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Imagem de Conus geographus Linnaeus 1758
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Conus geographus Linnaeus 1758

Habitat ( Inglês )

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Geographic cone snails are most commonly found in the sublittoral epipelagic zone. Their surrounding habitat includes living or fragmented coral reefs, and sandy regions within tidal zones. They are less commonly found in deeper waters.

Range depth: 0 to 200 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical

Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; coastal

Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral

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citação bibliográfica
Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

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Conus geographus is nocturnal, hunting at night when its fish prey are the least active or at rest. They crawl on top of the substrate, or crawl while buried beneath the sand. Diet consists of small (30 to 50 mm) and medium (100 to 130 mm) sized fishes that fit into its rostrum (mouth). Larger snails (80 to 87 mm) are able to capture and ingest larger fishes between 130 and 140 mm in length.

Observations show that snails hunt with two methods used by other Conus species: the hook-and-line method and the net-hunting method. In the hook-and-line method, the snail slowly approaches its prey, waving its proboscis like a lure to attract the fish before stinging the fish with its radula. The fish jerks violently for a few moments and is injected with a paralyzing excitotoxin venom that stiffens the fish, allowing the cone snail to swallow it whole. Several hours or days later, the snail regurgitates the fish’s bones. Another method is net-hunting, wherein a fish is engulfed in one mouthful before being harpooned with the radular tooth.

Animal Foods: fish

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )

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Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
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Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
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Associations ( Inglês )

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The geographic cone snail is a piscivore, thus it influences the ecosystem dynamics of coral reef populations of small fish species.

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Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Conantokins ("sleeper peptides") from the geographic cone snail are a complex mix of short-chain peptides that affect a number of neural receptors in fish and mammals. The potential therapeutic and economic benefits from conantokins have great potential. Conantokins are antagonists to the nicotinic aceytlcholine receptors (the means by which the cone snails paralyze their prey) and N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, which (in humans) are involved with pain reception, drug and alcohol withdrawal symptoms, memory, and learning. Con-G, one of the conantokins from the geographic cone snail, is a potent analgesic, particularly for nociceptive pain (pain that warns the body of tissue injury or other serious damage). Con-G specifically acts on the NR2B NMDA receptor subtype, which means it is more selective than morphine for treating chronic neuropathic pain found in patients suffering from cancer, arthritis, shingles, diabetes, and AIDS. Therefore, smaller doses can be used, and Con-G does not seem to be addictive or to have side effects in the therapeutic dose range, unlike morphine. In addition, since NMDA receptors are involved with memory, conantokins can potentially be used in treating Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and possibly used as anti-convulsants in epilepsy or as a means of alleviating drug-induced withdrawal symptoms. In addition, Con-G has been found to act as a neuroprotective agent in brain ischemia from strokes.

Positive Impacts: source of medicine or drug

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Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
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Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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The conantokins in one sting can kill 15 people. Symptoms include an excruciating pain at the penetrated area, much worse than a bee’s sting. As the pain fades, numbness soon sets in, followed by dizziness, slurred speech, and respiratory paralysis. Death can follow within half an hour afterward, but this is rare. Presently, there is no known anti-venom; applied pressure on the wound, immobilization and artificial respiration (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) are the only recommended treatments for the victim.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous )

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Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Very little is known of the cone shell’s natural history from neoteny to adulthood. After the mating ritual, clusters of egg sacs (about 40 eggs per sac) are extruded and attached on a suitable hard surface. The eggs incubate within their capsule for 10 to 15 days before maturing into the larval stage. After twenty days, the transparent shells and bodies are visible, and they break from their capsules and drift in the plankton as meroplanktonic veliger larvae (a temporary zooplanktonic stage of the lifecycle). The larval diet is unknown, but assumed to be smaller plankton. Only a low percentage of cone snail larvae survive to metamorphose into benthic juveniles, and even fewer survive to reach adulthood. Planktonic survival rate is affected by weather and oceanographic factors such as water temperature, salinity, and ocean currents, as well as abundance of secondary consumers in the water column.

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis ; indeterminate growth

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citação bibliográfica
Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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This species is not listed as vulnerable, threatened, or endangered.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

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citação bibliográfica
Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Behavior ( Inglês )

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The three main methods of perception used are visual (eyes to detect light), tactile (using its foot) and chemoreception (detecting dissolved chemicals in the water). It is likely that potential mates are detected using all three of these senses.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

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citação bibliográfica
Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The geographic cone snail, Conus geographus, is indigenous to the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific regions, found specifically along the northern shores of Australia, ranging from the west coast (Brisbane, Queensland), central (Darwin, Northern Territory), and east coast (Exmouth, Western Australia). Rare sightings (and recorded fatalities) have also been reported in New Caledonia.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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citação bibliográfica
Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

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There is no recorded data of any longevity in the wild or captivity.

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citação bibliográfica
Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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A calcareous, smooth shell covers the mollusk’s soft body. The shell spire is obconical (having a length of less than or equal to 10% of the entire structure) featuring coronation (small bumps) at and above the shoulder along the edges of the larger whorls. The spire is concave with smooth sutures and a prominent point at the protoconch apex. The body whorl terminates in an elongated aperture that has a width of about 1/3 of the overall shell width. The outer shell’s coloration ranges from ground colors of white, cream, or rose pink overlain with brown or red mottled patterns arranged in horizontal spirals along the body whorl. The shell is covered with a thin yellowish layer of protein-based material called the periostracum, forming tufts on the spire, on the spiral rows, and along the body whorl, following the sculpture of the shell. This protein covering gives the cone a roughened appearance.

The most obvious features of the geographic cone snail are the foot, which extends from the aperture; two small eyes borne on eyestalks, and two features associated with their feeding habits: the proboscis, an extendable protrusion in the oral region that expands to swallow its prey, and the siphon, an extension of the mantle tissue, used for chemoreception of its prey. The cone snail uses a elaborately scuplted, hollow radular tooth (housed in the proboscis) as a harpoon to incapacitate its prey. Venom glands produce deadly toxins and digestive enzymes, and these are injected into the snail’s prey through the radular tooth.

Range mass: 13.3 to 62 g.

Average mass: 38.8 g.

Range length: 70 to 150 mm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; venomous

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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citação bibliográfica
Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
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Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Predators during its larval period include nektonic fishes and filer-feeding invertebrates that consume zooplankton. As an adult, the only enemies the geographic cone snail may fear are mollusk-eating vertebrates such as sea turtles and rays, and human shell collectors. The radular tooth also serves as a defense mechanism against potential predators.

Known Predators:

  • large fish
  • humans

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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citação bibliográfica
Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Published observations on reproductive behavior were made in aquaria, and direct observations on ritual courtships or competition for a mate in the wild is lacking. Some researchers hypothesize that male cone snails may exhibit territoriality to ensure access to potential mates.

During copulation, the male mounts the female using its foot. It inserts about 2/3 of a ribbon-like organ called the verge (analogous to a penis) into the female’s opening near the anal notch. This position is maintained for at least 15 minutes before the male retracts its verge. Two to three days later, the female lays several capsules eggs on a hard surface. No information is available as to whether mating occurs singly or at multiple times across the lifespan.

Mating System: monogamous

Sexual maturity may occur between 6 to 12 months. After mating, the female lays her egg capsules on a smooth, hard surface, where they develop into larvae in twenty days.

Breeding interval: Geographic cone snails breed once a year.

Breeding season: Between April and September when the waters are warm.

Range number of offspring: 1000 to 5000.

Average number of offspring: 2500.

Range gestation period: 2 to 3 days.

Average gestation period: 3 days.

