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Imagem de Rana aurora Baird & Girard 1852
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Rana aurora Baird & Girard 1852

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
Adult R. aurora range from 4.4 to 8.4 cm in length, with females significantly larger than males (Stebbins 1985; Hayes and Miyamoto 1984). The abdomen and underside of hind legs is characterized by a red or pinkish color, often set on a yellowish ground color (Stebbins 1985). Back is a brown, gray, olive, or reddish color, often with may small black flecks and irregular dark splotches, in some individuals forming a network of black lines (Stebbins 1985). Dorsolateral folds are prominent. Tadpoles range in length from 14 to 80 mm, and are a dark brown or olive, marked with darker spots (Storer 1925).R. aurora differs from its close relative, the California red legged frog, R. draytonii in several ways. Adult R. draytonii are 35 to 40 millimeters longer than adult R. aurora (Hayes and Miyamoto 1984). The dorsal spots of R. draytonii are more numerous, and usually have light centers (Stebbins 1985). R. draytonii also has rougher skin, shorter limbs and smaller eyes than R. aurora (Stebbins 1985). R. draytonii has paired vocal sacs and typically calls from the air , while R. aurora lacks vocal sacks ( Hayes and Krempels 1986; Licht 1969). Egg masses in R. draytonii are deposited such that the mass floats at the surface (Hayes and Miyamoto 1984), whereas R. aurora submerge the mass in deeper water (Licht 1969; Storm 1960). R. draytonii breed from November to April (Storer 1925), while R. aurora breeds from January to March (Nussbaum et al 1983). See other subspecies accounts at www.californiaherps.com: R. a. aurora (http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/r.a.aurora.html) and R. a. draytonii (http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/r.a.draytonii.html).

Referências

  • Hayes, M. P. and Krempels, D.M. (1986). ''Vocal sac variation among frogs of the genus Rana from western North America.'' Copeia, 1986(4), 927-936.
  • Hayes, M. P. and Miyamoto, M. M. (1984). ''Biochemical, behavioral and body size difference between Rana aurora aurora and R. a. draytonii.'' Copeia, 1984(4), 1018-1022.
  • Hayes, M. P. and Tennant, M. R. (1985). ''Diet and feeding behavior of the California Red-legged Frog Rana aurora draytonii (Ranidae).'' The Southwestern Naturalist, 30(4), 601-605.
  • Jennings, M. (1988). ''Natural history and decline of native ranids in California.'' Proceedings of the Conference on California Herpetology. H.F. DeLise, P.R. Brown, B. Kaufman, and B.M. McGurty, eds., Southwestern Herpetologists Society Special Publication, 1-143.
  • Jennings, M.R. and Hayes, M.P. (1985). ''Pre-1900 overharvest of California Red-legged Frogs (Rana aurora draytonii):The inducement for bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) introduction.'' Herpetological Review, 31(1), 94-103.
  • Jennings, M.R. and Hayes, M.P. (1990). ''Final report on the status of the California Red-Legged Frog in the Pescadero Marsh Natural Preserve. Prepared for the California Department of Parks and Recreation under contract no. 4-823-9081 with the California Academy of Sciences.''
  • Jennings, M.R., Hayes, M.P. and Holland, D.C. (1992). A petition to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to place the California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) and the Western Pond Turtle (Clemmys marmorata) on the list of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants.
  • Licht, L.E. (1969). ''Comparative breeding behavior of the Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora aurora) and the Western Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa pretiosa) in southwestern British Columbia.'' Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47(6), 1287-1299.
  • Nelson, D.V., Garcia, T. S., Klinck, H. (2017). ''Seasonal and Diel Vocal Behavior of the Northern Red-Legged Frog, Rana aurora.'' Northwestern Naturalist, 98(1), 33-38.
  • Rathbun, G.B., and Murphy, T.G. (1996). ''Evaluation of a radio-belt for ranid frogs.'' Herpetological Review, 27(4), 197-199.
  • Scott, N. and Rathbun, G. (1998). ''Essays provided to Ina Pisani in response to a working draft of California red-legged frog recovery plan.''
  • Storm, R.M. (1960). ''Notes on the breeding biology of the Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora aurora).'' Herpetologica, 16, 251-259.
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2002). Recovery Plan for the California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.

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Distribution and Habitat ( Inglês )

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R. aurora ranges from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, south along the Pacific coast, west of the Cascade Ranges to Northern California. R. aurora live in areas subject to temporal and spatial changes, and therefore make use of a variety of habits, consisting of both aquatic, upland and riparian (Draft Recovery Plan). Adults breed in ponds or deep pools in slow-moving creeks. Where ponds are seasonal in nature, thickets and logjams along riparian corridors provide important non-breeding habitat. Populations are most likely to persist in areas with multiple breeding sites surrounded by suitable non-breeding habitat (N. Scott and G. Rathbun in litt. 1998).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( Inglês )

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Many factors are contributing to the decline of R. aurora populations, the main being habitat destruction and degradation. Introduced predators and perhaps disease have also contributed to the decline of this species (Fellers et al in press) Rana aurora is of particular conservation concern in the Pacific Northwest, where their population has decreased in abundance and in site occupancy in recent years. Nelson et al. (2017), used passive acoustic monitoring devices to show that the species breeds longer than previously thought (see Life History) and demonstrated the importance of continued acoustic monitoring for this sensitive species, especially because conservation strategies often rely on occupancy and detection surveys.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( Inglês )

