'''Lonchura malacca ave de la familia Estrildidae del orde Passeriformes orixinaria de la India y Sri Lanka.
La especie foi introducida n'Australia, Cuba, Haití, Xamaica, Xapón, Portugal, Puertu Ricu, República Dominicana y Venezuela.[1]
Esti pinzón ye conocíu como capuchín de cabeza negra. En Colombia dióse-y un nome incorrectu dende la so introducción, el de Calandria pico de diamante; yá que nun comparte filación dalguna cola citada avecilla,[2] y en Cuba naturalizóse dende 1990, tamién se conoz como monxina tricolor.[3]
El capuchín tricolor o monxina tricolor ye una pequeña ave gregaria que s'alimenta principalmente de granes gramínees y otres. Frecuenta árees de pacionales húmedos y cultivos como los arrozales. Puede ser atopada tamién en montes húmedos tropicales de tierres baxes.
'''Lonchura malacca ave de la familia Estrildidae del orde Passeriformes orixinaria de la India y Sri Lanka.
La especie foi introducida n'Australia, Cuba, Haití, Xamaica, Xapón, Portugal, Puertu Ricu, República Dominicana y Venezuela.
Esti pinzón ye conocíu como capuchín de cabeza negra. En Colombia dióse-y un nome incorrectu dende la so introducción, el de Calandria pico de diamante; yá que nun comparte filación dalguna cola citada avecilla, y en Cuba naturalizóse dende 1990, tamién se conoz como monxina tricolor.
El maniquí tricolor[1] (Lonchura malacca) és un ocell de la família dels estríldids (Estrildidae) que habita praderies, matolls, canyars i terres de conreu del sud de l'Índia i Sri Lanka.
El maniquí tricolor (Lonchura malacca) és un ocell de la família dels estríldids (Estrildidae) que habita praderies, matolls, canyars i terres de conreu del sud de l'Índia i Sri Lanka.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Manicin gwinau (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: maniciniaid gwinau) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Lonchura malacca; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Chestnut mannikin. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwyrbigau (Lladin: Estrildidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn L. malacca, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r manicin gwinau yn perthyn i deulu'r Cwyrbigau (Lladin: Estrildidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Cwyrbig adeingoch Estrilda rhodopyga Cwyrbig bochddu Estrilda erythronotos Cwyrbig coch Amandava amandava Cwyrbig Sinderela Estrilda thomensis Cwyrbig tingoch Estrilda charmosyna Llinos dân frown Lagonosticta nitidula Llinos ddu fronwinau Nigrita bicolorAderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Manicin gwinau (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: maniciniaid gwinau) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Lonchura malacca; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Chestnut mannikin. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwyrbigau (Lladin: Estrildidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn L. malacca, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Die Schwarzbauchnonne (Lonchura malacca, Syn.: Munia malacca) oder Dreifarbennonne ist eine Vogelart aus der Art aus der Familie der Prachtfinken (Estrildidae) die in Südindien und Sri Lanka vorkommt. Sie wird verhältnismäßig häufig in Europa als Ziervogel gehalten.
Die Schwarzbauchnonne ist monotypisch. Früher wurden die Schwarzkopfnonne mit sieben bis neun Unterarten und die Schildnonne ebenfalls zu dieser Art gezählt.[1]
Die Schwarzbauchnonne zählt mit 11–12,5 cm Körperlänge zu den mittelgroßen Prachtfinkarten. Der Sexualdimorphismus ist nicht sehr ausgeprägt. Das Gefieder ist bei beiden Geschlechtern sehr kontrastreich. Der Schnabel ist relativ groß, kräftig und hellgrau oder blaugrau. Die Iris ist dunkelbraun oder dunkel rotbraun, der unauffällige Orbitalring ist hell- bis mittelgrau. Bei adulten Vögeln sind Kopf, Kinn, Kehle, Nacken und Brustmitte tiefschwarz. Die übrige Körperoberseite einschließlich der Flügel und Steuerfedern ist kastanienbraun. Die Körperunterseite ist ab der Brust weiß gefärbt mit tiefschwarzem Unterbauch und Unterschwanzdecken. Füße und Beine sind grau bis blaugrau. Weibchen sind generell etwas matter gefärbt als die Männchen und der Schnabel ist etwas weniger kräftig.[2]
Jungvögel sind insgesamt gelblich beigebraun mit braunerem Oberkopf, dunklerem Zügel und Ohrdecken. Kinn und Kehle sind etwas aufgehellt, die übrige Unterseite ist beigebraun mit einer warm bräunlichen Tönung auf der Brust. Die Oberseite einschließlich Flügel ist beigebraun, Bürzel und Oberschwanzdecken sind olivbraun und der Schwanz ist etwas dunkler braun. Der Schnabel ist zunächst schwärzlich grau und hellt sich später bläulich auf. Der Orbitalring ist blass gelblich beige.[2]
Der Kontaktruf ist ein schwaches piekt oder pie-iet, der Flugruf ein dreisilbiges tschirp. Der Gesang des Männchens beginnt mit einigen kaum hörbaren schnabelknappenden Lauten. Der folgende Teil ist sehr hoch und für den Menschen nicht wahrnehmbar. Am Ende folgen einige schwache, aber langgezogene Pfeiftöne.[3]
Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Schwarzbauchnonne erstreckt sich in Südindien vom Tapti ostwärts bis Raipur sowie südwärts bis Sri Lanka.[3]
Die Schwarzbauchnonne lebt vorwiegend in Gebieten mit Gras- und Schilfbewuchs. Sie kommt auch auf landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen vor und besiedeln Reis- und Zuckerrohrfelder.