Range time to independence: 15 to 25 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 to 12 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 6 to 12 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous

There is no further investment in parental care after eggs are laid, as is the case for most marine invertebrates.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; precocial ; pre-fertilization

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direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Hall, M. 2011. "Conus geographus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Conus_geographus.html
autor
Miranda Hall, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
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Animal Diversity Web

Homolice mapová ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Homolice mapová (latinsky Conus geographus) je mořský plž z čeledi homolicovití (Conidae).

Výskyt

Jedná se o běžný druh, který se vyskytuje v tropické oblasti Indo-Pacifiku, od Rudého moře až po Japonské ostrovy (souostroví Izu), včetně Indie, Austrálie a Filipín.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
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Homolice mapová: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Homolice mapová (latinsky Conus geographus) je mořský plž z čeledi homolicovití (Conidae).

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Landkartenkegel ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Landkartenkegel oder Geographenkegel, auch die Landkarten-Kegelschnecke (Conus geographus), ist eine Schnecke aus der Familie der Kegelschnecken (Gattung Conus). Das Gift dieser fischfressenden Kegelschnecke, die im Indopazifik weit verbreitet ist, gilt als eines der gefährlichsten im Tierreich.[1]

Merkmale

Conus geographus trägt ein breites, dünnwandiges, oft konvexes, in seinem mittleren und hinteren Abschnitt annähernd zylindrisches Schneckenhaus, das bei ausgewachsenen Schnecken 6,5 bis 16,6 cm Länge erreicht. Die Grundfarbe des Gehäuses ist weiß mit bläulich-grauem, violetten oder rosafarbenem Farbton. Die Oberfläche des Körperumganges ist annähernd glatt und hat eine feine, vielfach unterbrochene Musterung aus bräunlichen bis rotbraunen Linien und kleinen zeltförmigen Flecken, die oft in zwei unregelmäßigen Bändern angeordnet sind. Der Protoconch ist rosa bis rot, die Mündung weiß. Das abgeflachte Gewinde ist gefurcht und trägt Knoten.[1][2] Das Periostracum ist grau bis gelblich oder rötlich braun, dünn und kann durchscheinend sein. Die konvex-zylindrische Form des Gehäuses mit breitem Mittelteil und das stark abgeflachte Gewinde heben den Landkartenkegel von anderen Conus-Arten ab.

Das Tier besitzt einen breiten, massiven Fuß, dessen weiße, braun gefleckte und gestreifte Oberseite von einem blass-orangefarbenen, weiß gepunkteten Streifen überzogen ist. Das Rostrum ist gelbbraun, dorsal mit einer dunkelbraunen Marmorierung und am distalen Ende eingekerbt. Die Fühler sind weiß mit einer hellbraunen Spitze, der Sipho weiß mit dunkelbraunen Querstreifen auf hellbraunen Flecken und einer weißen Spitze. Die Fußsohle ist weiß mit hellbraunen Flecken. Die Farbtöne des Tieres variieren.

Die mit einer Giftdrüse verbundenen Radula-Zähne haben an der Spitze einen Widerhaken und gegenüber eine Schneide mit einem kleinen Widerhaken. Sie sind mit etwa 125 Zähnchen hinten bis zur Mitte des Zahns gesägt. An der Basis des Zahns ist nur ein schwaches Knötchen und kein Sporn.

Verbreitung

Der Landkartenkegel ist weit verbreitet und tritt im Roten Meer sowie im Indischen Ozean um Chagos, Madagaskar, Mauritius, Mosambik und Tansania auf, ebenso im Indopazifik mit Ausnahme von Hawaii.

Lebensraum

Landkartenkegel leben in der Gezeitenzone von Korallenriffen bis 20 m Tiefe, wo sie sandigen Meeresboden bevorzugen.[1]

Lebenszyklus

Wie alle Kegelschnecken ist Conus geographus getrenntgeschlechtlich, und das Männchen begattet das Weibchen mit seinem Penis. Aus den Eikapseln schlüpfen Veliger-Larven, die wiederum eine Metamorphose zur Schnecke durchmachen. Pro Laich werden etwa 54 Kapseln abgegeben, die jeweils 14.500 bis 17.800 Eier enthalten. Die Eier haben einen Durchmesser von etwa 190 µm. Hieraus wird zurückgeschlossen, dass die pelagische Periode der Veliger etwa 24 Tage dauert.

Ernährung

Die Beute von Conus geographus besteht überwiegend aus Fischen, daneben werden auch Weichtiere gefressen. Die Fische werden bei dieser Art ohne vorheriges Zustechen verschluckt, können jedoch im Vorderdarm durch einen Giftzahn getötet werden. Der nachtaktive Landkartenkegel kriecht an Fische heran, die sich ausruhen, entlässt Insulin ins Wasser und stülpt seinen „falschen Mund“ über sie. Durch das Insulin erleiden die Fische offenbar einen hypoglykämischen Schock und werden so immobilisiert.[3][4] Auf diese Weise können mehrere kleine Fische auf einmal erbeutet werden, die dann im Maul hintereinander mit den giftigen Radulazähnen gestochen werden.[5][6] Anders als „harpunierende“ Arten wie die Streifen-Kegelschnecke ist der Landkartenkegel auch mit vorverdauten Fischen in seinem Rostrum bereit, weitere Fische zu fressen. Er gehört zu den größten Kegelschnecken und hat eine besonders dünne Schale, was ihn überdurchschnittlich beweglich macht.[7] 8 bis 9 cm lange Kegelschnecken können 13 bis 14 cm lange Fische erbeuten. Kurz zuvor getötete Fische werden auch gefressen.

Bedeutung für den Menschen

Conus geographus ist auf Grund seiner gemusterten Gehäuse ein beliebtes Sammlerobjekt, so dass der Mensch als ein Hauptfeind gelten kann. Er wird allerdings nicht in der Roten Liste aufgeführt.[8]

Wie andere Kegelschnecken setzt der Landkartenkegel seine giftige Harpune nicht nur zum Beutefang, sondern auch zur Verteidigung ein. Sein Giftzahn kann Handschuhe und Taucheranzüge durchdringen. Das Gift des Landkartenkegels ist eines der für den Menschen gefährlichsten und es gibt Berichte über drei Dutzend Todesfälle in 300 Jahren.[9] Das Gift besteht aus mehreren hundert verschiedenen Toxinen. Es gibt kein Antidot, so dass eine Behandlung darauf abzielt, den Betroffenen bis zum Abbau der Giftstoffe am Leben zu halten.

Einige Giftstoffe (Conotoxine) von Conus geographus haben eine stark analgetische Wirkung und werden deshalb auf medizinische Anwendbarkeit hin untersucht. Ein aus Conus geographus gewonnenes Toxin ist Contulakin-G (Conantokin).

Literatur

  • George Washington Tryon: Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 1884. C[onus] geographus Linn., S. 88.
  • Jerry G. Walls: Cone Shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae TFH Publications, Neptune (New Jersey) 1979. S. 506.
  • Dieter Röckel, Werner Korn, Alan J. Kohn: Manual of the Living Conidae Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific Region. Verlag Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden 1995. Die Texte zu den einzelnen Kegelschneckenarten des Indopazifiks sind mit Genehmigung der Autoren auf The Conus Biodiversity Website veröffentlicht (siehe Weblinks).

