Neophema petrophila (Gould 1841)

El periquito roquer^[1] (Neophema petrophila) és un ocell de la família dels psitàcids (Psittacidae) que habita zones costaneres, praderies i pantans de les zones costaneres d'Austràlia Occidental i d'Austràlia Meridional.

Referències

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Periquito roquer

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Corbarot y graig (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: corbarotiaid y graig) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Neophema petrophila; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Rock parrot. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Parotiaid (Lladin: Psittacidae) sydd yn urdd y Psittaciformes.^[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn N. petrophila, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.^[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Awstralia.

Teulu

Mae'r corbarot y graig yn perthyn i deulu'r Parotiaid (Lladin: Psittacidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Amason gwinlliw Amazona vinacea Amason Puerto Rico Amazona vittata Amason St Lucia Amazona versicolor Lori yddf-felen Lorius chlorocercus Loricît palmwydd Charmosyna palmarum Macaw glas ac aur Ara ararauna Macaw sgarlad Ara macao Macaw Wagler Ara glaucogularis Paracît corniog Eunymphicus cornutus Parotan mynydd Psilopsiagon aurifrons Parotan yr Andes Bolborhynchus orbygnesius

Gweler hefyd

• Rhestr Goch yr IUCN

Cyfeiriadau

Der Klippensittich (Neophema petrophila) ist eine Papageienart aus der Gattung der Grassittiche (Neophema). Er kommt in Australien ausschließlich an der Küste vor und entfernt sich nur selten mehr als wenige hundert Meter vom Meer. Der Klippensittich besiedelt damit für eine Papageienart einen sehr ungewöhnlichen Lebensraum.^[1]

Klippensittiche sind in Australien gesetzlich geschützt, sind aber innerhalb ihres verhältnismäßig kleinen Verbreitungsgebietes häufige Vögel.

Erscheinungsbild

Klippensittiche erreichen eine Körperlänge von 22 Zentimetern und wiegen zwischen 44 und 67 Gramm. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus ist nur gering ausgeprägt.^[2] Von allen Grassittichen weisen sie die matteste Gefiederfärbung auf. Verglichen mit dem Feinsittich und dem Schmucksittich wirkt ihr Körperbau kompakt.

Beim Männchen sind der Scheitel und die Körperoberseite bräunlich oliv. Ähnlich wie Feinsittich und Schmucksittich haben sie ein dunkelblaues Stirnband, das hellblau eingefasst ist. Hellblau ist auch der Zügel sowie die Augenumgebung und die vordere Wangenhälfte. Der Bauch ist bräunlich gelb und geht auf den Flanken und den Unterschwanzdecken in ein leuchtendes Gelb über. Ähnlich wie beim Feinsittich weisen einige Individuen der Klippensittiche am Bauch orange Farbpartien auf. Der Flügelbug ist violett. Auf den Armdecken und den kleinen äußeren Flügeldecken geht das Violett in ein Hellblau über. Die Handdecken und Handschwingen sind schwarzblau. Die Schwanzunterseite ist gelb. Der kleine Schnabel ist dunkelgrau und die Iris ist dunkelbraun. Die Weibchen ähneln den Männchen, haben aber in der Regel ein sehr viel schmäleres Stirnband.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Klippensittiche kommen in drei disjunkten Verbreitungsgebieten entlang der Küste sowie auf den der Küste vorgelagerten Inseln des südlichen und südwestlichen Australiens vor.

Unter den Grassittichen weisen Klippensittiche die größte Habitatspezialisierung auf. Sie kommen ausschließlich in den Sanddünen der Küste, den Mangroven, Salzwiesen sowie im küstennahen Marschland vor. Sie besiedeln auch kahle Felseninseln.