Die Nahrung besteht hauptsächlich aus Reiskörnern und Grassamen, die sowohl vom Erdboden aufgelesen als auch aus den Ähren geklaubt werden. Dabei klettern die Vögel an den Halmen empor und beugen sie durch ihr Gewicht herab, um bequemer an die Körner zu gelangen. Schwarzbauchnonnen gelten daher als große Schädlinge in Reiskulturen.[4]
Die Brutzeit variiert in Abhängigkeit vom Verbreitungsgebiet, die Hauptbrutsaison fällt in der Regel jedoch in die Regenzeit. Das Nest findet sich in Zuckerrohr- oder Reisfeldern, in Graswildernissen, in Schilfbeständen oder im Gebüsch. In der Regel wird das Nest niedrig über dem Erdboden errichtet. Seltener findet es sich auch höher im Gezweige von Bäumen. Es ist ein rundliches Nest, das auf den menschlichen Betrachter unordentlich wirkt und außen aus groben Gras-, Reis und Schilfblättern errichtet ist. Am Nestbau sind beide Partner beteiligt.
Das Gelege umfasst in der Regel fünf Eier. Ausnahmsweise fanden sich sogar acht Eier in einem Nest, jedoch stammten diese vermutlich von zwei Weibchen.[5] Das Gelege wird etwa 15 Tage von beiden Partnern bebrütet. Die Nestlingszeit beträgt fast drei Wochen. Die Jungvögel werden weitere drei Wochen von den Eltern betreut.
Die Schwarzbauchnonne ist schon sehr frühzeitig als Ziervogel nach Europa eingeführt worden und war schon Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts erhältlich. In Deutschland wurde sie jedoch erst ab den 1870er Jahren gehandelt.
Die Schwarzbauchnonne (Lonchura malacca, Syn.: Munia malacca) oder Dreifarbennonne ist eine Vogelart aus der Art aus der Familie der Prachtfinken (Estrildidae) die in Südindien und Sri Lanka vorkommt. Sie wird verhältnismäßig häufig in Europa als Ziervogel gehalten.
Die Schwarzbauchnonne ist monotypisch. Früher wurden die Schwarzkopfnonne mit sieben bis neun Unterarten und die Schildnonne ebenfalls zu dieser Art gezählt.
पोरा मुनियाँ, तिनरंगी मुनियाँ (अंगरेजी: Tricoloured munia, बै॰:Lonchura malacca) मुनिया समूह के चिरइन के एगो प्रजाति बाटे।
ಕಪ್ಪು ತಲೆಯ ಮುನಿಯ (Tricoloured munia), ಗುಬ್ಬಚ್ಚಿ ಬಳಗದ ಈ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು ಆಗ್ನೇಯ ಏಷ್ಯಾ ಮೂಲದ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳಾಗಿವೆ. ಇವು Estrildidae ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ್ದು, ಇವುಗಳ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಹೆಸರು Lonchura malacca.
ಈ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು ಸುಮಾರು 10 ಸೆಂ.ಮೀ ಉದ್ದ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವುಗಳು ರೆಕ್ಕೆ, ಬೆನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ಬಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂದು ಬಣ್ಣ ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ತಲೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕುತ್ತಿಗೆ ಕಪ್ಪು ಬಣ್ಣದಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇವುಗಳ ಕಾಲುಗಳು ಬೂದು ಬಣ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಈ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು ಧಾನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒಡೆದು ತಿನ್ನಲು ಅನುಕೂಲವಾಗುವ ಸಧ್ರಡ ಕೊಕ್ಕನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿವೆ. ಗಂಡು ಮತ್ತು ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು ನೋಡಲು ಒಂದೇ ರೀತಿಯಾಗಿ ಕಾಣುತ್ತವೆ.
ಕಪ್ಪು ತಲೆ ಮುನಿಯಗಳು ಭತ್ತ, ರಾಗಿ, ಗೋಧಿ ಮುಂತಾದ ಧಾನ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವು ಗದ್ದೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಧಾಳಿ ಇಡುವುದರಿಂದ ರೈತರಿಗೆ ಉಪದ್ರವಕಾರಿಗಳೆಂದು ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧವಾಗಿವೆ. ನಾಲೆಯ ನೀರಿನ ಆಧಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ವರ್ಷವಿಡೀ ಧಾನ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಯುವುದರಿಂದ ಅಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲ ಇವು ಅಪಾರ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವೃದ್ಧಿಯಾಗಿವೆ. ಅಲ್ಲಿ ರಾತ್ರಿ ಮಲಗಲು ಇವು ಸಾಮೂಹಿಕ ಗೂಡುಗಳನ್ನು ರಚಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.
ಗುಂಪುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಿಸುವ ಈ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು ಮುಂಗಾರಿನ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂತಾನೋತ್ಪತ್ತಿ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಗಿಡಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಒಣ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಮತ್ತು ಕಸಗಳನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಿ ಫುಟ್ಬಾಲ್ ಗಾತ್ರದ, ಟೊಳ್ಳಾದ ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟಿ 4 ರಿಂದ 8 ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಗಳನ್ನಿಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಮೂರನೆಯ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಿಟ್ಟ ತರುವಾಯ ಕಾವು ಕೊಡಲು ಆರಂಭಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. 13 ದಿನ ಕಾವುಕೊಟ್ಟ ನಂತರ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯೊಡೆದು ಮರಿಗಳು ಹೊರ ಬರುತ್ತವೆ. ಈ ಮರಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಗರಿಗಳು ಮೂಡಲು 21 ರಿಂದ 25 ದಿನಗಳಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.
ಕಪ್ಪು ತಲೆಯ ಮುನಿಯಗಳು ಆಗ್ನೇಯ ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾರತ, ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾ, ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಚೀನಾ, ತೈವಾನ್, ಜಮೈಕಾ, ಪೋರ್ಟೊರಿಕಾ, ಹವಾಯಿ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ವೆನಿಜುವೆಲಾಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನದಾಗಿ ಹುಲ್ಲುಗಾವಲು, ಕೃಷಿ ಭೂಮಿ ಮತ್ತು ಜೌಗು ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳೆಡೆ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.
ಕಪ್ಪು ತಲೆಯ ಮುನಿಯ (Tricoloured munia), ಗುಬ್ಬಚ್ಚಿ ಬಳಗದ ಈ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು ಆಗ್ನೇಯ ಏಷ್ಯಾ ಮೂಲದ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳಾಗಿವೆ. ಇವು Estrildidae ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ್ದು, ಇವುಗಳ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಹೆಸರು Lonchura malacca.
The tricoloured munia (Lonchura malacca) is an estrildid finch, native to Bangladesh,[2] India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and southern China. The species has also introduced to the Caribbean, in Trinidad, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Venezuela. This species, like the chestnut munia has been known as the black-headed munia. Immature birds have pale brown upperparts, lack the dark head found in adults, and have uniform buff underparts that can be confused with immatures of other munias such as the scaly-breasted munia.
The tricolored munia was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Loxia malacca.[3] Linnaeus mistakenly specified the locality as China, Java and Malacca. This was corrected by E. C. Stuart Baker in 1926 as Belgaum in the state of Karnataka in southwest India. The specific epithet malacca is a geographical misnomer; the species does not occur on the Malay Peninsula.[4][5] The tricolored munia is now placed in the genus Lonchura that was introduced by the English naturalist William Henry Sykes in 1832.[6] This species was formerly treated as conspecific with the chestnut munia (Lonchura atricapilla). It is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[7]
These birds are described as medium-sized, measuring 115 mm tall with wings that span 55-57 mm. Their culmen measure 12-13 mm, with males tending to have a more pronounced ridge, and their tarsus is 12-13 mm.[8]
Irides in adults are brown and their bills are pale-bluish grey. The legs and feet are grey, as are the scales but those have a darker coloring. In juveniles, the irides are a darker brown and the bill, feet, and legs are described as horn-grey.[8]
The adults are colored black from the head to the throat and breast, and from the belly to undertail coverts and thighs. Between the breast and belly and on its flanks, it’s colored white. The upper part of the body is a warm chestnut. Flight feathers are dark brown and the underwing coverts are colored white to cream. The rump is reddish-maroon, as are the uppertail coverts in males; for females, the fringes of the uppertail coverts are paler. For both sexes, there is usually a gold edge on the coverts and on the central tail feathers.[8]
Juveniles are described as “warm brown above, [and] buffish below” and gain adult coloring when they start feeding on their own.[8]
Like many birds the Tricolored Munia has a unique mating ritual between males and females. Just as many birds, these birds court with song and dance, however, the courtship first starts with the male flying about with a length of grass in its beak. Then he will perch next to a female, drop the blade of grass, and begin its dance. The male will bob its head up and down and as it becomes more energetic the male will start jumping up the perch. His posture will consist of being upright, with his head down, mouth open and belly feathers standing up. This mating dance is followed up by a mating song which is very quite to the human ear. If a female accepts the courtship she will lower herself to an almost horizontal position with both tail and head turned towards the male, consenting to coition.[8]
Both females and males take part in building the nest. The nest is overall loosely-built and oval in shape with one entrance. Compared to other Munia species the nest is large even for the size of the female and male. Some of the grass blades and stems stick out of the entrance creating a sort of porch. Most nests are built away from human habitation on reeds and or grass swamps, about three feet over water.[8]
The clutch usually consists of 4 to 5 eggs but in India it is usual for the clutches to consist of 7 eggs. The eggs are oval in shape and white in color and the average size of the eggs is 16.3 x 11.5mm. The incubation period for the eggs is about 12 to 13 days. Both males and females take part in incubation and take turns incubating and at night both birds are in the nest. The offspring are brooded for about 8 to 10 days and they develop feathers in about three weeks.[8]
The tricoloured munia is a small gregarious bird which feeds mainly on grain and other seeds. It inhabits wet grassland habitats. It may also be found in tropical lowland moist forest habitats.