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c World Register of Marine Species (2010): Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758.
  2. George Washington Tryon, Manual of Conchology. Band VI, S. 88; 1879
  3. Helena Safavi-Hemami, Joanna Gajewiak, Santhosh Karanth, Samuel D. Robinson, Beatrix Ueberheide, Adam D. Douglass, Amnon Schlegel, Julita S. Imperial, Maren Watkins, Pradip K. Bandyopadhyay, Mark Yandell, Qing Li, Anthony W. Purcell, Raymond S. Norton, Lars Ellgaard, Baldomero M. Olivera (2015): Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (6), S. 1743–1748.
  4. Joachim Czichos: Ungewöhnliche Biowaffe: Kegelschnecken fangen Fische mit Insulin. Das ins Wasser abgegebene Hormon senkt den Blutzuckerspiegel der Beutetiere und macht sie dadurch schlapp und orientierungslos. Wissenschaft aktuell, 20. Januar 2015.
  5. Baldomero M. Olivera (1996): Conus Venom Peptides, Receptor and Ion Channel Targets, and Drug Design: 50 Million Years of Neuropharmacology. Veröffentlicht in Mol. Biol. Cell (1. November 1997), vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 2101–2109. Hierzu ein Bild mit Fangmethoden von Conus purpurascens und Conus geographus im Vergleich (Fig. 3 aus dem Artikel).
  6. Christian Melaun: Phylogenetische und toxinologische Untersuchungen an Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung west-atlantischer Vertreter der Gattung Conus (PDF-Datei; 4,23 MB). Dissertation, Gießen 2008.
  7. Baldomero M. Olivera, Jon Seger, Martin P. Horvath, Alexander E. Fedosov: Prey-Capture Strategies of Fish-Hunting Cone Snails: Behavior, Neurobiology and Evolution. In: Brain, behavior and evolution. Band 86, Nummer 1, September 2015, S. 58–74, doi:10.1159/000438449, PMID 26397110, PMC 4621268 (freier Volltext) (Review).
  8. Fischhaus Zepkow: Familie Conidae - Kegelschnecken
  9. Conus geographus Linnaeus 1758 penelope.uchicago.edu, abgerufen 27. März 2021
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wikipedia DE

Landkartenkegel: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Landkartenkegel oder Geographenkegel, auch die Landkarten-Kegelschnecke (Conus geographus), ist eine Schnecke aus der Familie der Kegelschnecken (Gattung Conus). Das Gift dieser fischfressenden Kegelschnecke, die im Indopazifik weit verbreitet ist, gilt als eines der gefährlichsten im Tierreich.

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Conus geographus ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Conus geographus, popularly called the geography cone or the geographer cone, is a species of predatory cone snail. It lives in reefs of the tropical Indo-Pacific, and hunts small fish. While all cone snails hunt and kill prey using venom, the venom of conus geographus is potent enough to kill humans.[3]

The variety Conus geographus var. rosea G. B. Sowerby I, 1833 is a synonym of Conus eldredi Morrison, 1955.

This species is the type species of :

  • Gastridium Modeer, 1793
  • Rollus Montfort, 1810
  • Utriculus Schumacher, 1817

Shell description

C. geographus has a broad, thin shell, cylindrically inflated. Geography cones grow to about 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) in length. The size of an adult shell varies between 43 and 166 mm (1.7 and 6.5 in). The ground color of the shell is pink or violaceous white, occasionally reddish. It has a mottled appearance, clouded and coarsely reticulated with chestnut or chocolate, usually forming two very irregular bands. This intricate brown-and-white pattern is highly prized by shell collectors.[4]

The geography cone has a wide, violaceous white or pink aperture and numerous shoulder ridges or spines.[3] The shell is covered with thread-like revolving striae, usually nearly obsolete except at the base. The flattened spire is striated and coronated.[3][5]

In comparison with other species, the shell has a noticeably wider and convex mid-body, with a flattened spire. Its walls are also noticeably thinner and lighter compared to other cone shells of similar length and size.

Distribution

Geography cones are common. They occur in the Red Sea, in the Indian Ocean off Chagos, Réunion, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique and Tanzania. They are indigenous to the reefs of the Indo-Pacific region, except for Hawaii,[4] and off Australia (the Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia).

Ecology

C. geographus is a piscivore that dwells in sediment of shallow reefs,[3] preying on small fish. Like the other cone snails, it fires a harpoon-like, venom-tipped modified tooth into its prey; the harpoon is attached to the body by a proboscis, and the prey is pulled inside for ingestion.

Venom

The geography cone snail is highly dangerous; live specimens should be handled with extreme caution.[3] C. geographus has the most toxic sting known among Conus species and there are reports for about three dozen human fatalities in 300 years. The venom has an LD50 toxicity in of 0.012-0.030 mg/kg.[4][6][7] The venom of the geography cone snail is a complex mix of hundreds of different toxins that is delivered through toxoglossan radula, a harpoon-like tooth propelled from an extendable proboscis. There is no antivenom for a cone snail sting, and treatment consists of keeping victims alive until the toxins wear off.[4] The geography cone is also known colloquially as the "cigarette snail", a gallows humor exaggeration implying that, when stung by this creature, the victim will have only enough time to smoke a cigarette before dying.[8][9] In reality, even the most venomous cone snails take about one to five hours to kill a healthy human, though medical care must still be prompt as, without it, death is almost certain. [10]

Among the compounds found in cone snail venom are proteins which, when isolated, have great potential as pain-killing drugs. Research shows that certain component proteins of the venom target specific human pain receptors and can be up to 10,000 times more potent than morphine without morphine's addictive properties and side-effects.[4] Conantokin-G is a toxin derived from the venom of C. geographus. Only 15-20 of the venom's 100-200 toxic peptides are used for feeding. It is believed that the other compounds are defensive, and that the venom is mainly used for defense.[6]

Insulin

Recent research has revealed that C. geographus uses a form of insulin as a means of stunning its prey. This insulin is distinct from its own (with shorter chains) and appears to be a stripped down version of those insulins found in fish. Once this venom passes through a fish's gills, the fish experiences hypoglycaemic shock, essentially stunning it and allowing for ingestion by the snail. This poison mixture has been referred to as nirvana cabal. Along with the tulip cone snail C. tulipa, no other species of any known lifeform is known to have used its own biological insulin as a weapon.[11]

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference.[3]

  1. ^ Kohn, A. (2013). "Conus geographus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T192772A2158685. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T192772A2158685.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, 10th ed., 1
  3. ^ a b c d e f g WoRMS (2010). Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215499 on 2011-07-24
  4. ^ a b c d e "Geographic Cone Snail Profile". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  5. ^ George Washington Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. VI p. 88; 1879
  6. ^ a b Conus geographus Linnaeus 1758 penelope.uchicago.edu
  7. ^ Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758 - Record: CONUS BIODIVERSITY WEBSITE CATALOGUE
  8. ^ "NIGMS - Findings, September 2002: Secrets of the Killer Snails". Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
  9. ^ Geographic Cone Snail, Geographic Cone Snail Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News - National Geographic
  10. ^ Kapil, Sasha; Hendriksen, Stephen; Cooper, Jeffrey S. (2020), "Cone Snail Toxicity", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29262115, retrieved 2020-07-30
  11. ^ Safavi-Hemami H, Gajewiak J, Karanth S, Robinson SD, et al. (February 2015). "Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 (6): 1743–8. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.1743S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1423857112. PMC 4330763. PMID 25605914.
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Conus geographus: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Conus geographus, popularly called the geography cone or the geographer cone, is a species of predatory cone snail. It lives in reefs of the tropical Indo-Pacific, and hunts small fish. While all cone snails hunt and kill prey using venom, the venom of conus geographus is potent enough to kill humans.

The variety Conus geographus var. rosea G. B. Sowerby I, 1833 is a synonym of Conus eldredi Morrison, 1955.

