dcsimg

Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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There are no known major threats to Douglas squirrel populations.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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citação bibliográfica
Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
autor
Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
autor
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Douglas squirrels can cause damage to homes. They also sometimes gather nuts from filbert orchards before they are ready.

Negative Impacts: crop pest; household pest

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Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
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Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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People often steal Douglas squirrels's green cone caches and sell the cones, which contain fresh seeds, to tree nurseries.

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Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
autor
Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations ( Inglês )

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In eating the fruiting bodies of fungi, Douglas squirrels may help to distribute the fungi's spores through their feces. These spores may then develop mycorrhizal relationships with conifer roots. They probably also help disperse conifer seeds in carrying cones to their caches. They also use plants from their environment to build their nests.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; creates habitat

Species Used as Host:

  • none known

Mutualist Species:

  • none known

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • none known
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Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
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Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

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Douglas squirrels feed on a wide array of foods. They are mainly granivorous; pine seeds make up large portion of their diet. Depending on the season, they also eat fungi, cambium of conifers, twigs, sap, leaves, buds, acorns and other nuts, mushrooms, fruits, and berries. From time to time, they also eat arthropods, birds eggs, and nestlings. In fall, Douglas squirrels cut green cones from the tops of trees and cache them in a damp place, so the seeds remain fresh to eat throughout the winter. They will also cut mushrooms and store them in the forks of trees to dry and eat during winter. Douglas squirrels often store more food than they will eat during the winter, which can be useful if food sources are poor in the spring. They are protective of their caches and will burrow through the snow to get to them.

Animal Foods: birds; eggs; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; sap or other plant fluids

Other Foods: fungus

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: herbivore (Granivore )

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Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
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Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution ( Inglês )

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Douglas squirrels are found along the Pacific coast of North America. Their range is limited to northern California, west and central Oregon, western Washington and southwestern British Columbia, Canada.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
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Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Douglas squirrels mainly inhabit conifer forests; on occasion, they are found in other forests where conifer trees are present. Their elevation ranges from sea level to 3300 meters.

Douglas squirrels make their homes in nests. In summer, they usually build their nest of twigs, mosses, lichens and shredded bark. Sometimes they will occupy empty bird nests. The nests can be found in the forks of trees or further out on the limbs. In winter, they often build their nest in tree crevices, in holes from deserted woodpecker nests, or underground, under their food cache.

Range elevation: 0 to 3300 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

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Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
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Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

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No information could be found on the lifespan of Tamiasciurus douglasii.

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Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
autor
Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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There are no characteristic differences between the physical appearances of female and male Douglas squirrels. The adult body length ranges from 270 to 355 mm. The tail ranges from 100 to 160 mm. The hind feet range from 44-60 mm. Weight range is 141-312 g.

Douglas squirrels have distinct summer and winter coats. Their summer pelage ranges from reddish-brown to grayish-brown on the backside. Many of these hairs are orange or black at the ends. The underside ranges from light to dark orange, sometimes with white areas. It is this orange coloring on the chest and belly that sets Tamiasciurus douglasii apart from its nearest relative, the red squirrel. Douglas squirrels have a broad, bushy tail, the dorsal side of which is similarly colored to the back, with a black tip. The tail's underside is reddish-brown in the center, fading out to black, and then to light orange or white at the edges. Douglas squirrels have a black stripe that runs along their sides. This stripe is lacking in juveniles and faded or absent in winter. The winter pelage is more gray overall; thus, the orange of the underside becomes less visible. In the most northern part of its range, Tamiasciurus douglasii may also have ear tufts in winter.

Range mass: 141 to 312 g.

Range length: 270 to 355 mm.

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
autor
Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Predators of Tamiasciurus douglasii include bobcats, martens, coyotes, larger owls, long-tailed weasels, domestic cats, foxes, and goshawks. Douglas squirrels are alert and fast, helping to evade predators. Typically, they will not eat on the ground, since this inhibits awareness of their surroundings.

Known Predators:

  • long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata)
  • American martens (Martes americana)
  • coyotes (Canis latrans)
  • bobcats (Lynx rufus)
  • domestic cats (Felis silvestris)
  • northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis)
  • foxes (Canidae)
  • owls (Strigiformes)
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Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
autor
Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
autor
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Douglas squirrels are very vocal and have a wide variety of calls. Maser describes them as “ranging from a low ‘chir’ or ‘burr’ to an explosive ‘bauf, bauf bauf.’” (Maser et.al., 1981) The squirrels communicate with each other when disputing over territory, during courtship, and when warning of danger. They presumably also use chemical signals (i.e. scent), like other squirrels, to communicate with each other.

Douglas squirrels have whiskers above and below their eyes, as well as on their noses, and chins. These allow tactile perception of their environment. Additionally, Douglas squirrels have very good vision and hearing, and a good sense of smell.

Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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citação bibliográfica
Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
autor
Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
autor
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Like other squirrels, the courtship of Tamiasciurus douglasii consists of a mating chase in which the males and females call to and chase each other. This ultimately leads to coupling off and mating. Each Douglas squirrel has one mate per mating season.

Mating System: monogamous

Male Douglas squirrel testes become mature in spring. Reproduction occurs from January until mid-August with the greatest portion between March and May. Most females have only one litter per year, although occasionally a second litter is born in August or September. The gestation period ranges from 36 to 40 days. Females have eight mammae, and the litter size ranges from 1 to 8, with 4 to 6 on average.

Breeding interval: The majority of Douglas squirrels breed once a year.

Breeding season: Reproduction can occur from January through August, although it usually occurs from March to June.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 8.

Average number of offspring: 4-6.

Range gestation period: 36 to 40 days.

Range weaning age: 6 to 9 weeks.

