Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
Poyntonia paludicola is a small ranid frog that ranges from 23 to 30 millimeters in length from snout to vent (SVL). Adults have very rough and warty skin on their sides and dorsal surfaces. This species strongly resembles a bufonid, due to the rough skin texture, as well as an invisible tympanum and raised glandular areas behind the eyes resembling parotoids (Channing and Boycott 1989). The holotype for this species is a male (SVL 29 mm) (Channing and Boycott 1989). The skin on the dorsum and flanks is covered with distinct glandular warts with pale perforations. Warts also occur on the head and limbs, but are smaller and less dense. Some warts even occur on plantar surfaces. A distinct postorbital glandular ridge of tubercles runs from the top of the head, behind the eye, then diagonally backwards to the angle of the jaw. The skin of the gular region is finely granular and lightly pigmented. The skin of the venter and underside of the limbs is lightly pigmented. The anal opening is directed posteroventrally at the upper level of the thighs. The testes have a black pigment and are bean shaped. The hind limbs are short and very robust. The upper arms of the front legs are slightly less robust than the hind legs and the toes are moderately webbed with discs being absent on the digits. The head is slightly narrower than the body. The snout appears to be bluntly rounded when viewed from the side and is truncate in profile. The nostrils are raised and rimmed, and the eyes are moderate in size, protruding above the head, with horizontal pupils. The choanae are round and the choanal diameter/interchoanal distance is 0.25. The tongue is in length more than twice its width and is notched posteriorly. There are no median papillae and vocal slits are absent. The tympanum are invisible. A raised glandular area behind each eye resembles the parotoids of a bufonid, caused by a well developed muscle covered by a thin layer of skin. The top of the head, the body, and the upper side of the limbs are a dark grayish brown color. A pale to reddish vertebral stripe was seen in some individuals catalogued by Channing and Boycott (1989). A distinct white ridge occurs from the eye to the angle of the jaw. The underside of the body is pale and can be creamy to heavily flecked. The undersides of the limbs are flecked.
- Boycott, R. (1990). ''A new frog from the south-western Cape Province.'' African Wildlife, 44(6), 343-346.
- Channing, A. and Boycott, R. C. (1989). ''A new frog genus and species from the mountains of the southwestern Cape, South Africa (Anura: Ranidae).'' Copeia, 1989(2), 467-471.
Distribution and Habitat
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Inglês
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P. paludicola occurs in mountainous areas of the southwestern Cape Province in South Africa. It appears to be restricted to the mesic mountain fynbos biome, southwest of the Breede River Valley. It is absent from the Cape Peninsula (Boycott 1990). This species resides in shallow seepage zones, shallow streams along rocky outcrops, and marshy areas away from larger streams, river dams, or lakes. All preferred habitats occur on the upper slopes of the mountains of the southwestern Cape Province in South Africa (Channing and Boycott 1989). Seepage zones appear to be its optimal habitat, especially those characterized by low, water-loving bushes, grass tussocks, and clumps of reeds where the water depth remains constantly shallow (Boycott 1990).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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Inglês
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Channing and Boycott (1989) described the P. paludicola tadpole as follows. The mouth is small, ventral, and not visible dorsally. A single row of mental papillae and many papillae in the angle of the mouth. Rostral papillae are absent. Suprarostrodont with lateral inflection, pigmented, with serrated margin. The nostrils are subcircular and rimmed with a small posteromedial flap. The opening is dorsal and the nasal passage is only visible anterolaterally. The width of the nostril/internarial distance is 0.14. There is no distinct pineal spot. The extraocular proportion is 0.25. The vent is close to the base of the tail. It is dextral and marginal and the opening is slightly scalloped. The tail is very long, 0.72 of the total length. The maximum tail height is less than the trunk height. The height of the caudal muscles at the base of the tail is 0.66 of the trunk height. The base of the tail is thickened laterally. The tip is rounded and heterocercal. The maximum depth of the dorsal fin is 0.7 posteriorly along the tail. The axis of the tail is extrapolated anteriorly and passes beneath the eye. The dorsal pigmentation is a light brown background with dark brown speckles. The fins are lightly pigmented. Ventrally, the covering of the gut coils is darkly striped. There are numerous small, white-tipped tubercles covering the top and sides of the trunk, extending over the anterior upper one third of the tail, apparently absent below the level of the nostrils and eyes. The canthral areas are raised slightly, giving the tadpole a flat-faced appearance. According to Channing and Boycott (1989), male advertisement calls have been heard in the field in February, June, July, and August. It is suspected that breeding may occur throughout the year whenever environmental conditions are suitable. The males of this species put forth a unique advertisement call that sounds like a coarse “kruck-kruck-kruck” (Boycott 1990).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
(
Inglês
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fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
The seepage zones preferred by this species frequently occur on the sides and in the bottoms of valleys. Consequently, one of the greatest threats to this species is the damming of such valleys and the resulting flooding of their habitat. This threat has already caused a significant loss of habitat for this species in several locations (Boycott 1990).