This species is the type species of :

Gastridium Modeer, 1793 Rollus Montfort, 1810 Utriculus Schumacher, 1817
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Conus geographus ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Cône géographe

Conus geographus (littéralement le Cône géographe, nommé aussi Cône géographique) est une espèce de mollusques de la famille des Conidae, molluscivore et piscivore. C'est un coquillage venimeux, le plus dangereux connu.

Répartition

On trouve le cône géographe dans l'océan Indien et l'ouest de l'océan Pacifique.

Description

Le cône géographe est un assez gros cône (de 4,3 à 16,6 cm), à la coquille marron parsemée d'une multitude de petits triangles blancs (ou crème), d'une manière beaucoup moins précise et plus fine que chez ses cousins comme Conus magnificus, Conus textile ou Conus striatus. Suivant la répartition des deux couleurs (chacune peut dominer plus ou moins selon les individus), les motifs font parfois penser à une carte avec des continents (d'où son nom). L'ouverture de la coquille est relativement large pour un cône (ce qui lui permet d'ingérer de grosses proies), et laisse voir chez les spécimens morts un intérieur blanc.

Comportement

Le cône géographe est un redoutable chasseur nocturne, qui chasse à l'affût. Il attend immobile qu'un poisson s'approche, il éjecte alors par son siphon un dard enduit de venin qui paralyse la victime et la tue rapidement. C'est le coquillage le plus venimeux connu[1] ; son venin peut tuer un homme en deux heures et il n'existe aucun anti-venin[2]. Lorsque le cône géographe attaque, il libère un cocktail venimeux complexe mêlant les effets du fugu (tétrodotoxine : toxine 500 fois plus virulente que le cyanure) à ceux du cobra (neurotoxine qui provoque une paralysie des muscles, en particulier des muscles respiratoires). Ceci explique pourquoi les piqûres de ces animaux sont létales dans 70 % des cas.

Cependant, les mœurs cryptiques de cet animal extrêmement lent par ailleurs (et non « agressif ») rendent les accidents très rares : on recense en moyenne moins de 10 envenimations par an toutes espèces de cônes réunies[1].

Galerie

Philatélie

Ce coquillage figure sur deux émissions de la Nouvelle-Calédonie de 1968 (valeur faciale : 10 F) et de 2006 (150 F, pour la découverte de propriétés anti-douleur de son venin).

Références taxinomiques

Autres cônes venimeux (liste non exhaustive)

 src=
Conus geographus.

Notes et références

  1. a et b B.M., « Cônes tueurs », sur Zonatus.com (consulté le 29 janvier 2014).
  2. Cônes sur NewsVieMarine.fr.
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Conus geographus: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Cône géographe

Conus geographus (littéralement le Cône géographe, nommé aussi Cône géographique) est une espèce de mollusques de la famille des Conidae, molluscivore et piscivore. C'est un coquillage venimeux, le plus dangereux connu.

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Conus geographus ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il cono geografico (Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758)[2] è un mollusco gasteropode marino appartenente alla famiglia Conidae, diffuso nell'Oceano Indiano e nel Pacifico.[1][3]

Descrizione

La specie è caratterizzata da una proboscide estendibile con cui inietta il suo veleno nelle sue prede (piccoli pesci e molluschi). Può usare il suo veleno anche per difesa, per questo occorre maneggiarlo con molta attenzione.

Il Conus gegrapicus ha una conchiglia larga, sottile, lunga fino a 15 cm. Il colore della sua conchiglia può essere rosso, rosa, bianco, marrone. Questi colori sono uniti tra loro con screziature particolarmente gradevoli alla vista, non a caso è molto apprezzato dai collezionisti. Rispetto ad altre conchiglie ha le spire piuttosto appiattite.

Biologia

Il veleno di questa specie di Conus è particolarmente potente ed è in grado di uccidere un uomo. Particolarmente complesso, è caratterizzato dalla presenza di centinaia di tossine diverse (conotossine, conantochine ecc.) ad azione prevalentemente neurotossica, agendo sulla permeabilità dei canali voltaggio-dipendenti a livello sistemico (ad esempio, la tossina polipeptidica ω-conotossina-GVIA presente nel veleno di questo mollusco produce un blocco selettivo e irreversibile dei canali del calcio di tipo N[4] esitando con effetti antipertensivi e analgesici[5]). Non esistono antidoti specifici per il veleno di questa specie.

Alcune ricerche mostrano che alcune tossine del veleno di questa specie hanno un grande potenziale terapeutico soprattutto come antidolorifici. Sono infatti 10.000 volte più potenti della morfina, ma con meno effetti collaterali e un'azione più specifica.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa nel mar Rosso al largo delle isole Chagos, nell'oceano Indiano, quindi nei mari del Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambico e Tanzania. Si trovano anche nella zona Indo-pacifica ed in Australia.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Kohn, A., 2013, Conus geographus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (LA) Linnaeus, C., Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, vol. II, Editio decima, reformata, Holmiae (Stoccolma), Laurentius Salvius, 1758, pp. 824 pp..
  3. ^ (EN) Bouchet, P. (2013), Conus geographus, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species).
  4. ^ Conti, Fiorenzo. e Battaglia-Mayer, Alexandra., Fisiologia medica, 2. ed, Edi-Ermes, 2010, p. 84, ISBN 9788870513462, OCLC 848777382.
  5. ^ (EN) Michael J. Lew, James P. Flinn e Paul K. Pallaghy, Structure-Function Relationships of ω-Conotoxin GVIA. Synthesis, Structure, Calcium Channel Binding, and Functional assay of Alanine-Substituted Analogues, in Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, n. 18, 2 maggio 1997, pp. 12014–12023, DOI:10.1074/jbc.272.18.12014. URL consultato l'8 febbraio 2018.

Bibliografia

  • Dautzenberg, Ph., Contribution à l'étude de la faune de Madagascar: Mollusca marina testacea, in Faune des colonies françaises, vol. 3, n. 4, Parigi, Société d'Editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1929, pp. pp. 321-636, tavv. IV-VII.
  • Duda, T. F., Kohn, A. J. and Palumbi, S. R., Origins of diverse feeding ecologies within Conus, a genus of venomous marine Gastropods, in Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, vol. 73, 2001, pp. 391-409.
  • Hunt, B. and Vincent, A. C. J., Scale and sustainability of marine bioprospecting for pharmaceuticals, in Ambio, vol. 35, n. 2, 2006, pp. 57-64.
  • Rice, T., A Catalog of Dealers' Prices for Shells: Marine, Land and Freshwater, Sea and Shore Publications, 2007.
  • Röckel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A. J., Manual of the Living Conidae, Vol 1, Verlag Christa Hemmen, 1995.

 title=
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Conus geographus: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il cono geografico (Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758) è un mollusco gasteropode marino appartenente alla famiglia Conidae, diffuso nell'Oceano Indiano e nel Pacifico.