Verhalten

Die Nahrung der Klippensittiche besteht aus den Samen von Gräsern sowie Samen und Früchten von Sträuchern, die zwischen den Felsen der Gezeitenzone wachsen. Zu den wichtigsten Nahrungspflanzen zählen Sukkulenten. Es gibt einzelne Populationen, die ihre Schlafplätze auf küstennahen Inseln haben und deren Futtergebiete an der Küste des Festlands liegen. Diese Vögel überqueren auf dem Flug zu den Futterplätzen 20 Kilometer offenes Meer.^[3]

Der Klippensittich weist ein für Papageien ungewöhnliches Sozialleben auf. Anders als die meisten Papageienarten lebt er außerhalb der Paarungszeit paarweise oder in kleinen Trupps und schließt sich während der Fortpflanzungszeit zu Brutkolonien zusammen.^[1] Typischer für Papageien ist es, dass sich Brutvögel vom Schwarm absondern und während der Fortpflanzungszeit paarweise leben.

Die Fortpflanzungszeit der Klippensittiche fällt in den Zeitraum von August bis Dezember. Anders als die meisten Papageienarten brüten sie nicht in Baumhöhlen, sondern in Felsspalten und unter Felsvorsprüngen. Die Nester finden sich häufig gut versteckt hinter Vegetation.^[4] Das Gelege besteht aus vier bis sechs Eiern. Es brütet nur das Weibchen. Das Männchen füttert das Weibchen am Nest oder in Nestnähe. An der Aufzucht der Nestlinge sind beide Elternvögel beteiligt. Die Jungvögel sind mit etwa 30 Tagen flügge und bilden mit ihren Elternvögeln lockere Futterschwärme.^[4]

Belege

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ ^{a b} Forshaw, S. 592
2. ↑ Forshaw, S. 589 und S. 590
3. ↑ Forshaw, S. 593
4. ↑ ^{a b} Forshaw, S. 594

Literatur

• Joseph M. Forshaw: Australische Papageien. 1. deutschsprachige Auflage. Band 2, Arndt-Verlag, Bretten 2003, ISBN 3-9808245-2-7.

Weblinks

• Neophema petrophila in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011. Eingestellt von: BirdLife International, 2009. Abgerufen am 13. November 2011.

The rock parrot (Neophema petrophila) is a species of grass parrot native to Australia. Described by John Gould in 1841, it is a small parrot 22 to 24 cm (8+3⁄4 to 9+1⁄2 in) long and weighing 50–60 g (1+3⁄4–2 oz) with predominantly olive-brown upperparts and more yellowish underparts. Its head is olive with light blue forecheeks and lores, and a dark blue frontal band line across the crown with lighter blue above and below. The sexes are similar in appearance, although the female tends to have a duller frontal band and less blue on the face. Two subspecies are recognised.

Rocky islands and coastal dune areas are the preferred habitats for this species, which is found from Lake Alexandrina in southeastern South Australia westwards across coastal South and Western Australia to Shark Bay. Unlike other grass parrots, it nests in burrows or rocky crevices mostly on offshore islands such as Rottnest Island. Seeds of grasses and succulent plants form the bulk of its diet. The species has suffered in the face of feral mammals; although its population is declining, it is considered to be a least-concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Taxonomy

The rock parrot was described by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1841 as Euphema petrophila,^[2] its specific name petrophila derived from the Greek petros/πετρος 'rock' and philos/φιλος 'loving'.^[3] The author's specimen was one of fifty new bird species presented before the Zoological Society of London.^[2] The rock parrot was included in Gould's fifth volume of Birds of Australia, using specimens obtained at Port Lincoln in South Australia and from collector John Gilbert in Western Australia. Gilbert stated that at the time of English colonisation the species was common on cliff faces on offshore islands, including Rottnest, near the western port of Fremantle, the nests in almost inaccessible locations.^[4]

The Italian ornithologist Tommaso Salvadori defined the new genus Neophema in 1891, placing the rock parrot within it and giving it its current scientific name Neophema petrophila.^[5] Within the grass parrot genus Neophema, it is one of four species classified in the subgenus Neonanodes.^[6] Analysis of mitochondrial DNA published in 2021 indicated the rock parrot is lost closely related to the blue-winged parrot, their ancestors most likely diverging between 0.7 and 3.3 million years ago.^[7]

A burrow-nester, the rock parrot has evolved from a lineage of tree-nesting ancestors. The biologist Donald Brightsmith has proposed that several lineages of parrots and trogons switched to nesting in burrows to avoid tree-living mammalian predators that evolved and proliferated in the late Oligocene to early Miocene (30–20 million years ago).^[8]