Range time to independence: 4 to 7 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 8 to 9 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 8 to 9 months.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Douglas squirrels are born blind and without hair, weighing between 13 and 18 g. Fur covers the body by 18 days, and the eyes open at around 26 to 36 days. The young stay in their mother’s nest until they are one-half to two-thirds the size of an adult, usually around mid-July to early August. Siblings and the mother remain in close contact when they first leave the nest. Weaning starts at 6 weeks and is finished by 9 weeks. After this, the young become more independent, but families remain together until December. A juvenile Douglas squirrel will reach adult body size after around 8 to 9 months. Most will reproduce the following summer.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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citação bibliográfica
Pfau, J. 2004. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamiasciurus_douglasii.html
autor
Jennifer Pfau, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
autor
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
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Animal Diversity Web

Tamiasciurus douglasii ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST

La esguil de Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii) ye una esguil de pinu qu'habita nos estaos y provincies de la mariña norteamericana del Pacíficu. Los nativos americanos del ríu de los Santos Reyes llamar la «Pillillooeet», una imitación de la so carauterística señal d'alerta. Los adultos miden alredor de 33 cm (incluyendo la cola, que mide unos 13 cm) y pesen ente 150 y 300 g. La so apariencia varia según la dómina del añu.

Referencies

  1. Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) (2008). Tamiasciurus douglasii. En: UICN 2008. Llista Roxa d'Especies Amenazaes UICN. Consultáu'l 16 de setiembre de 2012.

Enllaces esternos

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Tamiasciurus douglasii: Brief Summary ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST

La esguil de Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii) ye una esguil de pinu qu'habita nos estaos y provincies de la mariña norteamericana del Pacíficu. Los nativos americanos del ríu de los Santos Reyes llamar la «Pillillooeet», una imitación de la so carauterística señal d'alerta. Los adultos miden alredor de 33 cm (incluyendo la cola, que mide unos 13 cm) y pesen ente 150 y 300 g. La so apariencia varia según la dómina del añu.

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Gwiñver Douglas ( Bretã )

fornecido por wikipedia BR

Gwiñver Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii) a zo ur bronneg krigner hag a vev e kornôg Stadoù-Unanet Amerika ha Kanada.

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Esquirol de Douglas ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

L'esquirol de Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu a la costa occidental dels Estats Units i el Canadà. S'alimenta de brots de coníferes, l'escorça d'arbres, vegetació verda, fruita, baies, pinyons, saba, fongs i núcules. Els seus hàbitats naturals són els boscos d'avets, pícees, pins o apiàcies. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1]

L'espècie fou anomenada en honor del botànic i viatger escocès David Douglas.[2]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Esquirol de Douglas Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Linzey, A. V.; NatureServe (Hammerson, G.). Tamiasciurus douglasii. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 15 octubre 2015.
  2. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael. The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals (en anglès). The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, p. 116. ISBN 978-0801893049.


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Esquirol de Douglas: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

L'esquirol de Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu a la costa occidental dels Estats Units i el Canadà. S'alimenta de brots de coníferes, l'escorça d'arbres, vegetació verda, fruita, baies, pinyons, saba, fongs i núcules. Els seus hàbitats naturals són els boscos d'avets, pícees, pins o apiàcies. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.

L'espècie fou anomenada en honor del botànic i viatger escocès David Douglas.

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Douglas-Hörnchen ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Das Douglas-Hörnchen (Tamiasciurus douglasii) ist ein nordamerikanisches Nagetier aus der Familie der Hörnchen (Sciuridae).

Merkmale

Das Fell des Douglas-Hörnchens ist an der Oberseite grau bis braun-grau, manchmal auch leicht rötlich; in der Mitte des Rückens geht es in kastanienbraun über. Die Unterseite ist gelblichweiß bis orange gefärbt; nur im östlichen Oregon ist sie weiß. Um die Augen ist das Fell heller. An den Seiten besitzt es schwarze Streifen (Lateralstreifen), die vorrangig im Sommer sichtbar sind. Im Winter sind diese wenig ausgeprägt oder nicht vorhanden. Das Fell ist im Winter oft länger und an der Bauchseite heller; die Ohrpinsel und die Augenringe sind stärker ausgeprägt. Der Schwanz ist an der Oberseite ähnlich gefärbt wie der Rücken, nur das letzte Drittel ist dunkler. Die Unterseite des Schwanzes ist im Zentrum rostfarben, der Rand ist schwarz und an den Spitzen heller.

Das Douglas-Hörnchen sieht dem Gemeinen Rothörnchen sehr ähnlich. Dieses besitzt jedoch eine weiße bis grau-weiße Bauchseite und normalerweise ein helleres rot auf dem Rücken.

Ein ausgewachsenes Tier erreicht eine Körperlänge von 270 bis 348 Millimeter. Der Schwanz wird zwischen 102 und 158, die Hinterbeine zwischen 41 und 55 Millimeter lang. Die Tiere wiegen zwischen 141 und 312 Gramm. Damit ist das Douglas-Hörnchen eines der kleinsten Baumhörnchen. Als Grund für die geringe Körpergröße wird vermutet, dass sich die verbesserten Klettermöglichkeiten gegenüber der Nahrungskonkurrenz, bei der größere Tiere im Vorteil sind, im Laufe der Evolution durchgesetzt haben. Es gibt keinen Dimorphismus zwischen den Geschlechtern.

Lebensweise

Douglas-Hörnchen leben hauptsächlich in Douglasien-Wäldern oder anderen Wäldern, in denen Douglasien vorhanden sind sowie Tannen- und Fichtenwälder. Sie sind in Höhen bis zu 3.300 Metern zu finden. Dort bewohnen sie Nester, die im Sommer aus Zweigen, Moosen, Flechten und Rindenstücken bestehen. Manchmal bewohnen sie auch verlassene Vogelnester. Im Winter leben sie in verlassenen Bruthöhlen von Spechten oder unter der Erde.