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Conus geographus ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Conus geographus is een in zee levende slakkensoort uit de familie Conidae. De soort werd in 1758 beschreven door Linnaeus.[1]

Voorkomen en verspreiding

 src=
Conus geographus

Conus geographus is een carnivoor die leeft in ondiep warm water op zandgronden, rotsbodems en koraalriffen (sublitoraal). Deze soort komt voor van de oostkust van Afrika tot in Oceanië met uitzondering van Hawaï (Indopacifische provincie). Het dier jaagt met een giftige 'harpoen', die prooien verlamt. Ze gebruiken dit ook om zich te verdedigen, maar gebruiken daarvoor een ander gif, dat ook voor de mens dodelijk kan zijn.[2] Levende dieren kan men beter niet oppakken. De schelp kan tot 155 mm lang worden, en elk dier bevat genoeg gif om 15 mensen te doden.[3]

Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Conus geographus van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Verwijzingen

  1. a b World Register of Marine Species, Conus geographus. Marinespecies.org. Geraadpleegd op 26 oktober 2013.
  2. Dutertre, S, Jin, A.-H.; Vetter, I.; Hamilton, B. ; Sunagar, K.; Lavergne, V.; Dutertre, V.; Fry, B.G.; Antunes, A.; Venter, D.J.; Alewood, P.F. & Lewis, R.J. (2014). Evolution of separate predation- and defence-evoked venoms in carnivorous cone snails. Nature Communications 5 (3521) . DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4521.
  3. (en) University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, ADW Animal Diversity Web, Conus geographus

Bron

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Conus geographus: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Conus geographus is een in zee levende slakkensoort uit de familie Conidae. De soort werd in 1758 beschreven door Linnaeus.

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Stożek geograficzny ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Stożek geograficzny (Conus geographus) – gatunek ślimaka z rodziny stożków. Zasięg występowania obejmuje Indo-Pacyfik z wyjątkiem Hawajów. Występuje do głębokości 20 m[1].

Lekka, cienkościenna muszla mierzy 43-166 mm[2], choć zwykle osiąga 15 cm. Ma barwę kremową, niebieskawobiałą, z pomarańczowymi lub czerwonobrązowymi kropkami lub nieregularnymi plamami[3] oraz 2-3 szerokimi pasami barwy brązowej, od jasnych po ciemne odcienie. Masa ciała u 12 osobników pochodzących z Wielkiej Rafy Koralowej wahała się między 13,3 a 62 g[4]. Skrętka niska, rozdęta, w połowie muszli najszersza. Poprzeczne fałdy wzrostu są mocne, niskie u podstawy, przy górnej krawędzi falisty. U podstawy znajduje się wrzeciono sprawiające wrażenie uciętego[5].

Silnie toksyczny, do roku 1978 zanotowano ponad 30 przypadków ukąszeń śmiertelnych; wytwarza najbardziej neurotoksyczne peptydy spośród przedstawicieli Conus. Pożywienie stanowią ryby, jak również inne mięczaki. Osobniki mierzące 80-87 mm są w stanie upolować rybę o długości 13-14 cm[6].

Jak inni przedstawiciele Conus, żerują nocą. Do zlokalizowania zdobyczy używają chemoreceptorów. Kiedy ryba znajdzie się blisko stożka, ten swoją nogą łapie ją i przesuwając nogę, powoli obejmuje całe jej ciało. Następnie swoim lejkowatym rostrum kąsa ją. Jeżeli ryba jest niewielkich rozmiarów (3-5 cm długości), stożek może ją zjeść po 10-60 sekundach; przy większych rybach czas ten wynosi 3-10 minut. W trakcie badań, których wyniki opublikowano w roku 1971, strawienie małej ofiary - jak ryba Microcanthus strigatus (skubaczowate) - zajmuje około 19 godzin[4].

Przypisy

  1. a b Conus geographus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  2. Gastridium geographus. gastropods.com. [dostęp 21 marca 2014].
  3. Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758. World Register of Marine Species. [dostęp 21 marca 2014].
  4. a b Johnson, Clifford R; Stablum, William. Observations on the Feeding Behavior of Conus geographus (Gastropoda: Toxoglossa). „Pacific Science”. 25, 1971. University of Hawai'i Press.
  5. S. PeterS.P. Dance S. PeterS.P., Muszle, seria: Kolekcjoner, Warszawa: Wiedza i Życie, 2001, ISBN 83-7184-921-4 .
  6. Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758. Catalogue of recent and fossil Conus. [dostęp 21 marca 2014].
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Stożek geograficzny: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Stożek geograficzny (Conus geographus) – gatunek ślimaka z rodziny stożków. Zasięg występowania obejmuje Indo-Pacyfik z wyjątkiem Hawajów. Występuje do głębokości 20 m.

Lekka, cienkościenna muszla mierzy 43-166 mm, choć zwykle osiąga 15 cm. Ma barwę kremową, niebieskawobiałą, z pomarańczowymi lub czerwonobrązowymi kropkami lub nieregularnymi plamami oraz 2-3 szerokimi pasami barwy brązowej, od jasnych po ciemne odcienie. Masa ciała u 12 osobników pochodzących z Wielkiej Rafy Koralowej wahała się między 13,3 a 62 g. Skrętka niska, rozdęta, w połowie muszli najszersza. Poprzeczne fałdy wzrostu są mocne, niskie u podstawy, przy górnej krawędzi falisty. U podstawy znajduje się wrzeciono sprawiające wrażenie uciętego.

Silnie toksyczny, do roku 1978 zanotowano ponad 30 przypadków ukąszeń śmiertelnych; wytwarza najbardziej neurotoksyczne peptydy spośród przedstawicieli Conus. Pożywienie stanowią ryby, jak również inne mięczaki. Osobniki mierzące 80-87 mm są w stanie upolować rybę o długości 13-14 cm.

Jak inni przedstawiciele Conus, żerują nocą. Do zlokalizowania zdobyczy używają chemoreceptorów. Kiedy ryba znajdzie się blisko stożka, ten swoją nogą łapie ją i przesuwając nogę, powoli obejmuje całe jej ciało. Następnie swoim lejkowatym rostrum kąsa ją. Jeżeli ryba jest niewielkich rozmiarów (3-5 cm długości), stożek może ją zjeść po 10-60 sekundach; przy większych rybach czas ten wynosi 3-10 minut. W trakcie badań, których wyniki opublikowano w roku 1971, strawienie małej ofiary - jak ryba Microcanthus strigatus (skubaczowate) - zajmuje około 19 godzin.

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Conus geographus ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Conus geographus (nomeada, em inglês, Geography Cone; na tradução para o português, "Conus geografia")[2][3][8] é uma espécie de molusco gastrópode marinho predador do gênero Conus, pertencente à família Conidae.[1] Foi classificada por Carolus Linnaeus em 1758, descrita em sua obra Systema Naturae[4]; sendo nativa do Indo-Pacífico e muito popular por sua picada; considerada a mais temida das seis espécies de moluscos Conidae potencialmente perigosas ao homem, por apresentar uma glândula de veneno conectada a um mecanismo de disparo de sua rádula, em formato de arpão, dotada de neurotoxinas que podem levar ao óbito. Também é capaz de espalhar na água, ao redor, um tipo específico de insulina, com cadeias de moléculas proteicas mais curtas, causadoras de choque hipoglicêmico, inibindo os movimentos natatórios de suas presas.[1][2][3][8][9][10][11]

Descrição da concha

Conus geographus possui uma concha cônica, fina e leve, com uma espiral baixa e nodulosa em seu ângulo com a última volta, dotada de relevo exterior curvo, convexo, mais ou menos acentuado, dando-lhe um aspecto geral arredondado; com no máximo 13 centímetros de comprimento e de coloração geral creme, creme-rosada ou azulada, com marcações mais ou menos difusas, por toda a sua superfície, incluindo faixas visíveis, em castanho-avermelhado. Abertura levemente arredondada, com lábio externo fino e interior branco; mais alargada na segunda metade da concha, em direção a seu canal sifonal.[3][8][12][13]

