Description
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Inglês
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fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
A moderate to large newt. The morphology and size are similar to (or larger than) P. brevipes. Females from Mt. Dayao (Guangxi Province, China), the type locality, can easily attain 190 mm in total length (with a snout-vent length of about 105 mm). Males are significantly smaller and weigh less than females (Xu et al. 2002). Tail is shorter than the snout-vent length. Head is flat, and the trunk is stout and robust. Snout is very broad in some populations, so the head is almost rectangular in shape. Eyes are small and are located at or anterior to the jaw angle. Labial folds are more conspicuous on the upper jaw than the lower jaw. Two lines of vomerine teeth orient in a ¦«-shaped manner, converging anteriorly. A gular fold is present and a parotoid region is evident. There is no vertebral ridge, but a vertebral groove may be present (Fei et al. 2006). The skin is very smooth with secretion of mucus. Limbs are relatively short. Animals of 190 mm long have forelimbs of only 20 mm. When the forelimb and hindlimb are pressed towards each other against the flank, the digits never meet. Digits are short and partially webbed. The lengths of fingers are 3 > 2 > 4 > 1, and the lengths of toes are 3 > 4 > 2 > 5 > 1. The anterior part of the tail is rounded, and the posterior part is laterally compressed like a paddle (leading to one common name of Paddle Tail Newt). Sexually matured males have papillae at the cloaca.Live animals are uniformly brown to dark brown on the dorsal side, and lack the black dots that characterize P. brevipes. Some P. labiatus develop two dorsolateral lines of red flecks. Orange blotches are present on the ventral side, which are well defined in juveniles, blurred in subadults, and finally washed out in aged animals. After preservation, the orange or red coloration turns to ivory white. No pattern difference is confirmed between males and females.Larvae are gray on the back and white on the ventral side (Zhao et al. 1994). Fully metamorphosed juveniles reach about 70 to 80 mm, and are sexually mature at 125 mm (Fei et al. 2006).According to current taxonomy, Pachytriton brevipes (Sauvage 1876) and Paramesotriton labiatus (Unterstein 1930) are mainly distinguished by their coloration (Fei et al. 2006). When Unterstein (1930) published P. labiatus (originally as Molge labiatum), he made little attempt to compare this species to P. brevipes in terms of color difference. Therefore, P. labiatus was stated to have no recorded characters different from P. brevipes (Pope 1931; Chang 1936). In Pope's (1931) description of Chinese amphibians from Fujian Province, he apparently had noticed the color distinction between P. brevipes and P. labiatus, yet he believed the coloration was not adequate for justifying separate species. Chang (1936) further discussed the color pattern of specimens from Zhejiang Province, but only as variations of P. brevipes. Hu et al. (1973) collected specimens from Guizhou Province, addressed the chromatic dissimilarity with P. brevipes, and recognized P. labiatus as a subspecies of P. brevipes. Not until Zhao and Hu (1984) confirmed the stability of color pattern and claimed no intermediate form in contact zones, was P. labiatus classified as a valid species.
- Hu, S., Zhao, E., and Liu, C. (1973). ''A survey of amphibians and reptiles in Kweichow province, including a herpetofaunal analysis.'' Acta Zoologica Sinica, 19, 149-178.
- Nishikawa K, Jiang J-P, Matsui M, Mo Y-M (2011). ''Unmasking Pachytriton labiatus (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae), with Description of a New Species of Pachytriton from Guangxi, China.'' Zoological Science, 28(6), 453-461.
- Sparreboom, M, and Thiesmeier, B. (1999). ''Courtship behaviour of Pachytriton labiatus (Caudata : Salamandridae).'' Amphibia-Reptilia, 20, 339-344.
- Unterstein, W. (1930). ''Beiträge zur Lurch und Kriechtierfauna Kwangsi's, 2.'' Schwanzlurche. Sitzungsbericht Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde. Berlin., 2, 313-315.
- Xu, J., Zou P. Z., Wen, C. Y., and Chen, J. R. (2002). ''Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction of Pachytriton labiatus in the north of Guangdong (in Chinese).'' Journal of Shaoguan University (Natural Science), 23, 1-6.
- Zhao, X.B., Zeng, L., Zeng J.D., and Lei, Y.S. (1994). ''The ecological study of Pachytriton labiatus in Yunshan National Park (in Chinese).'' Journal of Shaoyao College, 7, 147-149.