Douglas-Hörnchen sind tagaktiv und Einzelgänger. Sie leben in festen Territorien von einem bis anderthalb Hektar. Sie sind das ganze Jahr über aktiv, sie ziehen sich jedoch bei schlechtem Wetter und kalten Wintern in ihr Nest zurück.

Ernährung

Douglas-Hörnchen verbringen viel Zeit mit der Suche nach Nahrung, die sie in den Bäumen finden. An das Klettern sind sie durch ihre gute Sprungfähigkeit, kräftige Krallen und den Schwanz, den sie zum Balancieren einsetzen, gut angepasst.

Douglas-Hörnchen sind Allesfresser. Sie ernähren sich vor allem von Kiefernsamen. Außerdem fressen die Tiere je nach der Jahreszeit Pilze, das Kambium von Nadelbäumen, Zweige, Blätter, Knospen, Eicheln sowie Nüsse, Früchte und Beeren. Manchmal verzehren sie auch Gliederfüßer, Vogeleier und Nestlinge von Vögeln.

Fortpflanzung

Männchen und Weibchen erreichen ihre Geschlechtsreife im Alter zwischen acht und neun Monaten. Die Paarung erfolgt von Januar bis Mitte August, vor allem zwischen März und Mai. Die meisten Weibchen haben nur einen Wurf pro Jahr. Teilweise folgt ein zweiter Wurf im August oder September. Nach einer Tragzeit zwischen 36 und 40 Tagen bringt das Weibchen 1 bis 8, durchschnittlich 4 bis 6, Jungtiere zur Welt; sie wiegen zwischen 13 und 18 Gramm.

Die Jungen öffnen ihre Augen nach rund 26 bis 36 Tagen und bleiben bis etwa Mitte Juli bis Anfang August im Nest der Mutter. Sie bleiben jedoch auch nach Verlassen des Nestes zunächst weiterhin in Kontakt mit der Mutter. Mit sechs Wochen beginnt die Entwöhnung vom Nest und dauert bis zur neunten Woche an. Nachdem die Jungen unabhängig geworden sind, bleiben sie bis Dezember noch in der Familie zusammen. Nach etwa neun bis zehn Monaten sind die Jungen ausgewachsen.

Verbreitung

Douglas-Hörnchen sind entlang der Pazifik-Küste Nordamerikas verbreitet. Das Vorkommen ist jedoch beschränkt auf das nördliche Kalifornien bis in die Sierra Nevada sowie die Kaskadenkette mit West- und Zentral-Oregon, dem westlichen Washington und dem südwestlichen British Columbia in Kanada.

Systematik

 src=
Tamiasciurus douglasii albolimbatus im Sequoia-Nationalpark

Das Douglas-Hörnchen wird als eigenständige Art innerhalb der Rothörnchen (Tamasciurus) eingeordnet.[1][2][3] Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung stammt von John Bachman aus dem Jahr 1839, der sie als Sciurus douglasii aus dem Bereich des Columbia River beschrieb.[3][1]

Innerhalb der Art werden zusammen mit der Nominatform drei Unterarten unterschieden:[1]

Das Mearns-Rothörnchen wird teilweise auch als eigenständige Art betrachtet.[2][3] Als zusätzliche Unterart kommt in älterer Literatur Tamiasciurus douglasii albolimbatus Allen, 1890, im nördlichen und mittleren Kalifornien sowie im mittleren Oregon hinzu, das aktuell jedoch nicht als eigenständig betrachtet wird.

Belege

  1. a b c J.L. Koprowski, E.A. Goldstein, K.R. Bennett, C. Pereira Mendes: Douglas's Squirrel. In: Don E. Wilson, T.E. Lacher, Jr., Russell A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Lagomorphs and Rodents 1. (HMW, Band 6) Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2016, S. 739–740, ISBN 978-84-941892-3-4.
  2. a b Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012, ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1, S. 78–80.
  3. a b c Tamiasciurus douglasii In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 Bände. 3. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Literatur

  • J.L. Koprowski, E.A. Goldstein, K.R. Bennett, C. Pereira Mendes: Douglas's Squirrel. In: Don E. Wilson, T.E. Lacher, Jr., Russell A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Lagomorphs and Rodents 1. (HMW, Band 6) Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2016, S. 739–740, ISBN 978-84-941892-3-4.
  • Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012, ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1, S. 78–80.
  • Tamiasciurus douglasiiMammalian Species (PDF-Datei; 938 kB)

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Douglas-Hörnchen: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

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Das Douglas-Hörnchen (Tamiasciurus douglasii) ist ein nordamerikanisches Nagetier aus der Familie der Hörnchen (Sciuridae).

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Douglas squirrel ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Douglas squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii) is a pine squirrel found in western North America, from the Pacific Northwest (including the northwestern coastal states of the United States as well as the southwestern coast of British Columbia in Canada) to central California, with an isolated subspecies in northern Baja California, Mexico. It is sometimes known as the chickaree or pine squirrel, although these names are also used for the American red squirrel. Variant spellings of the common name are Douglas' squirrel and Douglas's squirrel. The Native Americans of Kings River called it the "Pillillooeet", in imitation of its characteristic alarm call.[4]

Description

John Muir described the Douglas squirrel as "by far the most interesting and influential of the California Sciuridæ". Adults are about 33 cm in length (including its tail, which is about 13 cm long), and weigh between 150 and 300 grams. Their appearance varies according to the season. In the summer, they are greyish or almost greenish-brown on their backs, and pale orange on the chest and belly, while legs and feet appear brown. In the winter, the coat is browner and the underside is grayer; also, the ears appear even tuftier than they do in summer. Like many squirrels, Douglas squirrels have a white eye-ring.