Habitat e distribuição geográfica

Esta espécie é encontrada espalhada no Indo-Pacífico e Pacífico Ocidental, no Japão (Ryūkyū) e Filipinas até Polinésia Francesa (lá tornando-se rara a muito rara, no arquipélago da Sociedade), Nova Caledônia, norte da Austrália Ocidental, território do Norte e Queensland (incluindo a Grande Barreira de Coral; Austrália), em direção à África Oriental (Chagos, Reunião, Madagáscar, Maurícia, Moçambique e Tanzânia[14]) e Mar Vermelho, no oceano Índico, a pouca profundidade e em fundos arenosos e coralinos da zona entremarés à zona nerítica, entre os 5 a 20 metros, normalmente. É uma espécie carnívora, que se alimenta de peixes, imobilizando suas presas; se abrigando durante o dia e saindo para caçar à noite.[1][3][6][8][12][15][16][17][18][19]

Referências

  1. a b c d LINDNER, Gert (1983). Moluscos y Caracoles de los Mares del Mundo (em espanhol). Barcelona, Espanha: Omega. p. 83-84. 256 páginas. ISBN 84-282-0308-3 |acessodata= requer |url= (ajuda)
  2. a b c «Geography Cone» (em inglês). National Geographic. 1 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018
  3. a b c d e f ABBOTT, R. Tucker; DANCE, S. Peter (1982). Compendium of Seashells. A color Guide to More than 4.200 of the World's Marine Shells (em inglês). New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 247. 412 páginas. ISBN 0-525-93269-0 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda); |acessodata= requer |url= (ajuda)
  4. a b c d «Conus geographus» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018
  5. a b «Conus (Gastridium)» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018
  6. a b LINDNER, Gert (Op. cit., p.206.).
  7. BÜCHERL, Wolfgang; BUCKLEY, Eleanor E. (1971). Venomous Animals and Their Venoms. Volume III: Venomous Invertebrates (em inglês). New York / London: Academic Press Books, Elsevier - Google Books. p. 392. 562 páginas. ISBN 978-1-4832-6289-5. Consultado em 10 de novembro de 2018 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  8. a b c d WYE, Kenneth R. (1989). The Mitchell Beazley Pocket Guide to Shells of the World (em inglês). London: Mitchell Beazley Publishers. p. 136. 192 páginas. ISBN 0-85533-738-9 |acessodata= requer |url= (ajuda)
  9. Haddad Junior, Vidal; Paula Neto, João Batista de; Cobo, Válter José (outubro de 2006). «Venomous mollusks: the risks of human accidents by conus snails (gastropoda: conidae) in Brazil» (em inglês). Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, vol 39; nº 5. (SciELO). 1 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  10. Haddad Junior, Vidal; Coltro, Marcus; Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (julho–agosto de 2009). «Report of a human accident caused by Conus regius (Gastropoda, Conidae)» (em inglês). Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, vol.42; no.4. (SciELO). 1 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  11. Press Association (19 de janeiro de 2015). «Deadly sea snail uses weaponised insulin to make its prey sluggish» (em inglês). The Guardian. 1 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018
  12. a b Wang, Pei-Jan (31 de março de 2014). «geographus (菲律賓)-殺手芋螺» (em chinês). Flickr. 1 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018. Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758-(Philippines).
  13. DANCE, S. Peter (2002). Smithsonian Handbooks: Shells. The Photographic Recognition Guide to Seashells of the World (em inglês) 2ª ed. London, England: Dorling Kindersley. p. 188. 256 páginas. ISBN 0-7894-8987-2 |acessodata= requer |url= (ajuda)
  14. Fonte: Wikipédia inglesa.
  15. «Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758 - geographer cone» (em inglês). SeaLifeBase. 1 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018
  16. «Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758» (em inglês). Jacksonville Shells. 1 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018
  17. «Geography Cone: Conus geographus» (em inglês). Queensland Museum. 1 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018
  18. Touitou, David; Balleton, Michel. «CONIDAE DE POLYNESIE» (PDF) (em francês). XENOPHORA N° 111 (SEASHELL COLLECTORS). p. 28. 27-42 páginas. Consultado em 8 de novembro de 2018. Rareté: Devenu assez rare dans l’archipel de la Société. Particularité: L’espèce était assez commune mais elle s’est raréfiée au même titre que Conus tulipa et que Conus obscurus. A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  19. a b Fonte: ligações externas
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Conus geographus: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Conus geographus (nomeada, em inglês, Geography Cone; na tradução para o português, "Conus geografia") é uma espécie de molusco gastrópode marinho predador do gênero Conus, pertencente à família Conidae. Foi classificada por Carolus Linnaeus em 1758, descrita em sua obra Systema Naturae; sendo nativa do Indo-Pacífico e muito popular por sua picada; considerada a mais temida das seis espécies de moluscos Conidae potencialmente perigosas ao homem, por apresentar uma glândula de veneno conectada a um mecanismo de disparo de sua rádula, em formato de arpão, dotada de neurotoxinas que podem levar ao óbito. Também é capaz de espalhar na água, ao redor, um tipo específico de insulina, com cadeias de moléculas proteicas mais curtas, causadoras de choque hipoglicêmico, inibindo os movimentos natatórios de suas presas.

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Ốc nón địa lý ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Ốc nón, hay ốc cối, ốc cối địa lý[4], danh pháp hai phần: Conus geographus, là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển trong họ Conidae, phân họ ốc nón. Giống như tất cả các loài thuộc chi Conus, chúng là loài săn mồi và có nọc độc có tác dụng rất mạnh[3] nên rất nguy hiểm nếu tiếp xúc (cầm).

Đặc điểm

Đây là loài nguy hiểm nhất săn cá bằng cách sử dụng hàm răng giống như lao móc và một tuyến độc. Tuy di chuyển chậm chạp nhưng ốc nón địa lý vẫn bắt được cá nhờ khả năng ẩn nấp tài tình, chất độc và một bộ phận độc đáo của chúng. Chúng săn mồi nhờ một ống hút và một tuyến độc. Vào ban ngày ốc nón nghỉ ngơi. Khi màn đêm buông xuống, chúng di chuyển trên đáy biển giống như những con ốc vô hại khác. Chúng rình mồi bằng cách náu thân dưới cát và chỉ giơ ống hút lên. Khi con mồi tới gần, chúng sẽ tóm chặt mục tiêu rồi tiêm chất độc vào cơ thể mồi. Chất độc khiến con mồi tê liệt và ốc nón nuốt chửng nó một cách dễ dàng.

Lưu ý

Nếu bị ốc nón địa lý đốt/chích thì có thể chết người trong vòng 2-3 phút, do vậy không nên cầm chúng hoặc khi cầm thì phải hết sức cẩn thận.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ 10th edition of Systema Naturae
  2. ^ Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, 10th ed., 1
  3. ^ a ă WoRMS (2010). Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758. Truy cập through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215499 on 2011-07-24
  4. ^ Hồ sơ nguồn gen ốc cối Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Phân họ Ốc nón này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.


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wikipedia VI

Ốc nón địa lý: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Ốc nón, hay ốc cối, ốc cối địa lý, danh pháp hai phần: Conus geographus, là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển trong họ Conidae, phân họ ốc nón. Giống như tất cả các loài thuộc chi Conus, chúng là loài săn mồi và có nọc độc có tác dụng rất mạnh nên rất nguy hiểm nếu tiếp xúc (cầm).

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Конус географический ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Надтип: Спиральные
Класс: Брюхоногие
Подкласс: Ценогастроподы
Отряд: Neogastropoda
Надсемейство: Conoidea
Семейство: Конусы
Род: Conus
Вид: Конус географический
Международное научное название

Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758

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Изображения
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NCBI 6491EOL 2988801

Конус географический[1][2] (Conus geographus) — вид брюхоногих моллюсков из семейства конусов (Conidae).