Poyntonia
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Poyntonia, is a monotypic frog genus in the family Pyxicephalidae. It was named after J.C. Poynton, a notable herpetologist who worked in southern Africa.[2]
Poyntonia paludicola, commonly known as the Montane Marsh frog, is the sole member of the genus. It is endemic to the Western Cape province, South Africa. Populations have been recorded in the Kogelberg, Hottentots-Holland, and Klein River mountains at the elevations of 0–1,800 m (0–5,906 ft) asl.[1][3] Despite occurring as relatively fragmented populations across its range, it is locally abundant in suitable habitat and is presumably philopatric. It is possible that the separate populations represent cryptic species, but this has to be investigated.[1]
Breeding related aggression between males in
P. paludicola
Description
P. paludicola resemble bufonids due to their stout form and warty appearance. Adults attain a length of 27 - 30mm, with females being larger than males. The tympanum is not visible. Fingers have slight webbing. Toes are long without discs. Warts cover most of the body. A raised mass of warty skin is present behind each eye. Individuals often have a red-orange vertebral stripe. A long white teardrop-like mark extends from the bottom of the eye towards the top of the arm, in most individuals. The belly is pale, often with dark blotches unevenly distributed.[4]
The advertisement call consists of 1-6 brief, low-pitched chirps at a rate of about 3 per second. It is a unique, coarse "kruck-kruck-kruck".[5]
Eggs are relatively large compared to the size of the adults. One clutch laid in September 2020 contained 15 eggs which were deposited at the edge of a seepage pool in 2 cm of muddy water.[6] Regarding morphology and relative size of eggs and larva, Poyntonia shares many similarities with Capensibufo, a genus of small montane toads utilizing similar habitat and occurring in sympatry.[2]
Habitat
P. paludicola inhabits montane fynbos (Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation) in areas with high rainfall (2,000-3,000 mm per year) from sea level to 1800 msl.[3] These frogs breed in shallow puddles associated with seepage areas. Often there is some level of waterflow within the seepage. Threats to the species habitat include the encroachment of alien vegetation, water abstraction, and the disturbance of natural fire regimes.[2] Most populations occur within protected areas, such as the Kogelberg Biosphere Nature Reserve, Hottentots Holland Nature Reserve, and Fernkloof Nature Reserve.[1]
Life history
The majority of breeding is assumed to take place within the winter months, from June–September, although males will call at anytime of the year if weather conditions are appropriate. This species is diurnal, and individuals of all life stages can be found during the day, often in exposed positions within seepages.[2] Males will start calling at sunrise and continue into the evening. Egg clutches have been found in very shallow pools under a thin layer of mud.[6] Larvae are benthic, and will hide within the mud when disturbed.[2]
Breeding does not seem to be greatly affected by fire, as calls have been heard after the first good rains following a fire.[7] Additionally, this species can tolerate some level of anthropogenic disturbance. Individuals have been found in eroded areas or drainage ditches on the side of jeep tracks which cut through their seepage areas. Breeding related aggression between males has been recorded, similar to combat observed in African Bullfrogs.[8]
References
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Poyntonia: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Poyntonia, is a monotypic frog genus in the family Pyxicephalidae. It was named after J.C. Poynton, a notable herpetologist who worked in southern Africa.
Poyntonia paludicola, commonly known as the Montane Marsh frog, is the sole member of the genus. It is endemic to the Western Cape province, South Africa. Populations have been recorded in the Kogelberg, Hottentots-Holland, and Klein River mountains at the elevations of 0–1,800 m (0–5,906 ft) asl. Despite occurring as relatively fragmented populations across its range, it is locally abundant in suitable habitat and is presumably philopatric. It is possible that the separate populations represent cryptic species, but this has to be investigated.