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R. aurora breed during a 1-2 week period between January and March, depending on locality (Stebbins 1985; Nussbaum et al. 1983). Nelson et al. (2017), using passive acoustic monitoring devices, have shed light on this cryptically breeding ranid dispelling previous notions of their natural history. They found that red-legged frogs actually breed over the course of at least 32 days instead of a brief two week window as previously thought. Most interestingly, they report that underwater chorus length lasted nearly 8 hours on average, with a maximum chorus length of 14 hours over the course of a single day! Their acoustic analyses also showed calling effort was affected by temperature specifically reduced by cold snaps. Egg masses consist of between 300 and 5,000 eggs (Recovery Plan for the California Red-legged Frog 2002; Storer 1925; Fellers unpubl.). Egg masses are nearly always attached to emergent vegetation, submerged beneath the surface in the deepest water available (Hayes and Miyamoto 1984; Licht 1969; Storm 1960). Eggs hatch after 6 to 14 days depending on water temperature ( Jennings 1988). Larvae typically metamorphose in 3.5 to 7 months ( Storer 1925; Wright and Wright 1949), but some overwinter and transform after more than 12 months in the larval stage (Fellers et al. in press). Males may attain sexual maturity at 2 years, females at 3 (Jennings and Hayes 1985), and adult frogs may live 8 to 10 years. (Jennings et al in lit 1992). Larvae are thought to be algal grazers ( Jennings et al in lit 1992), and the adult diet consists mostly of invertebrates. Pacific Tree Fogs (Hyla regilla) and California mice (Peromyscus californicus are occasionally consumed by adult frogs ( Hayes and Tennant 1985). Juvenile frogs may be active both nocturnally and diurnally, whereas adult frogs are primarily active nocturnally ( Hayes and Tennant 1985). The primary predators on R. aurora include garter snakes (Thamnophis spp.), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and great blue herons (Ardea herodias). Less frequently, red-legged frogs are eaten by American bitterns (Botaurus lentiginosus), black-crowned night herons(Nycticorax nycticorax), and rarely by red-shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus)(Jennings and Hayes 1990; Rathbun and Murphy 1996). Other introduced species such as the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and non-native fish also prey on the frog.
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Relation to Humans ( Inglês )

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The primary impact from humans has been from direct habitat loss, especially the construction of houses, shopping centers, and roads. Much of the range of R. aurora has been historically grazed, both by dairy and by beef cattle. Cattle grazing in riparian zones causes serious damage to the vegetation, stream channel, and water quality. R. aurora may have benefited from beef cattle grazing due to the increased number of stock ponds that are maintained for the cattle. R. aurora are also threatened by a number of introduced (non-native) species, some of which are regularly introduced by humans. These include sunfish, bass, trout, mosquitofish, and bullfrogs (Fellers et al in press).
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 15 years (wild) Observations: Animals living in the north, also called Northern red-legged frogs, appear to develop slower, probably due to the colder water temperatures, and live longer. In California, maximum lifespan is probably around 10 years. Northern frogs also lay fewer eggs.
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

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Red-legged frogs have a highly variable diet, eating any prey they can subdue that is not distasteful. Adults feed on invertebrates, small mammals and other amphibians like the small tree frog. Larvae are thought to feed on algae.

(Davidson, 1996; Defenders of Wildlife)

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Brown, S. 2000. "Rana aurora" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rana_aurora.html
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Sarita Lynn Brown, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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Rana aurora reaches from 2 to 5.25 inches in length. It is reddish brown to gray and contains many poorly defined dark specks and blotches, which are absent on the back and top of its head. A light stripe on its jaw borders its dark mask. Folds are present on its back and sides, and the underside is yellow with red on the lower abdomen and hind legs. Its toes are not fully webbed. Females grow larger than males. Males, however, have enlarged forearms and swollen thumbs. Rana aurora aurora has very smooth and thin skin and an unspotted dorsal surface. Rana aurora draytonii has thick, rough skin, light centered spots on its dorsal surface, and a larger build. Northern red-legged frogs have no vocal sacs while Southern red-legged frogs have paired vocal sacs.

(Green,1996; Hayes, 1986; Thomas,1993; USFW, 1996; Defenders of Wildlife)

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Brown, S. 2000. "Rana aurora" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rana_aurora.html
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
15 years.

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Brown, S. 2000. "Rana aurora" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rana_aurora.html
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Adult frogs must have emergent riparian vegetation near deep, still or slow-moving ponds or intermittent streams. These well-vegetated areas along the river are needed for escaping from predators, for shade to maintain cool water temperatures, and as shelter especially during the winter. Rana aurora aurora has the lowest upper and lower embryonic temperatures of any North American ranid frog, ranging from 4 to 21 degrees Celsius. Rana aurora draytonii cannot be exposed to water temperatures much higher than 29 degrees Celsius. They are found more often in intermittent than permanent waters because of predators that inhabit permanent waters. Red-legged frogs may move out of riparian zones into nearby upland forest during non-breeding seasons. R. a. draytonii may move seasonally within their aquatic habitats between places where they breed and foraging habitats.

(Cole, 1997; Defenders of Wildlife; Davidson, 1996)

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams

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Brown, S. 2000. "Rana aurora" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rana_aurora.html
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Distribution ( Inglês )

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Rana aurora occcurs in the state of California in North America. Two subspecies of R. aurora occupy different ranges within the state. The first, Rana aurora aurora, or the Northern Red-legged frog, occupies the extreme northwestern corner of Calfornia, north to southern British Columbia, west of the Cascade crest. The second, Rana aurora draytonii, or the Calfornia Red-legged frog, occupies central and southern portions of the state, west of the Sierran divides and into the mountains of southern California up to an altitude of 4000 feet.

(Grinnell, 1917; Defenders of Wildlife; Davidson, 1996)

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Benefits ( Inglês )

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The red-legged frog has been used as a resource for fisheries since the the gold rush of 1849. Its frog legs are used by many humans from the region as food. Like many other amphibians, this species can be used to indicate changes in the environment such as the cleanliness of the water and the amount of vegetation in the area. It is the prey of many native animals as well as a predator of many insects and other invertebrates, therefore it is necessary in sustaining an ecological balance in thier environment.

