

Konksnegle spises nogle steder i Europa, fx Belgien, som en delikatesse. De anvendes desuden som agn inden for fiskeri. Sneglen må ikke forveksles med arten Liomesus ovum, der kaldes "almindelig konk".[1]

Føde

Konksneglen er en rovsnegl, der lever af muslinger, svækkede dyr eller dyr, der på anden måde ikke kan forhindre et angreb. Den æder ikke råddent kød.

Den kan gøre skade ved at æde fisk, især fladfisk, der er fanget i garn.

Æg

Æggene lægges i kapsler, der klæbes sammen til svampeagtige ægmasser, der ligger frit på havbunden. Ofte ses sådanne ægmasser skyllet op på stranden. Der kan være over 1000 kapsler klæbet sammen, der dog vil stamme fra forskellige moderdyr. I hver kapsel lægges cirka 1000 æg, hvoraf de fleste er "næringsæg". Kun cirka 30 æg udvikles, men allerede inden klækninngen æder de, foruden næringsæggene, også af hinanden, så der i alt kun klækker omkring 10 unger fra hver kapsel. Der findes ikke noget pelagisk stadium.

Kilder/Henvisninger

  1. ^ www.allearter.dk. Familien Buccinidae. Hentet 16. august. 2015.
  • Hans Hvass (red.) Danmarks Dyreverden, bind 3, Hvirvelløse dyr, side 203-204. 2. udgave, Rosenkilde og Bagger 1978. ISBN 87-423-0076-2.
  • Mandahl-Barth, Skytte Christiansen, Østergaard. Hvad finder jeg på stranden. Politikens Forlag. 12. udgave 1986.
  • Naturstyrelsen. Artsleksikon. Almindelig konk.
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Konksnegl: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Konksneglen (Buccinum undatum), også kaldet konk eller konkylie, er en op til 14 cm høj forgællesnegl, der lever på sandet eller stenet bund i Nordatlanten. I Danmark er den almindelig i alle farvande, fra ganske lavt vand til 100 meters dybde. Små skaller er rødlige, mens de større er mere grå.

Konksnegle spises nogle steder i Europa, fx Belgien, som en delikatesse. De anvendes desuden som agn inden for fiskeri. Sneglen må ikke forveksles med arten Liomesus ovum, der kaldes "almindelig konk".

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Wellhornschnecke ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
Eikapseln
 src=
Gehäuse von Buccinum undatum

Die Wellhornschnecke (Buccinum undatum, frz. bulot) ist eine Schneckenart aus der Familie der Hornschnecken (Buccinidae, Gattung Buccinum), die im gesamten Nordatlantik beheimatet ist. Sie ernährt sich vor allem von Vielborstern, Muscheln und Aas. In der Nordsee sind ihre Bestände durch Gewässerverunreinigungen stark zurückgegangen.

Merkmale

Das rechtsgewundene, spitz eiförmige Schneckenhaus von Buccinum undatum wird bei ausgewachsenen Schnecken etwa 6 bis 11 cm hoch. Es handelt sich somit um die größte Schneckenart in der Nordsee. Die acht gewölbten, selten eher flachen Umgänge sind durch eine eingedrückte, wellige Naht geschieden und nehmen regelmäßig zu. Der Körperumgang ist sehr groß und nimmt etwa drei Fünftel der Gehäuselänge ein. Das Gehäuse ist mehr oder weniger stark quer zu den Windungen durch schräge Eindellungen gewellt, daher auch der Name. Die Riefung kann auf den untersten Windungen auch fehlen. Dazu kommen feinere Rippen, die spiralig, also parallel zu den Windungen verlaufen. Die ovale Gehäusemündung ist groß und weit, aber niedriger als das Gewinde und hat eine im Adultstadium verdickte Außenlippe, die oben mehr oder weniger ausgebuchtet und unten in einen kurzen Siphonalkanal ausgezogen ist. Die unregelmäßig gewundene Spindel ist mit einem Callus versehen.

Die Oberfläche des Gehäuses, das über ein dünnes, glattes, braunes Periostracum verfügt, ist weißlich bis gelblich braun. Die Mündung ist in der Regel weißlich, die Spindel meist orange angelaufen, jedoch kann das Innere des Gehäuses auch eine stärkere orangefarbene Färbung haben.

Das hornige Operculum ist oval und hat einen nahe am Rand befindlichen Kern.

Die Schnecke hat einen flachen, vorn abgestutzten Kopf. An dessen Ecken befinden sich die recht langen Fühler, an deren Basis an einer Verbreiterung die kleinen schwarzen Augen sitzen. Der Fuß ist hinten und an den vorderen Ecken abgerundet. Der Mantel und der Fuß des Tieres sind kremfarben mit schwarzen Flecken.

Vorkommen

 src=
Wellhornschnecke (Buccinum undatum) im natürlichen Lebensraum (Kleiner Belt, Ostsee)

Die Wellhornschnecke findet man in den Küstengebieten des gesamten Nordatlantiks. An der Westküste Europas findet man sie vom Arktischen Ozean bis in die Biskaya, an der Ostküste Nordamerikas kommt sie von der Arktis bis auf die Höhe von New Jersey vor. Sie kommt selten auch im Mittelmeer in größerer Tiefe vor.

Sie bevorzugt kalte Gewässer mit einem Salzgehalt von zwei bis drei Prozent und lebt in Tiefen zwischen 5 und 1200 Metern. Die Schnecken kommen vorwiegend auf Weichböden vor, auf denen sie sich schnell fortbewegen können, aber auch auf Hartböden.

Lebenszyklus

Die Wellhornschnecken werden bis zu 15 Jahre alt und sind wie die meisten Vorderkiemerschnecken getrenntgeschlechtlich. Die Geschlechtsreife wird bei etwa 6 cm Gehäuselänge erreicht. Das Männchen begattet das Weibchen mit Hilfe seines Penis, der bei reifen Männchen mehr als halb so lang wie das Schneckenhaus ist.[1] Das Weibchen legt im Herbst etwa faustgroße Klumpen von bis zu 2000 Eikapseln ab, die jeweils im Durchschnitt etwa 1000 (bis zu 3000) Eier enthalten. Von diesen entwickeln sich pro Kapsel etwa zehn bis vierzehn Eier, während die übrigen als Nähreier dienen.[2] Bisweilen werden die an Steinen, Felsen oder Molluskenschalen befestigten Gelege, die von mehreren Muttertieren stammen können, bis 50 cm groß.

Die kugelrunden, durchschnittlich 340 μm großen fruchtbaren Eier unterscheiden sich äußerlich nicht von den Nähreiern. Die gesamte Entwicklung bis zur fertigen Jungschnecke findet in der Eikapsel statt. Nach etwa zehn Wochen (bei 8–11 °C) schlüpfen Jungtiere, deren braunes Schneckenhaus etwa 2 Millimeter misst und anderthalb bis zwei Umgänge hat.[3] Nach anderen Untersuchungen dauert die Entwicklung 133 bis 140 Tage bei 6 °C.[4]

Ernährung

Wellhornschnecken gehören zu den fleischfressenden Mollusken und erbeuten Würmer, Krebse und Muscheln. Darüber hinaus fressen sie Aas.

Muscheln werden angegriffen, indem die Schnecke ihren Fuß an die Kante der Muschelschalen legt. Sobald sich die Muschel öffnet, schiebt die Schnecke ihren Gehäuserand zwischen die Schalen. Eine Öffnung von 1,3 mm reicht aus, die Proboscis einzuführen. Eine 5 cm große Wellhornschnecke frisst eine 2,5 cm große Herzmuschel in 10 bis 20 Minuten auf. Während die Herzmuschel Cardium edule auf diese Weise schnell erbeutet wird, fliehen andere Muschelarten, so schwimmen beispielsweise Kammmuscheln davon. Andere Muschelarten, darunter auch Miesmuscheln, bleiben so lange geschlossen, dass die Schnecke davonkriecht.[5]

In den Mägen von Wellhornschnecken sind Reste von Polychaeten, Muscheln und Seeigeln gefunden worden. Wie hoch dabei jeweils der Anteil lebend erbeuteter bzw. tot aufgefundener Tiere war, ist unklar. Wellhornschnecken können mit ihrem Geruchssinn Aas auf weite Entfernungen ausmachen. Ausgewachsene Wellhornschnecken scheinen von der Jagdaktivität von Seesternen zu profitieren, deren Nähe sie suchen, um zurückgelassene Fleischreste zu verzehren.[6]

Im Nordwestatlantik machen Polychaeten nach Darmuntersuchungen etwa 60 % der Beute von Buccinum undatum aus.[7]

Feinde

Wichtige Feinde der Wellhornschnecke sind verschiedene Vögel, darunter Watvögel wie der Austernfischer. Auch manche Fische und Krebse können die Schalen der Schnecke knacken.

Zu den Feinden der Wellhornschnecke gehören auch verschiedene Arten von Seesternen. Die Schnecken können diese durch ihren Geruch (Saponine) wahrnehmen und auch von ungefährlichen Seesternen unterscheiden. Kleine Wellhornschnecken können so durch Ausweichen eine Annäherung der Seesterne vermeiden. Größere Wellhornschnecken zeigen eine größere Toleranz gegenüber den Seesternen als kleine; so zeigen sie erst bei direktem Kontakt heftige Fluchtreaktionen wie Überschlagen. Die Schnecken profitieren dabei offenbar von den Seesternen, die Muscheln nur teilweise fressen und so den Schnecken Reste der Beute zum Fressen zurücklassen.[8]

Gefährdung

Seit Anfang der 1970er Jahre wird eine Abnahme bis hin zum Zusammenbruch der Wellhornschnecken-Populationen beobachtet, so dass die Schnecke im Wattenmeer an der gesamten niederländischen Küste und in der Deutschen Bucht ausgestorben ist. Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass Tributylzinn (C4H9)3SnH, eine für Schutzanstriche an Schiffen verwendete Chemikalie, bei Weibchen der Wellhornschnecken, aber auch anderer Schnecken (z. B. Stachelschnecken), zur Bildung männlicher Geschlechtsorgane führt. Diese vom s. g. Imposex betroffenen Weibchen können keine Eier mehr legen.[9][10][11]

Kommerzielle Nutzung

 src=
Gekochte Wellhornschnecken, aus dem Haus herausgezogen

Wellhornschnecken waren früher in Küstenregionen ein wichtiges Lebensmittel der ärmeren Bevölkerung. Heute spielen sie in Europa jedoch keine große Rolle als Meeresfrüchte mehr. In Frankreich, Belgien, den Niederlanden und Korea gelten sie als Delikatesse.