The Tri-colored Munia has been introduced to parts of Europe, South America, North America, and Oceania accidentally or with purpose. In cases of the latter, it is due to its status as an ornamental species, though it is unknown when they were brought to those countries.[9] But in the 1940s, they were imported to Venezuela because, according to Dr. Fernandez, birdkeepers wanted to breed them with local finches.[10] The birdkeepers were interested in their song, but then the Munia were released into the wild when it was discovered that they could not sing.
While the Munia were being imported to Venezuela, the father of Dr. Fernandez, who goes by the same name, believed that they would become established and pests if they were continuously released by birdkeepers who did not want them. The survival rate of maturing Munias in Venezuela became close to those of the local bird species, allowing there to be a “population explosion” in the coming decade.[10]
Initially, the Munias struggled to survive during the dry seasons in the reedbeds and marshes at the edges of Lago de Valencia, Venezuela due to drought conditions. The lake shrunk, acting as a water source for a city, and rice fields in the south could not provide much relief, being a seasonal crop. However, Spiza americana’s repeated migration to the rice field caused an irrigation system to be implemented and the field to be tended to outside its season. As Robin Restall had described, “[the Tricolored Munia] found a munia paradise - ideal food and ideal breeding conditions - all year round.”[10]
Tri-colored Munia has become a very prevalent and successful invasive species due to the environment being a suitable habitat. This species likes to inhabit warm environments that are both near pools of water and grain or rice fields. A study done by Raul E. Sedano-Cruz, a researcher affiliated with the Hospital Universitario del Valle, showed the birds’ speciality in rice fields, as they failed to colonize the Centro Internacional de Agricultural (CIAT) because of the severe reduction in rice fields.[11]
Axel Fuentes-Moreno, holding a bachelor of science in the Colegio de Postgraduados, believes that one of the major characteristics that has favored the tricolored munia to become highly invasive is its reproductive strategy. For example, tricolored munia for the most part have two clutches of eggs per year consisting of four to seven eggs. Meanwhile its competitors, like the semilleros from the American tropics, only have one clutch of eggs per year consisting of two to three eggs. Not only that but the tricolored munia also prefers to build these nests over vegetation that is surrounded by water, decreasing predation by snakes or mammals. As well, it was observed that post-fledgling Munias have a survival rate that is as high as the local bird species, in part to its behavior against tropic predators.[12]
The Tri-colored Munia’s invasive status has changed in some countries where it was introduced. In Robin Restall’s 1997 book Munias and Mannikins, the Tricolored-Munia was described as a breeding resident in Hong Kong’s Mai Po marshes, but it was observed that there seemed to be a decline in the population. Restall also mentioned Pratt et al.’s research in 1987, where the latter did not mention the Munia on Oahu, Hawaii even though it was established.[8] Later, in a 2003 magazine article written by Restall, the Munia was said to be classified as exotic and feral in Venezuela, although they were also established and sold as pets under the advertisement of being “locally-caught”.[10] In general, its preference for grains has made it a pest for rice farmers. In Mexico, according to a 2011 article by Olguín-Hernández et al., it was listed as an exotic bird and the effects of exotic birds were described as transmitting disease and parasites, producing offspring with other birds, and competing for food and habitat in the area.[9]
Tricoloured Munia - Lonchura malacca malacca at Haiderpur Wetland
The tricoloured munia (Lonchura malacca) is an estrildid finch, native to Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and southern China. The species has also introduced to the Caribbean, in Trinidad, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Venezuela. This species, like the chestnut munia has been known as the black-headed munia. Immature birds have pale brown upperparts, lack the dark head found in adults, and have uniform buff underparts that can be confused with immatures of other munias such as the scaly-breasted munia.
El capuchino tricolor (Lonchura malacca) ave de la familia Estrildidae del orden Passeriformes originaria de la India y Sri Lanka.
La especie ha sido introducida en Australia, Cuba, Haití, Jamaica, Japón, Portugal, Puerto Rico, República Dominicana,Colombia y Venezuela.[2]
Este pinzón es conocido como capuchino de cabeza negra. En Colombia se le ha dado un nombre incorrecto desde su introducción, el de Alondra pico de diamante; ya que no comparte filación alguna con la citada avecilla,[3] y en Cuba se ha naturalizado desde 1990, también se conoce como monjita tricolor.[4]
El capuchino tricolor o monjita tricolor es una pequeña ave gregaria que se alimenta principalmente de semillas gramíneas y otras. Frecuenta áreas de pastizales húmedos y cultivos como los arrozales. Puede ser encontrada también en bosques húmedos tropicales de tierras bajas.
El capuchino tricolor (Lonchura malacca) ave de la familia Estrildidae del orden Passeriformes originaria de la India y Sri Lanka.
La especie ha sido introducida en Australia, Cuba, Haití, Jamaica, Japón, Portugal, Puerto Rico, República Dominicana,Colombia y Venezuela.
Este pinzón es conocido como capuchino de cabeza negra. En Colombia se le ha dado un nombre incorrecto desde su introducción, el de Alondra pico de diamante; ya que no comparte filación alguna con la citada avecilla, y en Cuba se ha naturalizado desde 1990, también se conoce como monjita tricolor.
Lonchura malacca Lonchura generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Estrildidae familian sailkatua dago.
Lonchura malacca Lonchura generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Estrildidae familian sailkatua dago.