(Jennings, 1985; USFW 1996)

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Brown, S. 2000. "Rana aurora" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rana_aurora.html
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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

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Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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Rana aurora draytonii has been declared a threatened species by the Fish and Wildlife Services following a year-long Congressional moratorium on listings which began April of 1995 and was lifted the next April by President Clinton. Rana aurora draytonii was harvested at the turn of the century for its prized frog legs. As a result of this overharvesting, populations declined drastically. Bullfrogs that eat the eggs of R. a. draytonii were introduced as a substitute for the red-legged frogs, along with non-native fish, and replaced them in habitat. Exotic plant species have also taken over the riparian habitat of R. a. draytonii. Dam construction also poses a threat to the frogs, it destroys and fragments its habitat and reservoirs favor aquatic predators. Road-building has also put silt into pools that the frogs dwell in, and flood projects along with livestock grazing along streams destroy emergent vegetation. Pollution from garbage and sewage contaminate the clean waters that provide a habitat for the frogs. R. a. draytonii has disappeared from 75 percent of its historic range. A few things are being done to help this subspecies recover. Dense stands of riparian vegetation in slow or still waters are being maintained along with sufficient water depth for these frogs. Silt removal is being proposed during fall months so as not to disturb the breeding season. Exotic plant species are being removed and red-legged frog tadpoles are being introduced. Fences and buffer zones around frog habitats are also being proposed to cattle ranchers. Results of studies on clear-cutting have shown that R.aurora was found more frequently in riparian environments than upslope areas.

(Cole, 1997; Davidson, 1996; USFW 1996, Defenders of Wildlife)

US Federal List: threatened

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Sem título ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The frog caught in a swamp near Angels Camp in Mark Twain's "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calveras Country" was probably a red-legged frog.

The subspecies R. a. draytonii and R. a. aurora are placed together as a single species because of the recognition of hybrids from the coast region of northern California.

In the past, over 80,000 individuals were harvested every year for their legs.

(Camp, 1917; Jennings,1985; USFW 1996)

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Brown, S. 2000. "Rana aurora" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rana_aurora.html
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

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Reproduction in Northern Red-legged frogs occurs from late November to early April to ensure cool water, six or seven degrees Celsius. These conditions ensure embroyonic survival and sufficient water for larval growth and metamorphosis. Red-legged frogs breed via external fertilization. The male grasps the female in a process call amplexus, and while the female lays her eggs, he fertilizes them with a fluid containing sperm. The female lays egg masses (ranging from 2000 to 5000 eggs in R. a. draytonii and 500-1100 in R. a. aurora) in permanent bodies of water that contain extensive vegetation, consisting of cattails and tules or bulrushes growing in the water with a vertical orientation. R. a. draytonii eggs are attached at or near the surface of the water while R. a. aurora eggs are attached at a minimum depth of eighteen inches and at least two to three feet from the water's edge. The eggs are dark brown and range from 2.0 to 2.8 millimeters in diameter. The eggs hatch anywhere from six to fourteen days between July and September into brown tadpoles that can reach around three inches long within four to seven months. They then grow legs, lose their tales, and change into a juvenile form of the adult frog with dark masks on their faces and bright orange folds on their backs. As they grow into adults, the froglets move from shallow water to knee-deep water to hide from larger predators. Males can probably reproduce after three years of age while females reproduce after four. Life spans of the California Red-legged frog are about eight years for males and ten for females, while Northern red-legged frogs live twelve to fifteen years.

(Hickman and Roberts, 1995; Jennings, 1985; Davidson, 1996; USFW 1996; Defenders of Wildlife)

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

Average number of offspring: 2000.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
1095 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
1460 days.

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Brown, S. 2000. "Rana aurora" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rana_aurora.html
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Rana aurora ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Rana aurora és una espècie de granota de la família dels rànids i de l’ordre dels anurs.

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba al Canadà i als Estats Units.[2]

Referències

  1. BioLib (anglès)
  2. IUCN (anglès)

Bibliografia

  • Altig, R. i Dumas, P.C. 1972. Rana aurora. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 160: 1-4.
  • Brown, H.A. 1975. Reproduction and development of the red-legged frog, Rana aurora, in northwestern Washington. North-west Science 49(4): 241-252.
  • Corkran, C.C. i Thoms, C. 1996. Amphibians of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta.
  • Hayes, M.P. i Miyamoto, M.M. 1984. Biochemical, behavioral and body size differences between Rana aurora aurora and Rana aurora draytoni. Copeia 1984: 1018-1022.
  • Hayes, M.P., Pearl, C.A. i Rombough, C.J. 2001. Rana aurora aurora (Northern redlegged frog). Movement. Herpetological Review 32: 35-36.


Enllaços externs

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Rana aurora: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

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Rana aurora és una espècie de granota de la família dels rànids i de l’ordre dels anurs.

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Rana aurora ( Aragonesa )

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A rana d'o norte de patas royas (Rana aurora en clasificación scientifica (Baird y Girard, 1852)) ye una especie d'amfibios d'a orden Anura, d'a familia Ranidae y d'o chenero Rana, que se distribuye por o noreste d'America d'o Norte, estando present en Estatos Unitos (Washington, Oregón y California) y Canadá (Columbia Britanica, encluyendo-ie a isla de Vancouver).

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Northern red-legged frog ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora) is a species of amphibian whose range is the coastal region stretching from southwest British Columbia to southern Mendocino County in Northern California, and is protected in Oregon and California.[2] As a member of the genus Rana, this species is considered a true frog, with characteristic smooth skin and a narrow waist. This frog requires still waters for breeding, and is rarely found at any great distance from its breeding ponds or marshes.

Northern red-legged frog adults may attain a length of 8 cm (3.1 in); they have dark facial masks and single characteristic light stripes along their jawlines.[3] The northern red-legged frog has long, powerful legs well adapted to jumping. It is one of two amphibian species classified as red-legged frog, the other species being the California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii); however, the latter species is found from southern Mendocino County southerly to Baja California.

Range

The northern red-legged frog is found in the Pacific Northwest, in western Oregon, western Washington and southwestern British Columbia, including Vancouver Island.[4] In California, its range includes every coastal county from southern Mendocino County northward. While it occurs primarily in the Northern California coastal mountain ranges, it is not found above an elevation of 1200 m. It also occurs somewhat less commonly in the southern Cascade Range.[2]

Habitat

Rana aurora adults have smooth brown or reddish-brown skin with small black markings.

The still waters of ponds, marshes or stream pools are essential for northern red-legged frog breeding habitat;[5] moreover, this species of frog is considered unusually highly oriented to its aquatic habitat, with a clear preference for thickly vegetated shoreline.[6] R. aurora requires cover, since it is subject to predation by various fishes, snakes, birds, mammals, and even certain other amphibians. When this frog senses danger, it will quickly plunge to depths of one meter or more to seek safety in the benthic zone of a pond.