Two subspecies are recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union: subspecies petrophila from Western Australia and subspecies zietzi from South Australia,^[9] the latter described by Gregory Mathews in 1912 from the Sir Joseph Banks Group in Spencer Gulf,^[10] after the Assistant Director of the South Australian Museum Amandus Heinrich Christian Zietz.^[11] The authors of the online edition of the Handbook of the Birds of the World do not regard this as distinct.^[12]

"Rock parrot" has been designated as the official common name for the species by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).^[9] Gilbert reported the Swan River colonists called it the rock parrakeet, and he labelled it the rock grass-parrakeet.^[4] It is also known as rock elegant parrot.^[13]

Description

Ranging from 22 to 24 cm (8+3⁄4 to 9+1⁄2 in) long with a 33–34 cm (13–13+1⁄2 in) wingspan, the rock parrot is a small and slightly built parrot weighing around 50–60 g (1+3⁄4–2 oz). The sexes are similar in appearance, with predominantly olive-brown upperparts including the head and neck, and more yellowish underparts. A dark blue band runs across the upper forehead between the eyes, bordered above by a thin light blue line that extends behind the eyes and below by a thicker light blue band across the lower forehead. The forecheeks and lores are light blue. In the adult female, the dark blue band is slightly duller and there is less blue on the face. The wings are predominantly olive, and display a two-toned blue leading edge when folded. The primary flight feathers are black with dark blue edges, while the inner wing feathers are olive. The tail is turquoise edged with yellow on its upper surface. The breast, flanks and abdomen are more olive-yellow, becoming more yellow towards the vent.^[14] The bases of the feathers on the head and body are grey, apart from those on the nape, which are white. These are not normally visible.^[15] The bill is black with pale highlights on both mandibles, the cere is black. The orbital eye-ring is grey and the iris is dark brown. The legs and feet are dark grey, with a pink tinge on the soles and rear of the tarsi.^[14] Subspecies zietzi has paler and more yellowish plumage overall, though is of a similar size. Its plumage darkens with wear, and may be indistinguishable from the nominate subspecies when old.^[16]

Juveniles are a duller, darker olive all over and either lack or have indistinct blue frontal bands. Their primary flight feathers have yellow fringes.^[17] They have a yellowish or orange bill initially, which turns brown by ten weeks of age.^[14] Juvenile females have pale oval spots on their fourth to eighth primary flight feathers.^[17] They moult from juvenile to immature plumage when a few months old.^[15] Immature males and females closely resemble adults, though have worn-looking flight feathers.^[17] They then moult into adult plumage when they are twelve months old.^[15]

The rock parrot can be confused with the elegant parrot in Western Australia, or blue-winged parrot in South Australia, both of which have similar (though brighter) olive plumage. These two species also have yellow lores and the latter has much bluer wings. The orange-bellied parrot has brighter green plumage and green-yellow lores.^[14]

Distribution and habitat

The rock parrot occurs along the coastline of southern Australia in two disjunct populations. In South Australia, it is found as far east as Lake Alexandrina and Goolwa, though is rare in the Fleurieu Peninsula. It was reported further east at Baudin Rocks near Robe, South Australia, in the 1930s, though not since. It is more common along the coastline of the northeastern Gulf St Vincent between Lefevre Peninsula and Port Wakefield, and Yorke Peninsula across Investigator Strait to Kangaroo Island, the Gambier Islands, and the Eyre Peninsula from Arno Bay to Ceduna and nearby Nuyts Archipelago. In Western Australia it is found from the Eyre Bird Observatory in the east, along the southern and western coastline to Jurien Bay Marine Park, becoming less common further north to Kalbarri and Shark Bay. Historically, it has been reported from Houtman Abrolhos.^[18] The rock parrot is generally sedentary, though birds may disperse over 160 km (100 mi) after breeding. Some do remain on the offshore islands where they breed year-round.^[19]

The rock parrot is almost always encountered within a few hundred metres of the coast down to the high-water mark, though may occasionally follow estuaries a few kilometres inland. The preferred habitat is bare rocky ground or low coastal shrubland composed of plants such as pigface (Disphyma crassifolium clavellatum), saltbush (Atriplex) or nitre bush (Nitraria billardierei). The species has also been found in sand dunes and saltmarsh, and under sprinklers on the golf course on Rottnest Island. They tend to avoid farmland.^[18]

