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The middle lobe of the mantle edge has most of a bivalve's sensory organs. Paired statocysts, which are fluid filled chambers with a solid granule or pellet (a statolity) are in the mussel's foot. The statocysts help the mussel with georeception, or orientation.
Mussels are heterothermic, and therefore are sensitive and responsive to temperature.
Unionids in general may have some form of chemical reception to recognize fish hosts. Mantle flaps in the lampsilines are modified to attract potential fish hosts. Lampsilis fasciola has several different morphs of mantle flaps that resemble small fish. Whether the wavy-rayed lampmussel recognizes a particular fish host is unknown.
Glochidia respond to touch, light and some chemical cues. In general, when touched or a fluid is introduced, they will respond by clamping shut.
Communication Channels: chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; vibrations ; chemical
Lampsilis fasciola is listed as Endangered in Illinois, Threatened in Michigan and New York, and Special Concern in Indiana and North Carolina. In Canada, this species is federally Endangered under the Species At Risk Act.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
Fertilized eggs are brooded in the marsupia (water tubes) up to 11 months, where they develop into larvae, called glochidia. The glochidia are then released into the water where they must attach to the gill filaments and/or general body surface of the host fish. After attachment, epithelial tissue from the host fish grows over and encapsulates a glochidium, usually within a few hours. The glochidia then metamorphoses into a juvenile mussel within a few days or weeks. After metamorphosis, the juvenile is sloughed off as a free-living organism. Juveniles are found in the substrate where they develop into adults.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
There are no significant negative impacts of mussels on humans.
Mussels are ecological indicators. Their presence in a water body usually indicates good water quality.
Fish hosts are determined by looking at both lab transformations and natural infestations. Looking at both is necessary, as lab transformations from glochidia to juvenile may occur, but the mussel may not actually infect a particular species in a natural situation. Natural infestations may also be found, but glochidia will attach to almost any fish, including those that are not suitable hosts. Lab transformations involve isolating one particular fish species and introducing glochidia either into the fish tank or directly inoculating the fish gills with glochidia. Tanks are monitored and if juveniles are later found the fish species is considered a suitable host.
In lab trials, Lampsilis fasciola has metamorphosed on the largemouth bass the smallmouth bass and the rock bass.
Ecosystem Impact: parasite
Species Used as Host:
In general, unionids are filter feeders. The mussels use cilia to pump water into the incurrent siphon where food is caught in a mucus lining in the demibranchs. Particles are sorted by the labial palps and then directed to the mouth. Mussels have been cultured on algae, but they may also ingest bacteria, protozoans and other organic particles.
The parasitic glochidial stage absorbs blood and nutrients from hosts after attachment. Mantle cells within the glochidia feed off of the host’s tissue through phagocytocis.
Plant Foods: algae; phytoplankton
Other Foods: detritus ; microbes
Foraging Behavior: filter-feeding
Primary Diet: planktivore ; detritivore
The wavy-rayed lampmussel is discontinuously distributed in the Great Lakes drainages. Historically it was found from Ontario to Alabama and Illinois to New York.
In Michigan this species is only found in Lake Erie drainages.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
The wavy-rayed lampmussel is rarely found in smaller, upstream creeks or in downstream areas of larger rivers. In the Huron River this species was found in more or less solid sand and gravel bottom in riffles and rapid waters.
Habitat Regions: freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams
The age of mussels can be determined by looking at annual rings on the shell. However, no demographic data on this species has been recorded.
The wavy-rayed lampmussel is up to 8 cm (4 inches) long , and is rounded or oval in shape. The shell is usually fairly thick, and compressed or inflated in females. This species is sexually dimorphic. The anterior end is rounded, the posterior end bluntly pointed in males, and slightly more rounded in females. The dorsal margin is straight and the ventral margin is curved.
Umbos are low, being raised only slightly above the hinge line. The beak sculpture has three to five double looped ridges.
The periostracum (outer shell layer) is smooth, yellow to yellow-brown, with thin wavy green rays. Older specimens tend to be more brown.
On the inner shell, the left valve has two pseudocardinal teeth, which are triangular, short, thick and divergent. The two lateral teeth are straight to slightly curved and short. The right valve has one triangular, short, thick pseudocardinal tooth. The one lateral tooth is short and straight to slightly curved.
The beak cavity is moderately deep. Although the nacre is white, it is iridescent at the posterior end.
In Michigan, this species can be confused with the pocketbook. The pocketbook is generally more round and is larger, so growth rings are farther apart. Green rays are not as wavy and are wider. The pocketbook also has a heavier hinge.