Distribution and Habitat
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According to current taxonomy (Zhao and Hu 1984; Fei et al. 2006), Paramesotriton labiatus has a wider altitudinal occurrence than P. brevipes. Pachytriton brevipes can be found in streams from 50 m to 1800 m (Fei et al. 2006). Two allopatric distributions occur in Southern China. One range includes Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi and Guangdong Provinces, and the other one includes Anhui, Zhejiang and probably Jiangxi Provinces (Fei et al. 2006).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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Paramesotriton labiatus inhabits mountain streams of various altitudes. Some streams are several meters wide and about one meter deep, whereas others are mere trickles of 20 to 40 cm deep. Water can be either clear or extremely dirty (due to flooding). The species is mostly aquatic. Populations in Hunan Province hibernate from November until April in crevices or under boulders where water is present (Zhao et al. 1994). The newts hide in shelters during daytime, and are active at night. The breeding season typically begins in April and lasts to July (Fei et al. 2006), but populations in Guangdong Province (southernmost distribution) may postpone to September and October (Xu et al. 2002). Under captivity, the species exhibit certain courtship behaviors (Sparreboom and Thiesmeier 1999). When a male senses the presence of a female, he swims toward her immediately and tries to block her path. Then the male positions itself perpendicular to the female's body, slowly fanning his tail tip near her snout. The female may either swim away or stay motionless if she is interested. After several bouts of tail-fanning, she moves towards the male, who turns around and begins to retreat. The female touches the male's tail while following. Finally, the male deposits a spermatophore and the female, creeping behind, picks it up with her cloaca. Females lay around 40 single eggs at the lower surface of the rocks in the streams, and sometimes the eggs congregate to form a patch (Zhao et al. 1994). However, more than 160 eggs can be found in the ovaries of gravid females (Xu et al. 2002). The ovum is milky white and attains 3 to 4 mm in diameter (Zhao et al. 1994). There are three jelly capsules enclosing the ovum, so the egg is about 10 mm in diameter (Zhao et al. 1994). The incubation period is around 2 months at the water temperature of 13~15 degrees C, and females vigorously protect the egg clutch (Thiesmeier and Hornberg 2003). Females do not leave the nesting site during this period and may eat dead eggs (Sparreboom and Thiesmeier 1999). Paramesotriton labiatus feeds on earthworms, other aquatic arthropods and insect larvae. The author observed two animals scrambling for the same earthworm from the two ends. After their snouts met, they rolled rapidly like feeding crocodiles. When captured, the animal may emanate a strong sulfurate odor (Fei et al. 2006). It may also emit food from the stomach. Zhao et al. (1994) recorded anti-predator postures including stretching limbs, lifting the head and tail, and exposing the orange ventral blotches.
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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Inglês
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The species is abundant in its range. Zhao et al. (1994) compared the number of animals collected in 1986 and 1993, and found no sign of population decline. However, large numbers of wild-caught animals appear in the pet trade every year. Local inhabitants may sell them as juvenile giant Chinese salamander (Andrias davidianus; Xu et al. 2002). Human exploitation and habitat destruction are the two most important factors affecting P. labiatus IUCN (2006).
Paramesotriton labiatus
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Inglês
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fornecido por wikipedia EN
Paramesotriton labiatus is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae.[2][3] It is endemic to Guangxi, China. In literature prior to 2011, this species may have been confused with Paramesotriton chinensis, Pachytriton granulosus, or Paramesotriton ermizhaoi (the last now in synonymy).[2] This species has several vernacular names, including Unterstein's newt,[2] spotless stout newt,[1] spotless smooth warty newt, Zhao Ermi's smooth warty newt, and paddletail newt.[3]
Description
The paddle-tail newt is characterized by a flat body and a long, paddle-like tail. They range from black to brown to pale brown. They have orange markings along the bottom of their bodies and may have some orange dots lining their backs. Their skin is very smooth with a secretion of mucus, and their limbs are relatively short. The morphology and size of this species are similar to, if not larger than, Pachytriton brevipes.[4]
They use their senses of sight and smell to locate food. Since food is scarce for them in their natural environments, they can go for weeks without eating, but should be fed regularly when kept in captivity. Paddle-tail newt longevity in the wild is currently unknown, but in captivity it usually ranges from 10 to 20 years.
Paddle-tail newts, uniquely, are known for their communication. They fan their tails when they are trying to attract the attention of another newt, when they are startled or frightened, or when approached by a conspecific.
Paddle-tail newts are sometimes confused with the Japanese fire belly newts and sold as such, but are much larger and more aggressive and will eat smaller firebelly newts if given the opportunity.
They have a similar relation named the spotted paddle-tail newt.