Behaviour

Rock parrots are encountered in pairs or small groups, although they may congregate into larger flocks of up to 100 birds. They can form mixed flocks with elegant or blue-winged parrots. Mostly terrestrial, rock parrots at times perch on rocks or shrubs, and can take cover among large rocks. Generally quiet and unobtrusive, they make a two-syllabled zitting contact call in flight or when feeding, while the alarm call is similar but louder.^[18]

Breeding

The breeding habits of the rock parrot are not well-known.^[20] It mostly breeds on offshore islands, including the Sir Joseph Banks Group and Nuyts Archipelago in South Australia, and Recherche Archipelago, Eclipse Island, Rottnest Island and islands in Jurien Bay. On the mainland, nesting has been reported at Point Malcolm near Israelite Bay and Margaret River in Western Australia.^[18]

Rock parrots are monogamous, the breeding pairs maintaining fidelity throughout their lives, although an individual may seek a new mate if the previous one dies.^[21] Breeding takes place from August to December. At the beginning of the breeding season, rock parrots become more active, the males calling more often. The male courts the female by moving towards her in an upright posture, bobbing his head and calling. The female responds by performing a begging call for him to feed her, which he does with some regurgitated food. This has been observed to continue through the incubation period in captivity.^[21]

The nesting site is under rocks or in crevices or burrows, which may be covered by plants such as pigface,^[18] or heart-shaped noon flower (Aptenia cordifolia). They may re-use burrows of wedge-tailed shearwaters (Ardenna pacifica) or white-faced storm petrels (Pelagodroma marina). Regardless of location, nests are well-hidden and hard to access; the depth of the nest has been measured as 10–91 cm (4–36 in) in crevices, approximately 15 cm (6 in) under ledges, and 91–122 cm (36–48 in) for reused seabird burrows.^[20] Rock parrots can nest in considerable numbers at some locations, with nests metres apart.^[21] The clutch consists of three to six round or oval dull to glossy white eggs, each of which is generally 24 to 25 mm (1.0 in) long by 19 to 20 mm (0.8 in) wide.^[22] Gilbert's local indigenous guides reported that nests were found to contain seven to eight white eggs.^[4] Eggs are laid at an interval of two to four days, and a second brood may take place in favourable years. The female alone incubates the clutch, over a period of 18 to 21 days, and is fed by the male during this time.^[15]

The chicks are born helpless and blind,^[15] their salmon-pink skin covered in pale grey down.^[17] By day eight they open their eyes, and are well-covered in grey down with pin feathers emerging from their wings on day nine and their down is dark grey. They have well-developed wing and tail feathers by day 21 and are almost fully covered in feathers by day 28. They fledge (leave the nest) at around 30 days of age in the wild and up to 39 days of age in captivity. Breeding success rates in the wild are unknown.^[15]

Feeding

Foraging takes place in the early morning and late afternoon, with a rest during the heat of the day. Birds forage in pairs or small groups, though up to 200 individuals may gather at an abundant food or water source.^[21] They generally forage on the ground, and can be approached easily while feeding, moving a short distance behind a tussock or rock if observers come too close.^[18]

Rock parrots eat seeds of several species of grass (Poaceae), including common wild oat (Avena fatua), wheat (Triticum aestivum), hare's tail (Lagurus ovatus), and Australian brome (Bromus arenarius), and rush (Cyperaceae), as well as shrubs and particularly succulent plants of the family Aizoaceae, such as pigface, and Carpobrotus rossii, and the introduced species Carpobrotus aequilaterus and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Daisy species' seed consumed include coastal daisybush (Olearia axillaris), variable groundsel (Senecio pinnatifolius), and the introduced capeweed (Arctotheca calendula), South African beach daisy (Arctotheca populifolia) and prickly sow-thistle (Sonchus asper). Brassicaceae include the native leafy peppercress (Lepidium foliosum) and introduced European searocket (Cakile maritima). Chenopod species include Atriplex, shrubby glasswort (Tecticornia arbuscula), ruby saltbush (Enchylaena tomentosa), berry saltbush (Chenopodium baccatum), and other species such as pink purslane (Calandrinia calyptrata), species of Acacia, Acaena and Myoporum, the coastal beard-heath (Leucopogon parviflorus), common sea heath (Frankenia pauciflora), and coastal jugflower (Adenanthos cuneatus).^[21]