Kastanjamanikki (Lonchura malacca) on loistopeippojen heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Kastanjamanikki on 10,5-12 senttimetriä pitkä. Koiraalla on musta pää ja alaperä, valkoiset kupeet ja rinnan alaosan yli kulkeva vyö sekä ruskea yläpuoli. Naaras on väriltään harmaanruskea ja likaisen valkoinen.[2]
Kastanajmanikkeja elää luonnonvaraisena Intiassa ja Kaakkois-Aasiassa.[1] Portugalissa on karanneista häkkilinnuista alkunsa saanut kanta.[2]
Kastanjamanikki (Lonchura malacca) on loistopeippojen heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Lonchura malacca
Le Capucin à dos marron (Lonchura malacca) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Estrildidae.
Selon NCBI (10 juil. 2011)[1] :
Lonchura malacca
Le Capucin à dos marron (Lonchura malacca) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Estrildidae.
Bondol rawa (Lonchura malacca) adalah sejenis burung kecil pemakan biji-bijian yang tergolong dalam suku Estrildidae. Sebelumnya, burung ini dimasukkan sebagai anggota suku Ploceidae. Asal usul bondol rawa adalah dari India dan Sri Lanka, namun kini telah diintroduksi ke Australia, Hispaniola, Honduras, Jamaika, Jepang, Kuba, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Hawaii dan Venezuela. Dalam bahasa Inggris, burung pipit ini dikenal sebagai Tricoloured Munia.
Di waktu-waktu yang lalu, bondol coklat Lonchura atricapilla dianggap sebagai anak jenis dari bondol rawa. Kajian Sibley dan Monroe (1990, 1993) telah memisahkan kedua taksa tersebut[1]. Meski demikian, banyak pula literatur yang masih menyebut populasi bondol coklat di Asia Tenggara (termasuk di Sunda Besar) sebagai bondol rawa Lonchura malacca.
Seperti namanya (tricoloured, tiga warna), bondol ini berwarna hitam di kepala dan leher, coklat berangan di pungggung, dan putih di abdomen, kecuali bagian perut, paha dan pantat yang berwarna hitam. Jantan dan betina berwarna serupa.[2]
Bondol rawa sering tampak menggerombol dalam jumlah besar, terbang atau hinggap memakan biji rumput-rumputan. Sesuai dengan sebutannya, bondol rawa terutama menghuni paya atau padang rumput berawa, atau di hutan di sekitar persawahan. Musim kawin terutama berlangsung antara Juni – Oktober. Telur berjumlah 5–7 butir, putih, disimpan dalam sarang dari rerumputan kering berbentuk bola, yang dibangun di semak-semak atau di antara batang-batang rumput tinggi.[2]
Bondol rawa (Lonchura malacca) adalah sejenis burung kecil pemakan biji-bijian yang tergolong dalam suku Estrildidae. Sebelumnya, burung ini dimasukkan sebagai anggota suku Ploceidae. Asal usul bondol rawa adalah dari India dan Sri Lanka, namun kini telah diintroduksi ke Australia, Hispaniola, Honduras, Jamaika, Jepang, Kuba, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Hawaii dan Venezuela. Dalam bahasa Inggris, burung pipit ini dikenal sebagai Tricoloured Munia.
Il cappuccino tricolore (Lonchura malacca Linneo, 1766) è un uccello passeriforme appartenente alla famiglia degli estrildidi[2].
Classificata da Linneo nel suo Systema Naturae come Loxia malacca, sottintendendone una parentela col crociere nostrano, la specie è stata poi spostata nel genere Lonchura. In passato venivano ascritte a questa specie numerose sottospecie, fra cui il cappuccino testa nera (Lonchura malacca atricapilla) ed il cappuccino calotta bianca (Lonchura malacca ferruginosa): attualmente, questi due uccelli vengono considerati come specie a sé stanti (maggiormente legate l'una all'altra a livello filogenetico di quanto non lo siano al cappuccino tricolore[3]), le restanti sottospecie di cappuccino tricolore sono state accorpate al cappuccino testanera e pertanto questa specie si presenta come monotipica, formando molto probabilmente una superspecie col cappuccino testa nera ed il cappuccino calotta bianca[2].
Il nome scientifico della specie venne scelto da Linneo in quanto gli esemplari da analizzare pervenutigli erano provenienti dalla Malaysia, ai tempi identificata con la città di Malacca.
Il cappuccino tricolore occupa un areale piuttosto vasto che comprende buona parte del subcontinente indiano (India orientale, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh), e del sud-est asiatico (Birmania, Indocina, penisola malese, Filippine, Sumatra nord-orientale, Borneo e Celebes), oltre alla Cina meridionale e a Taiwan. Questa specie è stata inoltre introdotta con successo anche a Cuba, Porto Rico, Guam, Martinica, Hispaniola, Palau, in Venezuela, Colombia, alle Vanuatu, in Giamaica ed alle Hawaii[3][4][5].
L'habitat tipico di questo uccello è costituito dalle zone erbose nelle vicinanze di corsi d'acqua permanenti, tuttavia questa specie si dimostra molto adattabile e poco timorosa dell'uomo, colonizzando anche risaie, aree coltivate e giardini, fino a un'altezza di 1500 metri.
Questo uccello misura circa 12 cm, compresa la coda.