Breeding

Mating can occur as early as February. Gestation is about four weeks, and the young (which are altricial) are weaned at about eight weeks of age. There may be up to six kits in a litter, though four is more usual. In the southern and lower parts of their range, they produce two litters each year.

Habitat

Douglas squirrels live in coniferous forest habitats along the Pacific Coast, from the Sierra Nevada (mountains) of California, northwards to the southwestern coast of British Columbia. Tamiasciurus douglasii prefer old-growth forests or mature second-growth forests, and some authors regard them as dependent on its presence. Mearns's squirrel is a distinctive subspecies of the Douglas squirrel that instead inhabits xeric pine forests in a small portion of Baja California.[5]

Throughout most their range, Douglas squirrels essentially replace the niche of the American red squirrel, which inhabits the coniferous forests of the rest of North America. The two species have very minimal overlap in the territory.

Douglas squirrels are territorial; in winter, each squirrel occupies a territory of about 10 000 square metres, but during the breeding season a mated pair will defend a single territory together. Douglas squirrels are active by day, throughout the year, often chattering noisily at intruders. On summer nights, they sleep in ball-shaped nests that they make in the trees, but in the winter they use holes in trees as nests. Groups of squirrels seen together during the summer are likely to be juveniles from a single litter.

Diet

Douglas squirrels mostly eat seeds of coniferous trees such as Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and shore pine (Pinus contorta). They also eat the fleshy scales of green giant sequoia cones, as well as acorns, berries, mushrooms, the eggs of birds such as yellow warblers, and some fruit including strawberries and plums. Douglas squirrels are larder hoarders,[6] storing their food in a single location or 'larder' called a midden. As the squirrel peels the scales of cones to get at the seeds, the discarded scales accumulate into piles that can grow to several meters across as the same site is used by generations of squirrels.

Their predators include Pacific martens, bobcats, domestic cats, northern goshawks, and owls; although they quickly acclimatize to human presence, humans can be a threat to them, through robbing of their cone caches to find seeds for tree cultivation and through the destruction of old-growth forest. However, the squirrels' numbers appear to be unaffected by commercial thinning of forests.[7]

Pacific silver fir cone debris from Douglas squirrels feeding, North Cascades National Park
Alarm call of the Douglas squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

References

  1. ^ Linzey, A. V. & Hammerson, G. (2008). "Tamiasciurus douglasii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2009.old-form url
  2. ^ Bachman, J. (1839) Archived January 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Description of several new Species of American quadrupeds. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 57-74.
  3. ^ Thorington, R.W. Jr.; Hoffmann, R.S. (2005). "Family Sciuridae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754–818. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 26158608.
  4. ^ Muir, John (1989). "The Douglas Squirrel". The Mountains of California. The Sierra Club. p. 173. ISBN 0-87156-663-X.
  5. ^ Hope, Andrew G.; Malaney, Jason L.; Bell, Kayce C.; Salazar-Miralles, Fernando; Chavez, Andreas S.; Barber, Brian R.; Cook, Joseph A. (2016-07-01). "Revision of widespread red squirrels (genus: Tamiasciurus) highlights the complexity of speciation within North American forests". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 100: 170–182. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.014. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 27083861.
  6. ^ "Gray squirrels and scatter hoarding". 24 September 2013. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
  7. ^ Ransome, D.B.; Sullivan, T.P. (2002). "Short-term population dynamics of Glaucomys sabrinus and Tamiasciurus douglasii in commercially thinned and unthinned stands of coastal coniferous forest". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 32: 2043–2050. doi:10.1139/x02-126.

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Douglas squirrel: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Douglas squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii) is a pine squirrel found in western North America, from the Pacific Northwest (including the northwestern coastal states of the United States as well as the southwestern coast of British Columbia in Canada) to central California, with an isolated subspecies in northern Baja California, Mexico. It is sometimes known as the chickaree or pine squirrel, although these names are also used for the American red squirrel. Variant spellings of the common name are Douglas' squirrel and Douglas's squirrel. The Native Americans of Kings River called it the "Pillillooeet", in imitation of its characteristic alarm call.

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Tamiasciurus douglasii ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La ardilla de Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii) es una ardilla de pino que habita en el Noroeste del Pacífico de Norteamérica. Los nativos americanos del río de los Santos Reyes la llamaban la «Pillillooeet», una imitación de su característica señal de alerta. Los adultos miden alrededor de 33 cm (incluyendo la cola, que mide unos 13 cm) y pesan entre 150 y 300 g. Su apariencia varía según la época del año.

Referencias

  1. Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) (2008). «Tamiasciurus douglasii». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 16 de septiembre de 2012.

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Tamiasciurus douglasii: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La ardilla de Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii) es una ardilla de pino que habita en el Noroeste del Pacífico de Norteamérica. Los nativos americanos del río de los Santos Reyes la llamaban la «Pillillooeet», una imitación de su característica señal de alerta. Los adultos miden alrededor de 33 cm (incluyendo la cola, que mide unos 13 cm) y pesan entre 150 y 300 g. Su apariencia varía según la época del año.

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Tamiasciurus douglasii ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Tamiasciurus douglasii Tamiasciurus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Sciurinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Bachman (1838) Sciuridae Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 99. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Tamiasciurus douglasii: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Tamiasciurus douglasii Tamiasciurus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Sciurinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Tamiasciurus douglasii ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

L’écureuil de Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii) est un écureuil des pins trouvé dans les régions côtières nord américaines du Pacifique. Il est parfois connu comme l’écureuil Chickaree ou écureuil des pins, mais comme Chickaree est aussi utilisé pour l’écureuil roux américain et l’écureuil des pins pour le genre Tamiasciurus, ces noms alternatifs devraient être évités. Les Amérindiens de King River l’ont appelé le « Pillillooeet », en référence à son cri d’alarme caractéristique.