Sonstiges

Früher benutzte man am Strand gesammelte leere, abgelöste Eigelege als Putzschwämme. Getrocknet und zerkleinert wirken die Eihüllen als Juckpulver. Schneckenhäuser von toten Wellhornschnecken werden bevorzugt von Einsiedlerkrebsen bewohnt. Daher findet man Wellhornschnecken-Gehäuse eher selten am Strand.

Einzelnachweise

  1. E. Kenchington and A. Glass: Local Adaptation and Sexual Dimorphism in the Waved Whelk (Buccinum undatum) in Atlantic Nova Scotia with Applications to Fisheries Management (PDF-Datei; 2,16 MB). Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2237, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia 1998.
  2. Erwin Stresemann (Hrsg.): Exkursionsfauna. Wirbellose I. S.H. Jaeckel: Mollusca. Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1986. S. 133 f. Wellhornschnecke, Buccinum undatum L.
  3. Syafruddin Nasution (2003): Intra-Capsular Development in Marine Gastropod Buccinum undatum (Linnaeous 1758)@1@2Vorlage:Toter Link/www.unri.ac.id (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven)  src= Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis. (PDF; 49 kB) [sic!]. Jurnal Natur Indonesia 5(2): 124-128 (2003)
  4. Kathryn E. Smith, Sven Thatje (2012): Nurse egg consumption and intracapsular development in the common whelk Buccinum undatum (Linnaeus 1758). Helgoland Marine Research, 2012, doi:10.1007/s10152-012-0308-1.
  5. Claus Nielsen (1975): Observations on Buccinum undatum L. attacking bivalves and on prey responses, with a short review on attack methods of other prosobranchs. Ophelia, 13: 87-108. doi:10.1080/00785326.1974.10430593, Bild aus dem Artikel mit Kommentar
  6. J. H. Himmelman und J. -R. Hamel (1993): Diet, behaviour and reproduction of the whelk Buccinum undatum in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastern Canada. Marine Biology, vol. 116, Number 3 (1993), pp. 423-430.
  7. John D. Taylor (1978): The diet of Buccinum undatum and Neptunea antiqua (Gastropoda: Buccinidae). Journal of Conchology, vol. 29, p. 309.
  8. Christian Harvey, Francois-Xavier Garneau, John H. Himmelman (1987): Chemodetection of the predatory seastar Leptasterias polaris by the whelk Buccinum undatum (PDF-Datei; 631 kB). Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 40, pp. 79-86, 1987.
  9. Ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C., Everaarts, J.M., Mensink, B.P., & Boon, J.P. (1996) The Decline of the North Sea Whelk (Buccinum undatum L.) Between 1970 and 1990: A Natural or Human-Induced Event? 17:1-3. pp. 333-43. Marine Ecology.
  10. Mensink, B.P., Everaarts, J.M., Kralt, H., ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C., & Boon, J.P. (1996) Tributyltin exposure in early life stages induces the development of male sexual characteristics in the common whelk, Buccinum undatum. 42: 1-4. pp. 151-154. Marine Environmental Research.
  11. Beatrice Froese, Barbara Kohmanns (1997): Umweltchemikalien mit hormoneller Wirkung. (PDF-Datei; 260 kB) Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt.
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Wellhornschnecke: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= Eikapseln  src= Gehäuse von Buccinum undatum

Die Wellhornschnecke (Buccinum undatum, frz. bulot) ist eine Schneckenart aus der Familie der Hornschnecken (Buccinidae, Gattung Buccinum), die im gesamten Nordatlantik beheimatet ist. Sie ernährt sich vor allem von Vielborstern, Muscheln und Aas. In der Nordsee sind ihre Bestände durch Gewässerverunreinigungen stark zurückgegangen.

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Agngágga ( Feroês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Agngágga (frøðiheiti - Buccinum undatum) er okkara næststørsti sjósnigil og ógvuliga vanlig í øllum sundum og firðum eins væl og útiá.[1]

Útsjónd

Agngágga liggur í ruflutari, vundnari gágguskel. Uttan um innvølin er poki, sum er vaksin eftir gágguskelini. Fullvaksin verður gágguskelin uml. 11-14 cm til hæddar. Beint oman fyri høvdið er skeljarondin vaksin út í tút. Long andingarpípa liggur út gjøgnum tútin. Muðurin er langur rani við raspitungu.

Liviøki

Agngágga er vanlig á sandbotni og hellubotni, har dýpið er um 10 metrar. Agngáttan er rovdýr. Hon skríður eftir botninum eftir dýrum, sum sita still. Hon tekur heldur lívveik ella deyð dýr. Tá ið hon skal eta, toyggir hon sevilin út. Sevilin er ein partur av munninum. Inni í sevlinum liggur rívitungan, og á henni eru smáar, hvassar tenn. Agngágga rívur hol á fongin. Tá ið holið er nóg stórt, stingur hon sevilin inn og fer at ríva burtur úr dýrinum. Er vandi á ferð, dregur hon seg inn í skelina og letur aftur við kitinloki., sum hon hevur aftarlaga á bakinum.

Nøring

Agngágga gýtir eggini í smá hylki, hon sjálv hevur gjørt. 1000 egg eru í hvørjum hylki. Øll hylkini eru kleimd saman í klunkar, sum eita lættisoppar. Bara 30 ungar verða klaktir í hvørjum hylki. Teir eta øll hini eggini. Síðan eta teir sterku ungarnir teir veiku. Tá ið av tornar, koma bara 10 smáar gággur úr hvørjum hylki. Lættisoppar eru vanligir at síggja í fjøruni.

Útvortis ávísing

Keldur

  1. Jákup M. Kjeld, Ryggleys dýr, Føroya Skúlabókagrunnur, 1971
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Agngágga: Brief Summary ( Feroês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Agngágga (frøðiheiti - Buccinum undatum) er okkara næststørsti sjósnigil og ógvuliga vanlig í øllum sundum og firðum eins væl og útiá.

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Buccinum undatum ( Escoceses )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Buccinum undatum, the wulk, buckie or rairin-buckie, is a lairge, edible marine gastropod in the faimily Buccinidae, the "true wulks".[1]

References

  1. Fraussen, K.; Gofas, S. (2014). Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138878 on 2015-02-18
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Buccinum undatum: Brief Summary ( Escoceses )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Buccinum undatum, the wulk, buckie or rairin-buckie, is a lairge, edible marine gastropod in the faimily Buccinidae, the "true wulks".

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Kinkhurn ( Frísio do Norte )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

At kinkhurn (fe. tuuter, ha. Koks) as en snek an hiart tu a wokdiarten. Hat lewet uk uun a Nuurdsia.

Beskriiwang

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Kinkhurn: Brief Summary ( Frísio do Norte )

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At kinkhurn (fe. tuuter, ha. Koks) as en snek an hiart tu a wokdiarten. Hat lewet uk uun a Nuurdsia.

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Wullok ( Vls )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

E wullok (Buccinum undatum) is een kieuwslekke met een oge spiroalvormige schelpe van 10–12 cm.

Uutzicht

E wullok et e grôte, dikke schelpe met 7-8 wiendiengn. De moendopenienge besloat bykan den elt van de schelpe. By 't levend bêestje stikt er an den oenderkant e slurftje noa buutn', de sypho.

Leevn

E wullok is een echt'n oaseter. Z'n eet'n bestoat surtout uut dôwe bêest'n moar ook klêne levende zêebêestjes. In de schelpe zie je moa zeld'n e wullok. Je lat dikkels z'n uus achter en d'r komt ton een andere bêeste in weunn, lik 't eremietkriftje. In de wienter word'n wulloks styf actief. Ze poaren en zett'n ton tegoare under eikapsels of. In de zomer ot de klêene wulloksjes uutgekommn zyn, spoeln die kapsels dikkels an ip 't strange. Ze zien d'r uut lik trosjes witte bloasjes, lik e spoense. De wullok kan 30 joar oud word'n, moar is styf gevoelig an overbevissienge en giftige stoffn.

Wulloks word'n g'eet'n deur de mens. Ze wordn dikkels gekokt verkocht.

 src=
Eikapsels van de wullok

Leefomgevienge

Wulloks leven ip zochte bodems lik slyk of zand. Ze kommen algemêen vôren in de zêeën van 't Nôordatlantisch gebied.

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Wullok: Brief Summary ( Vls )

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E wullok (Buccinum undatum) is een kieuwslekke met een oge spiroalvormige schelpe van 10–12 cm.

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Buccinum undatum ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Buccinum undatum, the common whelk or the waved buccinum, is a large, edible marine gastropod in the family Buccinidae, the "true whelks".[1]

Distribution

This species is a familiar part of the marine fauna of the Northern Atlantic and is found on the shores of the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Norway, Iceland, various other northwest European countries, some Arctic islands, and North America as far south as New Jersey. They prefer colder temperatures, and cannot survive at temperatures above 29 °C.[2]

Habitat

This species is mainly found on soft bottoms in the sublittoral zone, and occasionally on the littoral fringe, where it is sometimes found alive at low tide. It does not adapt well to life in the intertidal zone, due to its intolerance for low salinities. If exposed to air, it may crawl from its shell, risking desiccation.[2]

Live Buccinum undatum

Shell

A shell of B. undatum
Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758 – museum specimen

This species' solid, ovate-conical, ventricose shell is very pale, white, yellowish or reddish. In life, the shell is covered in a bright, yellowish-brown periostracum. The spire contains seven or eight whorls. These are convex and crossed by oblique folds, thick and waved. The shell surface has a sculpture of vertical, wavy folds (hence the name undatum, which means wavy). The wavy folds are crossed by numerous incised, very prominent spiral lines, some of which are paired. The white and very large aperture of the shell is broadly oval and tapers to a deeply notched siphonal canal. The outer lip is arched.