References
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Paramesotriton labiatus: Brief Summary
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Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Paramesotriton labiatus is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to Guangxi, China. In literature prior to 2011, this species may have been confused with Paramesotriton chinensis, Pachytriton granulosus, or Paramesotriton ermizhaoi (the last now in synonymy). This species has several vernacular names, including Unterstein's newt, spotless stout newt, spotless smooth warty newt, Zhao Ermi's smooth warty newt, and paddletail newt.
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Paramesotriton labiatus
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Espanhol; Castelhano
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fornecido por wikipedia ES
Paramesotriton labiatus, conocido comúnmente como tritón chino de cola de paleta o tritón cola de remo, es una especie de anfibios urodelos de la familia Salamandridae.
Distribución geográfica y hábitat
Es endémica de los montanos del centro-este de Guangxi (China).
Descripción
Presenta un aspecto robusto pero alargado y estilizado llegando a alcanzar una longitud de 15 cm a diferencia del género Cynops, la cabeza es plana y achatada con forma de pala destacando su gran boca. El dorso es de color marrón chocolate presentando normalmente rayas anaranjadas en los costados. Lo más característico de esta especie es su cola que termina en forma de remo o paleta (de ahí su nombre común). Otra diferencia con los Cynops radica en que su piel es muy lisa y no presenta un aspecto verrugoso además los dedos del labiatus son más rechonchos y menos definidos. La forma de su cola tiene su origen en que habita en cursos de aguas rápidas (arroyos de montañas) a diferencia de los cynops orientalis que moran en aguas tranquilas y estancadas. El vientre es anaranjado con patrones negros. Presenta dimorfismo sexual, las hembras son de mayor tamaño y robustez que los machos. En la época de reproducción los machos desarrollan marcas blancas en la cola, en esta época ponen la cola en forma de abanico y la mueven con ímpetu para dispersar las feromonas y atraer así a las hembras.
Cautividad
Es recomendable un acuario de 40-50 litros con algo de parte terrestre. Esta especie habita en aguas frías y de fuertes corrientes. Para que el agua esté limpia y oxigenada resulta útil emplear un sistema de filtrado que además provocará una ligera corriente en el agua, éstas corrientes también se pueden lograr utilizando una bomba de agua. En su hábitat no abunda la vegetación por lo que no es necesario incluir plantas en el acuario, sin embargo es conveniente incorporar refugios que permitan al animal esconderse. Hay que destacar su carácter agresivo y territorial, no es recomendable mantener más de un ejemplar en el mismo acuario ya que los ataques serán frecuentes. La alimentación debe ser variada: lombrices, babosas, tenebrios (gusanos de la harina), gusanos de seda, grillos, larvas rojas de mosquito, etc.
Referencias
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↑ Gu Huiqing, Yuan Zhigang (2004) Pachytriton labiatus; The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, versión 2014.3. Consultado el 2 de marzo de 2015.
- Frost, D.R. «Paramesotriton labiatus ». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural. Consultado el 12 de marzo de 2016.
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Paramesotriton labiatus: Brief Summary
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Espanhol; Castelhano
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fornecido por wikipedia ES
Paramesotriton labiatus, conocido comúnmente como tritón chino de cola de paleta o tritón cola de remo, es una especie de anfibios urodelos de la familia Salamandridae.
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Pachytriton labiatus
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fornecido por wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pachytriton labiatus: Brief Summary
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Pachytriton labiatus Pachytriton generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Salamandridae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.
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Paramesotriton labiatus
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Francês
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Paramesotriton labiatus ou Triton à queue en pagaie est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Salamandridae[1].
Répartition
Cette espèce est endémique du Guangxi en République populaire de Chine. Elle se rencontre sur les monts Dayao dans le xian autonome yao de Jinxiu dans la préfecture de Laibin[1].
Description
Le triton à queue en pagaie a une taille de 13 à 17 cm. Il vit dans les ruisseaux de montagne et utilise sa large queue pour nager. Il fixe sur les rochers ses œufs[2].
Publications originales
- Unterstein, 1930 : Beiträge zur Lurch- und Kriechtierfauna Kwangsis. 2. Schwanzlurche. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, vol. 1930, p. 313-315.
- Wu, Rovito, Papenfuss & Hanken, 2009 : A new species of the genus Paramesotriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, southern China. Zootaxa, no 2060, p. 59-68.
Notes et références
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Paramesotriton labiatus: Brief Summary
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Francês
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Paramesotriton labiatus ou Triton à queue en pagaie est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Salamandridae.
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Paramesotriton labiatus
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Paramesotriton labiatus: Brief Summary
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Português
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Paramesotriton labiatus é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Salamandridae. Endêmica da China.
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