Il cappuccino tricolore è un uccelletto dall'aspetto robusto e dal caratteristico forte becco, di forma tozza e conica.
Come intuibile dal nome comune, la livrea di questi uccelli è dominata da tre colori:
Non è presente dimorfismo sessuale evidente nella livrea.
Si tratta di uccelli molto vivaci, dalle abitudini diurne e gregarie, che vivono in stormi anche di una certa consistenza, a volte anche in compagnia di altre specie congeneri: essi passano la maggior parte del giorno al suolo alla ricerca di cibo, mentre durante la notte riposano fra gli alberi. A differenza delle altre specie del genere Lonchura, che sono generalmente stanziali, i cappuccini tricolori compiono spostamenti anche di una certa entità, seguendo i monsoni.
Si tratta di uccelli essenzialmente granivori, che tramite il forte becco sono in grado di spezzare l'involucro di moltissime varietà di piccoli semi, prediligendo i semi ancora immaturi di riso quando disponibili: essi integrano la propria dieta anche con altri alimenti di origine vegetale (bacche, frutti, germogli) e sporadicamente anche con piccoli insetti volanti.
Questi uccelli sono in grado di riprodursi durante tutto l'arco dell'anno, tuttavia possono essere osservati picchi riproduttivi in concomitanza con la fine del monsone.
Il nido viene costruito da ambedue i partner generalmente nel folto della vegetazione o tra le canne a circa 2 metri di altezza: esso è di forma sferica con entrata laterale, e misura circa 15 cm di diametro. La femmina vi depone 3-7 uova, che vengono covate a turno da entrambi i sessi per 15-16 giorni: i pulli sono ciechi ed implumi alla schiusa, ed è compito di entrambi i genitori nutrirli e accudirli per circa 3 settimane, al termine delle quali essi sono pronti per l'involo, sebbene la maggior parte dei giovani rimanga coi genitori per ancora una decina di giorni prima di allontanarsene del tutto.
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(aiuto). Il cappuccino tricolore (Lonchura malacca Linneo, 1766) è un uccello passeriforme appartenente alla famiglia degli estrildidi.
De driekleurennon (Lonchura malacca) is een vogel uit de familie van de prachtvinken (Estrildidae).
Volgens de IOC World Bird List is het taxon Lonchura malacca beperkt tot de populaties van Zuid-India en Sri Lanka. De kastanjenon (Lonchura atricapilla) wordt ook wel beschouwd als ondersoort van deze soort: Lonchura malacca atricapilla. In dat geval is de driekleurennon de nominaat: L. m. malacca.
Een indeling waarbij L. malacca sensu lato staat voor een vogelsoort met een groot verspreidingsgebied, dat reikt tot de Filipijnen, is nog steeds gangbaar.[1][2]
De kop, keel en buik zijn zwart, de borst en flanken wit, de rest van het lichaam is kastanjebruin. Het vrouwtje is qua uiterlijk gelijk aan het mannetje. De totale lengte van kop tot puntje van de staart is 11-12 centimeter.
De driekleurennon komt oorspronkelijk voor in het zuidelijk deel van India en op Sri Lanka (het vroegere Ceylon). De vogel wordt veel als kooivogel gehouden en daardoor vormen ontsnapte dieren verwilderde populaties in landen in Zuid-Amerika, Japan en het Caraïbisch gebied. Het is een vogel van gebieden met dicht struikgewas, hoog gras, rijstvelden, rietvelden en moerassen.[3][1]
De driekleurennon heeft een enorm groot verspreidingsgebied (volgens de opvatting van de IUCN) en daardoor alleen al is de kans op uitsterven uiterst gering. Er is geen aanleiding te veronderstellen dat de soort in aantal achteruit gaat en om die redenen staat de driekleurennon als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]
Deze rustige en aardige vogels zijn gemakkelijk te houden in een gemengde en goed beplante (buiten)volière. Deze vogeltjes badderen graag, water moet dus altijd aanwezig zijn. De verzorging is praktisch gelijk aan die van de witkopnon en de zwartkopnon.
Het menu bestaat uit het normale zaadmengsel voor tropische vogels, trosgierst en onkruidzaden. Water, maagkiezel en grit moeten natuurlijk altijd ter beschikking staan.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe driekleurennon (Lonchura malacca) is een vogel uit de familie van de prachtvinken (Estrildidae).
Svarthodenonne (Lonchura malacca) er en art i astrildfamilien (Estrildidae) og tilhører slekten Lonchura.
Den forekommer i India, Nepal og Sri Lanka.
Den ble introdusert i Costa Rica, Den dominikanske republikk, Haiti, Jamaica, Japan, Portugal, Puerto Rico og Venezuela.
Det er beskrevet to underarter av svarthodenonne[2]:
Svarthodenonne (Lonchura malacca) er en art i astrildfamilien (Estrildidae) og tilhører slekten Lonchura.
Mniszka kapturowa (Lonchura malacca) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny astryldowatych (Estrildidae). Zamieszkuje Indie i Sri Lankę. Został introdukowany na Haiti, Jamajce, w Japonii, Portugalii, Puerto Rico i Wenezueli. Nazywany jest także mniszką trójbarwną[3], ze względu na występowanie w jego ubarwieniu trzech kolorów.