The maximum height of the shell is 10 cm and the maximum width is 6 cm. The animal emits a thin and copious slime.[3]

This species is very variable in size, and also in its form, which is more or less inflated. In many cases the oblique folds are not apparent, and sometimes the transverse striae have wholly disappeared. The epidermis is of a deep brown. It varies also in its coloring, which in some specimens is of a bright yellow or violet, surrounded with one or several reddish bands.[4]

Trophic connections

This species of whelk feeds on live bivalves, and are, in turn, preyed upon by several fish (cod, dogfish, etc.) and crustaceans.[2] They may benefit from seastar feeding, by eating the extracted bivalve remains abandoned by the seastar.[5]

Parasites

Larval stages of Stephanostomum baccatum were found in the digestive gland of B. undatum.[6]

As a food item

Cooked whelks removed from the shell

Buccinum undatum is eaten widely, sometimes referred to by its French name bulot. A strong fishery exists on many shores around the world. They are trapped in pots using dogfish and brown crab as bait.[7] It can be confused with Neptunea antiqua (red whelk), which is poisonous to humans.[8]

Ecology and population decline

Disappearing or diminishing populations of whelks have been observed since the early 1970s, especially in the North Sea and the Wadden Sea. Additionally, vast beds of empty shells have been discovered where no living whelks are present. Imposex, the occurrence of male gonads on female whelks, has been detected since the early 1990s, and is thought to be a product of the shipping industry.[2] Specifically, TBT has been shown to reduce viability of whelk populations.[9] Common whelk egg cases can be found washed up on the intertidal zone of beaches, and are colloquially known as sea wash balls.

References

  1. ^ Fraussen, K.; Gofas, S. (2014). Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138878 on 2015-02-18
  2. ^ a b c d Ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C., Everaarts, J.M., Mensink, B.P., & Boon, J.P. (1996) The Decline of the North Sea Whelk (Buccinum undatum L.) between 1970 and 1990: A Natural or Human-induced Event? 17:1-3. pp. 333-43. Marine Ecology.
  3. ^ G.W. Tryon, Systematic Conchology vol. I, Philadelphia, 1882
  4. ^ Kiener (1840). General species and iconography of recent shells: comprising the Massena Museum, the collection of Lamarck, the collection of the Museum of Natural History, and the recent discoveries of travellers; Boston: W.D. Ticknor,1837
  5. ^ Himmelman, J.H. and Hamel, J.-R. (1993) Diet, behaviour and reproduction of the whelk Buccinum undatum in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastern Canada. 116:3. pp. 423-430. Marine Biology.
  6. ^ Sommerville C. (1978). "The histopathology of Stephanochasmus baccatus Nicoll, 1907 in the digestive gland of Buccinum undatum (L.)". Journal of Fish Diseases 1(3): 219-232. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1978.tb00024.x.
  7. ^ Fahy, E. (2001). Conflict between two inshore fisheries: for whelk (Buccinum undatum) and brown crab (Cancer pagurus), in the southwest Irish Sea. 465: 73-83. Hydrobiologia.
  8. ^ Anthoni, U.; Bohlin, L:; Larsen, C.; Nielsen, P.; Nielsen, N.H.; and Christophersen, C. (1989). The toxin tetramine from the "edible" whelk Neptunea antiqua. Toxicon 27: 717-723.
  9. ^ Mensink, B.P., Everaarts, J.M., Kralt, H., ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C., & Boon, J.P. (1996) Tributyltin exposure in early life stages induces the development of male sexual characteristics in the common whelk, Buccinum undatum. 42: 1-4. pp. 151-154. Marine Environmental Research.

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wikipedia EN

Buccinum undatum: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Buccinum undatum, the common whelk or the waved buccinum, is a large, edible marine gastropod in the family Buccinidae, the "true whelks".

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Buccinum undatum ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO
Searchtool.svg Vidu ankaŭ: Bukceno

Bukceno (latine Buccinum undatum) estas granda, manĝebla mara gastropodo el la familio Buccinidae.

Ĝi estas disvastigita tra la Norda Atlantika Oceano, kuŝante sur la marbordoj de Portugalio, Britio, Francio, Norvegio, Islando, Arktaj Insuloj, Kanado kaj Usono.

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Kuningaskotilo ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Kuningaskotilo (Buccinum undatum) on kuningaskotiloiden heimoon kuuluva kapeakielikotilo, joka elää Pohjois-Atlantin itä- ja länsirannikolla.[2]

Ulkonäkö

Kuningaskotilon kuoren koko, muoto, paino ja väri vaihtelevat suuresti. Yleensä täysikasvuisen yksilön kuori on paksu ja kova, keskimäärin 6 cm leveä sekä kellanruskean kirjava lukuun ottamatta valkoista suuaukkoa. Kuoressa on seitsemän tai kahdeksan pulleaa kierrettä, joiden välissä on syvät saumat. Uloimmainen kierre on noin 70 % koko kotilon korkeudesta. Kasvurenkaat näkyvät kuoressa selvinä harjanteina, joista muodostuu säännöllinen kuvio. Poikasten kuorta peittää harjaksinen sarveiskerros, joka vähitellen häviää iän myötä.[3]

Kotilon silmät sijaitsevat pitkien, kapeakärkisten tuntosarvien tyvessä. Aktiivisilla yksilöillä hengitysputket eli sifonit työntyvät pitkälle ulos vaippaontelosta. Iso jalka on läpileikkaukseltaan kilvenmuotoinen, ja naaraalla on anturassaan limatiehyeitä. Jalkaan on kiinnittynyt soikea kalkkikansi, jolla kotilo voi peittää tiiviisti kuoren suuaukon.[3]

Levinneisyys

Kuningaskotiloita esiintyy sekä Pohjois-Atlantin itä- että länsirannikolla mannerjalustan alueella. Euroopassa niiden levinneisyysalue ulottuu Bretagnen rannikolta etelässä Arktikseen pohjoisessa.[2]

Elintavat

Kuningaskotilot elävät vuorovesivyöhykkeen alapuolella syvässä rantavedessä,[2] joskus jopa yli kilometrin syvyydessä[3]. Niiden elinympäristössä merenpohja on yleensä hiekkainen, liejuinen tai kivikkoinen ja vesi kylmää ja suolapitoisuudeltaan vähintään 15–20 promillea.[2][3] Kuningaskotilot ovat aktiivisia saalistajia ja löytävät saaliinsa kemoreseptorien avulla. Niiden pääasiallista ravintoa ovat elävät simpukat.[2]

Kuningaskotilot elävät yleensä vähintään 10 vuotta ja saavuttavat sukukypsyyden 5–7 vuoden iässä. Pohjanmeressä ne lisääntyvät syksyllä, mutta levinneisyysalueen muissa osissa munimisaika voi vaihdella. Naaraat hakeutuvat munimaan paikkoihin, joissa merenpohja on kiinteää. Yleensä useampi naaras laskee munansa samaan munarykelmään. Munista kuoriutuu talven aikana poikasia, jotka levittäytyvät lähelle syntymäpaikkaansa. Vuonna 1991 kotilokanta Pohjanmerellä ja Alankomaiden Vattimerellä romahti – syynä onnettomuuteen oli laivojen pohjamaalista meriveteen liuennut TBT, joka häiritsee kotiloiden hormonitoimintaa.[2]

Kalastus ja käyttö

Kuningaskotiloita on jo kauan pyydetty ruoaksi Pohjanmeren ja Englannin kanaalin rannikolla. Niitä joutuu myös jonkin verran kalastuksen sivusaaliiksi. Pyyntivälineenä käytetään Ison-Britannian East Angliassa ja Lincolnshiressa mertoja ja Saksan ja Alankomaiden Vattimerellä erityisiä trooliverkkoja. Paitsi Euroopassa, kuningaskotiloita kalastetaan enenevässä määrin myös Mainenlahdella Yhdysvalloissa. Kokonaissaalis oli vuonna 2007 lähes 30 000 tonnia. Euroopassa kuningaskotilot päätyvät elintarviketeollisuuden käyttöön ja Yhdysvalloissa Bostonin ja New Yorkin etnisiin ruokakauppoihin. Lisäksi niiden kuorista valmistetaan käsityötuotteita.[2]


Lähteet

  1. Buccinum undatum ITIS. Viitattu 26. helmikuuta 2010.
  2. a b c d e f g Buccinum undatum FAO Species Identification and Data Programme. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Viitattu 26. helmikuuta 2010.
  3. a b c d Buccinum undatum (html) Marine Species Identification Portal. ETI BioInformatics. Viitattu 26. helmikuuta 2010. (englanniksi)
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Kuningaskotilo: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Kuningaskotilo (Buccinum undatum) on kuningaskotiloiden heimoon kuuluva kapeakielikotilo, joka elää Pohjois-Atlantin itä- ja länsirannikolla.

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Buccinum undatum ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Buccinum undatum, le buccin commun, appelé buccin, gros buccin, bourgot ou bulot, est une espèce de mollusques gastéropodes prosobranches marins très apprécié pour ses qualités gustatives.

Noms vernaculaires

Comme bien d'autres animaux marins, il porte de nombreux noms variant en fonction des régions.
Il partage avec d'autres gastéropodes les noms vernaculaires de buccin ou bulot ; il est aussi appelé buccin comestible, buccin commun, buccin commun du Nord, buccin ondé, escargot de mer, gros bigorneau, pilot, trompette de mer[1] ; chanteur dans la Somme, calicoco dans le Cotentin, ran à Granville, torion à Cancale, killog dans le Finistère, bavoux à Barfleur, burgaud morchoux aux Sables-d'Olonne, etc. Au Québec, il est nommé bourgot.