Conservation status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the rock parrot as a species of least concern, though the overall population is decreasing. It is threatened by feral animals (mainly cats and foxes) and climate change.^[1] Feral cats were cited after the species vanished from the vicinity of Albany, Western Australia, in 1905, but the species was found again in 1939.^[19]

On Rottnest Island, the species was common up to at least 1929. On a survey of the island in 1965, Western Australian biologist Glen Storr found it to have become rare and concluded this was due to young birds being taken for the pet trade.^[23] This occurred mainly in the 1940s and 1950s before being closed down in the 1970s.^[19] The population did not recover,^[23] and by 2012 had dropped to seven birds. The use of artificial nesting sites and a breeding program has seen some success and a rise in numbers.^[24] Birds on the island are being banded and the public urged to get involved.^[25]

Like most species of parrot, the rock parrot is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) with its placement on the Appendix II list of vulnerable species, which makes the import, export and trade of listed wild-caught animals illegal.^[26]

Aviculture

The species is infrequently kept in captivity and there are few records of successful breeding. The plumage of this Neophema species is duller than others and they have a reputation as passive and uninteresting caged specimens. Differentiating the sexes presents difficulties to parrot enthusiasts, with no reliable means available to simple examination in the hand. The rock parrot, also known as the rock grass-parakeet in the bird trade, may be a more desirable specimen when kept as part of a colony, provided with logs simulating tree hollows and fed on Mesembryanthemum and Carpobrotus species.^[27]

The parrot may become obese, unwell or infertile by overindulgence in sunflower seed, and aviculturists recommend reducing the availability of these in the aviary.^[27]

References

Cited texts

• Higgins, P.J. (1999). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-553071-1.
• Lendon, Alan H. (1973). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 978-0-207-12424-2.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_parrot&oldid=1138836644"

El periquito roquero (Neophema petrophila), también conocido como papagayo de las rocas, es un ave psitaciforme originaria de la costa de sur de Australia, sur de Australia Occidental, y las islas mar adentro de ese continente, incluyendo la Isla de Rottnest. Se trata de un pequeño loro, predominantemente de color verde oliva que se alimenta principalmente de semillas de hierba.

Taxonomía

El Periquito roquero fue descrito por el ornitólogo John Gould en 1841, su nombre petrophila deriva del griego petros/πετρος 'rock' y philos/φιλος 'amoroso'.^[2]​

Descripción

El Periquito roquero tiene un tamaño de 22 cm de largo y predominantemente es de color oliva oscuro con una línea azul con banda frontal por encima de azul más claro. Los lorum y partes de las mejillas son de color azul pálido, esta es menos extensa en las hembras. El pecho es de colorgris oliva, y más apagados en las hembras, mientras que el abdomen y el ano son de color amarillo. Las alas son predominantemente de oliva con plumas de vuelo exteriores azules. El filo de la cola amarilla tiene matices de oliva y azul. El pico y las patas son de color gris oscuro y los ojos marrones. Los jóvenes son más apagados y carecen de las bandas frontales.^[3]​

Distribución y hábitat

Islas rocosas y zonas de dunas costeras son los hábitats preferidos para esta especie, que se encuentra en Robe, South Australia hacia el oeste a través de la costa del Sur y Australia Occidental hasta Bahía Shark.^[3]​

Comportamiento

El Periquito roquero come semillas de gramíneas, arbustos y plantas suculentas, como especies de Carpobrotus, en los hábitats costeros. Se puede abordar fácilmente mientras se alimentan.^[3]​

Referencias

• Lendon AH (1980). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary. Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-12424-8.