Mniszka kapturowa (Lonchura malacca) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny astryldowatych (Estrildidae). Zamieszkuje Indie i Sri Lankę. Został introdukowany na Haiti, Jamajce, w Japonii, Portugalii, Puerto Rico i Wenezueli. Nazywany jest także mniszką trójbarwną, ze względu na występowanie w jego ubarwieniu trzech kolorów.
Ubarwienie Gardło, głowa, pokrywy podogonowe oraz brzuch są czarne, skrzydła i ogon brązowe, a reszta – biała. Wymiary długość ciała: 11–12 cm Zachowanie Jedynym przejawem dymorfizmu płciowego jest głos (charakterystyczny śpiew samca). Biotop Gęsto zarośnięte tereny ze źródłem wody. Lęgi Budują kuliste gniazda, najczęściej spotykane na wysokości ok. jednego metra. Mniszki kapturowe znoszą od czterech do ośmiu jaj, wysiadywanych zarówno przez samca jak i samicę. Pisklęta wykluwają się po dwóch tygodniach, są różowe i porośnięte puchem. Po dziesięciu dniach ich skóra wyraźnie ciemnieje. Po czterech tygodniach od wyklucia opuszczają gniazdo i są dokarmiane jeszcze przez ok. dwa tygodnie. Po tym czasie przyłączają się do stada.O bico-de-chumbo-de-cabeça-preta (Lonchura malacca) é uma ave da família Estrildidae.[1] Caracteriza-se pela plumagem castanha com a cabeça-preta e pelo bico grosso prateado.
Esta ave é oriunda da Ásia (Índia, Paquistão, China, Taiwan and outros países da região). Em Portugal foi introduzida como ave de gaiola, tendo alguns indivíduos escapado e estabelecido populações selvagens em certos locais do litoral.
Esta ave exótica que se estabeleceu em Portugal é relativamente fácil de identificar e já deverá ter constituído populações nidificantes em liberdade.
Identificação Ligeiramente maior que o bico-de-lacre ou o bengali-vermelho,o bico-de-chumbo-de-cabeça-preta identifica-se principalmente pela plumagem castanha,que contrasta com a cabeça-preta.O bico espesso, triangular, é prateado.
Abundância e calendário Apesar de aparentemente já ter estabelecido populações selvagens em Portugal,o bico-de-chumbo-de-cabeça-preta continua a ser uma espécie relativamente rara e com uma distribuição muito localizada.
Os poucos registros conhecidos dizem respeito a aves isoladas ou a pequenos bandos, vistos geralmente nas imediações de zonas húmidas com ampla vegetação emergente.
Tal como as restantes espécies introduzidas, é residente e pode ser observado durante todo o ano.
O bico-de-chumbo-de-cabeça-preta (Lonchura malacca) é uma ave da família Estrildidae. Caracteriza-se pela plumagem castanha com a cabeça-preta e pelo bico grosso prateado.
Esta ave é oriunda da Ásia (Índia, Paquistão, China, Taiwan and outros países da região). Em Portugal foi introduzida como ave de gaiola, tendo alguns indivíduos escapado e estabelecido populações selvagens em certos locais do litoral.
Esta ave exótica que se estabeleceu em Portugal é relativamente fácil de identificar e já deverá ter constituído populações nidificantes em liberdade.
Identificação Ligeiramente maior que o bico-de-lacre ou o bengali-vermelho,o bico-de-chumbo-de-cabeça-preta identifica-se principalmente pela plumagem castanha,que contrasta com a cabeça-preta.O bico espesso, triangular, é prateado.
Abundância e calendário Apesar de aparentemente já ter estabelecido populações selvagens em Portugal,o bico-de-chumbo-de-cabeça-preta continua a ser uma espécie relativamente rara e com uma distribuição muito localizada.
Os poucos registros conhecidos dizem respeito a aves isoladas ou a pequenos bandos, vistos geralmente nas imediações de zonas húmidas com ampla vegetação emergente.
Tal como as restantes espécies introduzidas, é residente e pode ser observado durante todo o ano.
Trefärgad munia[2] (Lonchura malacca) är en liten fågel som tillhör familjen astrilder. Den har en naturlig utbredning i södra Asien, huvudsakligen på Indiska subkontinenten, men har införts av människan i ett antal länder världen runt.[3]
Trefärgad munia förekommer i låglänta områden i Nepal, Indien och Sri Lanka.[3] Den delas upp i två underarter med följande utbredning:[3]
Underarten rubronigra förs ibland istället till svarthuvad munia.[4]
Förrymda burfåglar har etablerat populationer runt om i världen: i Costa Rica, Dominikanska Republiken, Haiti, Japan, Portugal, Venezuela och Puerto Rico.[1] Den har också häckat i Spanien.[5]
Nyligen delades artkomplexet L. malacca upp i de tre arterna trefärgad munia (Lonchura malacca), valnötsmunia (Lonchura ferruginosa) och svarthuvad munia (Lonchura atricapilla). Det två första taxonen malacca och ferruginosa lever mycket nära varandra med en utbredningslucka på bara 250 km i Madhya Pradesh och Orissa och uppvisar ingen överlappning i utbredningsområde.[6] Mellan atricapilla och malacca finns det tydliga dräktskillnader och även skillnader i gomteckningen hos de nykläckta ungarna.[7]
Trefärgad munia är en liten tätting med en kroppslängd på endast 11,5 centimeter. Den har svart huvud, hals och övre delen av bröstet, rödbrun ovansida och svart på buk och undre stjärttäckare. Nedre delen av bröstet samt flankerna är vita. Närbesläktade svarthuvad munia är kastanjefärgad där trefärgad munia är vit.[8]
Arten påträffas i jordbruksområden, våtmarker och högvuxen gräsmark.[8]
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling och tros inte vara utsatt för något substantiellt hot.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen har inte uppskattats men den beskrivs som lokalt vanlig.[1]
Trefärgad munia (Lonchura malacca) är en liten fågel som tillhör familjen astrilder. Den har en naturlig utbredning i södra Asien, huvudsakligen på Indiska subkontinenten, men har införts av människan i ett antal länder världen runt.