En France, la Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes ne reconnait sous le nom de « bulot » que cette espèce, parmi les Buccinidae.

Répartition

On le trouve dans l'Atlantique jusqu'au nord du Canada et jusqu'à la Sibérie. Il est remplacé en Méditerranée par deux espèces proches (qui portent parfois le même nom) : Buccinum humphreysianum (Bennet, 1824) et Buccinulum corneum (Linnaeus, 1758).

Description

 src=
Buccin commun (Buccinum undatum). On y voit l'opercule à gauche, le siphon et les deux tentacules à droite.
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Les paquets d'œufs des buccins, formés de nombreuses capsules nidamentaires, sont désignés sous le nom de « savon de mer », en référence à leur emploi par les marins pour se laver les mains[2].

Le pied du gastéropode est très développé et constitue la partie comestible de l'animal. Il devient adulte à 4 ans et peut vivre plus de 10 ans ; sa taille à 4 ans est de 5,5 cm, elle peut dépasser 10 cm pour les sujets les plus âgés. Un animal adulte pèse environ 20 grammes.

Son régime est principalement nécrophage et il mange des cadavres de poissons ou de crabes. Il est attiré par les cadavres grâce à certaines molécules aminées que ceux-ci dégagent et qui sont perçues par le buccin au moyen d'un organe sensoriel, l'osphradie.

La pêche se fait au casier. La Normandie est la première région productrice. Le « Bulot de la Baie de Granville » est une indication géographique protégée depuis février 2019.[1]

Pressions, menaces sur l'espèce

Cette espèce est vulnérable à la surpêche, mais aussi à la pollution marine et notamment à certains organostanniques dont le tributylétain (TBT) responsables d'imposex chez le bulot (comme chez d'autres mollusques marins) ; des doses infimes de TBT transforment des femelles en mâles ou les masculinisent assez pour empêcher la bonne reproduction de l'espèce[3].

Philatélie

 src=
Buccinum undatum dessiné par Astrid Andreasen sur un timbre féroïen.

Cette espèce figure sur une émission d'Islande de 1982 (valeur faciale : 20 a) ainsi que sur une émission des îles Féroé de 2002.

Notes et références

  1. « buccin - Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales », sur dico-sciences-animales.cirad.fr (consulté le 1er août 2019)
  2. Gaston Carlet, Précis de zoologie médicale, Masson, 1892 (lire en ligne sur Gallica), p. 425.
  3. (en) B.P. Mensinka, C.C. ten Hallers-Tjabbesa, J. Kralta, I.L. Freriksb et J.P. Boona, « Assessment of imposex in the common whelk, Buccinum undatum (L.) from the Eastern Scheldt, The Netherlands », Marine Environmental Research, vol. 41, no 4,‎ décembre 1996, p. 315-325 (ISSN , DOI ).

Voir aussi

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Buccinum undatum: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Buccinum undatum, le buccin commun, appelé buccin, gros buccin, bourgot ou bulot, est une espèce de mollusques gastéropodes prosobranches marins très apprécié pour ses qualités gustatives.

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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
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wikipedia FR

Cuachma ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Is moileasc í an chuachma.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
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Beitukóngur ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Beitukóngur (fræðiheiti: Buccinum undatum) einnig nefndur ætikóngur, bobbi eða nákóngur er stór sæsnigill af Kóngaætt sem mikið er veiddur til beitu en einnig til matar.

Útbreiðsla

Beitukóngur er algengur um allt Norður-Atlandshaf, allt frá Svalbarða í norðri og suður til Frakklands og við austurströnd Norður-Ameríku allt suður til New Jersey í Bandaríkjunum. Hann finnst allt í kringum Ísland. Algengastur er hann á innan við 50 metra dýpi en lifir þó allt frá neðri hluta fjörunnar og niður á 1200 metra dýpi.

Skelin (kuðungurinn)

Kuðungur beitukóngsins getur verið breytilegur á lit, hvítur, gulur, brúnn eða rauðleitur. Traustur, með stuttri eða langri hyrnu sem er töluvert odddregin. Vindingar 7-8, í minna lagi kúptir og er grunnvindingurinn stór eða oft uþb. 70 prósent af lengd kuðungsins. Skelin hefur gróft kaðalmynstur sem liggur í reglulegum, bugðóttum röðum þvert á vindingana. Síðasti vindingurinn hefur um það bil 12 slíkar raðir sem dofna við neðra borð hanns. Munnopið er egglaga og er ytri vörin lítið eitt sveigð út. Neðst í munnopinu er renna sem öndunarpípa dýrsins liggur í. Lokan fyrir munnopið er sporöskjulaga með baugamynstri.

Baugarnir á lokunni myndast við mismunandi vöxt dýrsins eftir árstímum þannig að með því að telja baugana í lokunni má greina aldur þess. Elsti beitikóngurinn hér við land sem aldursgreindur hefur verið á þennan hátt var 13 ára.

Fullvaxinn beitukóngur er uþb. 7–10 cm á hæð en stærsti lifandi kuðungur sem mældur hefur verið hér á landi var 15 cm hár. Breiddin er um 60 prósent af hæðinni. Beitukóngur er ákaflega afbrigðaauðug tegund og hafa sex ólík afbrigði hanns fundist hér við land.

Almennt

Oft er kuðungur beitukóngs þakinn dýrum sem festa sig við skelina svo sem hrúðurkörlum og kalkpípuormum. Kalkskorpuþörungar og aðrir lágvaxnir þörungar vax líka oft á honum og þar sem beitukóngurinn lifir grunnt er skelin sjálf stundum grænleit eða rauðleit þeirra vegna.

Nokkrar tegundir sæsnigla af sömu ættkvísl og beitukóngurinn lifa hér við land og hafa fundist margar skyldar tegundir sem líkjast honum nokkuð að stærð og lögun. Algengt er að beitukóngi sé ruglað saman við hafkóng (Neptunea despecta) en hann þekkist frá honum á kaðalmynstri í skel og því að á skel hafkóngsins er oftast röð af útstæðum hnúðum meðfram efra borði vindinganna.

Nytjar

Beitukóngur hefur lengi verið veiddur til matar, einkum á Bretlandseyjum, í Belgíu og Hollandi. Mestar hafa þó verið veiðar Frakka á níunda áratugnum sem náðu hámarki með um 10.000 tonnum á ári í lok áratugarins. Veiðar Frakka hafa síðan minnkað og voru árið 1993 aðeins um 1.000 tonn. Það ár var heildarveiði beitukóngs í Evrópu um 5.000 tonn. Veiðin hefur aftur aukist síðan og eru Írar nú mestir veiðiþjóða en þeir veiddu um 6.000 tonn árið 1995. Í Kanada hefur beitukóngur einnig verið veiddur og þar var aflinn mestur 1.300 tonn árið 1987.

Hér á landi var beitukóngur veiddur fyrr á öldum og notaður til matar og til beitu við handfæraveiðar. Í Ferðabók Eggerts og Bjarna (1772) er þess getið að beitukóngur sé notaður sem beita á vesturlandi þó einkum við Breiðarfjörð. Eggert Ólafsson greinir þar frá sæsniglum og segir frá því að algengasti snigillinn sé ætikóngur eða bobbi, sem eyjaskeggjar á Breiðafirði telja góða átu. Hann getur þess að bobbarnir séu einkum tíndir á vetrum í nýrri tunglfyllingu eins og kræklingurinn.[1]

Einnig lýsir Eggert neysluvenjum Breiðfirðinga á beitarkóng: „Eru þeir ýmist steiktir eða soðnir niður í vökva þeim, sem þeir gefa frá sér, þegar þeir hitna. Hver aðferðin sem notuð er, þá eru þeir bragðgóðir, og verður mönnum gott af þeim. Sniglarnir eru öðrum skelfiski sætari og þykja holl og góð fæða. Þó þora menn hvergi að éta þá nema hér (þ.e. í Breiðafirði).“ Ekki eru til heimildir um að kuðungaát hafi tíðkast hér við land annars staðar en við Breiðafjörð.

Samkvæmt sömu heimild voru þeir veiddir þannig að net var strengt á gjörð og bleytt þorskroð bundið í netið. Gjörðin var lögð neðst í fjöruna um fjöru og dregin upp aftur með útfallinu. Hafði þá aragrúi kuðunga lagst á roðið til að sjúga úr því næringu. Eggert og Bjarni segja einnig frá því að notuð hafi verið harðfiskroð sem þrædd voru á band og lögð við stein á botninn þar sem menn vissu að von var á kuðungi. Í dag er beitukóngurinn veiddur í gildrur.

Tilvísanir

  1. „Hef ekki enn reiknað kvikindið út“. mbl.is. 19. október 2005. Sótt 3. janúar, 2012.

Heimildir

  • Ingimar Óskarsson (1962). Skeldýrafána Íslands II, sæsniglar með skel.
  • Karl Gunnarsson og Sólmundur Tr. Einarsson (2000). Lífríki sjávar – Beitukóngur og hafkóngur.
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Beitukóngur: Brief Summary ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Beitukóngur (fræðiheiti: Buccinum undatum) einnig nefndur ætikóngur, bobbi eða nákóngur er stór sæsnigill af Kóngaætt sem mikið er veiddur til beitu en einnig til matar.