Neophema petrophila Neophema generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Psittacidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

• World Bird Names

Ikus, gainera

• Neophema
• Psittacidae

Rantakaija (Neophema petrophila) on Australian rannikolla elävä kaija.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Linnun pituus on noin 22 cm ja paino 44–67 g. Sen höyhenpuku on pääosin oliivinvihreä, otsassa ja siivillä on kirkkansinistä. Nokka on harmaa, iiris tummanruskea ja koivet harmahtavat. Nuori lintu on himmeämmän värinen. Laji on vaatimattomimman värinen kaikista australialaisista papukaijoista.

Esiintyminen

Rantakaijan esiintymisalue ulottuu Australian länsirannikolta etelärannikon Robeen. Laji on yleinen ja asuttaa vain kapeaa rannikkovyöhykettä ja saaria 20 kilometriä rannasta. Sisämaassa sitä ei tavata kymmentä kilometriä kauempana merenrannasta. Kannan suuruus on yli 20 000 yksilöä. Gould kuvaili lajin holotyypin Länsi-Australiasta.^[2]

Elinympäristö

Rantakaijat asuvat vain rannikon hiekkadyyneillä, alkaalisilla soilla ja karuilla kallioluodoilla. Ne esiintyvät yleensä pareittain tai perhekunnittain, mutta voivat joskus muodostaa jopa sadan yksilön parvia.

Lisääntyminen

Lisääntymisaika on elokuusta lokakuulle. Pesä on maassa kallionkielekkeen alla tai vanhassa merilinnun pesäonkalossa, aina nousuveden ylärajaa korkeammalla. Naaras munii neljästä viiteen munaa, joita se hautoo noin 18 päivää. Poikaset jättävät pesän kuukauden ikäisinä, ja muodostavat vanhempiensa kanssa perhekunnan. Poikaset saavat aikuisen höyhenpuvun kolmen tai neljän kuukauden ikäisinä. Pari voi pesiä kahdesti kesän aiakan, jos olot ovat suotuisat.

Ravinto

Ruokavalio koostuu ruohojen ja pensaiden siemenistä ja hedelmistä. Joskus ne voivat tulla ratapihoille syömään maahan karisseita vehnänjyviä. Ruokaillessaan ne ovat kesyjä, mutta vaikeasti havaittavia, sillä ne etsivät lähes äänettöminä siemeniä kasvillisuuden seassa.

Lähteet

• Forshaw, Joseph M. & Cooper, William T. 1977: Parrots of the World. - T.F.H. Publications, Inc. New Jersey. ISBN 0-87666-959-3
• World Parrot Trust (englanniksi)
• Birds in Backyards (englanniksi)

Neophema petrophila

La perruche des rochers (Neophema petrophila) est une espèce de perruches endémique des côtes de l'Australie-Méridionale et du sud de l'Australie occidentale et des îles environnantes. Il est très facile de la voir sur l'île Rottnest.

Références

• BirdLife International (2004). Neophema petrophila. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 23 December 2006. Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is of least concern
• Lendon AH (1980). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary. Angus & Robertson. (ISBN 0-207-12424-8).

Il pappagallo di roccia (Neophema petrophila (Gould, 1841)) è un uccello della famiglia degli Psittaculidi originario delle regioni meridionali e sud-occidentali dell'Australia^[2].

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Misura circa 22 cm di lunghezza, per un peso di 47-54 g^[3].

Aspetto

I pappagalli di roccia hanno il poco invidiabile onore di essere tra i pappagalli che posseggono uno dei piumaggi più scialbi. Questi uccelli tozzi e paffuti, infatti, presentano una colorazione costituita da un misto di bruno-oliva verdastro e di giallo, con una piccola e caratteristica punta di blu su faccia e fronte.

Sulla fronte, la fascia blu scuro che sovrasta l'occhio è leggermente contornata di celeste, colore che si estende anche alle redini e alla regione perioculare. Il resto della testa e le parti superiori presentano uno scialbo colore bruno-oliva che è sfumato di grigio sul petto e si fonde perfettamente con il giallo poco vistoso delle parti inferiori. La parte superiore delle copritrici esterne e delle secondarie presenta i bordi di colore celeste. Le copritrici primarie e i margini esterni delle remiganti sono invece di colore blu scuro. La coda è bluastra con punte laterali gialle.