Description

John Muir a décrit l’écureuil de Douglas comme "de loin le sciuridé le plus intéressant et influent de Californie". C’est un écureuil arboricole vif, petit à la queue en panache, passionnant à regarder. Les adultes mesurent environ 33 cm de long, queue comprise (environ 13 cm), et pèsent entre 150 et 300 grammes. Leur apparence varie selon la saison. En été, ils sont grisâtres, presque marron verdâtre sur le dos, et orange clair sur la poitrine et le ventre, alors que les pattes apparaissent marron. En hiver, la robe est plus marron et le ventre plus gris. Les oreilles sont plus poilues qu’en été. Comme beaucoup d’écureuils, l’écureuil de Douglas a un anneau blanc autour de l’œil.

Mode de vie

Les écureuils de Douglas vivent dans des forêts de conifères, des montagnes de la Sierra Nevada en Californie jusqu’en Colombie Britannique au nord. Ils préfèrent une forêt ancienne ou des plantations matures, et certains auteurs les considèrent dépendants de sa présence. Ils sont diurnes, pendant toute l’année, et poussent souvent de petits cris en présence d’intrus. Pendant les nuits d’été, ils dorment dans des nids en forme de boule qu’ils construisent dans les arbres, mais en hiver ils utilisent des cavités dans les arbres comme nids. Ils sont territoriaux : en hiver, chaque écureuil occupe un territoire d’environ 10 000 m2, mais pendant la saison des amours un couple défendra un seul territoire ensemble. Des groupes d’écureuils vus ensemble pendant l’été sont en général des jeunes d’une même portée.

Les écureuils de Douglas mangent principalement des graines de conifères comme le pin de Douglas, l’épicéa de Sitka et le pin tordu, bien qu’ils mangent aussi des glands, baies, champignons, les œufs d’oiseaux comme la paruline jaune, et des fruits. Contrairement à d’autres types d’écureuils arboricoles, ils ne possèdent pas de bajoues pour stocker leur nourriture. Ce sont des écureuils qui font des réserves, enterrant des pommes de pin (qu’ils détachent de l’arbre encore vertes) pendant l’automne. Ils utilisent souvent un seul endroit pour écailler les pommes de pin et récupérer les graines. Les écailles jetées peuvent s’accumuler pendant des années, en des tas de plus d’un mètre de diamètre car le même site est souvent utilisé par plusieurs générations d’écureuils.

 src=
Carte de répartition

Leurs prédateurs incluent les martres américaines, les lynx roux, les chats domestiques, les éperviers et les chouettes ; bien qu’ils s’habituent rapidement à la présence humaine, les humains peuvent être une menace pour eux, en pillant leurs réserves de pignons de pins pour trouver des graines pour planter des arbres, et en détruisant les anciennes forêts. En revanche, le nombre d’écureuils ne semble pas affecté par la réduction commerciale des forêts.

L’accouplement peut se dérouler aussi tôt qu’en février. La gestation est d’environ 4 semaines, et les jeunes (qui sont nidicoles) sont sevrés à environ 8 semaines. Il peut y avoir jusqu’à 6 jeunes dans une portée, bien qu’il soit plus courant d’en avoir 6. Dans les zones les plus au sud de leur aire de répartition, ils peuvent avoir 2 portées par an.

Références

  • Ransome, D. B., & Sullivan, T. P. (2002). Short-term population dynamics of Glaucomys sabrinus and Tamiasciurus douglasii in commercially thinned and unthinned stands of coastal coniferous forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32, 2043-2050.

Références taxonomiques

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Tamiasciurus douglasii: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

L’écureuil de Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii) est un écureuil des pins trouvé dans les régions côtières nord américaines du Pacifique. Il est parfois connu comme l’écureuil Chickaree ou écureuil des pins, mais comme Chickaree est aussi utilisé pour l’écureuil roux américain et l’écureuil des pins pour le genre Tamiasciurus, ces noms alternatifs devraient être évités. Les Amérindiens de King River l’ont appelé le « Pillillooeet », en référence à son cri d’alarme caractéristique.

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Tamiasciurus douglasii ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Lo scoiattolo di Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii Bachman, 1839) è una specie di scoiattolo arboricolo del genere Tamiasciurus originaria delle regioni nordamericane affacciate sul Pacifico. È conosciuto anche come chickaree o scoiattolo dei pini, ma dal momento che con il nome chickaree viene indicato anche lo scoiattolo rosso e con il nome scoiattolo dei pini tutte le specie del genere Tamiasciurus, questi nomi alternativi vengono spesso evitati. I nativi americani della valle del Kings River lo chiamavano Pillillooeet, imitando il suo caratteristico richiamo d'allarme.

Tassonomia

Attualmente, gli studiosi riconoscono due sottospecie di scoiattolo di Douglas[1]:

Descrizione

 src=
Esemplare nello stato di Washington.

Riferendosi allo scoiattolo di Douglas, John Muir scrisse che esso è «di gran lunga il più interessante e importante Sciuride della California». È un piccolo e vivace scoiattolo arboricolo dalla coda folta, incantevole da vedere. Gli adulti misurano circa 33 cm di lunghezza (compresa la coda, lunga circa 13 cm) e pesano 150-300 g. Il suo aspetto varia a seconda delle stagioni. In estate, la regione dorsale è di colore grigiastro o perfino marrone-verdastro, e il petto e il ventre sono di colore arancione chiaro, mentre le zampe e i piedi sono marroni. In inverno, il mantello assume toni più marroncini e le regioni dorsali divengono grigie; inoltre, i ciuffi di pelo sulle orecchie si fanno più folti. Così come molti altri scoiattoli, anche quello di Douglas presenta un anello oculare bianco.