Описание

 src=
Раковина моллюска

Раковина длиной 43—166 мм. Раковина крупная, овально-конической формы, толстостенная, вздутая, асимметричная. Поверхность раковины гладкая. Общая окраска беловатая либо бежевая, с тонкой «вязью» и расплывчатыми пятнами коричневого цвета — узором, напоминающим географическую карту. Вершина раковины невысокая, с невыразительной короной[1]. Раковина, как и у прочих рыбоядных видов, имеет расширенное устье.

Ареал

Тропический Индо-Тихоокеанский регион. От Красного моря до Японских островов (остров Изу), включая акваторию Индии, Австралии и Филиппин[1].

Биология

Моллюски встречаются на мелководных участках коралловых рифов, обычно на кораллах и между ними. Предпочитает песчаные грунты, хотя встречается и в зоне утёсов, под камнями. Хищник — активно охотится на рыб, иногда — на моллюсков[1].

Заметив добычу при помощи осфрадия, специального чувствительного органа, конус медленно приближается к ней. Добычу убивает при помощи яда, который впрыскивает в тело жертвы с помощью специального органа. Яд обладает нервно-паралитическим действием. Радула имеет зубы, видоизменённые под гарпун — заострённые концы снабжены острыми направленными назад шипами. Внутри гарпуна проходит полость, соединённая с ядовитой железой. Зубы сидят двумя рядами, по одному зубу с каждой стороны пластинки радулы. Когда конус обнаруживает добычу, один зуб радулы выходит из глотки, его полость заполняется секретом ядовитой железы, проходит хобот и зажимается на конце этого хобота. Попадая в организм жертвы, токсин снижает уровень глюкозы в крови, вызывая состояние гипогликемической комы. Смерть от укуса может наступить в течение нескольких минут. Быстродействие токсина объясняется рекордно коротким типом инсулина в его составе.

Географический конус и человек

Яд этого вида конусов является смертельным для человека[1][3]. В отличие от большинства других видов рода, которые прячутся в раковину при беспокойстве и прикосновении к ним, географический конус, наоборот, проявляет сильную агрессию[1]. Почти все достоверные описания летальных исходов, вызванных ядом конусов, приписываются географическому конусу. Полулетальная доза LD50 по различным данным составляет 0,001—0,003 мг/кг либо 0,012—0,03 мг/кг, что делает географического конуса одним из наиболее токсичных животных в мире[4][5][6].

Укол конуса вызывает острую боль и онемение в месте поражения. Место укуса сначала бледнеет, а затем развивается синюшность. Ощущение онемения часто распространяется на другие участки тела. В тяжелых случаях возможны обмороки, спастический паралич скелетной мускулатуры, сердечная недостаточность и др. Специфических препаратов для лечения последствий укуса конуса нет[7].

Инсулин в составе токсина конусов хорошо взаимодействует с рецепторами человека и активирует сигнальный путь, необходимый для усвоения глюкозы клетками. По оценкам, в организме его действие началось бы примерно через 5 минут — то есть в три раза быстрее, чем в случае самого быстрого из существующих медицинских препаратов. Изучение кристаллической 3-D-структуры инсулина, извлеченного из токсина этого вида, показало потенциальный способ создания более быстрого инсулина для лечения сахарного диабета[8].

  • Conus geographus 1.jpg
  • Conus geographus 2.jpg
  • Conus geographus 3.jpg
  • Conus geographus 4.jpg

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Наталья Московская. Раковины мира. История, коллекционирование, искусство. — Москва: Аквариум-Принт, Харвест, 2007. — 256 с.
  2. Буруковский Р. О чём поют ракушки. — Калининград: Калининградское книжное издательство, 1977.
  3. Алякринский А. Р. Конусы : смертоносные моллюски тропических морей : каталог коллекции Дарвиновского музея. Каталог коллекции Дарвиновского музея. — М.: ГДМ, 2005. — 102 с.
  4. Geographic Cone Snail Profile (неопр.). National Geographic Society.
  5. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/aconite/geographus.html
  6. Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758 - Record: CONUS BIODIVERSITY WEBSITE CATALOGUE.
  7. Стенько Ю. М., Михеньсон Д. А., Родников А. В. Опасные морские животные. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1989. — 64 с.
  8. Safavi-Hemami, Helena; Gajewiak, Joanna; Karanth, Santhosh; Robinson, Samuel; Ueberheide, Beatrix; Douglass, Adam; Schlegel, Amnon; Imperial, Julita; Watkins, Maren; Bandyopadhyay, Pradip; Yandell, Mark; Li, Qing; Purcell, Anthony; Norton, Raymond; Ellgaard, Lars; Olivera, Baldomero (2014-01-20). Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(6): 1743—1748. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1423857112. PMC 4330763 Freely accessible. PMID 25605914
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Конус географический: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Конус географический (Conus geographus) — вид брюхоногих моллюсков из семейства конусов (Conidae).

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地纹芋螺 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

地纹芋螺(学名:Conus geographus 英文俗名:Geography cone)[1],又名杀手芋螺[2][3],俗稱雞心螺[4],为芋螺科芋螺属的动物。

分佈

分布于非洲沿岸、红海印度锡兰日本以及中国大陆海南西沙群岛等地,生活环境为海水,主要栖息于浅海珊瑚礁间以及潮间带的下区。[1]


毒性

地紋芋螺有劇毒,用產生肽毒素[4],人類如果被牠刺傷足以致命,與其近親大理石芋螺可稱為是世界上最毒的螺類之一,也是世界上最毒的動物之一以及世界上最毒的海洋動物之一。

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 地纹芋螺. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-28]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  2. ^ 殺手芋螺 Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758. 台灣生物多樣性資訊入口網TaiBIF). [2013-01-24] (中文(繁體)‎).
  3. ^ 杀手芋螺 Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758. 台湾物种名录. 台湾: 中央研究院生物多样性研究中心 (繁体中文).
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 这种世界上最长的动物可以杀死小强. 天天快报. 2018-04-02 [2018-10-23].

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:地纹芋螺 物種識別信息 小作品圖示这是一篇與软体动物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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地纹芋螺: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

地纹芋螺(学名:Conus geographus 英文俗名:Geography cone),又名杀手芋螺,俗稱雞心螺,为芋螺科芋螺属的动物。

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wikipedia 中文维基百科

アンボイナガイ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
アンボイナガイ Cone géographique.jpg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 軟体動物門 Mollusca : 腹足綱 Gastropoda : 新腹足目 Neogastropoda : イモガイ科 Conidae : イモガイ属 Conus 亜属 : Gastridium Mödeer, 1793 : アンボイナガイ C. geographus 学名 Conus(Gastridium) geographus Linnaeus, 1758 英名 Geographic cone,
Killer snail, Cigarette snail  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、アンボイナガイに関連するカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにアンボイナガイに関する情報があります。

アンボイナガイ、学名 Conus geographus は、新腹足目イモガイ科に分類される巻貝の一種。インド太平洋サンゴ礁域に広く分布する。口内に猛を注入する毒針を隠し持ち、刺毒による死者や重症者が多いことで知られる。日本の貝類図鑑では単にアンボイナと表記されることも多い。沖縄県ではハブガイ(波布貝)、ハマナカー(浜中)とも呼ばれる[1][2][3][4][5][6]

形態[編集]