Range length: 8 (high) cm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes shaped differently
Unionids in general are preyed upon by muskrats, raccoons, minks, otters, and some birds. Juveniles are probably also fed upon by freshwater drum, sheepshead, lake sturgeon, spotted suckers, redhorses, and pumpkinseeds.
Unionid mortality and reproduction is affected by unionicolid mites and monogenic trematodes feeding on gill and mantle tissue. Parasitic chironomid larvae may destroy up to half the mussel gill.
Known Predators:
Age to sexual maturity for this species is unknown. Unionids are gonochoristic (sexes are separate) and viviparous. The glochidia, which are the larval stage of the mussels, are released live from the female after they are fully developed.
In general, gametogenesis in unionids is initiated by increasing water temperatures. The general life cycle of a unionid, includes open fertilization. Males release sperm into the water, which is taken in by the females through their respiratory current. The eggs are internally fertilized in the suprabranchial chambers, then pass into water tubes of the gills, where they develop into glochidia.
In the Huron River in Michigan, Lampsilis fasciola was gravid throughout the year. It probably breeds in the summer months.
Breeding interval: The wavy-rayed lampmussel breeds once in the warmer months of the year.
Breeding season: In Michigan, the breeding season is probably in the summer months.
Range gestation period: 10 (high) months.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous
Females brood fertilized eggs in their marsupial pouch. The fertilized eggs develop into glochidia. There is no parental investment after the female releases the glochidia.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female)
Lampsilis fasciola, the wavy-rayed lampmussel, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.
The wavy-rayed lampmussel is a relatively small mussel distributed throughout Southern Ontario and the North-Eastern sections of the United States. The mussel is characterized by its yellow to yellowish-green colour. The mussel receives its name from the numerous thin wavy rays that cover its shell. These waves can be thin and separate or coalesced into significantly wider rays. The beak is slightly elevated above the hinge lines and the beak sculpture consists of 3 to 5 wavy lines. The shell is compressed to inflated (females) in shape and the anterior end is rounded with the posterior end bluntly pointed in males and rounded in females.[2] The mussel's nacre is typically white or bluish, and the shell in general is rounded and generally symmetrical over the axis. The shell is mostly smooth, excepting certain wrinkles and growth rests that may appear. Wavy-rayed Lampmussles are typically less than 75 millimetres (3.0 in), but have been known to grow up to 90 to 100 millimetres (3.5 to 3.9 in) in length.[3]
Wavy-rayed lampmussels are historically distributed throughout Southern Ontario as well as 13 U.S. States including the Ohio watershed. In Ontario the mussel has been confirmed in at least four watersheds: the Ausable, Grand, Maitland and Thames river. Mussels live in gravel and sand bottoms in medium-sized streams but are particularly sensitive to changes in their environment.[3] Typically the mussels are found in streams with good currents, and near to riffles, and are rarely found in medium-sized rivers.[4] Like many mussels, the larvae of this species are parasitic and affix themselves to fish hosts. At this stage the larvae consume nutrients from the fish body until they develop into juvenile mussels, and drop off. Fish hosts used by the wavy-rayed lampmussel include the largemouth bass and the smallmouth bass. These fish hosts are especially important to ensure healthy mussel populations.[5]
Like many fresh water mussels, the wavy-rayed lampmussel is extremely sensitive to changes in water quality. This includes chemical contaminants entering its habitat such as copper, ammonia and chloride, particularly during their glochidial and juvenile life phases. This, along with loss of habitat has caused a continuous decrease in the mussel's populations. Additionally, the introduction of the invasive zebra mussel has resulted in even greater reductions in population. By affixing themselves to hard surfaces the zebra mussels are in direct competition with wavy-rayed lampmussels, and impair their ability to feed, reproduce and move.[3] Smaller population may also be affected by predation by muskrats.[5] Like other mussels, other threats to the wavy-rayed lampmussel include: natural flow alterations, siltation, channel disturbance, point and non-point source pollution, and exotic species (including the aforementioned zebra mussel). Maintenance or establishment of vegetated riparian buffers can help protect mussel habitats from many of their threats.[6]
The Canadian Species at Risk Act listed it in the List of Wildlife Species at Risk as being endangered in Canada.[7] In 2010 the status of the wavy-rayed lampmussel was reassessed for downgrading due to increased populations. Currently it is listed as "Special Concern" under SARA, as of March 2013, and "Special Concern" under COSEWIC, as of April 2010.[3]
Lampsilis fasciola, the wavy-rayed lampmussel, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.