Distribuzione e habitat

Gli scoiattoli di Douglas vivono nelle foreste di conifere, dai monti della Sierra Nevada in California, a sud, alle regioni costiere della Columbia Britannica e dell'Alaska sud-orientale, a nord. Prediligono le foreste primarie o quelle secondarie ormai mature, e alcuni studiosi ritengono che essi giochino un ruolo importante nel proprio ecosistema. Sono attivi di giorno, durante ogni periodo dell'anno, e spesso squittiscono rumorosamente contro gli intrusi. Nelle nottate estive, dormono in nidi di forma sferica che essi stessi costruiscono sugli alberi, ma in inverno utilizzano come riparo le cavità degli alberi. Sono animali territoriali; in inverno, ogni scoiattolo occupa un territorio di circa 10.000 m², ma durante la stagione degli amori le coppie riproduttrici difendono insieme un unico territorio. I gruppi di scoiattoli che spesso si vedono durante l'estate sono probabilmente esemplari giovani appartenenti a una stessa nidiata.

Biologia

 src=
«Tumulo» di pigne di abete argentato.

Gli scoiattoli di Douglas si nutrono soprattutto di semi di conifere come l'abete di Douglas, il peccio di Sitka e il pino lodgepole, ma mangiano anche ghiande, bacche, funghi, uova di uccelli come la parula gialla (Dendroica petechia), e alcuni frutti, comprese fragole e prugne. Diversamente da molte altre specie di scoiattoli arboricoli, sono privi di tasche guanciali nelle quali trasportare il cibo. Immagazzinano scorte alimentari, e durante l'autunno seppelliscono pigne di pino (che staccano dagli alberi quando sono ancora verdi). Spesso tolgono le scaglie delle pigne per raggiungere i semi in uno stesso luogo, chiamato tumulo. Le scaglie scartate si possono accumulare negli anni, formando pile larghe più di un metro, dal momento che lo stesso sito viene utilizzato da generazioni di scoiattoli. Tra i loro predatori vi sono martore americane, linci rosse, gatti domestici, astori comuni e gufi.

L'accoppiamento avviene a partire dal mese di febbraio. La gestazione dura circa quattro settimane, e i piccoli (ciechi e privi di pelo alla nascita) vengono svezzati a circa otto settimane di vita. Le nidiate possono comprendere fino a sei piccoli, ma generalmente sono costituite da quattro individui. Nelle regioni meridionali e meno elevate dell'areale le femmine danno alla luce due nidiate all'anno.

Conservazione

Sebbene gli scoiattoli di Douglas si abituino rapidamente alla presenza umana, gli uomini possono costituire per loro una minaccia, dato che raccolgono le pigne per ricavare semi impiegati nella silvicoltura ed abbattono le foreste primarie. Tuttavia, il numero degli scoiattoli non sembra essere diminuito con lo sfruttamento commerciale delle foreste[3]. La IUCN inserisce T. douglasii tra le specie a basso rischio.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Tamiasciurus douglasii, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ (EN) Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) 2008, Tamiasciurus douglasii, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  3. ^ Ransome, D. B., & Sullivan, T. P. (2002). Short-term population dynamics of Glaucomys sabrinus and Tamiasciurus douglasii in commercially thinned and unthinned stands of coastal coniferous forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32, 2043-2050.

 title=
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Tamiasciurus douglasii: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Lo scoiattolo di Douglas (Tamiasciurus douglasii Bachman, 1839) è una specie di scoiattolo arboricolo del genere Tamiasciurus originaria delle regioni nordamericane affacciate sul Pacifico. È conosciuto anche come chickaree o scoiattolo dei pini, ma dal momento che con il nome chickaree viene indicato anche lo scoiattolo rosso e con il nome scoiattolo dei pini tutte le specie del genere Tamiasciurus, questi nomi alternativi vengono spesso evitati. I nativi americani della valle del Kings River lo chiamavano Pillillooeet, imitando il suo caratteristico richiamo d'allarme.

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wikipedia IT

Douglaseekhoorn ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De douglaseekhoorn (Tamiasciurus douglasii) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Bachman in 1839.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in Canada en de Verenigde Staten.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Douglaseekhoorn: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De douglaseekhoorn (Tamiasciurus douglasii) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Bachman in 1839.

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Sosnowiórka szara ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Sosnowiórka szara[3], dawniej: wiewiórka czikari[4] (Tamiasciurus douglasii) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wiewiórkowatych występujący na północnoamerykańskim wybrzeżu Pacyfiku[5].

Nazwa zwyczajowa

W polskiej literaturze zoologicznej dla oznaczenia gatunku używana była nazwa zwyczajowa „wiewiórka czikari”[4]. Ostatecznie w wydanej w 2015 roku przez Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk publikacji „Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata” autorzy zaproponowali podkreślenie odrębności od zwierząt z rodzaju Sciurus (wiewiórka) i w konsekwencji gatunkowi przypisano oznaczenie sosnowiórka szara, a dla rodzaju Tamiasciurus zarezerwowano nazwę sosnowiórka[3].

Środowisko

Występuje w lasach iglastych, na wysokości do 3300 m n.p.m.

Wygląd

Długość ciała 27-35,5 cm, masa ok. 140-310 g. Nie występuje dymorfizm płciowy. Futro występuje w umaszczeniach od rudobrązowego, do szarobrązowego. Zimą futro staje się bardziej szarawe. Brzuch pomarańczowy, co odróżnia gatunek od blisko spokrewnionej sosnowiórki czerwonej. Ogon puszysty, z czarnymi końcówkami włosów. Po bokach ciała czarne pasy, zanikające w zimie.