Breeding related aggression between males in P. paludicola
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Poyntonia paludicola
(
Basco
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fornecido por wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Poyntonia paludicola: Brief Summary
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Basco
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fornecido por wikipedia EU
Poyntonia paludicola Poyntonia generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Pyxicephalidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
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Poyntonia paludicola
(
Francês
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fornecido por wikipedia FR
Poyntonia paludicola, unique représentant du genre Poyntonia, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Pyxicephalidae[1].
Répartition
Cette espèce est endémique du Sud-Ouest de la province de Cap-Occidental en Afrique du Sud. Elle se rencontre entre 200 et 1 800 m d'altitude.
Étymologie
Le nom spécifique paludicola vient du latin paludicolus, habitant des marais, en référence à l'habitat de cette espèce. Le genre est nommé en l'honneur de John Charles Poynton[2].
Publication originale
- Channing & Boycott, 1989 : A new frog genus and species from the mountains of the southwestern Cape, South Africa (Anura: Ranidae). Copeia, vol. 1989, no 2, p. 467-471.
Notes et références
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Poyntonia paludicola: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Poyntonia paludicola, unique représentant du genre Poyntonia, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Pyxicephalidae.
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Poyntonia paludicola
(
Neerlandês; Flamengo
)
fornecido por wikipedia NL
Herpetologie Poyntonia paludicola is een kikker uit de familie Pyxicephalidae. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Alan Channing en Richard Charlton Boycott in 1989. Het is de enige soort uit het geslacht Poyntonia.[2]
Uiterlijke kenmerken
De kikker wordt ongeveer 2,3 tot 3 centimeter lang, de kleur is donkergrijs, een witte streep loopt van het oog tot de mondhoek. Vanwege de zeer wrattige structuur van de huid, het ontbreken van een zichtbaar tympanum (trommelvlies) en de vergrote parotoïden (gifklieren) achter de ogen lijkt de kikker uiterlijk sterk op een pad-achtige. De buikzijde is lichter van kleur en soms gevlekt, de onderzijde van de ledematen zijn altijd gevlekt. De kop is iets smaller dan het lichaam, de ogen zijn wat meer aan de bovenzijde van de kop gepositioneerd en hebben een horizontale pupil.
De kikkervisjes zijn door Channing en Boycott onderzocht, typische kenmerken zijn de relatief lange staart, de kleur is lichtbruin met donkere spikkeltjes. Omdat het gedeelte aan de binnenzijde van de ogen wat is verhoogd, doet de kop van de kikkervisjes plat aan.
Voorkomen en habitat
Poyntonia paludicola komt voor in Afrika en is endemisch in Zuid-Afrika.[3] De biotoop bestaat uit bergstreken met fynbos als vegetatie. De habitat bestaat uit ondiepe rotsige stroompjes tot moerassige gebieden met een waterminnende vegetatie. Omdat de kikker voornamelijk in valleien voorkomt, is het afdammen van rivieren, en de hiermee gepaard gaande overstroming van het leefgebied, de belangrijkste bedreiging.
- Referenties
- Bronnen
-
(en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Poyntonia paludicola - Website Geconsulteerd 31 januari 2017
-
(en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Poyntonia paludicola - [1]
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Poyntonia paludicola: Brief Summary
(
Neerlandês; Flamengo
)
fornecido por wikipedia NL
Poyntonia paludicola is een kikker uit de familie Pyxicephalidae. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Alan Channing en Richard Charlton Boycott in 1989. Het is de enige soort uit het geslacht Poyntonia.
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Poyntonia paludicola
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Português
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fornecido por wikipedia PT
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Poyntonia paludicola: Brief Summary
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Português
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fornecido por wikipedia PT
Poyntonia paludicola é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Petropedetidae. É a única espécie do género Poyntonia.
É endémica da África do Sul.
Os seus habitats naturais são: matagais mediterrânicos e rios.
Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.
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Poyntonia paludicola
(
Vietnamita
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fornecido por wikipedia VI
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Poyntonia paludicola: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
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fornecido por wikipedia VI
Poyntonia paludicola là một loài động vật lưỡng cư thuộc chi đơn loài Poyntonia trong họ Pyxicephalidae, thuộc bộ Anura. Loài này không bị đe dọa tuyệt chủng.
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Breeding related aggression between males in P. paludicola