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Buccinum undatum ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il buccine[1] (Buccinum undatum Linneo, 1758) è una specie di mollusco gasteropode appartenente alla famiglia dei Buccinidae.[2] È la specie tipo del genere Buccinum.[3]

Etimologia

L'epiteto specifico del nome della specie, undatum, deriva dalla parola latina undatus, participio perfetto del verbo undo (ondeggiare), che significa "increspato, ondulato", riferito alla forma prodotta dalle coste sulla superficie del guscio del mollusco.[4]

Descrizione

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Alcuni dettagli dell'anatomia del Buccinum undatum
 src=
Conchiglia di Buccinum undatum (Golfo del Maine)
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Illustrazione di Buccinum undatum, da Natural History: Mollusca (1854)
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Buccinum undatum, 55 mm, raccolto al largo di Cape May
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Capsula di uova di B. undatum
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Esemplare giovane di B. undatum

Questa specie è molto variabile, nelle dimensioni della conchiglia, nel peso, nella scultura, nella forma e nel colore. La conchiglia ha una forma ovato-conica con guglia dritta e appuntita con angolo apicale di 50-55°. La superficie è opaca, originariamente ricoperta da un sottile periostraco, che tende a perdersi nel tempo salvo che nelle zone più protette. Il colore del guscio è variabile da bianco a giallastro o rossiccio con zone più chiare e più scure, queste ultime formano fasce a spirale nelle parti basali dell'ultima spirale. L'epidermide dell'animale è di colore bruno brillante. La conchiglia è formata da 7-8 (massimo 9) vortici rigonfi che si incontrano in punti di sutura incisi distinti appena sotto la periferia del vortice superiore; l'ultima spirale è piu ampia e forma la parte più grande del guscio. L'ornamento della conchiglia comprende coste, creste a spirale, solchi e linee di crescita. Le coste sono ondulate in sezione (da cui il nome della specie) e seguono un andamento crescente; sono prosocline alla sutura, dove sono anche più prominenti, diventando ortocline sotto e di solito svaniscono verso l'apertura dell'ultima spira. Il numero di coste sull'ultima spirale è variabile, ma solitamente ce ne sono 12-15 su ognuna. La protoconca comprende poco più di 1 spirale, liscia, di 1 mm di altezza e 2 mm di diametro.[5][4]

L'apertura è ovale e molto larga con la massima ampiezza verso la base, circondata da un peristoma che giace nel piano prosoclino. Il labbro esterno sorge appena sotto la periferia dell'ultima spirale, un po' obliquamente. Il suo corso iniziale è piuttosto rettilineo, successivamente il labbro si incurva più strettamente alla base dell'apertura dove la sua direzione giace più o meno ad angolo retto rispetto all'asse del guscio. Negli animali più anziani il suo bordo è un po' ispessito e sporgente, sottile in quelli giovani. Il canale sifonale è aperto e spesso corto, non si estende fino alla parte più basale del labbro esterno, che è attorcigliato di fronte e da cui è separato da una piccola tacca. La columella è corta e curva, il labbro estroflesso e applicato al fasciole sifonale.[6]

Le dimensioni sono variabili e raggiungono fino a 110 mm di altezza e 68 mm. di larghezza. L'ultima spirale è circa il 70% dell'altezza totale del guscio e l'apertura è circa il 50% dell'altezza del guscio.[6]

La testa non ha muso, ma forma un ripiano trasversale da cui spuntano i tentacoli ciascuno dei quali ha un occhio circa a metà strada dalla base. La parte di tentacolo sotto l'occhio è più spessa di quella distale ad esso. La bocca si trova sotto il ripiano. Il lembo del mantello è piuttosto spesso e liscio, formando a sinistra un sifone che si estende per un notevole tratto dal canale. I maschi hanno un pene molto grande dietro il tentacolo destro. Il piede è grande, a forma di scudo, con un'ampia estremità anteriore a doppio taglio che è leggermente convessa e un po' 'angolata lateralmente; si rastrema posteriormente ad un punto arrotondato e reca un opercolo ovale con un nucleo quasi centrale e una scanalatura lungo il suo raggio posteriore.[6]

La radula è di tipo rachiglossa con un dente rachidiano mediano e due denti laterali. Ci sono ha 6 cuspidi sui denti rachidiani e 4 cuspidi sui denti laterali.[7] Solitamente, i denti radulari sono molto regolari e caratteristici nei gasteropodi, e sono comunemente usati ai fini della classificazione. I denti di Buccinum undatum, tuttavia, fanno un'eccezione a questa regola, poiché il numero di denticoli sia sui denti centrali che su quelli laterali varia notevolmente, fornendo un ottimo esempio di variazione meristica.[8]

I buccini sono carnivori e si cibano di carogne. È stato dimostrato in studi di Claus Nielsen (1975) e di John D. Taylor (1978) che B. undatum si nutre principalmente di policheti, in particolare Lanice, integrati da una varietà di bivalvi, principalmente Cardiidae e crostacei.[6]

I sessi sono separati e i maschi si distinguono facilmente in quanto sono provvisti di un organo genitale piuttosto lungo che, in stato di riposo, si trova sotto il bordo destro del mantello. Inoltre i gusci dei maschi sono generalmente più piccoli e meno gonfi di quelli delle femmine.[6]

Il principale periodo di deposizione delle uova va da novembre a febbraio, o addirittura ad aprile, anche sepuò essere diverso a seconda delle aree. Le femmine si ritirano in aree di substrato duro per depositare le loro uova che vengono poste in capsule che di solito vengono prodotte in gran numero. Poiché devono essere attaccati a un substrato solido, molti buccini possono condividere un unico sito di attacco, e l'insieme risultante di capsule può essere molto grande. Sono state trovate masse di uova fino a 50 cm di lunghezza e 25 em di altezza che potevano contenere alcune migliaia di capsule. Alcuni studiosi hanno valutato gruppi di fino a 15.000 uova.[6][9]

Sebbene potenzialmente tutte le uova possano svilupparsi, la maggior parte di esse costituiscono il cibo utilizzato da i primi embrioni che si sviluppano e solo 3-10 giovani di una capsula si schiudono dopo 3-9 mesi. Alla schiusa il guscio è lungo 1,0-1,4 mm e ha un diametro di 2,0 mm. Presenta una spirale embrionale liscia, piuttosto arrotolata e un'area larvale, delimitata da creste a spirale, che si sviluppa in un breve canale.[10]

È stato suggerito da alcuni studiosi che gli animali possano vivere per 10 anni, anche se questa stima non è condivisa universalmente in quanto basata sugli anelli opercolari che non sono necessariamente annuali.[10]

Vivono in habitat sublitorale a profondità da sotto la linea di bassa marea fino a 100 m. e sono scarsamente adattate alle condizioni intercotidali. Prediligono fondali di sabbia, fango sabbioso o fondali pietrosi e vivono con temperature del mare moderate o fredde.[6][9]

Sono ampiamente distribuiti nelle acque fredde dell'Atlantico settentrionale. Sul lato orientale dal nord del Golfo di Biscaglia al nord della Norvegia e in Islanda; sul lato occidentale tra il Labrador e il New Jersey. Si trovano in tutto il Canale della Manica, nel Mare del Nord, nel Kattegat e nel Baltico fino al Mecklenburger Bucht. Nel Mediterraneo, sono limitati alle acque più fredde e profonde.[6]

Secondo alcuni studi condotti sulla fauna abissale ed antartica i Buccini hanno avuto origine nel tardo Mesozoico.[11]

Pesca e uso alimentare

 src=
Buccini sgusciati cotti
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Vendita di buccini bolliti

Per secoli il buccino comune è stato utilizzato per il consumo alimentare in Europa, ed in particolare nelle isole Britanniche, lungo la costa francese e della Manica, in Belgio e nei Paesi Bassi. Nell'Inghilterra meridionale e nel Canada orientale il buccino comune è stato pescato a fini commerciali dagli anni 1940. I buccini sono stati sfruttati inoltre da decenni come esche per la pesca nelle Isole Fær Øer e in Islanda. In Islanda dal 1966 sono stati effettuati esperimenti per la pesca commerciale di buccini in varie località e nella baia di Breiðafjörður.[12]

Nel Mare del Nord i buccini sono stati tradizionalmente pescati per il cibo, sia con nasse innescate lungo la costa dell'Anglia orientale e Lincolnshire, sia con speciali reti da traino dentro e intorno al mare di Wadden tedesco e olandese e nelle acque olandesi sudoccidentali. Nel Mare del Nord centrale, i buccini vengono raccolti principalmente come catture accessorie. Nel Golfo del Maine, dove i buccini erano tradizionalmente raccolti come catture accessorie accidentali della pesca dell'aragosta, è stata attivata una nuova attività di pesca commerciale che utilizza trappole per buccini appositamente progettate.[9]

L'Annuario delle statistiche della pesca della FAO riporta una crescita di produzione annuale da circa 15.852 t. nel 1995 a 17.988 t. nel 1999 nell'area nell'Atlantico nord-orientale (Belgio, Channel Is., Danimarca, Isole Faroe, Francia, Islanda, Irlanda, Isola di Man, Paesi Bassi, Spagna, Regno Unito).[9]

Galleria d'immagini

Note

  1. ^ Mipaaf - Decreto Ministeriale n°19105 del 22 settembre 2017 - Denominazioni in lingua italiana delle specie ittiche di interesse commerciale, su www.politicheagricole.it. URL consultato il 25 febbraio 2018.
  2. ^ (EN) Buccinum undatum, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 23 settembre 2020.
  3. ^ (EN) Buccinum, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 4 febbraio 2021.
  4. ^ a b Fretter & Graham, Op. citata, pag. 486-487.
  5. ^ L.C. Kiener, Op. citata, pag. 51-52.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Fretter & Graham, Op. citata, pag. 487.
  7. ^ M. G. Harasewych et al., Op. citata, pag. 38.
  8. ^ W.J. Dakin, Op. citata, pag. 49-50.
  9. ^ a b c d Buccinum undatum (Linneo, 1758), su fao.org, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. URL consultato il 26 febbraio 2021.
  10. ^ a b Fretter & Graham, Op. citata, pag. 488.
  11. ^ M. G. Harasewych et al., Op. citata, pag. 34.
  12. ^ Hildur Magnúsdóttir, The common whelk (Buccinum undatum L.): Life history traits and population structure, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences School of Engineering and Natural Sciences - University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 2010, p. 10.