Adults leave the breeding pond soon after the breeding activity is concluded, and may migrate about one half kilometer to their summer locations, which are likely to be riparian zones. In the northern part of their range, adults may hibernate. Juveniles are slower to leave the breeding ponds, but also tend to find cover in riparian areas, and may readily migrate about one half kilometer by summertime. Mature R. aurora specimens prey upon terrestrial insects, but will also take small snails and crustaceans;[7] also, they will consume worms, tadpoles, small fish. and even small frogs of other species. The tadpoles are herbivorous.

Breeding

Males and females begin to move to the breeding sites as early as October, and sometimes as late as January, depending on latitude, cumulative rainfall for the season, and average temperature.[6] Typically, stable minimum temperatures of 42 to 44 °F (5.5 to 6.5 °C) are required to induce breeding. Observations of adult migration are best made on moonlit nights with light rains. The male is thought to defend his territory, once he is in the breeding pond area, using nocturnal displays. In fact, most activity is at night, especially enhanced by periods of light rain. The actual courtship behaviors commence in January in the California part of the range, and as late as March in northerly regions. In any case, the breeding season terminates in July at the latest, and earlier in the drier locales.

Each female produces 200 to 1100 eggs per season, and attaches the egg cluster to submerged vegetation or rotting logs, characteristically seven to 15 cm below the pond surface.[3] Egg clusters are typically about 10 cm in diameter, and may disperse into an irregular form underwater. Eggs hatch in 39 to 45 days, and tadpoles require about 80 days to attain metamorphosis.[8]

Oviposition generally takes place in densely vegetated, shallow portions of wetlands with little current, and in unusual cases, egg masses have been observed in water up to 500 cm in depth. Breeding sites can be either permanent or temporary, with inundation usually necessary into June for successful metamorphosis.[7] The June date is based on Oregon conditions; in Northern California, metamorphosis occurs in late May or early June. Breeding is initiated when water temperatures exceed about 6°C (usually in January), but can be as late as March in the extreme northern part of the range.

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). "Rana aurora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T58553A78906924. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T58553A78906924.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b California Wildlife, Volume I: Amphibians and Reptiles, ed. by D.C. Zeiner et al., published by the California State Department of Fish and Game, 2 May 1988
  3. ^ a b Stebbins, R.C. Amphibians and Reptiles of North America, McGraw Hill, New York (1954)
  4. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). "Rana aurora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T58553A78906924. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T58553A78906924.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is considered least concern. Entry covers R. aurora.
  5. ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture Northern Red-legged Frog profile (2003)
  6. ^ a b Red-legged Frog observations in the coastal ranges and development impact analysis, Lumina Technologies, Tiburon (1997)
  7. ^ a b "Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species, edited by Michael Lannoo ©2005 website excepted from University of California Press". Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2006.
  8. ^ G.W. Calef, Natural Mortality of Tadpoles in a Population of "Rana aurora", Ecology 54:741-758 (1973)
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Northern red-legged frog: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora) is a species of amphibian whose range is the coastal region stretching from southwest British Columbia to southern Mendocino County in Northern California, and is protected in Oregon and California. As a member of the genus Rana, this species is considered a true frog, with characteristic smooth skin and a narrow waist. This frog requires still waters for breeding, and is rarely found at any great distance from its breeding ponds or marshes.

Northern red-legged frog adults may attain a length of 8 cm (3.1 in); they have dark facial masks and single characteristic light stripes along their jawlines. The northern red-legged frog has long, powerful legs well adapted to jumping. It is one of two amphibian species classified as red-legged frog, the other species being the California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii); however, the latter species is found from southern Mendocino County southerly to Baja California.

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Rana aurora ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La rana norteña de patas rojas (Rana aurora) es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Ranidae. Habita en el Norte de California y en Columbia Británica.

Referencias

 title=
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Rana aurora: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La rana norteña de patas rojas (Rana aurora) es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Ranidae. Habita en el Norte de California y en Columbia Británica.

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Rana aurora ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Rana aurora Rana generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Ranidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

Kanpo estekak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Rana aurora: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Rana aurora Rana generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Ranidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Rana aurora ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Rana aurora, Grenouille à pattes rouges, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Ranidae[1]. Toutes les espèces d'amphibiens semblent en régression dans le monde, pour les raisons mal comprises, mais cette espèce est en outre soumise à la concurrence d'espèces introduites par l'Homme (grenouille-taureau ou Lithobates catesbeianus et Black-bass à petite bouche ou Micropterus dolomieu) sur son aire de répartition[2]

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre dans l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord[1],[3] :

Elle a été introduite sur l'île Chichagof dans le sud-est de l'Alaska et sur l'île Graham dans l'archipel Haida Gwaii en Colombie-Britannique[3].

Publication originale

  • Baird & Girard, 1852 : Descriptions of new species of reptiles, collected by the U.S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. First part — Including the species from the western coast of America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 6, p. 174-177 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Kiesecker JM & Blaustein AR (1998) Effects of Introduced Bullfrogs and Smallmouth Bass on Microhabitat Use, Growth, and Survival of Native Red-Legged Frogs (Rana aurora) Conservation Biology Vol 12, n°4, aout 1998, Pages: 776–787, publié en ligne 2008-07-07 DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.97125.x
  3. a et b UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
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Rana aurora: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Rana aurora, Grenouille à pattes rouges, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Ranidae. Toutes les espèces d'amphibiens semblent en régression dans le monde, pour les raisons mal comprises, mais cette espèce est en outre soumise à la concurrence d'espèces introduites par l'Homme (grenouille-taureau ou Lithobates catesbeianus et Black-bass à petite bouche ou Micropterus dolomieu) sur son aire de répartition

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Rana aurora ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician

Rana aurora é unha especie de anfibio que vive no oeste de Norteamérica na rexión costeira que se estende desde o suroeste da Columbia Británica ao sur do condado de Mendocino no norte de California, e está protexida en Oregón e California.[2] Forma parte do xénero Rana, e como tal ten unha característica pel lisa sen verrugas. Esta ra necesita augas tranquilas para reproducirse e raramente se encontra a gran distancia das súas lagoas e pantanos de reprodución. O seu status de conservación é "pouco precocupante".[3]

Os adultos poden acadar unha lonxitude de 8 cm; teñen máscaras faciais escuras e unhas liñas claras características ao longo da mandíbula.[4] Teñen patas potentes e longas ben adaptadas a choutar. É unha das especies de anfibios con patas de tons vermellos da zona; a outra é Rana draytonii; pero esta última encóntrase ao sur do condado de Mendocino e cara ao sur ata Baixa California. Nalgunhas clasificacións taxonómicas, R. draytonii é clasificada como subespecie de R. aurora.[5]

Área de distribución

R. aurora encóntrase no oeste de Oregón, oeste de Washington e suroeste da Columbia Británica, incluíndo a illa de Vancouver.[3] En California, asúa área comprende todos os condados costeiros desde o suur do condado de Mendocino cara ao norte. Aínda que vive principalmente na zona da Cadea Costeira Californinana, non se encontra a alturas superiores a 1200 m. Tamén aparece algo menos comunmente no sur da Cadea das Cascadas.[2]

Hábitat

 src=
Os adultos de Rana aurora teñen unha pel lisa marrón ou marrón avermellada con pequenas marcas negras.

As augas tranquilas de lagoas, pantanos ou pozas nos ríos son o hábitat esencial desta especie;[6] ademais, considérase que está moi inclinada a preferir os hábitats acuáticos, cunha clara preferencia polas costas con vizosa vexetación.[7] R. aurora require refuxio, xa que está suxieta á depredación por parte de varios peixes, serpes, aves e mamíferos, e mesmo por outros anfibios. Cando esta ra percibe o perigo, mergúllase rapidamente a profundidades de 1 metro ou máis para buscar a seguridade da zona bentónica da lagoa. A introdución do peixe Lepomis gibbosus en América do Norte contribuíu a reducir as poboacións de Rana aurora e outros anuros.[8]

Os adultos abandonan as lagoas de reprodución en canto remata a actividade reprodutora e poden migrar aproximadamente medio quilómetro ata aos seus lugares de verán, que adoitan ser zonas de ribeira. Na parte norte da súa área de distribución, os adultos poden hibernar. Os xuvenís tardan máis en abandonar as lagoas de reprodución, pero tamén tenden a buscar refuxio en zonas de ribeira e poden migrar facilmente medio quilómetro no verán igual que os adultos. Os espécimes maduros comen insectos terrestres, pero tamén pequenos caracois e crustáceos;[9] ademais comen vermes, cágados, pequenos peixes e mesmo pequenas ras doutras especies. Os cágados son herbívoros.

Reprodución

Os machos e femias empezan a moverse cara aos sitios de reprodución xa en outubro, pero ás veces non o fan ata xuño, dependendo da latitude, acumulación de chuvias na estación e temperatura media.[7] Tipicamente, cómpren unhas temperaturas mínimas estables de 5,5 a 6,5 °C para inducir a reprodución. As observacións das migracións dos adultos fanse mellor nas noites de luar cando houbo chuvia lixeira. Os machos crese que defenden o seu territorio, unha vez que están nunha área da lagoa reproductora, utilizando exhibicións nocturnas. De feito, a maioría da súa actividade ten lugar de noite, e están especialmente activos en períodos de chuvias lixeiras. O verdadeiro comportamento de cortexo comenza en xaneiro na zona californiana do seu rango, pero non ata marzo nas rexións do norte. En calquera caso, a estación reprodutora remata en xullo como moi tarde, e antes nos sitios máis secos.

Cada femia produce de 200 a 1100 ovos por estación, e adhire o paquete de ovos a vexetación submerxida ou troncos podres, caracteristicamente a uns de 7 a 15 cm baixo a superficie da auga.[4] Os conxuntos de ovos miden normalmente uns 10 cm de diámetro e poden dispersarse nunha forma irregular baixo a auga. Os ovos tardan en eclosionar de 39 a 45 días, e os cágados necesitan uns 80 días para realizar a metamorfose.[10]

O oviposición xeralmente ten lugar en partes das zonas húmidas pouco fondas e con mesta vexetación e escasa corrente. Os sitios de reprodución poden ser permanentes ou temporais, e xeralmente cómpre unha inundación en xuño para que a metamorfose se complete con éxito.[9] O dato de xuño está baseado nas condicións que se dan en Oregón, porque no norte de California a metamorfose ocorre a finais de maio ou principios de xuño. A reprodución iníciase cando a temperatura da auga excede os 6°C (xeralmente en xaneiro), mais pode atrasarse ata marzo na parte do extremo norte da súa área de distribución.

Notas

  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). "Rana aurora". Lista Vermella da IUCN (IUCN) 2015: e.T58553A78906924. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T58553A78906924.en. Consultado o 9 December 2017.
  2. 2,0 2,1 California Wildlife, Volume I: Amphibians and Reptiles, ed. by D.C. Zeiner et al., published by the California State Department of Fish and Game, May 2, 1988
  3. 3,0 3,1 {{{assessors}}} (2004). Rana aurora. 2006 Lista Vermella de Especies Ameazadas IUCN. IUCN 2006. Consultado o 5 May 2006. A entrada da base de datos inclúe un mapa de distribución e a xustificación de por que esta especie está considerada como en situación poucopreocupante. A entrada cobre R. aurora.
  4. 4,0 4,1 Stebbins, R.C. Amphibians and Reptiles of North America, McGraw Hill, New York (1954)
  5. Frost, Darrel R. (2018). "Rana draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Consultado o 31 December 2018.
  6. U.S. Department of Agriculture Northern Red-legged Frog profile (2003)
  7. 7,0 7,1 Red-legged Frog observations in the coastal ranges and development impact analysis, Lumina Technologies, Tiburon (1997)
  8. Michael J. ADAMS (2000). "pond permanence and the effects of exotic vertebrates on anurans" (pdf). Ecological Society of America (en inglés) 10 (2): 559–568.
  9. 9,0 9,1 Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species, edited by Michael Lannoo ©2005 website excepted from University of California Press
  10. G.W. Calef, Natural Mortality of Tadpoles in a Population of "Rana aurora", Ecology 54:741-758 (1973)

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Hillis, D. M. & Wilcox, T. P. (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34(2): 299–314. doi 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007 PDF fulltext.
  • Hillis, D. M. (2007) Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 42: 331–338.
  • Shaffer, H. Bradley, Gary M. Fellers, S. Randal Voss, Jeff Oliver, Greg Pauly. (2004): Species boundaries, phylogeography, and conservation genetics of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora/draytonii) complex. Molecular Ecology. 13(9): 2667-2677.