Tryb życia

Sosnowiórki szare są towarzyskimi zwierzętami i poza sezonem rozrodczym nie przeszkadza im towarzystwo innych przedstawicieli swojego gatunku. Jedna wiewiórka żyje na obszarze 1-1,5 hektara. Śpią w zbudowanych przez siebie gniazdach, zbudowanych z gałęzi, mchu, porostów i kory. Czasem zajmują gniazda opuszczone przez ptaki. Są dość głośnymi zwierzętami - wydają odgłosy podczas zalotów, walk o terytorium, ostrzegają się też w ten sposób o niebezpieczeństwie. Prawdopodobnie komunikują się między sobą także za pomocą sygnałów zapachowych.

Pożywienie

Zwierzęta głównie roślinożerne, o zróżnicowanej diecie. Ich podstawowym pożywieniem są nasiona sosny, ale jedzą także liście, orzechy, grzyby, jagody, gałęzie, pąki, żywicę i miazgę drzew. Czasem uzupełniają dietę bezkręgowcami, ptasimi jajami i pisklętami. Zimą korzystają głównie z zapasów, które zgromadziły przez ciepłe miesiące.

Rozmnażanie

Zwierzęta mogą rozmnażać się od stycznia do sierpnia, ale sezon rozrodczy trwa najczęściej od marca do czerwca. Wiewiórka mają jednego partnera w jednym sezonie godowym. Samica, po ok. półtoramiesięcznej ciąży rodzi 1-8, zazwyczaj 5 młodych. Nowonarodzone wiewiórki są nagie i ślepe. Po osiemnastu dniach porastają futerkiem, między 26 a 36 dniem otwierają im się oczy. Samica karmi młode przez 9 tygodni, ale już w szóstym zwierzęta uzupełniają swoją dietę stałym pokarmem. W środku lipca, lub na początku sierpnia młode wychodzą z gniazda,ale nadal pozostają przy matce aż do grudnia. Następnej wiosny są już w pełni dorosłe i gotowe do rozrodu.

Zagrożenia

Sosnowiórki szare mają wielu naturalnych wrogów. Żywią się nimi rysie rude, kojoty, sowy, koty, lisy, kuny, gołębiarze i łasice długoogoniaste. Pomimo tego populacja wiewiórek jest w dobrej kondycji i nie są one zagrożone wyginięciem.

Przypisy

  1. Tamiasciurus douglasii, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Tamiasciurus douglasii. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. a b Zygmunt Kraczkiewicz: SSAKI. Wrocław: Polskie Towarzystwo Zoologiczne - Komisja Nazewnictwa Zwierząt Kręgowych, 1968, s. 81, seria: Polskie nazewnictwo zoologiczne.
  5. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Tamiasciurus douglasii. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 4 maja 2012]

Bibliografia

  1. Tamiasciurus douglasii (ang.). Animal Diversity Web. [dostęp 6 kwietnia 2010].
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Sosnowiórka szara: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Sosnowiórka szara, dawniej: wiewiórka czikari (Tamiasciurus douglasii) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wiewiórkowatych występujący na północnoamerykańskim wybrzeżu Pacyfiku.

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Douglasekorre ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV


Douglasekorre (Tamiasciurus douglasii[2][3][4][5][6][7]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av John Bachman 1839. Tamiasciurus douglasii ingår i släktet Tamiasciurus och familjen ekorrar.[8][9] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]

Beskriving

Arten blir 27 till 35,5 cm lång, inklusive en 10 till 16 cm lång svans. Vikten varierar mellan 141 och 312 g. Pälsen har under sommaren en rödbrun till gråbrun färg på ovansidan och undersidan är orange med några mörkare eller vitaktiga ställen. Genom denna orange färgsättning kan Douglasekorre lätt skiljas från amerikansk röd ekorre (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Håren av den yviga svansen har en blandning av kroppens färger, förutom svansspetsen som är mera svartaktig. Under sommaren finns dessutom en svart strimma på varje kroppssida där den brunaktiga ovansidan möter den orange undersidan. Artens vinterpäls är mera gråaktig med blek undersida så att den orange undersidan blir otydlig. Nordliga populationer kan ha örontofsar under vintern.[10]

Utbredning

Denna ekorre förekommer i sydvästra Kanada och västra USA. Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig från södra British Columbia till centrala Kalifornien.[1]

Ekologi

Habitatet utgörs av olika slags skogar och buskmarker.[1] Douglasekorren är dagaktiv och klättrar huvudsakligen i trädkronorna. Den håller ingen vinterdvala men stannar i boet under mycket kalla dagar. Hanar och honor lever ensamma utanför parningstiden. Reviret är vanligen 1 till 1,5 hektar stort. Arten har olika läten för kommunikationen över längre sträckor. Den äter olika växtdelar som frön, nötter, svampar, unga växtskott, frukter och bär. I mindre grad ingår fågelägg och fågelungar i födan. Liksom den europeiska ekorren skapar douglasekorren gömmor med mat för vintern.[10]

Artens naturliga fiender utgörs bland annat av mårddjur, rödlo, prärievarg, tamkatt, rovfåglar och ugglor.[10]

Fortplantning

En hane och en hona bildar ett monogamt par, men endast under en parningssäsong, inte över hela livet. Beroende på utbredning sträcker sig parningstiden från januari till augusti eller bara från mars till maj. Honor får vanligen en kull per år, ibland två. Dräktigheten varar 36 till 40 dagar varpå 1 till 8 ungar föds, oftast 4 till 6. Ungarna är i början nakna och blinda med en vikt av 13 till 18 g. De får fullständig päls efter cirka 18 dagar och öppnar ögonen efter 26 till 36 dagar. Efter 6 veckor börjar ungarna med fast föda och efter ungefär 9 veckor slutar modern med digivning. Den första parningen sker efter vintern.[10]

Underarter

Catalogue of Life listar två underarter:[8]

  • T. d. douglasii (Bachman, 1839)
  • T. d. mollipilosus (Audubon and Bachman, 1841)

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] 2008 Tamiasciurus douglasii Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code
  3. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2003) , Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
  4. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  5. ^ (2005) , website Tamiasciurus douglasii, Mammal Species of the World
  6. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  7. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada, Resource Publication, no. 166
  8. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L. (red.) (2017). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2017 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2017/search/all/key/Tamiasciurus+douglasii/match/1. Läst 18 november 2017.
  9. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  10. ^ [a b c d] J. Pfau (28 april 2004). ”Douglas's squirrel” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tamiasciurus_douglasii/. Läst 22 december 2015.