殻高10cm前後だが、大型個体は殻高13cmを超え、イモガイ類の中でも大型種である。貝殻はイモガイ類にしては薄く、殻口が広い。特に殻底付近で殻口が幅広く開く。螺塔(巻き)は低いが肩はよく角張り、ごく低い結節(角状の突起)が並ぶ。貝殻の色は褐色-赤褐色で、白い三角形の鱗雲のような斑点が多数散らばる。雲状斑が少ない領域もあり、遠目に見ると体層に2-3本の色帯があるように見える[1][2][3][4][5][6]

三角斑のあるイモガイは他にも多く知られるが、本種の三角斑は縁取りの線がなく、かすれる。近縁のシロアンボイナ C.(G.) tulipaは殻表の白色部が多く殻口内が紫色を帯びること[2]ムラサキアンボイナ C.(G.) obscurus は螺塔の結節がなく紫色が強いことで区別できる。

歯舌は長さ1cm・太さ0.2-0.3mmほどで、魚の小骨のような形状だが、長い毒管を通じて毒嚢に繋がる。先端に「返し」もあり、刺さると抜けにくい。歯舌は口内の歯舌嚢に収納しているが、餌を捕食する時にから突き出し、刺したものに毒を注入する。吻は殻高と同程度の長さに伸ばすことができる[4][5]

生態[編集]

アフリカ東岸からポリネシアまで、インド太平洋の熱帯海域に広く分布する。日本では伊豆諸島紀伊半島以南に分布し、ハワイ諸島には分布しない[5][6][7][8]。アンボイナという和名はインドネシアの港湾都市アンボンに由来する[2]が、これはその近海で本種が多産するためといわれる。

浅海のサンゴ礁に多く生息するが、夜行性で昼間は石の下などに潜んでいるため、人目に付きにくい。夜に活動し始め、小魚に接近すると吻を長く伸ばし、歯舌で刺して毒を注入する。次に口を袋状に大きく広げ、毒で麻痺した小魚を丸呑みにする[5]。陸海空のあらゆる生物の中で最強の毒を持つとされ、その毒性の強さはオオスズメバチカツオノエボシに匹敵、あるいはそれ以上とも言われる。

天敵は貝食性イモガイ(タガヤサンミナシガイなど)や甲殻類(強力な鋏脚を持つガザミなどワタリガニ科や貝食性に特化したヤマトカラッパなどカラッパ科をはじめとしたカニイセエビなど)である。種によっては人間をも死に至らしめるほどの猛毒を持つ毒銛も、頑丈な甲殻で全身を覆った甲殻類には通用せず、成す術もなく食べられてしまう。

[編集]

アンボイナは餌の魚だけでなく、人を刺すこともある。イモガイ類の毒はコノトキシンという神経毒だが、本種はイモガイ類の中でも特に死者や重症者が多い。毒性の強さはインドコブラの37倍と言われるうえに血清もないので、刺された場合は一刻も早く心臓に近い所を紐などで縛って毒を吸い出し、ただちに医療機関を受診するよう呼びかけられている[4][5]

刺される事故は潜水潮干狩りなどで発生している。また、漁獲したものを子供が手に取り、いじるなどして刺された例もある。新城らの報告(1996年)では、沖縄県や鹿児島県で少なくとも23人がアンボイナに刺され、8人が死亡している。ただし、この報告では記録されていない事故も多いとされるほか、サンゴ礁域での「水死」事例の中には体力や水泳技術が充分な人も含まれていることから、実はイモガイ類、ヒョウモンダコオニダルマオコゼなどの有毒生物による死者が含まれるのではないかとも指摘している[4][5]

刺された際の痛みは小さいが、やがて神経が麻痺する。応急処置をしないと20分ほどで喉の渇きめまい、歩行困難、血圧低下、呼吸困難等の症状が現れ、重篤な場合は数時間で死に至る。毒の作用は末梢神経の伝達を阻害するものであり、随意筋を麻痺させる。しかし、中枢神経や心筋などへの障害は現れないため、呼吸筋の麻痺に対応して人工呼吸器の補助を与えるだけでよい。症状のピークは刺されて5-6時間後で、12時間以降は生命の危機を脱し、後遺症もほとんどないとされている[4][5]

沖縄県で本種を「ハマナカー」と呼ぶのは、本種に刺されると手当てどころか「浜の半ば」あたりで死んでしまうことを意味している。また、猛毒をハブになぞらえ、「ハブガイ」(波布貝)とも呼ばれる[4][5]。新城らの調べた例でも、スノーケリングで貝採集をしていて刺された人物は最初、蚊に刺された程度の痛みに採集を続け、30分後に岸に帰ろうとしてめまいなどの症状に気づいた。浜を歩いたところで歩行困難となり、付近の人に救助されて事なきを得たが、1人ではたどり着けなかっただろうとのことである。英名の1つ "Cigarette snail" (たばこの巻貝)には、「刺されて死ぬまでに煙草一服くらいの時間はある」という意味が込められている[7]

なお、他のイモガイ類と同様に食用にもでき[3]、貝殻はコレクションの対象にもなる[1][2][3][5]

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ a b c 吉良哲明, 1959. アンボイナ, 「原色日本貝類図鑑」増補改訂版, 37図版, 98p. 保育社
  2. ^ a b c d e 波部忠重小菅貞男, 1996. アンボイナガイ, 「エコロン自然シリーズ 貝」改訂版, 37図版, 94p. ISBN 9784586321063, 保育社
  3. ^ a b c d 小菅貞男, 1994. アンボイナ, ポケット図鑑「日本の貝」261p. ISBN 4415080480, 成美堂出版
  4. ^ a b c d e f g 新城安哲・大嶺稔・吉葉繁雄, 1996. 「アンボイナ刺症の1症例とイモガイ刺症の問題点」, 沖縄県衛生環境研究所報第30号,43-52p
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 行田義三, 2003. アンボイナ, 「貝の図鑑 採集と標本の作り方」104-105p., 138p. ISBN 4931376967, 南方新社
  6. ^ a b c 奥谷喬司, 2006. アンボイナガイ. 奥谷喬司・楚山勇 新装版山渓フィールドブックス 4「サンゴ礁の生きもの」152p. ISBN 4635060616, 山と渓谷社
  7. ^ a b Geographic Cone Snails, Geographic Cone Snail Facts - National Geographic
  8. ^ Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758 - Record: CONUS BIODIVERSITY WEBSITE CATALOGUE

外部リンク[編集]

  • イモガイの毒針 - NHK for School デジタル教材サイトの動画資料。アンボイナガイ(本種)・タガヤサンミナシ・ニシキミナシの捕食行動や毒針(歯舌)の構造がみられる。
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wikipedia 日本語

アンボイナガイ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

アンボイナガイ、学名 Conus geographus は、新腹足目イモガイ科に分類される巻貝の一種。インド太平洋サンゴ礁域に広く分布する。口内に猛を注入する毒針を隠し持ち、刺毒による死者や重症者が多いことで知られる。日本の貝類図鑑では単にアンボイナと表記されることも多い。沖縄県ではハブガイ(波布貝)、ハマナカー(浜中)とも呼ばれる。

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wikipedia 日本語

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Highly dangerous - live specimens should be handled with extreme caution. Broad, thin shell, up to 15 cm, with wide aperture and numerous shoulder ridges or spines. Colour creamy white, with orange or reddish-brown bands or blotches. Aperture bluish-white or pink. Habitat: around shallow reefs. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. (Richmond, 1997)

Referência

Dautzenberg P. (1929). Contribution à l'étude de la faune de Madagascar: Mollusca marina testacea. Faune des colonies françaises, 3(4): 321-636, pls 4-7. Société d'Editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, Paris.

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contribuidor
Edward Vanden Berghe [email]