Lonchura malacca là một loài chim trong họ Estrildidae.[1]
Lonchura malacca là một loài chim trong họ Estrildidae.
Lonchura malacca (Linnaeus, 1766)
Охранный статусЧерноголовая муния[1], или чернобрюхая муния[1], или трёхцветная муния[1] (лат. Lonchura malacca) — птица семейства вьюрковых ткачиков отряда воробьинобразных.
Тело плотное, хвост короткий. Длина тела 11,5 см Окраска спины, боков и крыльев охристо-бурая, грудь, шея и верх головы чёрные. Нижняя часть тела белого цвета с чёрными пятнами. Клюв толстый конусовидный, серый с голубым оттенком. Ноги серые. Самцы и самки по окраске неразличимы.
Обитают в Южной Азии: в южной Индии и на острове Шри-Ланка[2].
Населяют заросли тростника и других прибрежных растений, высокую траву, иногда густые лесные заросли. В культурном ландшафте нередко живут среди посадок сахарного тростника и риса. Иногда встречаются в горах до высоты 1600 м над уровнем моря. Питаются семенами дикорастущих трав и риса. Рисовым полям могут приносить значительный ущерб, съедая часть урожая. Песня очень своеобразная, первая половина её состоит из тонов ультразвукового диапазона, не воспринимаемых человеческим ухом, но хорошо различаемых птицами. Наблюдая за муниями, можно видеть, как самец, нахохлившись и открывая клюв, тужится, издавая неслышные звуки. Вторая часть песни состоит из нескольких свистов и заканчивается коротким жужжанием.
Период гнездования сильно растянут и зависит от времени созревания кормовых растений. Яйца и птенцов в гнёздах находили в течение года. Гнездятся отдельными парами. Гнёзда обычно строят невысоко над землёй, в зарослях густой травы, бамбука, сахарного тростника или в кустах. Сооружаются они из стеблей и листьев различных трав и тростника. В строительстве принимают участие обе птицы, но самочка выстилает лоток. В кладке 4-8 белых яиц, которые в равной степени насиживают самец и самка. Насиживание длится 12-14 дней. У птенцов розовая кожа, на голове и спине пух. Спустя 3 недели молодые покидают гнездо, а ещё через 2 недели полностью переходят на самостоятельное кормление.
В Европу черноголовых муний стали завозить ещё в конце 60-х годов XIX века. Эти птицы быстро акклиматизируются, просты в содержании.
Черноголовая муния, или чернобрюхая муния, или трёхцветная муния (лат. Lonchura malacca) — птица семейства вьюрковых ткачиков отряда воробьинобразных.
栗腹文鸟(学名:Lonchura malacca)为梅花雀科文鸟属的鸟类。分布于印度、尼泊尔、孟加拉国、缅甸、泰国、越南、马来西亚、菲律宾、印度尼西亚、台湾以及中国大陆的云南、广东等地,多生活于平原、丘陵地区、活动于农耕地附近的树林、灌丛或池塘的水草上以及筑巢于农田附近的灌木丛中、村寨附近的树上或池塘内的水生植物上。该物种的模式产地在印度:Belgaum,Bombay。[1]
栗腹文鸟(学名:Lonchura malacca)为梅花雀科文鸟属的鸟类。分布于印度、尼泊尔、孟加拉国、缅甸、泰国、越南、马来西亚、菲律宾、印度尼西亚、台湾以及中国大陆的云南、广东等地,多生活于平原、丘陵地区、活动于农耕地附近的树林、灌丛或池塘的水草上以及筑巢于农田附近的灌木丛中、村寨附近的树上或池塘内的水生植物上。该物种的模式产地在印度:Belgaum,Bombay。
ギンパラ(銀腹、学名:Lonchura malacca)はスズメ目カエデチョウ科に分類される鳥類。
東南アジア(インド、スリランカ、ベトナム、マレーシア、インドネシア)に分布する留鳥。
日本では外来種で、1968年に神奈川県で発見され、以降留鳥として生息している。愛玩用に持ち込まれたものが野生化したものと考えられている。
体長 11~12cm ほど。 雄は頭部が黒く、背部が橙褐色、嘴が青灰色である。雌は褐色。 羽色はキンパラに似るが、本種は脇腹部が白いところで判別できる。
草地など明るい茂みを好み、イネ科植物の種子を好んで食べる。熱帯低地の湿潤な森林でも見られる。 非繁殖期は群れで行動し、混群を形成することもある。