La femmina presenta un piumaggio ancora più monotono del maschio. Gli esemplari immaturi sono privi della fascia frontale blu. Loro unico ornamento caratteristico è un anello oculare biancastro^[3].

Voce

I pappagalli di roccia producono degli zit-zit, dei sit-tee o degli tsi-tseet ripetuti e rapidi quando fuggono volando precipitosamente. Il loro volo ricorda sotto molti aspetti quello del lorichetto capoviola (Parvipsitta porphyrocephala). Questi uccelli piuttosto discreti producono anche dei titter-titter quando si alimentano^[3].

Biologia

Talvolta, quando vi è abbondanza di cibo, questi uccelli formano grandi assembramenti sul terreno. Tuttavia, come la maggior parte dei loro congeneri, possono essere difficili da vedere fino a quando non si alzano in volo non appena percepiscono un qualche pericolo. Il loro piumaggio non è impermeabile ed è spesso impregnato d'acqua, caratteristica che conferisce loro una sfumatura più scura. Dal momento che i pappagalli di roccia utilizzano le stesse tane delle berte cuneate, le due specie presentano a volte le stesse abitudini e le stesse parate nuziali, comprese le offerte rituali di cibo alla partner^[3].

Alimentazione

I pappagalli di roccia sono soprattutto vegetariani. Preferiscono nutrirsi di semi di piante coltivate, di frutti e di una grande varietà di piante erbacee. Mangiano anche giovani germogli, arbusti e piante tolleranti ad ambienti salini. Dedicano alla ricerca del cibo le prime ore del mattino e il tardo pomeriggio^[3].

Riproduzione

I pappagalli di roccia si riproducono da agosto a dicembre, talvolta anche in febbraio. Occasionalmente possono deporre una seconda covata. Il nido è situato nella fessura di una falesia poco elevata, della facciata di un edificio o di una sporgenza rocciosa. Negli ultimi anni, questi uccelli hanno preso l'abitudine di nidificare su piccole isole calcaree: il foro d'ingresso è spesso nascosto dietro una cortina di vegetazione. In un luogo molto particolare, gli ingressi abbandonati della tana di una berta cuneata (Ardenna pacifica) sono stati utilizzati come accesso al sito. In un altro caso ancora, i pappagalli hanno usurpato il nido ancora occupato di un uccello delle tempeste facciabianca (Pelagodroma marina).

La covata comprende 4 o 5 uova che vengono covate per circa 18 giorni. I pulcini sono nidicoli e rimangono nel nido per i primi 30 giorni^[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

I pappagalli di roccia sono endemici della costa occidentale e meridionale dell'Australia. Il loro areale è diviso in due parti distinte situate su entrambi i lati della Grande Baia Australiana. La popolazione occidentale occupa le coste dell'Australia Occidentale da Denham a Cape Arid. La popolazione orientale occupa la costa dell'Australia Meridionale che va da Port Lincoln fino ai dintorni di Adelaide. Le due popolazioni non presentano differenze molto marcate e formano dunque una specie monotipica.

I pappagalli di roccia frequentano le dune costiere, le mangrovie, le paludi salmastre e le zone arbustive con presenza di piante di atriplice (Atriplex). Visitano anche il litorale, dove piccoli fiumi sfociano negli estuari.

Amano molto i boschetti di casuarina, le sponde degli stagni salmastri, gli habitat costieri e le isolette rocciose dove i loro nidi sono meno soggetti alla predazione. Durante tutto l'anno, questi uccelli non si spostano mai lontano dal mare (non più di poche centinaia di metri)^[3].

Tassonomia

Sebbene il consenso tra gli ornitologi non sia unanime, la International Ornithologists’ Union riconosce due sottospecie^[2]:

• N. p. petrophila (Gould, 1841), diffusa nella regione sud-occidentale dell'Australia Occidentale;
• N. p. zietzi (Mathews, 1912), diffusa nelle regioni centrali e occidentali dell'Australia Meridionale.