Externa länkar

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wikipedia SV

Douglasekorre: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV


Douglasekorre (Tamiasciurus douglasii) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av John Bachman 1839. Tamiasciurus douglasii ingår i släktet Tamiasciurus och familjen ekorrar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.

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original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia SV

Tamiasciurus douglasii ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Поширення

Країни поширення: Канада (Британська Колумбія), США (Каліфорнія, Невада, Орегон, Вашингтон). Мешкає у хвойних лісах до висоти 3300 м над рівнем моря.

Життя

Живуть поодинці. Одна тварина займає територію 1-1,5 гектара. Їх основною їжею є насіння сосни, але також їдять листя, горіхи, гриби, ягоди, гілки, бруньки, також членистоногих, пташині яйця і пташенят. Взимку в основному використовують запаси, які накопичилися в теплі місяці.

Морфологічні особливості

Доросла тварина досягає довжини тіла 270-348 мм, хвіст довгий, 102-158 мм, задні ступні 41-55 мм, вага 141-312 гр. Верх тіла від червонувато-коричневого до сіро-коричневого кольору. Зимове хутро стає більш сірувате. Черево руде. Хвіст пухнастий, волоски з чорними кінчиками. З боків тіла є чорні смуги, які стають непомітними в зимовий період.

Джерела


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Tamiasciurus douglasii ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Tamiasciurus douglasii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Sóc, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Bachman mô tả năm 1838.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Linzey, A. V. & Hammerson, G. (2008). Tamiasciurus douglasii. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ Bachman, J. (1839). Description of several new Species of American quadrupeds. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 57-74.

Tham khảo

  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  •  src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Tamiasciurus douglasii tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Sóc này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Tamiasciurus douglasii: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Tamiasciurus douglasii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Sóc, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Bachman mô tả năm 1838.

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wikipedia VI

Белка Дугласа ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Грызунообразные
Отряд: Грызуны
Подотряд: Белкообразные
Семейство: Беличьи
Подсемейство: Sciurinae
Триба: Sciurini
Вид: Белка Дугласа
Международное научное название

Tamiasciurus douglasii (Bachman, 1839)

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ITIS 180167NCBI 144198EOL 347429

Белка Дугласа[1] (лат. Tamiasciurus douglasii) — вид грызунов семейства беличьих рода красные белки. Видовое название дано животному в честь шотландского учёного Дэвида Дугласа (1799—1834)[2].

Описание

Взрослое животное достигает длины тела 27—34,8 см, хвост длиной 10,2—15,8 см, задние ступни 4,1—5,5 см, вес 141—312 г. Верх тела от красновато-коричневого до серо-коричневого цвета. Зимний мех становится более сероватым. Брюхо оранжевое. Хвост пушистый с чёрным кончиком из волос. По бокам тела чёрные полосы, которые исчезают в зимний период.

Распространение

Вид распространён в Канаде (Британская Колумбия), США (Калифорния, Невада, Орегон, Вашингтон). Обитает в хвойных лесах до высоты 3300 м над уровнем моря.

Образ жизни

Активны днём, ведут одиночный образ жизни. Территориальные, площадь участка составляет 1—1,5 гектара. Всеядны. Основной пищей являются семена сосны, а также листья, орехи, грибы, ягоды, ветки, почки, реже членистоногие, яйца и птенцы птиц. Зимой в основном используют запасы, накопленные в тёплые месяцы.

Размножение

Половая зрелость наступает в возрасте 8—9 месяцев. Спаривание происходит с января до середины августа, чаще с марта по май. У большинства самок бывает один помёт в год. Иногда второй помёт в августе или сентябре. Беременность длится 36—40 дней, в помёте от 1 до 8 детёнышей, в среднем 4—6. Вес детёнышей составляет 13—18 г. Глаза открывают через 26—36 дней, оставаясь до середины июля начала августа в гнезде матери. В возрасте 6—9 недель отлучаются от гнезда.

Подвиды

  • Tamiasciurus douglasii albolimbatus — Allen, 1890 (Север и центральная часть Калифорнии, центральная часть Орегона)
  • Tamiasciurus douglasii douglasii — Bachman, 1839 (Запад Вашингтона, Орегон и Калифорния)
  • Tamiasciurus douglasii mollipilosus — Audubon & Bachman, 1841 (Центральная часть Вашингтона и юго-запад Британской Колумбии)

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 145. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, and Mike Grayson. The eponym dictionary of mammals. — Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. — P. 116. — 574 p. — ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9.
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Белка Дугласа: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Белка Дугласа (лат. Tamiasciurus douglasii) — вид грызунов семейства беличьих рода красные белки. Видовое название дано животному в честь шотландского учёного Дэвида Дугласа (1799—1834).

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더글라스다람쥐청서 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

더글라스다람쥐청서(Tamiasciurus douglasii)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[3] 북아메리카의 태평양 해안가에서 발견되는 타미아스키우루스속에서 발견된다.

각주

  1. “Tamiasciurus douglasii”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 8일에 확인함.
  2. Bachman, J. (1839) Archived January 7, 2009, - 웨이백 머신.. Description of several new Species of American quadrupeds. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 57-74.
  3. Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). 〈Family Sciuridae〉 [다람쥐과]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 754–818쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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