Bibliografia

 title=
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wikipedia IT

Buccinum undatum: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il buccine (Buccinum undatum Linneo, 1758) è una specie di mollusco gasteropode appartenente alla famiglia dei Buccinidae. È la specie tipo del genere Buccinum.

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Buccinum undatum ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL
 src=
Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758 - museumexemplaar.
 src=
Levend exemplaar

Buccinum undatum is een in zee levende kieuwslak. De meestgebruikte Nederlandse naam is wulk, maar die naam wordt ook voor andere slakkensoorten gebruikt. In Vlaanderen (België) spreekt men van karakol. Een andere maar weinig gebruikte benaming voor deze soort is kinkhoorn. Het is één van de grootste huisjesslaksoorten uit de Noordzee. Slechts de noordhoren (Neptunea antiqua) zijn groter.

Beschrijving

Schelpkenmerken

Buccinum undatum heeft een kegelvormige schelp die hoger dan breed is en naar boven uitloopt in een tamelijk spitse apex. Er zijn 6-8 bolle windingen met een diepe sutuur ertussen. De mondopening van de schelp is scheef eivormig en loopt aan de onderzijde in een kort sifokanaal uit. Het schelpoppervlak heeft een sculptuur van horizontale spiraalvormige ribben die vaak worden gekruist door duidelijke groeilijnen. Daaroverheen staan vaak golvende brede verticale ribben met een zwakke S-vorm. Deze brede ribben zijn vaak het duidelijkst ontwikkeld aan de bovenkant van de winding. De kleur van de schelp is geelwit tot bruin, soms met roodachtig bruine vlekken of spiraalbanden. Deze kleuren zijn bij het levende dier niet altijd zichtbaar, omdat de schelp door een bruin periostracum wordt bedekt. Bij op het strand aangespoelde exemplaren is het periostracum vaak afgesleten en is de schelp verkleurd van lichtgrijs tot blauwzwart. De wulk is voorzien van een hoornachtig operculum.

Afmetingen van de schelp

  • Hoogte: tot 11 cm.
  • Breedte: tot 7 cm.

Kenmerken van het dier

De slak heeft een witgeel gevlekt lichaam en twee lange dunne tasters waarmee zeer goed geuren waargenomen kunnen worden.

Habitat en levenswijze

De wulk is zowel carnivoor als aaseter. De soort prefereert echter bovenal borstelwormen (Polychaeta), vooral de schelpkokerworm (Lanice conchilega). Kleine levende zeedieren, zoals tweekleppigen, (vooral kokkels), worden gegeten door een gaatje in de schelp te boren om de sluitspieren te kunnen openen. Als dat is gelukt, kan de schelp worden leeggegeten. Kreeftachtigen worden ook gegeten. Als het dier niet naar voedsel zoekt, zit het vaak ingegraven onder het zand. Wanneer de schelp van een wulk in beslag wordt genomen door een heremietkreeft vestigt zich vaak een kolonie zeerasp op de schelp die hem dan helemaal bedekt. Aan de onderzijde is dan een kale plek omdat dit deel over de bodem schuurt tijdens de wandeling van de kreeft. Bij goede levensomstandigheden kan de schelphoogte groter dan 12 centimeter worden. Deze exemplaren zijn waarschijnlijk 20 tot 30 jaar oud. De wulk komt beneden de getijdenzone voor en leeft tot ongeveer 100 meter waterdiepte. Er zijn echter ook waarnemingen van levende dieren op diepten tot 1200 meter. De dieren houden zich het liefst op op zachte modderbodems en tolereren lage zoutgehalten tot ongeveer 15‰ (totaal zoutgehalte).

Voortplanting

Van oktober tot maart zoeken wulken elkaar op en vindt de paring plaats. De wulk kent aparte seksen en is dus niet tweeslachtig, zoals veel andere weekdieren. De eieren worden afgezet tussen planten of rotsblokken in vuistdikke eiermassa's die bestaan uit doorzichtige hoornachtige eikapsels. In ieder kapsel zitten meerdere eitjes en ondanks honderden tot meer dan duizend eitjes kruipen er uiteindelijk maar enkele tientallen uit. De pasgeboren slakjes, die nog een larvestadium hebben, blijven namelijk een tijdje in de kapsels leven tot ze een wat groter en steviger huisje hebben van ongeveer 3 millimeter hoog. Tot die tijd leven de eerst uitgekomen larven voornamelijk van de nog niet uitgekomen eitjes. Hierdoor blijven de sterksten over. Dit verschijnsel ziet men ook wel bij andere dieren, zoals spinnen en sommige kikkers. Als de slakjes de kapsels hebben verlaten, blijven de lichte en moeilijk afbreekbare kluwens achter, die vaak op het strand aanspoelen .

Areaal

Een voornamelijk Noordelijk Atlantische verspreiding, van IJsland en het Noordoosten van Noorwegen tot aan de Golf van Biskaje. Aan de Atlantische westkust van Labrador tot New Jersey. In de Noordzee vrij algemeen (maar zie hieronder bij 'bedreiging'). Spoelt nog vrij algemeen aan op Noordzeekusten van Nederland en België. Kluiten van eikapsels spoelen af en toe aan.

Fossiel voorkomen

De wulk is sinds het Plioceen aanwezig in de Noordzee en komt niet algemeen voor in alle jongere mariene afzettingen in Nederland en België.

Oorsprong

Het geslacht van Buccinum undatum heeft een langere geologische historie in de Grote Oceaan dan in de Atlantische Oceaan. Het oudste voorkomen van deze soort in de Noordzee is in het Plioceen. Men neemt aan dat het geslacht aan het begin van het Plioceen via de Beringstraat naar de Atlantische Oceaan is gemigreerd en zich daarna verder heeft verspreid. Tot dezelfde migratiegolf horen het Nonnetje, de Alikruik, de Strandgaper en hun verwanten, de Purperslak en de nu uitgestorven Acila cobboldiae.

Verhouding tot de mens

Consumptie en ander gebruik

 src=
Kleine gekookte wulk (bulot) in Normandië

De wulk zelf wordt ook commercieel gevangen met behulp van vallen en gegeten. Ook worden ze gekookt en met azijn toegevoegd in weckpotten voor consumptie geconserveerd. In Normandië/Bretagne worden de kleinere slakken (koud, gekookt) gegeten als voorgerecht met mayonaise ‘Bulots Mayonnaise’ of maken zij onderdeel uit van een plateau fruits de mer. In Nederland zijn de kleine slakken (tot ca. 5 cm lengte) slecht verkrijgbaar en vrijwel altijd ongekookt. De slakken 30 minuten weken in koud water en daarna schoonspoelen. Vervolgens 20 minuten koken in zout water. Voor het consumeren moet eerst het aan het vlees gehechte kapje (operculum) verwijderd worden. De structuur van het vlees lijkt op die van inktvis, de smaak is zoet, zoals bij krab. De grote exemplaren zijn soms taai. De ideale maat voor beginnende eters is ongeveer 4,5 cm. Vroeger was het vooral voedsel voor arme mensen. Tegenwoordig worden de meeste exemplaren geëxporteerd naar oosterse landen.
Vissers gebruikten vroeger de droge kluiten lege eikapsels, die als ze gedroogd zijn op perkament lijken, om de handen mee af te vegen.

Bedreiging

De wulk was algemeen in de Noordzee maar is door menselijk toedoen sterk achteruitgegaan. De populatie is gereduceerd als gevolg van (in België en Nederland inmiddels verboden) tinhoudende verf op schepen. Schadelijke stoffen in deze verf, met name tributyltinhydride (TBT), veroorzaakten verstoring van de hormonen wat 'imposex' tot gevolg heeft: de vrouwelijke geslachtsorganen veranderen dan in mannelijke geslachtsorganen. Vrouwtjesslakken kunnen zich dan niet meer voortplanten. Hetzelfde verschijnsel is bij de purperslak geconstateerd (met dezelfde gevolgen).

Ook bepaalde visserijtechnieken die de zeebodem omwoelen, tasten deze soort aan, voornamelijk sleepnetten en de boomkor. De metalen kettingen beschadigen de schelpen en nemen de eitjes mee. Beschadigde slakken herstellen zich wel, maar dat gaat ten koste van de voortplantingsproductiviteit. In de Waddenzee komt de wulk niet meer voor, maar echt bedreigd is deze soort niet.

Zie ook

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • (en) Beets, C., 1946. The Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene Gastropods in the collections of the Geological Foundation in the Netherlands. Mededelingen Geologische Stichting (Haarlem), C-IV-I(6): 166 pp.
  • Bruyne, R.H. de, 2004. Veldgids Schelpen. KNNV Uitgeverij, 234 pp., ISBN 90-5011-140-8
  • Bruyne, R.H. de & Boer, Th.W. de, 2008. Schelpen van de Waddeneilanden. Gids van de schelpen en weekdieren van Texel, Vlieland, terschelling, Ameland en Schiermonnikoog. Fontaine Uitgevers. 359 pp., ISBN 978-90-5956-2554.
  • (en) Fretter, V. & Graham, A., 1985. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark, 8. - Neogastropoda. Journal of Molluscan Studies, Supplement 15, pp. 435-556.
  • Spaink, G., 1958b. De Nederlandse Eemlagen, I: Algemeen Overzicht. Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen K.N.N.V., 29: 44 p.
  • Tesch, P., 1942. De Noordzee van historisch-geologisch standpunt. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, A.9: 1-23.
  • (en) Vermeij, G.J., 1991. Anatomy of an invasion: the trans-Arctic interchange. Paleobiology, 17: 281-307.
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Buccinum undatum: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL
 src= Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758 - museumexemplaar.  src= Levend exemplaar

Buccinum undatum is een in zee levende kieuwslak. De meestgebruikte Nederlandse naam is wulk, maar die naam wordt ook voor andere slakkensoorten gebruikt. In Vlaanderen (België) spreekt men van karakol. Een andere maar weinig gebruikte benaming voor deze soort is kinkhoorn. Het is één van de grootste huisjesslaksoorten uit de Noordzee. Slechts de noordhoren (Neptunea antiqua) zijn groter.