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wikipedia gl Galician

Rana aurora: Brief Summary ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician

Rana aurora é unha especie de anfibio que vive no oeste de Norteamérica na rexión costeira que se estende desde o suroeste da Columbia Británica ao sur do condado de Mendocino no norte de California, e está protexida en Oregón e California. Forma parte do xénero Rana, e como tal ten unha característica pel lisa sen verrugas. Esta ra necesita augas tranquilas para reproducirse e raramente se encontra a gran distancia das súas lagoas e pantanos de reprodución. O seu status de conservación é "pouco precocupante".

Os adultos poden acadar unha lonxitude de 8 cm; teñen máscaras faciais escuras e unhas liñas claras características ao longo da mandíbula. Teñen patas potentes e longas ben adaptadas a choutar. É unha das especies de anfibios con patas de tons vermellos da zona; a outra é Rana draytonii; pero esta última encóntrase ao sur do condado de Mendocino e cara ao sur ata Baixa California. Nalgunhas clasificacións taxonómicas, R. draytonii é clasificada como subespecie de R. aurora.

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Rana aurora ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Herpetologie

Rana aurora is een kikker uit de familie echte kikkers (Ranidae).[2] Er is nog geen Nederlandse naam voor deze soort, die in het Engels roodpootkikker wordt genoemd. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Spencer Fullerton Baird en Charles Frédéric Girard in 1852. Later werd de wetenschappelijke naam Rana temporaria aurora gebruikt.

Beschrijving

De kleur is bruin maar varieert van donker grijsbruin tot geelbruin, de twee huidplooien aan weerszijden van de rug zijn goed zichtbaar. De soort lijkt sprekend op de Europese bruine kikker (Rana temporaria), maar komt alleen voor aan de andere kant van de Atlantische Oceaan. Ook blijft de soort met maximaal 8,5 centimeter kleiner. Rana aurora is echter makkelijk te onderscheiden aan de rode tot roze onderzijde van de poten, en heeft een bruine, driehoekige oogvlek. Onder het oog loopt een lichte streep naar de voorpoten net iets boven de bek. De kikkervisjes kunnen een lengte van acht centimeter bereiken.

Een ondersoort van Rana aurora is Rana a. draytonii, die ook wel als aparte soort wordt gezien. Deze ondersoort verschilt in de structuur van de huid, de tekening is iets anders en de kikker wordt veel groter tot 14 centimeter.

Algemeen

Rana aurora leeft in Noord-Amerika, van zuidwest British Columbia in Canada naar het noorden van Californië in de Verenigde Staten.[3] De kikker is niet kieskeurig wat biotoop betreft, als het maar niet te droog is en een bladerlaag om in te schuilen en te jagen. Voor de voortplanting worden zowel grote als kleine poelen en stilstaand tot langzaam stromend water als eierafzet uitgekozen. De rest van het jaar is de soort voornamelijk op het land te vinden waar gejaagd wordt op insecten en andere ongewervelden. Het duurt 2 jaar voor het mannetje geslachtsrijp is, een vrouwtje kost het drie jaar. De kikker kan 8 à 9 jaar oud worden.

Referenties
  1. (en) Rana aurora op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Rana aurora.
  3. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Rana aurora.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Rana aurora - Website Geconsulteerd 10 februari 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Rana aurora - Website
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Rana aurora: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Rana aurora is een kikker uit de familie echte kikkers (Ranidae). Er is nog geen Nederlandse naam voor deze soort, die in het Engels roodpootkikker wordt genoemd. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Spencer Fullerton Baird en Charles Frédéric Girard in 1852. Later werd de wetenschappelijke naam Rana temporaria aurora gebruikt.

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Rana aurora ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Rana auroragatunek płaza bezogonowego występującego od wybrzeży południowo-zachodniej Kolumbii Brytyjskiej do Karoliny Południowej, chroniony w Kolumbii Brytyjskiej, Oregonie i Kalifornii[4]. Jako należący do rodzaju Rana zalicza się też do rodziny żabowatych, posiada gładką skórę i wąską talię. Rozmnaża się w środowisku wodnym i rzadko można ją spotkać w większej odległości od stawów i mokradeł, gdzie się rozradza.

Osobniki dorosłe osiągają około 8 cm. Posiadają ciemno ubarwioną twarz i charakterystyczną jasną smugę wzdłuż linii szczęki[5]. Ich długie, silne kończyny tylne dobrze przystosowały się do wykonywania skoków.

Siedlisko

Zasiedla wody stojące, jak stawy, mokradła, ale także strumienie, niezbędne temu gatunkowi do rozrodu[6]. Jest on niezwykle przywiązany do swego środowiska, preferując silnie zarośnięte brzegi[7]. Rana aurora wymaga kryjówek, stanowiąc obiekt polowań różnych ryb, węży, ptaków i ssaków, a nawet pewnych innych płazów. Gdy poczuje się zagrożona, szybko nurkuje na głębokość co najmniej jednego metra, aż poczuje się bezpiecznie w strefie bentosowej stawu. Dorosłe opuszczają miejsce rozrodu szybko po zakończeniu czynności rozrodczych. Mogą wtedy migrować na odległość pół kilometra na miejsce, gdzie spędzają lato, zazwyczaj w strefie nadbrzeżnej. W północnej części zasięgu u dorosłych występuje hibernacja. Młode nie opuszczają tak prędko stawu, w którym przyszły na świat, ale także starają się znaleźć schronienie nad brzegiem i są gotowe migrować, jak dorosłe. Dojrzałe Ranae aurorae polują na lądowe owady, ale spożywać mogą także niewielkie ślimaki i skorupiaki[8], a poza tym pierścienice, kijanki, małe ryby, a nawet niewielkie żaby innych gatunków. Kijanki żywią się wyłącznie pokarmem roślinnym.