Conservazione

Secondo Handbook of the Birds of the World, la specie non sarebbe minacciata a livello globale. Essa è anche generalmente comune. La sua assenza dalla regione della Grande Baia Australiana, apparentemente sorprendente, potrebbe essere attribuita alla mancanza di siti disponibili per la nidificazione. In questi luoghi, le zone rocciose sono in effetti molto limitate e i nidi scarsamente protetti non possono beneficiare di ghiaioni e crepacci per proteggersi dagli attacchi dei predatori. I pappagalli, di conseguenza, non considerano adatti questi luoghi. Preferiscono invece nidificare nelle isole al largo della costa, dove sono sicuri di non avere a che fare con ratti, volpi, gatti e varani^[1].

Note

Vogels

De rotsparkiet (Neophema petrophila) is een vogel uit de familie Psittaculidae (papegaaien van de Oude Wereld). Het is een endemische vogelsoort uit Australië.

Kenmerken

De vogel is gemiddeld 22 cm lang en weegt 47 tot 54 gram. Opvallend aan deze parkiet is een blauw vlak tussen en om het oog en tot de snavel en verder omhoog tot op het voorhoofd. De rest van de kop en de bovendelen van de vogel zien olijfbruin gekleurd. De borst en de buik zijn ook bruin maar meer neigend naar grijs, geleidelijk naar de buik toe overgaand in vuilgeel. In zit heeft de vleugel een blauwe band die loopt van de schouder tot de punten van de slagpennen, waarbij de slagpennen donkerder blauw zijn. De staart is blauwachtig tot olijfbruin, met gele buitenste staartpennen. Het vrouwtje is doffer van kleur, mist de blauwe vlek op de kop en is wit rond het oog.^[2]

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort is endemisch in zuidelijk en zuidwestelijk Australië en telt 2 ondersoorten:^[3]

• N. p. petrophila (het zuidwesten van West-Australië)
• N. p. zietzi (het midden en zuiden van Zuid-Australië)

Het leefgebied bestaat uit duinen langs de zeekust, mangrove, Casuarinabos, rotsige eilanden.

Status

De rotsparkiet heeft een lang, maar versnipperd verspreidingsgebied en daardoor is de kans op de status kwetsbaar (voor uitsterven) gering. De grootte van de populatie is niet gekwantificeerd. De vogel is nog plaatselijk algemeen, maar loopt in aantal achteruit. Echter, het tempo ligt onder de 30% in tien jaar (minder dan 3,5% per jaar). Om deze redenen staat de rotsparkiet als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.^[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Klipparakit^[2] (Neophema petrophila) är en fågel i familjen östpapegojor inom ordningen papegojfåglar.^[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Fågeln förekommer på öar och i kustområden i västra och södra Australien.^[3] Den behandlas antingen som monotypisk eller delas in i två underarter med följande utbredning:^[4]

• Neophema petrophila petrophila – sydvästra Western Australia
• Neophema petrophila zietzi – centrala och västra South Australia

Status

IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.^[1]

Noter

1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Neophema petrophila Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2017) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2017 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2017-08-11
4. ^ Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2018. IOC World Bird List (v 8.1). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.8.1.

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör klipparakit.
  Bilder & media
• Wikispecies har information om Neophema petrophila.
  Artförteckning

Neophema petrophila là một loài chim trong họ Psittacidae.^[2] Đây là loài đặc hữu duyên hải Nam Úc, miền nam Tây Úc, và hải đảo của lục địa, bao gồm cả đảo Rottnest. Màu lông chủ yếu là ô-liu xanh lá cây. Thức ăn của chúng là hạt cỏ.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Neophema petrophila tại Wikispecies

Царство: Животные

Подцарство: Эуметазои

Без ранга: Двусторонне-симметричные

Без ранга: Вторичноротые

Тип: Хордовые

Подтип: Позвоночные

Инфратип: Челюстноротые

Надкласс: Четвероногие

Класс: Птицы

Подкласс: Настоящие птицы

Инфракласс: Новонёбные

Отряд: Попугаеобразные

Семейство: Попугаевые

Подсемейство: Настоящие попугаи

Род: Травяные попугайчики

Вид: Скальный травяной попугайчик

Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 22685200

• 1 Внешний вид
• 2 Распространение
• 3 Образ жизни
• 4 Размножение
• 5 Классификация
• 6 Примечания
• 7 Литература
• 8 Источники