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Kongsnegl ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Kongsnegl, kong, kongen, buhund (Buccinum undatum), er et bløtdyr og tilhører snegler i gruppen forgjellesnegler. Den er en stor snegleart i familien kongsnegler, (Buccinidae). Navnet kommer av kong, en byll (ikke konge).

Den er utbredet langs hele kysten av Norge. Noen land driver kommersiell handel med kongsnegl.

Utseende

Kongsnegl er 10 – 11 centimeter lang. Skallet er kraftig spiralformet og har en skulpturert overflate. Kroppen er lys med mørkere runde flekker.

Snegler i saltvann tilhører forgjellesneglene og har en renneformet utvekst i skallåpningen, som har forbindelse med ånderøret.

Levevis

Kongsnegl lever i havet (saltvann), fra fjæra-1200meters dyp, som rovdyr på andre bunnlevende dyr.

Kongsnegl er også enkjønnet, enten hanner eller hunner. Hunnen legger egg i gelékapsler. En kapsel kan inneholde opptil 1 000 egg. Hver hunn kan legg ca. 2 000 slike eggkapsler, men bare et fåtall lever opp til voksne snegler. Kapslene er klebrige og legges på samme plass i en gruppe. I hver av kapslene klekkes om lag 30 av eggene, resten er næringsegg, og nistepakke eller mat til de andre. Senere spiser embryonene hverandre slik at det til slutt er bare ca. 10 små snegler på 1-2 cm. lengde. Disse forlater så eggkapslen.

Systematisk inndeling

Denne inndelingen følger Bouchet & Rocroi 2005 (se litteraturliste).

Treliste

Litteratur

  • Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (J. Fryda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, A. Valdés og A. Warén ) 2005. Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families. Malacologia (vol. 47) 1-2. side 1-397.

Eksterne lenker

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Kongsnegl: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Kongsnegl, kong, kongen, buhund (Buccinum undatum), er et bløtdyr og tilhører snegler i gruppen forgjellesnegler. Den er en stor snegleart i familien kongsnegler, (Buccinidae). Navnet kommer av kong, en byll (ikke konge).

Den er utbredet langs hele kysten av Norge. Noen land driver kommersiell handel med kongsnegl.

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Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
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Trąbik zwyczajny ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Trąbik zwyczajny (Buccinum undatum) – gatunek dużego, morskiego ślimaka z rodziny Buccinidae, występujący w Atlantyku Północnym. Gatunek pospolity, ma znaczenie gospodarcze – jest poławiany w celach konsumpcyjnych.

Systematyka

Gatunek opisany przez Linneusza w 1758 roku[2]. Przypisywany do rodziny Buccinidae. W polskim piśmiennictwie znany pod nazwą: trąbik zwyczajny[3].

Cechy morfologiczne

 src=
Muszla trąbika zwyczajnego.

Muszla jest prawoskrętna (rzadko lewoskrętna), stosunkowo duża, grubościenna, jajowato-stożkowata. Skrętka wysoka, ostatni skręt jest rozdęty. Szew wgłębiony, wyraźnie zaznaczony. Kształt i ukształtowanie powierzchni muszli wykazuje polimorfizm: występują regularnie rozmieszczone, spiralne żebra, które krzyżują się z poprzecznymi liniami przyrostów muszli. Periostrakum ma barwę zielonkawą. Wrzeciono jest gładkie, o porcelanowej barwie i połysku. Rynna syfonalna jest krótka. Dolna połowa wargi jest cieńsza od górnej. Muszla ma pod periostrakum jest kremowa, szarawa. Przy szwie lub na środku ostatniego skrętu czasami występuje brązowawy pas. Zdarzają się słabo widoczne, ukośne fałdy[3]. Muszla z 7-8 skrętami, z których ostatni stanowi ok. 70% wysokości całej muszli[4]. Ślimaki zaopatrzone w wieczko.

Wysokość muszli: do 75[3]-100 mm[5].

Występowanie

Gatunek borealny, występuje pospolicie w Morzu Północnym, po obydwu stronach Atlantyku Północnego, w Morzu Waddena, także w Bałtyku, jego zasięg sięga od 76°N do 36.8°N i od 83°W do 0°W[5]. W Ameryce Północnej sięga od Labradoru do New Jerseyna południu, w Europie – od Norwegii do Półwyspu Iberyjskiego, także w wodach wokół Wysp Brytyjskich, jak również Islandii, Grenlandii i wysp Arktyki[5][3].

Biologia i ekologia

Zajmowane siedliska

Osobniki tego gatunku zamieszkują dolną część strefy pływów i głębsze siedliska litoralne do 1200 m, ponadto także estuaria[5][4]. Preferują siedliska piaszczyste w strefie przybrzeżnej i głębszej[3], muliste, także kamieniste[4]. Nie tolerują temperatury wyższej niż 29 °C, spadków zasolenia, są wrażliwe na wysychanie[6]

Odżywianie

Wszystkożercy, drapieżniki, padlinożercy[5]. Polują na mięczaki, żerują na padlinie i pozostałościach po ofiarach innych drapieżników[7].

Rozmnażanie

 src=
Kapsuły jajowe trąbika zwyczajnego.

Samica składa jaja otoczone stożkowatymi kapsułkami, formując z nich kopulaste grupy przyczepione do podłoża.

Interakcje międzygatunkowe

 src=
Puste muszle trąbika zwyczajnego bywają wykorzystywane przez kraby pustelniki, takie jak ten Pagurus bernhardus (Juist, Morze Północne, Niemcy).

Na trąbikach zwyczajnych żerują różne gatunki ryb (np. wątłusz Gadus morhua, koleń (Squalus acanthias), skorupiaki[8]

Trąbiki te są gospodarzami larw Stephanostomum baccatum Nicoll, 1907[9], są także zasiedlane przez ektopasożytnicze Anthessius leptostylis (Sars G.O., 1916) i Anthessius teissieri Bocquet & Stock, 1958[5].

Wykorzystanie

 src=
Ugotowane trąbiki po wyjęciu z muszli.

Osobniki tego gatunku są od czasów prehistorycznych poławiane w celach konsumpcyjnych[3] – w języku francuskim określane są jako bulot. Poławiane są za pomocą klatek, w których umieszczane jest jako przynęta mięso ryb lub krabów[8]. Bardzo podobny gatunek to Neptunea antiqua, która jest niejadalna, a może być trująca[4].

Zagrożenia i ochrona

Eksploatacja populacji trąbika zwyczajnego przez człowieka przyczyniła się do zmniejszenia, ich liczebności, a miejscami całkowitego ich zaniku. Zanieczyszczenie środowiska przez związki organiczne z udziałem cyny (TBT – ang. tributyltin), stosowane jako dodatek do farb, mający zapobiegać osiedlaniu organizmów morskich na poszyciu statków, powoduje zaburzenia rozwojowe u samic trąbika zwyczajnego – powstawanie męskich narządów płciowych (imposex)[10][6].

Przypisy

  1. Buccinum undatum, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata - Vermes. Testacea: str.740. Holmiae. (Salvius).
  3. a b c d e f Peter S. Dance: Muszle. Warszawa: Wiedza i Życie S.A., 1998, s. 128. ISBN 83-7184-921-4.
  4. a b c d Common whelk - Buccinum undatum (ang.). MarLIN: The Marine Life Information Network for Britain & Ireland. [dostęp 1 grudnia 2015].
  5. a b c d e f Fraussen, K.; Gofas, S. 2015. Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758. World Register of Marine Species: MolluscaBase (2015), dostęp:2015-11-28
  6. a b Hallers-Tjabbes C.C., Everarts J.M. Mensink B.P., & Boon J.P. (1996) The decline of the North Sea Whelk (Buccinum undatum L.) between 1970 and 1990: A natural or human-induced event? Marine Ecology 17: 333-43.
  7. Himmelman J.H. & Hamel J.-R. 1993. Diet, behaviour and reproduction of the whelk Buccinum undatum in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastern Canada. Marine Biology 116: 423-430.
  8. a b Fahy E. 2001. Conflict between two inshore fisheries: for whelk (Buccinum undatum) and brown crab (Cancer pagurus), in the southwest Irish Sea. 465: 73-83. Hydrobiologia.
  9. Sommerville C. 1978. The histopathology of Stephanochasmus baccatus Nicoll, 1907 in the digestive gland of Buccinum undatum (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases 1(3): 219-232; doi|10.1111/j.1365-2761.1978.tb00024.x
  10. Mensink B.P., Everaarts J.M., Kralt H., ten Hallers-Tjabbes C.C. & Boon J.P. 1996. Tributyltin exposure in early life stages induces the development of male sexual characteristics in the common whelk, Buccinum undatum. Marine Environmental Research 42: 151-154.

Linki zewnętrzne

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Trąbik zwyczajny: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Trąbik zwyczajny (Buccinum undatum) – gatunek dużego, morskiego ślimaka z rodziny Buccinidae, występujący w Atlantyku Północnym. Gatunek pospolity, ma znaczenie gospodarcze – jest poławiany w celach konsumpcyjnych.