Rozmnażanie

Samce i samice pojawiają się w miejscach rozrodu nieraz tak wcześnie, jak w październiku, nieraz zaś dopiero w styczniu. Zależy to od szerokości geograficznej, całkowitych opadów deszczu w sezonie i średniej temperatury[7]. Typowo reprodukcja może nastąpić przy stabilnej minimalnej temperaturze powyżej sześciu stopni Celsjusza. Obserwacje migracji dorosłych osobników najlepiej wychodzą podczas księżycowych nocy z lekkim deszczem. Samce wykazują zachowania terytorialne, nocą prezentują swe walory. Wtedy też ma miejsce większa część aktywności zwierząt, zwłaszcza podczas niewielkiego deszczu. Właściwe zaloty rozpoczynają się w styczniu w Kalifornii, a dopiero w marcu w północnej części zasięgu. Nigdy nie trwają one dłużej, niż do lipca, a w bardziej suchych regionach kończą się wcześniej.

Każda samica produkuje od 200 do 1100 jaj w sezonie. Przytwierdza je razem do podwodnej roślinności lub rozkładającego się drewna na głębokości, co charakterystyczne, od siedmiu do piętnastu centymetrów poniżej lustra wody[5]. Klaster jaj liczy zwykle około dziesięciu cm w średnicy i może pod wodą przybierać nieregularne kształty. Kijanki wylęgają się po trzydziestu dziewięciu-czterdziestu pięciu dobach, metamorfozę rozpoczną po osiemdziesięciu dniach[9]

Składanie jaj ma zwykle miejsce w gęsto zarośniętych płytkich zbiornikach wodnych o minimalnym prądzie. Jaja obserwowano także w wodzie o głębokości do pięciuset cm, co nie stanowi reguły. Zbiorniki wodne używane do rozrodu mogą być zarówno stałe, jak i okresowe, przy czym muszą zwykle dotrwać do czerwca, by zapewnić udaną metamorfozę[8]. Miesiąc ten odpowiada warunkom stanu Oregon, w północnej Kalifornii przeobrażenie następuje na przełomie maja i czerwca.

Przypisy

  1. a b c d Rana aurora, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. S.F. Baird, Ch.F. Girard. Descriptions of new species of reptiles, collected by the U.S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., First Part—including the species from the western part of America. „Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia”. 6, s. 174, 1852 (ang.).
  3. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2015, Rana aurora [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 [online], wersja 2015-4 [dostęp 2016-02-05] (ang.).
  4. California Wildlife, Volume I: Amphibians and Reptiles, ed. by D.C. Zeiner et al., published by the California State Department of Fish and Game, 2 Maja 1988
  5. a b R.C. Stebbins, Amphibians and Reptiles of North America, McGraw Hill, New York (1954)
  6. U.S. Department of Agriculture Northern Red-legged Frog profile (2003)
  7. a b Red-legged Frog observations in the coastal ranges and development impact analysis, Lumina Technologies, Tiburon (1997)
  8. a b Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species, edited by Michael Lannoo ©2005 website excepted from University of California Press
  9. G.W. Calef, Natural Mortality of Tadpoles in a Population of "Rana aurora", Ecology 54:741-758 (1973)
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Rana aurora: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Rana aurora – gatunek płaza bezogonowego występującego od wybrzeży południowo-zachodniej Kolumbii Brytyjskiej do Karoliny Południowej, chroniony w Kolumbii Brytyjskiej, Oregonie i Kalifornii. Jako należący do rodzaju Rana zalicza się też do rodziny żabowatych, posiada gładką skórę i wąską talię. Rozmnaża się w środowisku wodnym i rzadko można ją spotkać w większej odległości od stawów i mokradeł, gdzie się rozradza.

Osobniki dorosłe osiągają około 8 cm. Posiadają ciemno ubarwioną twarz i charakterystyczną jasną smugę wzdłuż linii szczęki. Ich długie, silne kończyny tylne dobrze przystosowały się do wykonywania skoków.

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Rana aurora ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR
Binominal adı Rana aurora
Baird and Girard, 1852 Dış bağlantılar Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Rana aurora ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Rana aurora ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.

Rana aurora, Ranidae familyasından, Kuzey Amerika'da Britanya Kolumbiyası'nın güneybatısından Kuzey Kaliforniya'ya kadar uzanan bölgede yaşayan 8 cmm boyunda kurbağa türü.

Kaynakça

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Rana aurora: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Rana aurora, Ranidae familyasından, Kuzey Amerika'da Britanya Kolumbiyası'nın güneybatısından Kuzey Kaliforniya'ya kadar uzanan bölgede yaşayan 8 cmm boyunda kurbağa türü.

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Красноногая лягушка ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Беспанцирные
Инфракласс: Batrachia
Надотряд: Прыгающие
Отряд: Бесхвостые
Подотряд: Neobatrachia
Надсемейство: Ranoidea
Семейство: Настоящие лягушки
Подсемейство: Raninae
Вид: Красноногая лягушка
Международное научное название

Rana aurora Baird & Girard, 1852

Синонимы
  • Rana (Amerana) aurora Dubois, 2006
  • Rana (Aurorana) aurora Dubois, 1992
  • Rana (Laurasiarana, Amerana) aurora Hillis & Wilcox, 2005
  • Rana (Rana) aurora Dubois, 1987
  • Rana agilis aurora Cope, 1886
  • Rana aurora aurora Camp, 1917
  • Rana aurora Shaffer, Fellers, Voss, Oliver & Pauly, 2004
  • Rana temporaria aurora Cope, 1875[1]
Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 173446NCBI 160496EOL 332427

Красноно́гая лягу́шка[2] (лат. Rana aurora) — вид из семейства настоящих лягушек и рода настоящих лягушек.