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wikipedia POL

Buccinum undatum ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Buccinum undatum (denominada, em inglês, edible European whelk[3][5], buckie, buckie whelk, common whelk[3][6][7], common northern whelk[3][8], common northern Buccinum[9] ou waved whelk[3]; em português, búzio ou bucino[10]; em castelhano, bocina; em francês, comteux, bulot, buccin ondé, buccin commun e buccin; em italiano, buccino comune; em alemão, wellhornschnecke; em neerlandês, wulk ou kinkhoorn[3][7]; em finlandês, kuningaskotilo; em norueguês bokmål, kongsnegl; em norueguês nynorsk, kongsnigel; em sueco, valthornssnäcka; em turco, salyangoz)[3] é uma espécie de molusco gastrópode marinho-litorâneo do norte do oceano Atlântico[4], pertencente à família Buccinidae da ordem Neogastropoda; sendo classificada por Carolus Linnaeus em 1758, na obra Systema Naturae; considerada a espécie-tipo do gênero Buccinum.[1][11][12] Trata-se de uma espécie utilizada na alimentação humana desde a pré-história[5][8], colhida na Europa e no Canadá, costa leste da América do Norte, para isca e consumo humano por décadas; posteriormente também pescada nos Estados Unidos.[13] Está presente no território português, incluindo a zona económica exclusiva.[9][14]

Descrição da concha e hábitos

Concha oval espessa com espiral alta e volta corporal inchada, ocupando 70% de seu comprimento, variável em formato e ornamentação; com voltas bem visíveis e com até 10 centímetros, quando desenvolvida.[5][8][13] Geralmente ela tem estrias espiraladas baixas e cruzadas por cristas de crescimento onduladas e verticais, por vezes com grossas dobras oblíquas; com interior e columela lisos e brancos, de abertura larga e amplamente oval, possuindo lábio externo um pouco engrossado. Canal sifonal curto. Coloração creme, castanho-amarelada ou acinzentada, às vezes com faixas mais escuras nas fronteiras de sua espiral (sutura) e no meio de sua volta corporal; coberta por um perióstraco esverdeado quando recém coletada. Alguns raros espécimes são dotados de espiral sinistrogira, cuja abertura se encontra voltada para a esquerda quando avistada. Opérculo córneo, plano e estriado; auxiliando o molusco a reter água durante os períodos de estiagem.[6][8][13]

É encontrada em águas rasas da zona entremarés e principalmente zona nerítica, até os 1200 metros de profundidade, em costas de habitats arenosos, lamacentos ou rochosos; também presente em ambientes de água salobra.[13] Sua concha pode ser coberta por epibiontes como esponjas, hidrozoários ou anêmonas, além de poder conter caranguejos-ermitão em seu interior. Suas massas de ovos, grandes, arredondados e esponjosos, são frequentemente levadas para as praias, cada célula oca sendo um invólucro individual[6]; no passado os marinheiros as usavam como sabão e as chamavam de "o sabão marinho".[15] Os animais da família Buccinidae são carnívoros-detritívoros.[16]

Distribuição geográfica

Buccinum undatum ocorre na Europa Ocidental e leste da América do Norte; comum no canal da Mancha, Ilhas Britânicas, mar do Norte, mar de Wadden, mar Báltico Ocidental e golfo de São Lourenço até o nordeste dos Estados Unidos.[4][6]

Referências

  1. a b c d e f «Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2021
  2. a b «Buccinidae Rafinesque, 1815» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2021
  3. a b c d e f g «Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758 vernaculars» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2021
  4. a b c «Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758 distribution» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2021
  5. a b c WYE, Kenneth R. (1989). The Mitchell Beazley Pocket Guide to Shells of the World (em inglês). London: Mitchell Beazley Publishers. p. 103. 192 páginas. ISBN 0-85533-738-9
  6. a b c d CAMPBELL, Andrew C.; NICHOLLS, James (1980). The Hamlyn Guide to the Seashore and Shallow Seas of Britain and Europe (em inglês). England: The Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 160. 320 páginas. ISBN 0-600-34019-8 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  7. a b LINDNER, Gert (1983). Moluscos y Caracoles de los Mares del Mundo (em espanhol). Barcelona, Espanha: Omega. p. 176. 256 páginas. ISBN 84-282-0308-3
  8. a b c d e DANCE, S. Peter (2002). Smithsonian Handbooks: Shells. The Photographic Recognition Guide to Seashells of the World (em inglês) 2ª ed. London, England: Dorling Kindersley. p. 128. 256 páginas. ISBN 0-7894-8987-2
  9. a b ABBOTT, R. Tucker; DANCE, S. Peter (1982). Compendium of Seashells. A color Guide to More than 4.200 of the World's Marine Shells (em inglês). New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 174. 412 páginas. ISBN 0-525-93269-0 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  10. «bucino». Dicionário Online de Português: Dicio. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2021. Gênero (Buccinum) típico da família dos Bucinídeos, que compreende os búzios.
  11. «Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2021
  12. «Common whelk (Buccinum undatum (em inglês). MarLIN - The Marine Life Information Network. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2021
  13. a b c d Borsetti, Sarah; Munroe, Daphne; Rudders, David; Chang, Jui-Han (2 de março de 2020). «Timing of the reproductive cycle of waved whelk, Buccinum undatum, on the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Bight» (em inglês). Helgoland Marine Research volume 74, Article number: 5 (Helgoland Marine Research). 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2021 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  14. Ferreira, Vasco (3 de junho de 2019). «Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758». OMARE. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2021
  15. COX, James A. (1979). Les Coquillages dans la Nature et dans l'Art (em francês). Paris: Librairie Larousse. p. 96. 256 páginas. ISBN 2-03-517101-6
  16. LINDNER, Gert (1983). Moluscos y Caracoles de los Mares del Mundo (em espanhol). Barcelona, Espanha: Omega. p. 69. 256 páginas. ISBN 84-282-0308-3
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Buccinum undatum: Brief Summary ( Português )

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Buccinum undatum (denominada, em inglês, edible European whelk, buckie, buckie whelk, common whelk, common northern whelk, common northern Buccinum ou waved whelk; em português, búzio ou bucino; em castelhano, bocina; em francês, comteux, bulot, buccin ondé, buccin commun e buccin; em italiano, buccino comune; em alemão, wellhornschnecke; em neerlandês, wulk ou kinkhoorn; em finlandês, kuningaskotilo; em norueguês bokmål, kongsnegl; em norueguês nynorsk, kongsnigel; em sueco, valthornssnäcka; em turco, salyangoz) é uma espécie de molusco gastrópode marinho-litorâneo do norte do oceano Atlântico, pertencente à família Buccinidae da ordem Neogastropoda; sendo classificada por Carolus Linnaeus em 1758, na obra Systema Naturae; considerada a espécie-tipo do gênero Buccinum. Trata-se de uma espécie utilizada na alimentação humana desde a pré-história, colhida na Europa e no Canadá, costa leste da América do Norte, para isca e consumo humano por décadas; posteriormente também pescada nos Estados Unidos. Está presente no território português, incluindo a zona económica exclusiva.

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Valthornssnäcka ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Valthornssnäcka (Buccinum undatum) är en upp till 11 centimeter stor, ätlig snäcka som lever i kallare vatten längs norra Atlantens öst- och västkust. Den äts bland annat i Bretagne, där den går under handelsnamnet bulot. Biologiskt tillhör arten familjen Buccinidae.

Utbredning

Valthornssnäckan förekommer längs Europas kuster från Norge till Frankrike, samt omkring Brittiska öarna och Island. Den förekommer även längs Grönlands sydkust, Kanadas östkust, samt längs kusten till nordöstra USA.

Levnadssätt

Valthornssnäckan livnär sig genom predation, ofta på musslor, och genom att äta as, till exempel döda fiskar.

Externa länkar

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Valthornssnäcka: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Valthornssnäcka (Buccinum undatum) är en upp till 11 centimeter stor, ätlig snäcka som lever i kallare vatten längs norra Atlantens öst- och västkust. Den äts bland annat i Bretagne, där den går under handelsnamnet bulot. Biologiskt tillhör arten familjen Buccinidae.

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Обыкновенный букцинум ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Buccinum-undatum.jpg

Обыкновенный букцинум[1], или волнистый рожок[2] (Buccinum undatum) — брюхоногий моллюск из семейства трубачи Buccinidae.

Описание

Правозакрученная коническая раковина длиной от 6 до 11 см. Это самый крупный вид моллюсков в Северном море. Раковина ребристая, желтовато-коричневого цвета. Устье овальное с утолщённой внешней губой. Мантия кремового цвета с чёрными пятнами. Продолжительность жизни разнополых моллюсков составляет почти 15 лет. Эти плотоядные моллюски питаются червями, ракообразными и другими моллюсками.

Распространение

Обыкновенный букцинум распространён у побережья всей Северной Атлантики. На западном побережье Европы он обитает от Северного Ледовитого океана до Бискайского залива, на западном побережье Северной Америки он встречается от Арктики до высоты Нью-Джерси. Редко встречается также в Средиземном море на большей глубине. Он предпочитает холодные воды с содержанием соли от 2 до 3 %, живёт на глубине от 5 до 1 200 м, предпочитая мягкий грунт, по которому можно быстро передвигаться.

Использование

Раньше обыкновенный букцинум являлся важным продуктом питания для бедного населения прибрежных регионов. Сегодня он как морепродукт не играет большой роли в Европе. Однако, в Корее считается деликатесом.

Раковины погибших моллюсков любят обживать раки-отшельники. Поэтому редко на пляже можно найти пустые раковины этого моллюска.

Примечания

  1. Ершов В. Е., Кантор Ю. И. Морские раковины. Краткий определитель. — М.: Курсив, 2008. — С. 210. — 3 000 экз.ISBN 978-5-89592-059-6.
  2. Брэм А. Э. Пресмыкающиеся. Земноводные. Рыбы. Беспозвоночные / под ред. проф. А. М. Никольского. — М.: Терра, 1992. — Т. 3. — С. 405. — 459 с. — (Жизнь животных). — 300 000 экз.
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Обыкновенный букцинум: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Buccinum-undatum.jpg

Обыкновенный букцинум, или волнистый рожок (Buccinum undatum) — брюхоногий моллюск из семейства трубачи Buccinidae.

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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Range: 76°N to 36.8°N; 83°W to 0°W. Distribution: Greenland; Greenland: West Greenland; Canada; Canada: Queen Elizabeth Islands, Baffin Island, Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, New Brunswick; USA: Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
intertidal, bathyal, infralittoral and circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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