Распространение

Распространена на Западном побережье США и Канады[3]. Встречаются в водно-болотистой местности от уровня моря до 1200 м в высоту.

Питание

Головастики едят различные эпифитные водоросли. Взрослые лягушки потребляют множество мелких насекомых, паукообразных и моллюсков, иногда молодых горбачей и саламандр.

Размножение

Икрометание обычно происходит в растительности на мелководье со слабым течением, начинается, когда температура воды достигает 4–5 °C (обычно в январе) и может продолжаться до конца марта.

Паразиты

В пищеварительном тракте были обнаружены трематоды Megalodiscus microphagus и Prosthopycoides lynchi. Нарушения в развитии молодых особей могут быть вызваны трематодой Ribeiroia ondatrae.

Примечания

  1. Names matching the pattern 'aurora', assigned to genus Rana (англ.). American Museum Natural History. Проверено 17 апреля 2012. Архивировано 18 сентября 2012 года.
  2. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 120. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
  3. Rana aurora (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Проверено 21 июля 2018 г..
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Красноногая лягушка: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Красноно́гая лягу́шка (лат. Rana aurora) — вид из семейства настоящих лягушек и рода настоящих лягушек.

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紅腿蛙 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

紅腿蛙学名Rana aurora)是受保護的青蛙,分佈在加利福尼亞州北部至英屬哥倫比亞的沿岸地區。[2]紅腿蛙的皮膚潤滑及腰很纖幼。牠們會在靜止的水面產卵,並會聚集在產卵的地方,很少會出現在較遠的地方。

紅腿蛙可以長達8厘米。牠們的面部呈深色,下頜有一條淺色斑紋。[3]牠們的腳長而強壯,很適合跳躍。馬克·吐温(Mark Twain)曾將牠的近親加州紅腿蛙當作是牠們。不過,加州紅腿蛙主要分佈在加利福尼亞州馬林縣下加利福尼亞州。紅腿蛙與加州紅腿蛙其實在基因上是完全不同的物種,在一些分類系統中,會將紅腿蛙看為一個亞種,學名Rana aurora aurora

分佈

紅腿蛙分佈在加利福尼亞州門多西諾縣以北至俄勒岡州的沿岸地區。雖然牠們主要分佈在加利福尼亞州的山區,但在海拔1200米以上的地區則甚少出現。在喀斯喀特山脈南部很少發現牠們。[2]牠們在馬林縣索諾馬縣加州紅腿蛙逐漸合一,最南曾於聖馬特奧縣出現。

習性

池塘或沼地靜止的水是紅腿蛙繁殖的重要因素。[4]牠們很多時會逗留在水中,及喜歡生活在佈滿植物的岸邊。[5]紅腿蛙需要環境的保護,因為牠們會被不同的魚類鳥類哺乳動物及甚至一些兩棲類所獵殺。當牠們感到有威脅時,牠們會很快的鑽入1米水深或底棲帶,以保障安全。

成年紅腿蛙會在完成繁殖後離開池塘,並遷徙至1.5公里遠處或濱河區附近。位處於北方的紅腿蛙會冬眠。幼蛙會於較後的時間離開出生的池塘,但亦會在濱河區尋找保障,並準備於夏天遷徙至約1.5公里遠處。

成熟的紅腿蛙會捕食陸地上的昆蟲,以及細小的蝸牛甲殼類[6]牠們亦會吃蠕蟲蝌蚪、細小的魚類及甚至其他細小品種的青蛙。紅腿蛙的幼體是完全草食性的。

繁殖

雄性紅腿蛙及雌蛙會於10月初到達繁殖位點,隨著緯度降雨量溫度而可能遲至1月才到達。[5]牠們一般會在氣溫5.6-6.7℃以上進行繁殖。雄蛙會保護自己的領土,很多活動都是在夜間進行。在加利福尼亞州,紅腿蛙正式的求偶行為會於1月開始,而北方地區則於3月出現。繁殖季節會於7月完結。

雌蛙每季會產200-1100顆卵,並將卵附在水中植物或枯木上。[3]卵簇的直徑闊10厘米,在水中會形成不規則形狀。在39-45天後卵會孵化,蝌蚪約需80天完成變態[7]

雌蛙會在密林淺水的地方產卵,最深曾在500厘米水深處發現蛙卵。繁殖的地方可以是永久或臨時的,並在氾濫前完成變態。[6]

參考

  1. ^ Rana aurora. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2004.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 D.C. Zeiner; 等. California Wildlife, Volume I: Amphibians and Reptiles. California State Department of Fish and Game. May 2, 1988. 引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签 (link)
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 R.C. Stebbins. Amphibians and Reptiles of North America. New York: McGraw Hill. 1954.
  4. ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture Northern Red-legged Frog profile (2003)
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Red-legged Frog observations in the coastal ranges and development impact analysis, Lumina Technologies, Tiburon (1997)
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 AmphibiaWeb. Information on amphibian biology and conservation. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2008 [2008-10-22].
  7. ^ G.W. Calef. Natural Mortality of Tadpoles in a Population of Rana aurora. Ecology. 1973, 54: 741–758.

外部連結

 title=
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original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

紅腿蛙: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

紅腿蛙(学名:Rana aurora)是受保護的青蛙,分佈在加利福尼亞州北部至英屬哥倫比亞的沿岸地區。紅腿蛙的皮膚潤滑及腰很纖幼。牠們會在靜止的水面產卵,並會聚集在產卵的地方,很少會出現在較遠的地方。

紅腿蛙可以長達8厘米。牠們的面部呈深色,下頜有一條淺色斑紋。牠們的腳長而強壯,很適合跳躍。馬克·吐温(Mark Twain)曾將牠的近親加州紅腿蛙當作是牠們。不過,加州紅腿蛙主要分佈在加利福尼亞州馬林縣下加利福尼亞州。紅腿蛙與加州紅腿蛙其實在基因上是完全不同的物種,在一些分類系統中,會將紅腿蛙看為一個亞種,學名Rana aurora aurora。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科